3

Simple Machines

Machine as force multipliers, load, effort, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency. Simple treatment of levers, inclined plane, pulley system and gears showing the utility of each type of machine.

A Concise
FORMULAS (1) : Work input (Force Displacement) input
Mechanical Advantage

= Work output = (Force Displacement) output Useful load lifted l Effort

Velocity of effort

(2)

(3)

Velocity

Ratio

(VR)

= load
(VE)

E
(VL)

Velocity (4) VR

of

Distance moved by load = (dL) Distance moved by effort (dE) () Power or work = output Power or work input Work done MA
=

(5)

Efficiency

100 %

(6) (7)

Law of arm.

lever : Load

Load

arm

Energy
=

Effort

u s= e V R d

Effort

W
= o

= dL

Wi
For a single fixed pulley

E dE

MA = 1 = VR 8) If n is the total no. of pulleys in system and WWeight of movable block. W

MA = n ,

For a single (ideal),

movable

MA = pulley

(ideal),

VR

VR n,

W
= 1

(9)

For

an

inclined

plane

(ideal)

nE

of

length l)

and (

height h), (

MA =

VR d
E

dL
l l

h
(10) Useful
For a (11) pulley

= c os ec .

l sin =

Power
single fixed

Useful
Time f
= 1

w o rm g h = k
t

(12) For

single

movable

E pulley
=

W
1
W

W
= 1 L

2E
(13) For n movable pulleys =

nE

14)Frequency (speed of rotation/number of rotations per second) of wheel n 1N (N No. of teeths.) E = L s n i + (15 f. ) Actual Effort List of Classes of levers Class I Class II Class III (1) Crowbar (1) A wheel barrow (1) Bread knife The human (2) A claw hammer (2) Oar of boat (2) forearm Handle of hand (3) pump (3) A nut cracker (3) Fire tongs A Lock and key (4) seesaw (4) system (4) A spade A fishing (5) Scissors (5) Lemon squeezer (5) rod (6) Pliers (6) Sugar cane cutter (6) Forceps The beam of a (7) c o mm o n (7) Hinges of a door (7) A swimmer moving his hands in balance water person (8) A spade used for (8) Bottle opener (8) A writing on farming the a piece of soil paper (9) Bar to lift load (9) Plucker Hair (10) Foot tradle

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