New York City

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1 of 51
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City
Coordinates: 403951N 735619W
New York City

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
New York is the most populous city in the United

States[9] and the center of the New York Metropolitan
Area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations
in the world.[10][11][12] The city is referred to as New
York City or the City of New York[13] to distinguish
it from the State of New York, of which it is a part.[14]
A global power city,[15] New York exerts a significant
impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion,
research, technology, education, and entertainment.
The home of the United Nations Headquarters,[16]
New York is an important center for international
diplomacy[17] and has been described as the cultural
capital of the world.[18]
Located on one of the world's largest natural
harbors,[19] New York City consists of five boroughs,
each of which is a state county.[20] The five
boroughsThe Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens,
and Staten Islandwere consolidated into a single city
in 1898.[21][22] With a Census-estimated 2011
population of 8,244,910[23] distributed over a land
area of just 302.64 square miles (783.8 km2),[24]
[25][26]
New York is the most densely populated major
city in the United States.[27] As many as 800
languages are spoken in New York, making it the most
linguistically diverse city in the world.[28] The New
York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United
States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed
over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2),[29][30] and is
also part of the most populous combined statistical
area in the United States, containing 22.1 million
people as of the 2010 Census.[31]
New York traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a
trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic, and
was named New Amsterdam in 1626.[32] The city and
its surroundings came under English control in
1664[32][33] and were renamed New York after King
Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother,
the Duke of York.[34][35] New York served as the
capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790.[36]
It has been the country's largest city since 1790.[37]
The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants
as they came to America by ship in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries[38] and is a globally recognized
New York, New York

City
City of New York
Clockwise from top: Midtown Manhattan, the United Nations

Headquarters, the Statue of Liberty, the Brooklyn Bridge, Central
Park, Times Square, and the Unisphere in Queens
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): "The Big Apple", "Gotham", "The

Center of the Universe", "The City That Never
Sleeps",[1] "The Capital of the World"[2][3][4]
Location in New York State
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
2 of 51
symbol of the United States and its democracy.[39]

Many districts and landmarks in New York City have
become well known to its approximately 50 million
annual visitors.[40][41][42] Times Square, iconified as
"The Crossroads of the World",[43][44][45][46][47] is
the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway theater
district,[48] one of the world's busiest pedestrian
intersections,[49][50] and a major center of the world's
entertainment industry.[51] The city hosts many world
renowned bridges, skyscrapers,[52] and parks. New
York City's financial district, anchored by Wall Street
in Lower Manhattan, functions as the financial capital
of the world[53] and is home to the New York Stock
Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by total
market capitalization of its listed companies.[54]
Manhattan's real estate market is among the most
expensive in the world.[55] Manhattan's Chinatown
incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese
people in the Western Hemisphere.[56][57][58][59]
Providing continuous 24/7 service,[60] the New York
City Subway is one of the most extensive rapid transit
systems in the world. Numerous colleges and
universities are located in New York,[61] including
Columbia University, New York University, and
Rockefeller University, which are ranked among the
top 50 in the world.[62]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Modern history
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Demographics
4 Cityscape
4.1 Architecture
4.2 Parks
4.2.1 National Park System units
within city limits
4.2.2 New York State Parks
4.2.3 New York City Department
of Parks and Recreation
4.3 Boroughs
5 Culture and contemporary life
5.1 Entertainment and performing arts
5.2 Tourism
5.3 Media
New York
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 403951N 735619W[5]

Country
State
Historic Colony
Counties
United States
New York
Colony of New York
Bronx, Kings, New York,
Queens, Richmond
Settled
Incorporated
1624
1898
Government[6]
Type
Body
Mayor
MayorCouncil
New York City Council
Michael Bloomberg (I)
Area[5]
Total
468.5 sq mi (1,213 km2)
Land
302.6 sq mi (784 km2)
Water
165.8 sq mi (429 km2)
Elevation[7]
33 ft (10 m)
Population [8]
Estimate (2011)
Rank
Density
8,244,910
1st
Metro
CSA
27,012.5/sq mi (10,429.6/km2)
18,897,109 (1st)
22,085,649 (1st)
Demonym
New Yorker
Time zone
Summer (DST)
Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)

EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code(s)
Area code(s)
100xx104xx, 1100405,
111xx114xx, 116xx
212, 347, 646, 718, 917, 929
FIPS code
GNIS feature ID
36-51000
975772
Website
www.nyc.gov
(http://www.nyc.gov)
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
3 of 51
5.4 Cuisine
5.5 Accent
5.6 Sports
6 Economy
6.1 Wall Street
7 Law and government
7.1 City planning
7.2 Crime
8 Education
9 Transportation
10 Military
11 Global outreach
11.1 Historic sister cities
11.2 New York City Global Partners
network
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
History
Main article: History of New York City
Early history
In the precolonial era the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian
tribes of Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included
Staten Island, the western portion of Long Island (including the area that would become Brooklyn and
Queens), Manhattan, and the Lower Hudson Valley, including The Bronx.[63]
The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in
the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor, where he spent
one night aboard ship and sailed out the next day. He claimed the area for France and named it "Nouvelle
Angoulme" (New Angoulme).[64] In January a year later, Esteban Gomez, a Portuguese sailing for
Emperor Charles V of Spain, entered New York Harbor and charted the mouth of the Hudson river which he
named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration.[65]
In 1609 English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen
(Half Moon) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer
the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the
Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital
of Albany in the belief that it might be a passage. When the river narrowed and was no longer salty he
realized it wasn't a sea passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and
claimed the region for his employer. In 1614 the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be
claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland).
The year 1614 saw the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on the southern tip of Manhattan which
would be called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (New Amsterdam) in 1625. Dutch colonial Director-General Peter
Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape,[66] in 1626 for a
value of 60 guilders[67] (about $1000 in 2006);[68] a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
4 of 51
for $24 worth of glass beads.[69][70]
New Amsterdam in 1664, the year

England took control and renamed it
"New York"
In 1664 Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New

Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without
bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city "New
York" after the English Duke of York and Albany.[71] At the end of
the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch gained control of Run (then
a much more valuable asset) in exchange for the English controlling
New Amsterdam (New York) in North America. Several intertribal
wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on
by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for
the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670.[72] By 1700, the
Lenape population had diminished to 200.[73]
In 1702, the city lost 10% of its population to yellow fever.[74] New
York suffered seven major yellow fever epidemics from 1702 to 1800.[75]
New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule. It became a center of slavery, with
42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina.
Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery
became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks
and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s during construction of
a new federal courthouse near Foley Square revealed than tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in
the area in the colonial years.
The city hosted the influential John Peter Zenger trial in 1735, helping to establish the freedom of the press
in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as
King's College in Lower Manhattan.[76] The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the
Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.
The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American
Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the
modern day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the
Americans were routed, leaving subsequent smaller engagements
following in its wake, the city became the British military and
political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven
for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British
lines for the freedom promised by the Crown. As many as 10,000
escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation.
When the British forces evacuated in 1783, they transported 3,000
freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other
freedmen in England and the Caribbean.
The Battle of Long Island, the largest

battle of the American Revolution,
took place in Brooklyn in 1776.
The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island
between American delegates including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11,
1776. Shortly after the British occupation began the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration
which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.[77]
In 1785 the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after
the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital
under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789 the first President of the United States, George
Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States
each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
5 of 51
Street.[78] By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.
Under the state's "gradual abolition law of 1799", children of slave
mothers were born free, but were held in indentured servitude until
their late 20s. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the
Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, gradually a significant
free-black population developed in Manhattan. Under such
influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John
Jay the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and
established the African Free School to educate black children.[79] It
was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state,
Broadway circa 1840
and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York
interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were
graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.[80]
In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development related to the western and cotton trades, as
well as European immigration.[81] The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the
city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1819 opening of the Erie Canal through central New
York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior
via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes.[82] Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a
political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.[83]
Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including
William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel
Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the old merchant elite lobbied for the
establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.
Modern history
The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1860, one in four New
Yorkersover 200,000had been born in Ireland.[84] There was also extensive immigration from the
German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New
York's population by 1860.[85]
Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local
office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In
1861 Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare
independence from Albany and the United States after the South
seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.[79] Anger at new military
conscription laws during the American Civil War (18611865) led to
the Draft Riots of 1863, led by ethnic Irish working class.[79]
The situation deteriorated into attacks on black New Yorkers and
their property, following fierce competition for a decade between
immigrants and blacks for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan
Asylum to the ground, but its more than 200 children escaped
harm.[85] Rioters killed an estimated 100 blacks and attacked many
more, especially in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.[86]
Because of the violence, many blacks left the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn and New Jersey; the black
population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class
had established dominance.[85]
Bird's eye view print of Manhattan and
New York City, 1873. The Brooklyn
Bridge was under construction from
1870 until 1883.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
6 of 51
In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate
city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the
western portion of the County of Queens.[87] The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate
private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city
became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship General Slocum
caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board.
In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment
workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major
improvements in factory safety standards.[88]
New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890.[89] In the
1920s, New York City was a prime destination for African Americans
during the Great Migration from the American South. By 1916, New
York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North
America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life
flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom
generated construction of competing skyscrapers that changed the
skyline into its identifiable twentieth-century shape.
Midtown Manhattan, New York City,
New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in
from Rockefeller Center, 1932
early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the
10 million mark in early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human
history.[90] The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello LaGuardia as
mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.[91]
Returning World War II veterans created a postwar economic boom and the development of large housing
tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with
Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations
Headquarters (completed in 1950) emphasized New York's political influence, and the rise of abstract
expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.[92]
United Airlines Flight 175 hits the

South Tower of the former World
Trade Center on September 11, 2001.
In the 1960s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New

York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates,
which extended into the 1970s.[93] While a resurgence in the
financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the
1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through the
decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.[94] By the 1990s, crime
rates started to drop dramatically due to changed police strategies,
improving economy, gentrification, and new residents, both
American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin
America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in
the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in
the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census.
The city suffered the worst nationally of the September 11, 2001
attacks, when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of the twin
[96]
towers of the World Trade Center.
A new complex, which includes One World Trade Center, a 9/11
memorial and museum, and three other office towers, is being built on the site. The first buildings are
finished and it is scheduled for completion by 2014.[97] The World Trade Center PATH station, which was
opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was
built and opened on November 23, 2003. A permanent station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub,
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
7 of 51
is currently being constructed and is scheduled to be completed in the

second quarter of 2014.[98]
Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City
on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets,
tunnels and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the
city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its
suburbs.[99] The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the
discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around
the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the
risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the
future.[100]
A flooded Avenue C in Manhattan just

moments before the explosion at an
electrical substation caused by
Hurricane Sandy on October 29,
2012.[95]
Geography
Main articles: Geography of New York City and Geography of New York Harbor
New York City is located in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern
New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and
Boston.[101] The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into
a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the
city grow in significance as a trading city. Much of New York is built on the
three islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island, making land
scarce and encouraging a high population density.
The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay.
Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary.[102]
The Hudson separates the city from New Jersey. The East Rivera tidal
straitflows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and
Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between
the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx.
The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is
the only entirely fresh water river in the city.[103]
Satellite imagery
demonstrating the core of the
New York City Metropolitan
Area.
The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with
considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most
prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.[104]
Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out, especially in Manhattan.[105]
The city's total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214 km2). 164.1 sq mi (425 km2) of this are water and
304.8 sq mi (789 km2) is land.[25][26] The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at
409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine.[106] The
summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.[107]
Climate
Under the Kppen climate classification, New York City experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa)
nearing the humid continental climate (Dfa),[108][109] and using the 0 C (32 F) threshold, it is the
northernmost major city on the North American continent with the humid subtropical categorization. The
area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 58% of possible sunshine
annually,[110] accumulating 2,400 to 2,800 hours of sunshine per annum.[111]
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
8 of 51
Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects
of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding of the Appalachians keep the city warmer in
the winter than inland North American cities located at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh,
Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The average temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.1 F
(0.1 C). However, temperatures in winter could for a few days be as low as 10 F (12 C) and as high as
50 F (10 C).[112] Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they
are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid with a July average of 76.5 F
(24.7 C). Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, and
temperatures exceed 90 F (32 C) on average of 17 days each summer and can exceed 100 F (38 C).[113]
The city receives 49.7 inches (1,260 mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the
year. Average winter snowfall for 1981 to 2010 has been 26.7 inches (68 cm), but this usually varies
considerably from year to year.[113] Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are
not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area.[114] Extreme temperatures have ranged from
15 F (26 C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 F (41 C) on July 9, 1936.[115]
V T E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:New_York_City_weatherbox&action=edit)
Climate data for

New York
(Belvedere Castle, Central Park)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high
F (C)
72
(22)
75
(24)
106
(41)
104
(40)
102
(39)
94
(34)
84
(29)
75
(24)
106
(41)
Average high
F (C)
39.1
(3.9)
42.4
(5.8)
50.5 62.0 71.6 80.1 84.9

(10.3) (16.7) (22.0) (26.7) (29.4)
83.4
(28.6)
76.0
(24.4)
64.6
(18.1)
54.6
(12.6)
43.8
(6.6)
62.7
(17.1)
Average low
F (C)
26.9 28.9
(2.8) (1.7)
35.2
(1.8)
67.9
(19.9)
60.8
(16.0)
50.0
(10.0)
41.6
(5.3)
32.0
(0.0)
47.9
(8.8)
50
(10)
39
(4)
28
(2)
12
(11)
13
(25)
15
(26)
Month
86
(30)
96
(36)
44.8
(7.1)
5
12
Record low F 6 15
(21) (26) (15) (11)
(C)
99
(37)
101
(38)
54.0 63.6 68.9

(12.2) (17.6) (20.5)
32
(0)
44
(7)
52
(11)
Precipitation 3.65 3.09 4.36 4.49 4.19 4.41 4.60 4.44 4.28 4.40 4.02 4.00 49.92
inches (mm) (92.7) (78.5) (110.7) (114) (106.4) (112) (116.8) (112.8) (108.7) (111.8) (102.1) (101.6) (1,268)
Snowfall
inches (cm)
8.0
9.4
(20.3) (23.9)
Avg.
precipitation
days ( 0.01 inch)
3.7
(9.4)
.6
(1.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
.3
(0.8)
4.8
(12.2)
26.7
(67.8)
10.4
9.2
10.9
11.5
11.1
11.2
10.4
9.5
8.7
8.9
9.6
10.6
121.9
4.1
2.9
1.8
.3
.2
2.3
11.5
51
55
57
58
61
64
65
64
62
61
52
49
58
Avg. snowy days

( 0.1 inch)
Percent possible
sunshine
Source: NOAA (19812010 normals, extremes 1876present) [116], Average Percent Sunshine through 2009 [117]
See Geography of New York City for additional climate information from the outer boroughs.
Demographics
Further information: Demographics of New York City, New York City ethnic
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
9 of 51
enclaves, and Demographic profile of New York City

New York is the most
populous city in the United
States, with an estimated
8,244,910 residents as of
2011.[125] As of the 2010
United States Census, the
city's population stood at a
record high of 8,175,133, a
2.1% increase from the 8
million counted in 2000,
significantly greater than the
combined totals of Los
Angeles and Chicago[126][127]
and greater than the San
Francisco Bay Area's
metropolitan total.[128]
City compared to State & U.S.

2000 Census[118]
Total population
Population, percent change, 1990 to 2000
NY State
U.S.
8,213,839 18,976,457 281,421,906

+9.4%
+5.5%
+13.1%
26,403/mi
402/mi
80/mi
$38,293
$43,393
$41,994
Bachelor's degree or higher
27%
27%
29%
Foreign born
36%
20%
11%
White (non-Hispanic)
35%
62%
67%
Black
28%
16%
12%
Hispanic (any race)
27%
15%
11%
Asian
10%
6%
4%
Population density
Median household income (1999)
Historical population
Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg immediately challenged the Census

Bureau's 2010 data as representing an undercount upon release.[129]
This amounts to about 40% of the state of New York's population
and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. In
2006, demographers estimated that New York's population will reach
between 9.2 and 9.5 million by 2030.[130] The city's population in
2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black
(23% non-Hispanic black), and 12.7% Asian.
Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while
Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's
population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white
population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in
decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of
blacks declined over a decade.[129]
Manhattan's Little Italy, Lower East

Side, circa 1900.
NY City
Two demographic points are

New York City's density and
ethnic diversity. In 2010, the
city had a population density
of 27,532 people per square
mile (10,630/km), rendering
it the most densely populated
of all municipalities with
over 100,000 population in
the United States; however,
several small cities in
adjacent Hudson County,
New Jersey are actually more
dense overall, as per the 2000 Census.[131]

Geographically co-extensive with New York County, conversely, the
borough of Manhattan's population density of 66,940 people per
Year
1698
1712
1723
1737
1746
1756
1771
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Pop.
4,937
5,840
7,248
10,664
11,717
13,046
21,863
49,401
79,216
119,734
152,056
242,278
391,114
696,115
1,174,779
1,478,103
1,911,698
2,507,414
3,437,202
4,766,883
5,620,048
6,930,446
7,454,995
7,891,957
7,781,984
7,894,862
7,071,639
7,322,564
8,008,288
8,175,133
+18.3%
+24.1%
+47.1%
+9.9%
+11.3%
+67.6%
+126.0%
+60.4%
+51.1%
+27.0%
+59.3%
+61.4%
+78.0%
+68.8%
+25.8%
+29.3%
+31.2%
+37.1%
+38.7%
+17.9%
+23.3%
+7.6%
+5.9%
1.4%
+1.5%
10.4%
+3.5%
+9.4%
+2.1%
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
10 of 51
square mile[132] (25,846/km) makes it the highest of any county in

the United States[133] and higher than the density of any individual
American city.
2011
8,244,910
+0.9%
Note: Census figures (17902010) cover the

present area of all five boroughs, before and
after the 1898 consolidation. For New York
City itself before annexing part of the Bronx
in 1874, see Manhattan#Demographics.[119]
Sources: 16981771,[120] 17901890,
[119][121]
19001990,[122] 2000 and 2010
[123][124]
Census.
2011 Census estimates.[125]
Throughout its history the city has been a major point of entry for
immigrants; more than 12 million European immigrants passed
through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924.[134] The term "melting
pot" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant
neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans
constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians.[135] In 1940, whites
represented 92% of the city's population.[136]
Approximately 36% of the city's population is foreign-born.[137] In New York, no single country or region of
origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the metropolitan area are the
Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, Mexico, India, Ecuador, Italy, Haiti, Colombia, and Guyana.[138] The
New York region continues to be the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the
United States.[139][140][141]
The New York City metropolitan area is ethnically diverse. It is home
to the largest Jewish community outside Israel.[142] The metropolitan
area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and 15%
of all Korean Americans;[143][144] the largest Asian Indian
population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Italian American
and African American populations and the second-largest Hispanic
community in the United States; and includes 6 Chinatowns in New
York City alone[145] (7 including the emerging Chinese enclave in
The Manhattan Chinatown.
Corona, Queens), as well as one each in Edison, New Jersey and
Nassau County, Long Island,[146] with the urban agglomeration
comprising as of the 2010 Census a population of 682,265 overseas Chinese,[147] the largest outside of Asia.
The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted
into the United States.[148]
New York City alone, according to the 2010 Census, has now become home to more than one million Asian
Americans, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles.[149] New York contains the
highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.[150] 6.0% of New York City is of Chinese ethnicity,
with about forty percent of them living in the borough of Queens alone. Koreans make up 1.2% of the city's
population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos are the largest southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by
Vietnamese who make up only 0.2% of New York City's population. Indians are the largest South Asian
group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%,
respectively.[151]
There are also substantial Puerto Rican and Dominican populations. The Irish also have a notable presence;
one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carries a distinctive genetic signature on his Y chromosome
inherited from the clan of Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish king of the fifth century A.D.[152] or from one
of the related clans of U Briin and U Fiachrach.[153]
The metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903
individuals, the largest in the United States.[154] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24,
2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[155]
New York City has a high degree of income disparity. In 2005 the median household income in the
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
11 of 51
wealthiest census tract was $188,697, while in the poorest it was $9,320.[156] The disparity is driven by
wage growth in high income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower income brackets. In
early 2011, the average weekly wage in New York County was $2,634, representing the highest total and
absolute increase among the largest counties in the United States.[157] In recent years, New York and
Moscow have ranked as the two cities home to the highest number of billionaires.[158][159] Manhattan is also
experiencing a baby boom that is unique among American cities. Since 2000, the number of children under
age 5 living in the borough grew by more than 32%.[160]
Cityscape
View looking south from Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan at dusk.
Architecture
Further information: Architecture of New York City and List of tallest buildings in New York City
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range
of styles and from distinct time periods from the saltbox style Pieter
Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which
dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the
skyscraper currently under construction at Ground Zero in Lower
Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the
world.[161]
Manhattan's skyline with its many skyscrapers is universally
recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest
buildings in the world. As of 2011, New York City had 5,937
high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least
100 meters high, both second in the world after Hong
Kong,[162][163] with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than
656 feet (200 m). These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an
early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic
detailing.
The Empire State Building and Chrysler

Building, built in Art Deco style.
The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setback in new buildings, and

restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below.[164] The Art
Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and
steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
12 of 51
eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest
examples of the Art Deco style.[165] A highly influential example of the international style in the United
States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its faade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke
the building's structure. The Cond Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in
American skyscrapers.[166]
The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses,
townhouses, and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to
1930.[167] In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature
free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Bronx; Ditmas Park, Brooklyn; and
Douglaston, Queens, large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor
Revival and Victorian.[168][169][170]
Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses
was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.[171] A distinctive feature of many of the city's
buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water towers. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on
buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations,
which could break municipal water pipes.[172] Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in
outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights.[173]
Parks
See also: Parks and recreation in New York City
National Park System units within city limits
Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres
(10,521.83 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City;[174]
the New York State portion includes the Jamaica Bay Wildlife
Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens, over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt
marsh, islands and water that includes most of Jamaica Bay. Also in
Queens the park includes a significant portion of the western
Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden.
Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island with historic pre-Civil War era
Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park with beaches,
trails and marina also on Staten Island.
New York Harbor's Statue of Liberty

National Monument, in May 2001,
with the former Twin Towers of the
World Trade Center and Lower
Manhattan in the background.
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island

Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are located both in the states of New
York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, located in
New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National
Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General
Grant National Memorial ("Grant's Tomb"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton
Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic
Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village as
the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement.[175]
New York State Parks
There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park, a
natural area which includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a 28-acre (110,000 m2) facility
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
13 of 51
that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River.[176]

New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal
parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches.[178] Parks in New
York City include Central Park, Prospect Park, Flushing MeadowsCorona Park, Forest Park, and Washington Square Park. The largest
municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park with 2,700 acres
(1,093 ha).[179]
The giraffe preserve in the Bronx Zoo,
Central Park an 883-acre (3.57 km2) park in Manhattan, is the

the world's largest metropolitan
most visited city park in the United States, with 25 million
zoo.[177]
visitors each year.[180] The park contains a myriad of
attractions; there are several lakes and ponds, two ice-skating
rinks, the Central Park Zoo, the Central Park Conservatory Garden, the 106-acre (0.43 km2) Jackie
Onassis Reservoir. Indoor attractions include Belvedere Castle with its nature center, the Swedish
Cottage Marionette Theater, and the historic Carousel. On October 23, 2012, hedge fund manager
John A. Paulson announced a $100 million gift to the Central Park Conservancy, the largest ever
monetary donation to New York City's park system.[181]
Prospect Park in Brooklyn has a 90-acre (360,000 m2) meadow, a lake and extensive woodlands.
Located within the park is the historic Battle Pass, which figured prominently in the Battle of Long
Island.[182]
Flushing MeadowsCorona Park in Queens, the city's third largest park, was the setting for the 1939
World's Fair and the 1964 World's Fair.[183]
Over a fifth of the Bronx's area, 7,000 acres (28 km2), is given over to open space and parks, including
Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the Bronx Zoo, and the New York Botanical Gardens.[184]
In Staten Island, the Conference House Park contains the historic Conference House, site of the only
attempt of a peaceful resolution to the American Revolution, attended by Benjamin Franklin
representing the Americans and Lord Howe representing the British Crown. Located within the park is
the historic Burial Ridge, the largest Native American burial ground within New York City.
Central Park is the most visited city park in the United States.
Boroughs
Further information: Borough (New York City) and Neighborhoods in New York City
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
14 of 51
New York City is composed of five boroughs.[187] Each

borough is coextensive with a respective county of New
York State as shown below.
Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct
neighborhoods, many with a definable history and
character to call their own. If the boroughs were each
independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn,
Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the
ten most populous cities in the United States.
Manhattan (New York County; 2009 Est. Pop.:
1,629,054)[123] is the most densely populated
borough and is home to Central Park and most of
the city's skyscrapers. The borough is the financial
center of the city and contains the headquarters of
many major corporations, the UN, a number of
important universities, and many cultural
attractions. Manhattan is loosely divided into
Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown
Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the
Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and
above the park is Harlem.
The Bronx (Bronx County: Pop. 1,397,287)[123] is
New York City's northernmost borough, the location
of Yankee Stadium, home of the New York
Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively
owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op
City.[188] Except for a small section of Manhattan
known as Marble Hill, the Bronx is the only section
of the city that is part of the United States mainland.
It is home to the Bronx Zoo, the largest
metropolitan zoo in the United States, which spans
265 acres (1.07 km2) and is home to over 6,000
animals.[189] The Bronx is the birthplace of rap and
hip hop culture.[190]
New York's five boroughs overview

Jurisdiction
Borough of
Population
County of
Land area
1 July 2011 square

Estimates miles
square
km
Manhattan New York
1,601,948
23
59
The Bronx
Bronx
1,392,002
42
109
Brooklyn
Kings
2,532,645
71
183
Queens
Queens
2,247,848
109
283
Staten Island Richmond
470,467
58
151
8,244,910
303
786
City of New York

State of New York
19,465,197 47,214 122,284
Source: United States Census Bureau[185][27][186]
The Five Boroughs of New York City:

1: Manhattan 2: Brooklyn 3: Queens 4: The
Bronx 5: Staten Island
Brooklyn (Kings County: Pop. 2,567,098),[123] on the western tip of Long Island, is the city's most
populous borough and was an independent city until 1898. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social
and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods and a distinctive architectural
heritage. It is also the only borough outside of Manhattan with a distinct downtown neighborhood. The
borough features a long beachfront and Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest
amusement grounds in the country.[191]
Queens (Queens County: Pop. 2,306,712)[123] is geographically the largest borough and the most
ethnically diverse county in the United States,[192] and may overtake Brooklyn as the city's most
populous borough due to its growth. Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by
the Dutch, today the borough is predominantly residential and middle class. Queens County is the only
large county in the United States where the median income among African Americans, approximately
$52,000 a year, is higher than that of White Americans.[193] Queens is the site of Citi Field, the home
of the New York Mets, and annually hosts the U.S. Open tennis tournament. Additionally, it is home to
two of the three major airports serving the New York metropolitan area, LaGuardia Airport and John
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
15 of 51
F. Kennedy International Airport. (The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New
Jersey.)
Staten Island (Richmond County: Pop. 491,730)[123] is the most suburban in character of the five
boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan
by way of the free Staten Island Ferry. The Staten Island Ferry is one of the most popular tourist
attractions in New York City as it provides unsurpassed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island,
and lower Manhattan. Located in central Staten Island, the 2,500 acres (10 km2) Greenbelt has some
28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.[194] Designated in
1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.
Culture and contemporary life

Further information: Culture of New York City and List of people from New York City
New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world
by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland[197] and Latvia[198] and by
New York's own Baruch College.[199] A book containing a series of
essays titled New York, culture capital of the world, 19401965 has
also been published as showcased by the National Library of
Australia.[200]
Tom Wolfe has quoted regarding New York's culture that:
Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather.
Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city,
such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the AfricanAmerican literary canon in the United States.[201][202] The city was a
center of jazz[203] in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s
and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s.[204] The city's punk[205]
and hardcore[206] scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s,
and the city has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American
literature.
The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the
Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract
expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and
hip hop,[190] punk, salsa, disco, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley and Jazz in
music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the
world.[207][208][209] The city is also widely celebrated in popular
lore, featured frequently as the setting for books, movies (see New
York in film), television programs, etc.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, part

of Museum Mile in the Carnegie Hill
neighborhood of Manhattan's Upper
East Side, is one of the largest
museums in the world.[195]
The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich

Village, a designated National Historic
Landmark as the site of the 1969
Stonewall Rebellion.[196]
Entertainment and performing arts

See also: Music of New York City
New York is a prominent location in the American entertainment industry, with films, television series,
books, and other media being set there. As of 2008, New York City is the second largest center for the film
industry in the United States with 63,000 workers who were paid as much as $5 billion in wages.[210] and by
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
16 of 51
volume, New York is the world leader in independent film

production.[211] The Association of Independent Commercial
producers is also based in New York City.[212] The city has more
than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art
galleries of all sizes.[213]
The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than
the National Endowment for the Arts.[213] Wealthy industrialists in
the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
the famed Carnegie Hall and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, that
would become internationally established. The advent of electric
lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s New York City theaters on Broadway and
along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly
influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and
others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.
The city's 39 largest theaters (with more than 500 seats each) are collectively known as "Broadway," after
the major thoroughfare that crosses the Times Square theater district.[214] This area is sometimes referred to
as The Main Stem, The Great White Way or The Rialto. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts is home to
12 influential arts organizations, including Jazz at Lincoln Center, Metropolitan Opera, New York City
Opera, New York Philharmonic. New York City Ballet, the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School
and Alice Tully Hall. Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central
Park.[215]
Tourism
Further information: Tourism in New York City and List of museums and cultural institutions in New
York City
Tourism is one of New York City's most vital industries, with more
than 40 million combined domestic and international tourists visiting
each year in the past five years.[217]
Major destinations include the Empire State Building; Statue of
Liberty; Ellis Island; Broadway theater productions; museums such
as the Metropolitan Museum of Art; greenspaces such as Central
Park and Washington Square Park; Rockefeller Center; Times
Square; the Manhattan Chinatown; luxury shopping along Fifth and
Times Square has the highest annual
Madison Avenues; and events such as the Halloween Parade in
attendance rate of any tourist attraction
Greenwich Village; the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the St.
in the US,[216] and according to Travel
Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in
+ Leisure magazine's October 2011
Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free
survey, the world.[49]
performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Special experiences
outside the key tourist areas of the city include the Bronx Zoo;
Coney Island; Flushing Meadows-Corona Park; and the New York Botanical Garden. Plans were unveiled
by Mayor Michael Bloomberg on September 27, 2012 for the New York Wheel, the world's tallest ferris
wheel, to be built at the northern shore of Staten Island, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York
Harbor, and the Lower Manhattan skyline.[218][219]
In 2010, New York City received nearly 49 million tourists,[220][221] subsequently surpassed by a record 50
million tourists in 2011.[222][223]
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
17 of 51
Media
Main article: Media in New York City
Rockefeller Center, home to NBC

Studios
New York City is a center for the television, film, advertising, music,
newspaper, and book publishing industries and is also the largest
media market in North America (followed by Los Angeles, Chicago,
and Toronto).[224] Some of the city's media conglomerates include
Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated
Press, the News Corporation, The New York Times Company,
NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, and Viacom. Seven of the
world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their
headquarters in New York.[225] Two of the "Big three" record labels'
headquarters, are in New York City; Sony Music Entertainment and
Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New
York. One-third of all American independent films are produced in
New York.[226]
More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city[226] and the
book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.[227] Two of the three national daily newspapers in
the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won
the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: The New York Daily
News which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson[228] and The New York Post, founded in 1801
by Alexander Hamilton.[229] The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and
magazines published in more than 40 languages.[230] El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanishlanguage daily and the oldest in the nation.[231] The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a
prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper.
The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The four
major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC. Many
cable channels are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, and Comedy Central. In 2005,
there were more than 100 television shows taped in New York City.[232] The City of New York operates a
public broadcast service, NYCTV,[233] that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows
covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government.
New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television
channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.[234] WNET is the
city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public
radio audience in the United States.[235]
Cuisine
Main article: Cuisine of New York City
New York City's food culture includes a variety of world cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history.
Eastern European and Italian immigrants have made the city famous for bagels, cheesecake and New
York-style pizza, while Chinese and other Asian restaurants, burger joints, Italian restaurants, diners and
coffee shops are ubiquitous. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned,
have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafels and kebabs standbys of modern New York street food,
although hot dogs and pretzels are still the main street fare.[236] The city is also home to many of the finest
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
18 of 51
and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the United States.[237]
Accent
The New York area has a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively
known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It is generally considered one of the most recognizable accents
within American English.[238] The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working-class
people of European descent, and the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to
changes in this distinctive dialect.[239]
The traditional New York area accent is non-rhotic, so that the sound [] does not appear at the end of a
syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk."[239]
There is no [] in words like park [pk] or [pk] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the
low-back chain shift), butter [b], or here [hi]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the []
vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [r] in core
and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American.
In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like
"girl" and of words like "oil" become a diphthong []. This is often misperceived by speakers of other
accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced "goil" and oil is pronounced "erl";
this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.)
and "terlet" (toilet).[239] The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family (played by
Carroll O'Connor) was a good example of a speaker with this feature. This speech pattern is no longer
prevalent.[239]
Sports
Main article: Sports in New York City
New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football
League,[241] Major League Baseball,[242] the National Basketball
Association,[243] and the National Hockey League.[244] Four of the
ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife
Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and
Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area.[245] The
New York metropolitan area has the most professional sports teams
in these four leagues. It is one of 12 metropolitan areas in the US to
have a team in each of the four leagues and the only one to have at
least two teams in each league.
New York has been described as the "Capital of Baseball."[246]
There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73
pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas
(Los Angeles, Chicago, BaltimoreWashington, and the San
Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams.
Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New
York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and
occurring most recently in 2000. No other metropolitan area has had
this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944,
and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989).
The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New
The New York Marathon is the largest

marathon in the world.[240]
The US Open Tennis Championships

are held every August and September in
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
19 of 51
York Mets[247] and the New York Yankees,[248] who compete in six
games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to
be called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won a record 27
championships,[249] while the Mets have won the World Series
twice.[250] The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers
(now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series
once,[251] and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco
Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to
California in 1958.[252] There are also two minor league baseball
teams in the city, the Brooklyn Cyclones[253] and Staten Island
Yankees.[254]
Flushing Meadows, Queens.
Citi Field has been home to the New

York Mets since 2009.
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New

York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in
nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey,[255] which will host Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.[256]
The New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League.[257] The New York Islanders, who
currently play in Nassau County, Long Island,[258] will become the second team in the city after their move
to Brooklyn in 2015.[259] Also within the metropolitan area are the New Jersey Devils, who play in nearby
Newark, New Jersey.[260]
The city's National Basketball Association teams include the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while
the city's Women's National Basketball Association team is the New York Liberty. The first national
college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938
and remains in the city.[261]
In soccer, New York is represented by the Major League Soccer side, New York Red Bulls. The Red Bulls
play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey.[262]
Queens is host of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships, one of the four annual Grand Slam tournaments.[263]
The New York Marathon is one of the world's largest, and the 20042006 events hold the top three places in
the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006.[240] The Millrose
Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a
prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at
Madison Square Garden each year.[264]
Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball,
was popularized by youths in the 1930s. A street in The Bronx has been renamed Stickball Blvd, as tribute to
New York's most known street sport.[265]
Economy
Main article: Economy of New York City
New York is a global hub of international business and commerce
and is one of three "command centers" for the world economy
(along with London and Tokyo).[267] In 2012, New York City
topped the first Global Economic Power Index, published by The
Atlantic (to be differentiated from a namesake list published by
the Martin Prosperity Institute), with cities ranked according to
Top publicly traded companies

in New York City for 2010
(ranked by revenues)
with City and U.S. ranks
NYC
corporation
US
1
J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.
13
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
20 of 51
criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by

other entities.[268] The city is a major center for banking and
finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate,
new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services,
accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the
United States.
The New York metropolitan area had a gross metropolitan
product of approximately $1.28 trillion in 2010,[269] making it the
largest regional economy in the United States and, according to IT
Week, the second largest city economy in the world.[270]
According to Cinco Dias, New York controlled 40% of the
world's finances by the end of 2008, making it the largest
financial center in the world.[271][272][273]
2
Citigroup
14
3
Verizon Communications
16
4 American International Group 17
5
Pfizer
31
6
MetLife
46
7
INTL FCStone
51
8
Goldman Sachs Group
54
9
Morgan Stanley
63
10
New York Life Insurance
71
11
Hess
79
12
News Corporation
83
Financial services firms in green
Full table at Economy of New York City
Source: Fortune 500[266]
New York City has been

ranked first among 120 cities
across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists.[275] In July
2012, the Manchester United Football Club of the United Kingdom
announced plans to list its initial public offering of stock shares on the
New York Stock Exchange.[276]
The New York Stock Exchange on

Wall Street, the world's largest
stock exchange per total market
capitalization of its listed
Many major corporations are headquartered in New York City, including

45 Fortune 500 companies.[277] New York is also unique among
American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of
ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.[278]
Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of
all New York City property was $802.4 billion in 2006.[279] The Time
Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the
[279]
city, at $1.1 billion in 2006.
New York City is home to some of the nation'sand the world'smost
valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for $510 million, about $1,589 per square
foot ($17,104/m), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per
square foot ($15,887/m) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue.[280]
companies.[274]
The city's television and film industry is the second largest in the country after Hollywood.[281] Creative
industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of
employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries.[282]
High-tech industries like biotechnology, software development, game design, and internet services are also
growing, bolstered by the city's position at the terminus of several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines.[283]
Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities.
Manufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment. Garments, chemicals, metal
products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products.[284] The food-processing
industry is the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city.[285] Food making is a $5 billion industry
that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with
$234 million worth of exports each year.[285]
Wall Street
Manhattan had 353.7 million square feet (32,860,000 m) of office space in 2001.[286] Midtown Manhattan
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
21 of 51
is the largest central business district in the United States.[287] Lower Manhattan is the third largest central
business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, located on Wall Street,
and the NASDAQ, representing the world's first and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when
measured by average daily trading volume and overall market capitalization.[288] Financial services account
for more than 35% of the city's employment income.[289]
The financial district has sometimes been a scene of conflict such as with the recurrent protests during
"Occupy Wall Street", which subsequently sparked an international Occupy Movement. It has also
sometimes turned deadly such as with the Wall Street bombing in 1929.
Law and government

Main article: Government of New York City
New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council
form of government[290] since its consolidation in 1898. The government of
New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities. In New
York City, the central government is responsible for public education,
correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities,
sanitation, water supply and welfare services. The mayor and councillors are
elected to four-year terms. The New York City Council is a unicameral body
consisting of 51 Council members whose districts are defined by geographic
population boundaries.[291] The mayor and councilors are limited to three
consecutive four-year terms[292] but can run again after a four year break.
The present mayor is Michael
Bloomberg, a former Democrat,
former Republican (20012008), and
current political independent elected
on the Republican and Independence
Party tickets against opponents
supported by the Democratic and Working Families Parties in 2001
(50.3% of the vote to 47.9%), 2005 (58.4% to 39%) and 2009
(50.6% to 46%).[293] Bloomberg is known for taking control of the
city's education system from the state, rezoning and economic
development, sound fiscal management, and aggressive public health
policy.
The Manhattan Municipal
Building is home to many city
agencies.
New York City Hall is the oldest City

Hall in the United States that still
houses its original governmental
functions.
In his second term, he has made school reform, poverty reduction,

and strict gun control central priorities of his administration.[294]
Together with Boston mayor Thomas Menino, in 2006 he founded the Mayors Against Illegal Guns
Coalition, an organization with the goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the
streets."[295] The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2008, 67% of
registered voters in the city are Democrats.[296] New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a
statewide or presidential election since 1924. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and
economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city.
Following a financial crisis and state bailout in 1975, the New York Financial Control Board was created to
oversee municipal spending. The Mayor of New York City and the Governor of New York both serve on the
seven-member board. While direct management of the city's budget ended in 1986, the board continues to
monitor the city's financial health.[297]
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
22 of 51
New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five
ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper
East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John
Kerry.[298] The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives
83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion
more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New
York than it receives back.[299]
Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the New York Supreme Court and hosts other state
and city courts. Manhattan also hosts the Supreme Court Appellate Division, First Department, while
Brooklyn hosts the Appellate Division, Second Department. Federal courts located near City Hall include
the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, the United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit, and the Court of International Trade. Brooklyn hosts the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of New York.
City planning
Further information: Environmental issues in New York City and Food and water in New York City
Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States, and gasoline consumption in the city is
the same rate as the national average in the 1920s.[300] The city's high level of mass transit use saved 1.8
billion US gallons (6,800,000 m3) of oil in 2006; New York City saves half of all the oil saved by transit
nationwide.[301] The city's population density, low automobile use and high transit utility make it among the
most energy efficient cities in the United States.[302] Its greenhouse gas emissions are 7.1 metric tons per
person compared with the national average of 24.5.[303] New Yorkers are collectively responsible for 1% of
the nation's greenhouse gas emissions[303] though they comprise 2.7% of the nation's population. The
average New Yorker consumes less than half the electricity used by a resident of San Francisco and nearly
one-quarter the electricity consumed by a resident of Dallas.[304]
In recent years, the city has focused on reducing its environmental
impact. Large amounts of concentrated pollution in New York has led
to a high incidence of asthma and other respiratory conditions among
the city's residents.[305] The city government is required to purchase
only the most energy-efficient equipment for use in city offices and
public housing.[306] New York has the largest clean air diesel-hybrid
and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country,[307] and also, by
mid 2010 the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel
vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in
service, the most in any city in North America.[308]
As of July 2010 the city had 3,715

hybrid taxis in service, the largest
number in any city in North America.
The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts

v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the
EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is also a
leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among
others.[166]
The city is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.[309] As a result of
the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major
cities in the United States with drinking water pure enough not to require purification by water treatment
plants.[310]
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
23 of 51
New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of
Manhattanites own a car.[311]
Crime
Further information: Crime in New York City and Law enforcement in New York City
In 2012, Travel+Leisure named New York the #1 "America's Dirtiest City," from a survey of both magazine
readership and city residents, of prominent cities having the most visible illegal litter, and other related
environmental conditions.
Since 2005 the city has had the lowest crime rate among the 25 largest U.S. cities, having become
significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1980s[312] and early 1990s from the crack epidemic that
affected many neighborhoods. By 2002, New York City had about the same crime rate as Provo, Utah and
was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. Violent crime in
New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005 and continued decreasing during periods when
the nation as a whole saw increases.[313] In 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966,[314]
and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were
first published in 1963.[315] 95.1% of all murder victims and 95.9% of all shooting victims in New York City
are black or Hispanic. And 90.2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96.7 percent of those arrested for
shooting someone are black or Hispanic.[316]
Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on what explains the dramatic decrease in the
city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the New York City Police
Department,[317] including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory.[318] Others cite the end of
the crack epidemic and demographic changes.[319]
Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the
Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia dominated by the
Five Families and they are still the largest and most powerful criminal organization in the city.[320] Gangs
including the Black Spades also grew in the late 20th century.[321] As early as 1850, New York City
recorded more than 200 gang wars fought largely by youth gangs.[322] The most prominent gangs in New
York City today are the Bloods, Crips, Latin Kings, and MS-13.[323]
Education
Main article: Education in New York City
Columbia University's Low Memorial

Library
The city's public school system, managed by the New York City
Department of Education, is the largest in the United States.[324]
About 1.1 million students are taught in more than 1,200 separate
primary and secondary schools.[325] Charter schools, which are
partly publicly funded, include Success Academy Charter Schools
and Public Prep. There are approximately 900 additional privately
run secular and religious schools in the city.[326] About 594,000
students were enrolled as of the 2000 Census in New York City
higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the
United States.[327] In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents
were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees,
forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
24 of 51
in any American city.[328]

New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper
Union, Fordham University, New York University, The New School, Pace University, and Yeshiva University.
The public City University of New York system is one of the largest universities in the nation, and includes a
number of undergraduate colleges and associate degree community colleges, with options in each borough.
The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and specialpurpose institutions, such as St. John's University, The Juilliard School, The College of Mount Saint Vincent,
and The School of Visual Arts.
Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the
life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences
degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed
physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local
institutions.[329] The city receives the second-highest amount of
annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S.
cities.[330] Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY
Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine,
Fordham University's Keating Hall in
Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Weill Cornell Medical College.
The Bronx
On December 19, 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his
choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of
Technology to build a $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences on Roosevelt Island, with the goal of
transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.[331][332]
The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country,
serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island.[333] The New York Public Library has several research
libraries, including the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Queens is served by the Queens
Borough Public Library, which is the nation's second largest public library system. The Brooklyn Public
Library serves Brooklyn.[333]
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in New York City
New York City is home to the two

busiest rail stations in the US,
including Grand Central Terminal.
Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, is
the most complex and extensive in North America. About one in
every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds
of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan
Area.[334][335] The iconic New York City Subway system is the
busiest in the Western Hemisphere, while Grand Central Terminal,
also popularly referred to as "Grand Central Station", is the world's
largest railway station by number of platforms. New York's airspace
is one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The George
Washington Bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New
Jersey, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[336][337]
Public transit is popular in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers

commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit.[338] This is in contrast
to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace.[339]
According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
25 of 51
getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.[340] However, due to the high
usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national
average. New Yorkers save $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.[341]
New York City is served by Amtrak, which uses Pennsylvania
Station. Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and
Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor and long-distance
train service to other North American cities. The Port Authority Bus
Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000
buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station
in the world.[342]
The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the
world when measured by stations in operation, with 468, and by
length of routes. It is the third-largest when measured by annual
ridership (1.5 billion passenger trips in 2006).[334] New York's
subway is also notable because nearly the entire system remains open
24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to
systems in most cities, including Hong Kong,[343][344] London, Paris,
Seoul,[345][346] and Tokyo.
The New York City Subway is the

world's largest rapid transit system by
length of routes and by number of
stations.
The city's complex and extensive transportation system also includes the longest suspension bridge in the
Americas and one of the world's longest (the Verrazano-Narrows),[347][348] the world's first mechanically
ventilated vehicular tunnel,[349] more than 12,000 yellow cabs,[350] an aerial tramway that transports
commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan, and a ferry system connecting Manhattan to various
locales within and outside the city.
The busiest ferry in the United States is the Staten Island Ferry, which annually carries over 19 million
passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) run between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan. The Staten Island
Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson ("PATH" train)
links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and
Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning two of the four rapid
transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the
others are a portion of the Chicago "L" and the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia).
New York City's public bus fleet and commuter rail network are the
largest in North America.[334] The rail network, connecting the
suburbs in the tri-state region to the city, consists of the Long Island
Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad and New Jersey Transit. The
combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and
Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail
lines.[334][352]
New York City is the top international air passenger gateway to the
United States.[353] The area is served by three major airports, John F.
The elevated AirTrain rapid transit
Kennedy International, Newark Liberty International, and
system bypasses chronic traffic
LaGuardia; 100 million travelers used the three airports in 2005, and
congestion on the Van Wyck
[351]
the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation.[354] Outbound
Expressway
en route to JFK
international travel from JFK and Newark accounted for about a
International Airport in Queens.
quarter of all U.S. travelers who went overseas in 2004.[355] Plans
have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport,
Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
26 of 51
Jersey.[356]
New York's high rate of public transit use, 120,000 daily cyclists,[357]
and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient
major city in the United States.[300] Walk and bicycle modes of travel
account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate
for metro regions is about 8%.[358] In 2011, Walk Score named it the
most walkable city in the United States.[359][360]
To complement New York's vast mass transit network, the city also
has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, that link New
York City to Northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island,
and southwest Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels.
Because these highways serve millions of suburban residents who
commute into New York City, it is quite common for motorists to be
stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence,
particularly during rush hour.[337]
The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, one of

the world's longest suspension bridges,
[347][348]
connects Brooklyn and Staten

Island across The Narrows.
Despite New York's reliance on public transit, roads are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid
plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like
Broadway,[361] Wall Street,[362] Madison Avenue,[363][364] and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms
for national industries located there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively.
Military
New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city.[365]
Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, it is
one of America's longest serving military forts.[366] Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the
North Atlantic Division, United States Army Corps of Engineers, as well as the New York City Recruiting
Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a
Military Entrance Processing Station.
Other formerly active military reservations still utilized for military training or reserve and National Guard
operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens.
Global outreach
Historic sister cities
New York City has ten historic sister cities:[367]
City
Since
Tokyo, Japan
1960
Beijing, People's Republic of China
1980
Cairo, Egypt
1982
Madrid, Spain
1982
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 1983

Budapest, Hungary
1992
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
27 of 51
Rome, Italy
1992
Jerusalem, Israel
1993
London, England (United Kingdom) 2001

Johannesburg, South Africa [368]
2003
New York City Global Partners network

In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City
Global Partners. New York City has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of
cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers,
according to the city's website. The list of historic sister cities above was consolidated into the Global
Partners network and joined by the cities below,[367] including Chongqing and Tel Aviv (two "non-historic"
sister cities of New York):
Africa/Middle East
Accra, Ghana
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Cape Town, South Africa
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Istanbul, Turkey
Lagos, Nigeria
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel Aviv, Israel[369]
Asia/Pacific Rim
Bangalore, India
Bangkok, Thailand
Chongqing, People's Republic of China[370]
Delhi, India
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
Jakarta, Indonesia
Karachi, Pakistan
Manila, Philippines
Melbourne, Australia
Mumbai, India
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Shenyang, People's Republic of China
Singapore, Republic of Singapore
Sydney, Australia
Taipei, Republic of China
Europe
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Antwerp, Belgium
Barcelona, Spain
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
28 of 51
Belfast, Ireland
Berlin, Germany
Brussels, Belgium
Bucharest, Romania
Copenhagen, Denmark
Dublin, Ireland
Dusseldorf, Germany
Edinburgh, Scotland
Geneva, Switzerland
Glasgow, Scotland
Hamburg, Germany
Heidelberg, Germany
Helsinki, Finland
Kiev, Ukraine
Lisbon, Portugal
Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
Lyon, France
Milan, Italy
Moscow, Russia
Munich, Germany
Oslo, Norway
Paris, France
Prague, Czech Republic
Prishtina, Albania
Rotterdam, Netherlands
St. Petersburg, Russia
Stockholm, Sweden
The Hague, Netherlands
Vienna, Austria
Warsaw, Poland
North America
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Calgary, Canada
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Cuernavaca, Mexico
Edmonton, Canada
Los Angeles, California, United States
Mexico City, Mexico
Monterrey, Mexico
Montral, Canada
Ottawa, Canada
Panama City, Panama
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Toronto, Canada
Vancouver, Canada
Winnipeg, Canada
South America
Bogot, Colombia
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Caracas, Venezuela
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
29 of 51
Crdoba, Nicaragua
Curitiba, Brazil
Lima, Peru
Medelln, Colombia
Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Santiago, Chile
So Paulo, Brazil
See also
References
1. ^ "Why is New York City known as "the Big Apple" and "Gotham?"" (http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-applegotham/) . Dictionary.com, LLC. http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-apple-gotham/. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
2. ^ "Showcase Destinations New York City: Capital of the World" (http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972) .
Mpiweb.org. September 22, 1924. http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
3. ^ "About New York City" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml) . The City of New York.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
4. ^ Eugene J. Sherman. "FORWARD New York Capital of the Modern World" (http://www.baruch.cuny.edu
/nycdata/forward.htm) . The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011.
http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/forward.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
5. ^ a b "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990" (http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html) .
United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html.
Retrieved April 23, 2011.
6. ^ the Mayor, New York City Office of (January 8, 2010). "Biography" (http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov
/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0/) . New York, City of. http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov
/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0/. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
7. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names" (http://geonames.usgs.gov) . United States Geological Survey. October 25,
2007. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
8. ^ "American FactFinder" (http://factfinder.census.gov) . United States Census Bureau.
http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
9. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2009
Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 (SUB-EST2009-01)" (http://www.census.gov/popest/cities
/SUB-EST2009.html) . U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/SUB-EST2009.html.
Retrieved 2011-04-26.
10. ^ "World's Largest Urban Areas [Ranked by Urban Area Population (http://www.mongabay.com
/cities_urban_01.htm) "]. Rhett Butler. 20032006. http://www.mongabay.com/cities_urban_01.htm. Retrieved
2011-04-26.
11. ^ "Largest Cities of the World (by metro population)" (http://www.worldatlas.com/citypops.htm) .
Woolwine-Moen Group d/b/a Graphic Maps. http://www.worldatlas.com/citypops.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
12. ^ "Largest Urban Areas in the World: 2008 All Urban Areas 2,000,000 & Over" (http://www.demographia.com
/db-wlargestua.pdf) . Wendell Cox Consultancy. http://www.demographia.com/db-wlargestua.pdf. Retrieved
2011-04-26.
13. ^ "Welcome to the official New York City Web Site" (http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/?front_door=true) .
The City of New York. 2011. http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/?front_door=true. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
14. ^ "All Municipality Websites Listed Alphabetically" (http://www.nysegov.com/citguide.cfm?context=citguide&
content=munibyalpha&alpha=N) . New York State. http://www.nysegov.com/citguide.cfm?context=citguide&
content=munibyalpha&alpha=N. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
15. ^ "GLOBAL POWER CITY INDEX 2009" (http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf
/GPCI2009_English.pdf) . 2009 The Mori Memorial Foundation. All rights reserved. http://www.morim-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
16. ^ "United Nations Visitors Centre" (http://visit.un.org/wcm/content/) . United Nations. 2011. http://visit.un.org
/wcm/content/. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
17. ^ "Office of the Mayor Commission for the United Nations, Consular Corps and Protocol" (http://www.nyc.gov
/html/unccp/html/home/home.shtml) . The City of New York. 2012. http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/html/home
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
30 of 51
/home.shtml. Retrieved 2012-02-05.

18. ^ "Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture" (http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/nyc/culturalaffairs/) . Consulate General of Iceland New York. http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/nyc/cultural-affairs/.
19. ^ "How The Earth Was Made" (http://www.history.com/shows/how-the-earth-was-made/videos/new-yorkharbor#new-york-harbor) . 19962011, A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
http://www.history.com/shows/how-the-earth-was-made/videos/new-york-harbor#new-york-harbor. Retrieved
2011-09-19.
20. ^ "Boroughs of New York City" (http://www.worldstatesmen.org/US_NYBOROUGHS.html) . Ben Cahoon.
2002. http://www.worldstatesmen.org/US_NYBOROUGHS.html. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
21. ^ "A 5-Borough Centennial Preface for Katharine Bement Davis Mini-History" (http://www.correctionhistory.org
/html/chronicl/nycdoc/html/kbd_brnx.html) . The New York City Department of Correction. 1997.
http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/nycdoc/html/kbd_brnx.html. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
22. ^ "New York: A City of Neighborhoods" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neighbor/neigh.shtml) . New York
City Department of City Planning. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neighbor/neigh.shtml. Retrieved
2011-04-30.
23. ^ Sam Roberts (April 5, 2012). "Population Growth in New York City Is Outpacing 2010 Census, 2011
Estimates Show" (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/nyregion/census-estimates-for-2011-show-populationgrowth-in-new-york.html) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/nyregion/censusestimates-for-2011-show-population-growth-in-new-york.html. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
24. ^ American Fact Finder (U.S. Census Bureau): New York by County Table GCT-PH1. Population, Housing
Units, Area, and Density: 2000 Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data
(http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&
-CONTEXT=gct&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_US9&-tree_id=4001&-redoLog=true&
-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US36&-format=ST-2%7CST-2S&-_lang=en) , Retrieved 2009-02-06
25. ^ a b "NYC Profile" (http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/nycprofile.pdf) (PDF). New York City
Department of City Planning. http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/nycprofile.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
26. ^ a b Roberts, Sam (May 22, 2008). "It's Still a Big City, Just Not Quite So Big" (http://www.nytimes.com
/2008/05/22/nyregion/22shrink.html) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/nyregion
/22shrink.html. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
27. ^ a b County and City Data Book:2007 (U.S. Census Bureau), Table B-1, Area and Population
(http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CONTEXT=gct&
-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_US9&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US25%7CUS-25S&-_lang=en) , Retrieved 2008-07-12.
28. ^ Roberts, Sam (April 28, 2010). "Listening to (and Saving) the World's Languages" (http://www.nytimes.com
/2010/04/29/nyregion/29lost.html?hpw) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/nyregion
/29lost.html?hpw. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
29. ^ "Table GCT-PL2 - Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical
Area; and for Puerto Rico" (http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages
/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table) . U.S. Census Bureau.
http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages
/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
30. ^ "NYC The Official Guide nycgo.com nyc statistics" (http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-statistics-page) .
NYC & Company. http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-statistics-page. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
31. ^ "Table GCT-PL2 - Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States -- Combined Statistical
Area; and for Puerto Rico" (http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages
/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US41PR&prodType=table) . U.S. Census Bureau.
http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages
/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US41PR&prodType=table. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
32. ^ a b "United States History - History of New York City, New York" (http://www.u-s-history.com/pages
/h2122.html) . http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2122.html. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
33. ^ Shorto, Russell (2005). The Island at the Center of The World, 1st Edition. New York: Vintage Books. p. 30.
ISBN 1-4000-7867-9.
34. ^ "New Jersey Colony Reading Comprehension" (http://www.mrnussbaum.com/readingcomp/njcolony.htm) .
MrNussbaum.com. http://www.mrnussbaum.com/readingcomp/njcolony.htm. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
35. ^ "KINGSTON Discover 300 Years of New York History DUTCH COLONIES" (http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel
/kingston/colonization.htm) . National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. http://www.nps.gov
/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
31 of 51
36. ^ "The Nine Capitals of the United States" (http://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item

/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm) . United States Senate. http://www.senate.gov/reference
/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
37. ^ "Rank by Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places, Listed Alphabetically by State: 17901990"
(http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab01.txt) . U.S. Census Bureau. June 15,
1998. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab01.txt. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
38. ^ "Statue of Liberty" (http://www.history.com/topics/statue-of-liberty) . 19962011, A&E Television Networks,
LLC. All Rights Reserved. http://www.history.com/topics/statue-of-liberty. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
39. ^ "Statue of Liberty" (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307) . World Heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
19922011. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
40. ^ Patrick McGeehan (December 20, 2011). "As City Closes In on 50 Millionth Visitor, British Couple to Be
Feted" (http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/as-city-closes-in-on-50-millionth-visitor-british-coupleto-be-feted/?scp=1&sq=tourists&st=Search) . 2011 The New York Times Company.
http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/as-city-closes-in-on-50-millionth-visitor-british-couple-to-befeted/?scp=1&sq=tourists&st=Search. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
41. ^ "NYC reaches goal of 50 million tourists" (http://www.northjersey.com
/news/135934558_NYC_reaches_goal_of_50_million_tourists.html) . 2011 North Jersey Media Group.
December 20, 2011. http://www.northjersey.com
/news/135934558_NYC_reaches_goal_of_50_million_tourists.html. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
42. ^ "NYC The Official Guide nycgo.com nyc statistics" (http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-statistics-page) .
NYC & Company. http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-statistics-page. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
43. ^ "Big Apple History Arts and Entertainment The Crossroads of the World" (http://pbskids.org/bigapplehistory
/arts/topic15.html) . Thirteen/WNET New York 2005 Educational Broadcasting Corporation. http://pbskids.org
/bigapplehistory/arts/topic15.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
44. ^ "Crossroads of the world Times Square the official website of Times Square"
(http://www.timessquarenyc.org/) . Times Square District Management Association, Inc.
http://www.timessquarenyc.org/. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
45. ^ "Times Square New York, NY Times Square" (http://www.nyctourist.com/times-square.php) . 2011
NYCTourist.com. http://www.nyctourist.com/times-square.php. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
46. ^ Aditya Rangroo (October 14, 2010). "Times Square Crossroads of the World New York City Info"
(http://www.timessquare.com/NYC__/NYC_Stories/_The_Big_Apple%E2%80%99s_economic_hub/) . (C)
19802010 TimesSquare.com A Dataware Corporation Company. http://www.timessquare.com/NYC__
/NYC_Stories/_The_Big_Apple%E2%80%99s_economic_hub/. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
47. ^ Allan Tannenbaum. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance" (http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402
/at_intro.html) . The Digital Journalist. http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html. Retrieved
2011-12-17.
48. ^ "Times Square" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596253/Times-Square) . Encyclopdia
Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596253/Times-Square. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
49. ^ a b Joshua Pramis (October 2011). "World's Most-Visited Tourist Attractions No. 1: Times Square, New York
City" (http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/worlds-most-visited-tourist-attractions/2) . Copyright
19972012 American Express Publishing Corporation. All Rights Reserved. http://www.travelandleisure.com
/articles/worlds-most-visited-tourist-attractions/2. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
50. ^ "The Most Jivin' Streetscapes in the World" (http://www.diserio.com/streetscapes.html) . Luigi Di Serio.
2010. http://www.diserio.com/streetscapes.html. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
51. ^ "New York Architecture Images- Midtown Times Square" (http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MIDTimesSquare3.htm) . 2011 nyc-architecture. http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID-TimesSquare3.htm.
52. ^ "Buildings in New York City" (http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=city&city=NYC&country=US) . Council on
Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=city&city=NYC&country=US. Retrieved
2011-06-08.
53. ^
"Top 8 Cities by GDP: China vs. The U.S." (http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-07-31/markets
/30005560_1_cities-economic-output-gdp) . Copyright 2012 Business Insider, Inc. All rights reserved.
July 31, 2011. http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-07-31/markets/30005560_1_cities-economicoutput-gdp. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
"Xinhua-Dow Jones International Financial Centers Development Index (2011)"
(http://index.xinhua08.com/dqszs/bgxz/201107/P020110708322385591732.pdf) . CFC Holding Company,
Ltd., Index Center and CME Group Index services LLC (Dow Jones Indexes). July 8, 2011. p. 11.
http://index.xinhua08.com/dqszs/bgxz/201107/P020110708322385591732.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
32 of 51
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
"UBS may move US investment bank to NYC" (http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world-news/ubsmay-move-us-investment-bank-to-nyc_556257.html) . e-Eighteen.com Ltd. http://www.moneycontrol.com
/news/world-news/ubs-may-move-us-investment-bank-to-nyc_556257.html. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
Review, Princeton; Gilbert, Nedda (October 6, 2009). The Best 301 Business Schools 2010 by Princeton
Review, Nedda Gilbert (http://books.google.com/?id=dWA7aEbsy8QC&pg=PA154&
dq=new+york+financial+capital+of+the+world+2010&
q=new%20york%20financial%20capital%20of%20the%20world%202010) . Random House Information
Group. ISBN 978-0-375-42959-0. http://books.google.com/?id=dWA7aEbsy8QC&pg=PA154&
dq=new+york+financial+capital+of+the+world+2010&
q=new%20york%20financial%20capital%20of%20the%20world%202010. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
"New York Eclipses London as Financial Center in Bloomberg Poll" (http://www.bloomberg.com
/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aEC0OYmvvcZM) . Bloomberg. October 29, 2009.
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aEC0OYmvvcZM. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
"The Tax Capital of the World" (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123940286075109617.html) . The Wall
Street Journal. April 11, 2009. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123940286075109617.html. Retrieved
2010-05-30.
"JustOneMinute Editorializing From The Financial Capital Of The World"
(http://justoneminute.typepad.com/main/2010/04/editorializing-from-the-financial-capital-of-theworld.html) . http://justoneminute.typepad.com/main/2010/04/editorializing-from-the-financial-capitalof-the-world.html. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
"London May Have the IPOs ..." (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/credit-crunch-shows-new-yorkis-still-worlds-financial-capital/) . Marketwatch. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/credit-crunch-showsnew-york-is-still-worlds-financial-capital/. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
"Fondos Londres versus Nueva York" (http://www.cincodias.com/articulo/mercados/Londres-versusNueva-York/20080901cdscdimer_3/cdsmer/) (in Spanish) (PDF). Cinco Dias. http://www.cincodias.com
/articulo/mercados/Londres-versus-Nueva-York/20080901cdscdimer_3/cdsmer/. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
^ "Market Highlights for First Half-year 2010" (http://www.world-exchanges.org/files
/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf) . World Federation of
Exchanges. http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts
/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
^ "The World's Most Expensive Real Estate Markets" (http://www.cnbc.com/id/29862382
/The_World_s_Most_Expensive_Real_Estate_Markets?slide=9) . CNBC. http://www.cnbc.com/id/29862382
/The_World_s_Most_Expensive_Real_Estate_Markets?slide=9. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
^ Sarah Waxman. "The History of New York's Chinatown" (http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html) .
Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc.. http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
^ "Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet" (http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf) .
explorechinatown.com. http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
^ David M. Reimers. Still the Golden Door: the Third ... (http://books.google.com
/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&pg=PA104&dq=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&hl=en&
ei=tHBaTpiYAeWt0AHsrrCTCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&
ved=0CCkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false) . Google
Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&pg=PA104&
dq=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&hl=en&ei=tHBaTpiYAeWt0AHsrrCTCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&
ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&
f=false. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
^ "Chinatown" (http://www.indonewyork.com/contents/New%20York/Kota%20New%20York/Chinatown
/Chinatown.htm) . Indo New York. http://www.indonewyork.com/contents/New%20York/Kota%20New%20York
/Chinatown/Chinatown.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
^ Baker, Al; Prez-Pea, Richard (December 20, 2005). "With Terrorism Concerns in Mind, Police Prepare to
Guard a Shuttered System" (http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/20/nyregion/nyregionspecial3
/20security.html?_r=1&oref=slogin) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/20/nyregion
/nyregionspecial3/20security.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ "NYC Colleges and Universities" (http://www.ny.com/academia/colleges.html) . Mediabridge Infosystems,
Inc. 19942011. http://www.ny.com/academia/colleges.html. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities" (http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2010.jsp) . Arwu.org.
http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2010.jsp. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
^ Evan T. Pritchard: Native New Yorkers: the legacy of the Algonquin people of New York, p.27 (2002);ISBN
1-57178-107-2
^ Rankin, Rebecca B., Cleveland Rodgers (1948). New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
33 of 51
Contributions to Progress. Harper.

65. ^ Wpa Writer's Project:A Maritime History of New York, p.246;Going Coastal Productions (2004) ISBN
0-9729803-1-8
66. ^ Frederick M. Binder, David M. Reimers: All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of
New York City, p.4;(1996)ISBN 0-231-07879-X
67. ^ Pieter Schaghen Letter 1626 (http://www.s4ulanguages.com/laet2.html) : "... hebben t'eylant Manhattes van
de wilde gekocht, voor de waerde van 60 gulden: is groot 11000 morgen. ... "("... They have purchased the
Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders. It is 11,000 morgens in size ...)
68. ^ "Value of the Guilder / Euro" (http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php) . International Institute of Social History.
http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
69. ^ "Letter describing purchase by Pieter Schaghen from Dutch National Archive, The Hague, with transcription"
(http://www.nnp.org/nnp/documents/schagen_main.html) . Nnp.org. http://www.nnp.org/nnp/documents
/schagen_main.html. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
70. ^ Miller, Christopher L., George R. Hamell; Hamell, George R (September 1986). "A New Perspective on
Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade". The Journal of American History (Organization
of American Historians) 73 (2): 311328. doi:10.2307/1908224 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1908224) .
JSTOR 1908224 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/1908224) .
71. ^ Homberger, Eric (2005). The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New
York City's History. Owl Books. p. 34. ISBN 0-8050-7842-8.
72. ^ "Native Americans (http://www.penntreatymuseum.org/americans.php) ". Penn Treaty Museum.
73. ^ "Gotham Center for New York City History" (http://www.gothamcenter.org/) Timeline 17001800
74. ^ "Timeline of Yellow Fever in America (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/fever/timeline/index.html) ". Public
Broadcasting Service (PBS).
75. ^ "The Early History of Yellow Fever (http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&
context=yellow_fever_symposium) " (PDF). Pedro Nogueira, Thomas Jefferson University. 2009.
76. ^ Moore, Nathaniel Fish (1876). An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York,
17541876. Columbia College. p. 8.
77. ^ Trinity Church bicentennial celebration, May 5, 1897 By Trinity Church (New York, N.Y.) p. 37
78. ^ "The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)" (http://www.usnews.com
/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm) . U.S. News and World Report. http://www.usnews.com
/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
79. ^ a b c New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War online exhibit (http://www.nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit/) ,
New-York Historical Society, (November 17, 2006 to September 3, 2007, physical exhibit), accessed
2012-05-10
80. ^ Leslie M. Harris, "African Americans in New York City, 16261863" (http://www.history.emory.edu
/newsletter01/newsl01/african.htm) , Department of History, Emory University
81. ^ Ira Rosenwaike (1972).Population History of New York City (http://books.google.com
/books?id=2OR2yeASrfIC&pg=PA55&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false) , p.55.
82. ^ Bridges, William (181 1). Map Of The City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory
Remarks And References.; Lankevich (1998), pp. 6768.
83. ^ Mushkat, Jerome Mushkat (1990). Fernando Wood: A Political Biography. Kent State University Press.
p. 36. ISBN 0-87338-413-X.
84. ^ "Cholera in Nineteenth Century New York" (http://www.virtualny.cuny.edu/cholera
/1866/cholera_1866_set.html) . VNY, City University of New York.
85. ^ a b c Leslie M. Harris, "The New York City Draft Riots" (http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago
/317749.html) , excerpt from In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863,
University of Chicago Press, 2003
86. ^ Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. pp. 193195.
87. ^ The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City (http://web.archive.org
/web/20071011221627/http://nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/100aniv.html) , New York City.
Retrieved 2007-06-29
88. ^ "Cornell University Library: Triangle Factory Fire" (http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/) . Cornell
University. http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
89. ^ Ira Rosenwaike (1972).Population History of New York City (http://books.google.com
/books?id=2OR2yeASrfIC&pg=PA78&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false) , p.78.
90. ^ "New York Urbanized Area: Population & Density from 1800 (Provisional)" (http://www.demographia.com
/db-nyuza1800.htm) . Demographia.com. http://www.demographia.com/db-nyuza1800.htm. Retrieved
2009-07-08.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
34 of 51
91. ^ Allen, Oliver E. (1993). "Chapter 9: The Decline". The Tiger The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall.
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-62463-X.
92. ^ Burns, Ric (August 22, 2003). "The Center of the World New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript)"
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html) . PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork
/filmmore/pt.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
93. ^ Allan Tannenbaum. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance" (http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402
/at_intro.html) . The Digital Journalist. http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html. Retrieved
2011-12-18.
94. ^ Christopher Effgen (September 11, 2001). "New York Crime Rates 19602009"
(http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/nycrime.htm) . Disastercenter.com. http://www.disastercenter.com/crime
/nycrime.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
95. ^ Mary Johnson (October 29, 2012). "VIDEO: Dramatic Explosion at East Village Con Ed Plant"
(http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20121029/east-village/video-dramatic-explosion-at-east-village-con-edplant) . Copyright 2009-2012, DNAinfo.com. All Rights Reserved. http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york
/20121029/east-village/video-dramatic-explosion-at-east-village-con-ed-plant. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
96. ^ "2008 9/11 Death Toll" (http://www.nysun.com/new-york/missing-doctor-added-to-list-of-9-11-victims
/81626/) . Associated Press. July 2008. http://www.nysun.com/new-york/missing-doctor-added-to-list-of-9-11victims/81626/. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
97. ^ "Report: WTC Faces Up To 3-Year Delay" (http://www.nypost.com/seven/06302008/news/regionalnews
/report__wtc_faces_up_to_3_year_delay_117912.htm) . Associated Press via New York Post. (New York, New
York). June 30, 2008. http://www.nypost.com/seven/06302008/news/regionalnews
/report__wtc_faces_up_to_3_year_delay_117912.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
98. ^ "Project Updates: World Trade Center Transportation Hub" (http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction
/project_updates/world_trade_center_transportation_34922.aspx) . Lower Manhattan Construction Command
Center. http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates
/world_trade_center_transportation_34922.aspx. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
99. ^ Superstorm Sandy causes at least 9 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast (http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10
/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/) CNN
100. ^ Robert S. Eshelman (November 15, 2012). "ADAPTATION: Political support for a sea wall in New York
Harbor begins to form" (http://www.eenews.net/public/climatewire/2012/11/15/1) . 1996-2012 E&E
Publishing, LLC. http://www.eenews.net/public/climatewire/2012/11/15/1. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
101. ^ Washington, DC is 228 miles (367 km) driving distance from New York, and Boston is 217 miles (349 km)
driving distance from New York. Google Maps (http://maps.google.com/)
102. ^ "Information About the Hudson River Estuary" (http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html) .
Life.bio.sunysb.edu. http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
103. ^ Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). "Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html?ref=nyregion) . New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html?ref=nyregion. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
104. ^ Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers
University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-7838-9785-5.
105. ^ Lopate, Phillip (2004). Waterfront: A Walk Around Manhattan. Anchor Press. ISBN 0-385-49714-8.
106. ^ Lundrigan, Margaret (2004). Staten Island: Isle of the Bay, NY. Arcadia Publishing. p. 10.
ISBN 0-7385-2443-3.
107. ^ Howard, David (2002). Outside Magazine's Urban Adventure New York City. W. W. Norton & Company.
p. 35. ISBN 0-393-32212-2.
108. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. "World Map of Kppen-Geiger climate classification"
(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Koppen_World_Map.png) . The University of
Melbourne. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Koppen_World_Map.png. Retrieved
2012-06-14.
109. ^ "New York Polonia Polish Portal in New York" (http://www.newyorkpolonia.com/index.php?sitelg=en&
p=localinfo) . Copyright 2010-2012 NewYorkPolonia.com. http://www.newyorkpolonia.com
/index.php?sitelg=en&p=localinfo. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
110. ^ "WXPART4" (http://www.public.asu.edu/~atrsc/wxpart4.htm#sun1) . Public.asu.edu.
http://www.public.asu.edu/~atrsc/wxpart4.htm#sun1. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
111. ^ "united states annual sunshine map" (http://maps.howstuffworks.com/united-states-annual-sunshine-map.htm) .
HowStuffWorks, Inc. http://maps.howstuffworks.com/united-states-annual-sunshine-map.htm. Retrieved
2011-03-19.
112. ^ "The Climate of New York" (http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html) . New York State Climate
Office. http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
35 of 51
113. ^ a b "Weatherbase New York, New York" (http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=330527&

refer=&units=us) . Copyright 2012 Canty and Associates LLC. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather
/weatherall.php3?s=330527&refer=&units=us. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
114. ^ Sam Dolnick (August 28, 2011). "Damage From Irene Largely Spares New York Recovery Is Slower in
New York Suburbs" (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/nyregion/wind-and-rain-from-hurricane-irenelash-new-york.html?pagewanted=all) . 2011 The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com
/2011/08/29/nyregion/wind-and-rain-from-hurricane-irene-lash-new-york.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved
2011-12-14.
115. ^ Monthly Weather Averages and Records for New York, NY http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel
/vacationplanner/vacationclimatology/monthly/USNY0996
116. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data" (http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx) .
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx.
117. ^ "Average Percent Sunshine through 2009" (http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/pctpos.txt) .
National Climatic Data Center. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/pctpos.txt. Retrieved
2012-11-14.
118. ^ "The Current Population of NYC (2005)" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census
/detailed_narrative_2005.pdf) (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. http://www.nyc.gov
/html/dcp/pdf/census/detailed_narrative_2005.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-13. These figures were adopted by the
U.S. Census Bureau in September 2006.
119. ^ a b The Encyclopedia of New York City, ed. Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6), page 923,
citing "U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population 1960 (vol.1, part A, table
28), 1970, 1980, 1990". After annexing part of the Bronx in 1874, the population of the then-New York City was
1,206,299 in 1880 and 1,515,301 in 1890.
120. ^ Greene and Harrington (1932). American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790. New York., as
cited in: Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University
Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-8156-2155-8.
121. ^ U.S. Census, from The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1929 (reprinted in 1971 by American Heritage
Press and Workman Publishing, ISBN 0-07-071881-4), page 503.
122. ^ Gibson, Campbell.Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States:1790 to
1990 (http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html) , United States Census Bureau,
June 1998. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
123. ^ a b c d e f U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Table 5. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for
Minor Civil Divisions in New York, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009
(SUB-EST2009-05-36) (http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-05-36.xls) and Table 1.
Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2009
Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 (SUB-EST2009-01) (http://www.census.gov/popest/cities
/SUB-EST2009.html) , Release Date: June 2010, Retrieved 2010-07-31
124. ^ Roberts, Sam (March 24, 2011). "City Population Barely Grew in the '00s, Census Finds"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/nyregion/25census.html) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com
/2011/03/25/nyregion/25census.html. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
125. ^ a b Sam Roberts (April 5, 2012). "Population Growth in New York City Is Outpacing 2010 Census, 2011
Estimates Show" (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/nyregion/census-estimates-for-2011-show-populationgrowth-in-new-york.html) . 2012 The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04
/05/nyregion/census-estimates-for-2011-show-population-growth-in-new-york.html. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
126. ^ "Los Angeles city, California QuickLinks Demographic Profile from the 2010 Census:"
(http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0644000lk.html) . U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov
/qfd/states/06/0644000lk.html. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
127. ^ "Chicago city, Illinois QuickLinks Demographic Profile from the 2010 Census:" (http://quickfacts.census.gov
/qfd/states/17/1714000lk.html) . U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states
/17/1714000lk.html. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
128. ^ "Bay Area Census" (http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea.htm) . MTC-ABAG Library, 101 Eighth St.,
Oakland, CA 94607. http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
129. ^ a b Sam Roberts (March 24, 2011). "New York City's Population Barely Rose in the Last Decade, the Census
Finds" (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/nyregion/25census.html?_r=1&scp=9&
sq=new%20york%20census%202010%20asians%20queens&st=cse) . The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/nyregion/25census.html?_r=1&scp=9&
sq=new%20york%20census%202010%20asians%20queens&st=cse. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
36 of 51
130. ^ "New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex and Borough, 20002030" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp
/pdf/census/projections_report.pdf) (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. December 2006.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/projections_report.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-27. See also Roberts, Sam
(February 19, 2006). "By 2025, Planners See a Million New Stories in the Crowded City"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/nyregion/19population.html?ex=1298005200&en=c586d38abbd16541&
ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss) . New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/nyregion
/19population.html?ex=1298005200&en=c586d38abbd16541&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss.
131. ^ "New Jersey Place and County Subdivision GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density:
2000" (http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&
-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_ST7&-CONTEXT=gct&-tree_id=4001&-geo_id=04000US34&
-format=ST-7%7CST-7S&-_lang=en) . U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet
/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&
-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_ST7&-CONTEXT=gct&-tree_id=4001&-geo_id=04000US34&
-format=ST-7%7CST-7S&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
132. ^ "New York County GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000"
(http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US36&-_box_head_nbr=GCTPH1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-format=ST-2) . U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet
/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US36&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&
-format=ST-2. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
133. ^ "Population Density" (http://gislounge.com/features/aa041101c.shtml) , Geographic Information Systems
GIS of Interest. Accessed 2007-05-17. "What I discovered is that out of the 3140 counties listed in the Census
population data only 178 counties were calculated to have a population density over one person per acre. Not
surprisingly, New York County (which contains Manhattan) had the highest population density with a calculated
104.218 persons per acre."
134. ^ "Ellis Island strives to tell more complete immigration story (http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation
/2008-09-23-ellis-island_N.htm) ". USA Today. September 24, 2008.
135. ^ "New York City (http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/New_York_(City)) ". 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica.
136. ^ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990"
(http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html) . U.S. Census Bureau.
http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html.
137. ^ "The Newest New Yorkers: 2000" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny_briefing_booklet.pdf) (PDF).
New York City Department of City Planning. 2005. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census
/nny_briefing_booklet.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
138. ^ "Appendix Table 5-4: Ten Largest Sources of the Foreign-Born by County New York Metropolitan Region,
2000" (http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny_table_5_4.pdf) (PDF). New York City Department of
City Planning. 2005. http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny_table_5_4.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
139. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2" (http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics
/publications/LPR11.shtm) . U.S. Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics
/publications/LPR11.shtm. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
142. ^ "World Jewish Population" (http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm) .
SimpleToRemember.com Judaism Online. http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewishpopulation.htm. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
143. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data Geography: New
York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA" (http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages
/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1) . http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages
/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
144. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data Geography:
United States" (http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages
/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1) . U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces
/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
145. ^ Kirk Semple (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers" (http://www.nytimes.com
/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html?scp=1&
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
37 of 51
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
sq=asians&st=cse) . The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asiannew-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html?scp=1&sq=asians&st=cse.

^ Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz. "BEYOND CHINATOWN: DUAL
IMMIGRATION AND THE CHINESE POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN NEW YORK CITY, 2000, Page
6" (http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf) . Middle States Geographer,
2002, 35: 110-119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers.
http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data Geography: New
York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA" (http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages
/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1) . http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages
/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 - Supplemental Table 2" (http://www.dhs.gov/yearbookimmigration-statistics-2011-1) . U.S. Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/yearbookimmigration-statistics-2011-1. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ Kirk Semple (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers" (http://www.nytimes.com
/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html) . The
New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkersseek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html. Retrieved 2011-07-05. "Asians, a group more commonly associated
with the West Coast, are surging in New York, where they have long been eclipsed in the city's kaleidoscopic
racial and ethnic mix. For the first time, according to census figures released in the spring, their numbers have
topped one millionnearly 1 in 8 New Yorkerswhich is more than the Asian population in the cities of San
Francisco and Los Angeles combined."
^ "Asian American Statistics" (http://www.ameredia.com/resources/demographics/asian_american.html) .
2011 Amredia Incorporated. http://www.ameredia.com/resources/demographics/asian_american.html. Retrieved
2011-07-05.
^ "Table SF1-P9 NYC: Total Asian Population by Selected Subgroups" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp
/pdf/census/census2010/t_sf1_p9_nyc.pdf) . NYC.gov. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/census2010
/t_sf1_p9_nyc.pdf. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
^ Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG (February 2006). "A Y-Chromosome Signature of
Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland" (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n2/43032
/43032.web.pdf) (PDF). The American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (2): 334338. doi:10.1086/500055
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F500055) . PMC 1380239 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380239) .
PMID 16358217 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16358217) . http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal
/issues/v78n2/43032/43032.web.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-07. See also Wade, Nicholas (January 18, 2006). "If
Irish Claim Nobility, Science May Approve" (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/18/science
/18irish.html?ex=1149652800&en=2336ca46c937614b&ei=5070) . The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/18/science/18irish.html?ex=1149652800&en=2336ca46c937614b&ei=5070.
^ O'Neill; McLaughlin (2006). "Insights Into the O'Neills of Ireland from DNA Testing" (http://www.jogg.info
/22/ONeill.htm) . Journal of Genetic Genealogy. http://www.jogg.info/22/ONeill.htm.
^ Gary J. Gates, PhD. "Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the
American Community Survey" (http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-SexCouples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf) . The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation.
http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct2006.pdf. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ Nicholas Confessore and Michael Barbaro (June 24, 2011). "New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage,
Becoming Largest State to Pass Law" (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approvedby-new-york-senate.html?_r=1&hp) . The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06
/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ Roberts, Sam (April 9, 2005). "In Manhattan, Poor Make 2 Cents for Each Dollar to the Rich"
(http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/SamRoberts4Sep05.htm) . The New York Times. http://www.fiscalpolicy.org
/SamRoberts4Sep05.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ "County Employment and Wages Summary" (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cewqtr.nr0.htm) . Bureau of
Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. September 29, 2011. http://www.bls.gov/news.release
/cewqtr.nr0.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
^ Obusan, Claire (March 12, 2009). "Top 10 Billionaire Cities New York is home to more billionaires than
any other city on Earth." (http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/10/worlds-richest-cities-billionaires-2009-billionairescities.html) . Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/10/worlds-richest-cities-billionaires-2009-billionaires-
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
38 of 51
cities.html. Retrieved 2011-12-11.

159. ^ Brennan, Morgan (May 17, 2011). "Moscow Leads Cities With Most Billionaires" (http://www.forbes.com
/2011/05/17/cities-with-most-billionaires.html) . Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2011/05/17/cities-with-mostbillionaires.html. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
160. ^ Roberts, Sam (March 27, 2007). "In Surge in Manhattan Toddlers, Rich White Families Lead Way"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/23/nyregion/23kid.html) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com
/2007/03/23/nyregion/23kid.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
161. ^ "As One World Trade Center soars, so do its costs" (http://bottomline.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01
/31/10279406-as-one-world-trade-center-soars-so-do-its-costs) . 2012 msnbc.com.
http://bottomline.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/31/10279406-as-one-world-trade-center-soars-so-do-its-costs.
162. ^ "Emporis Skyline Ranking" (http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=skylineranking&lng=3) .
20002011 Emporis Corporation. All rights reserved. http://www.emporis.com/application
/?nav=skylineranking&lng=3. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
163. ^ "Emporis Skyline Ranking" (http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=skyline_ranking) . 20002011
Emporis Corporation. All rights reserved. http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=skyline_ranking. Retrieved
2011-10-23.
164. ^ Fischler, Raphael (1998). "The Metropolitan Dimension of Early Zoning: Revisiting the 1916 New York City
Ordinance". Journal of the American Planning Association 64 (2).
165. ^ "Favorites! 100 Experts Pick Their top 10 New York Towers" (http://www.skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS
/FAVORITES/fav_exhibits.htm#) . The Skyscraper Museum. January 22, 2006. http://www.skyscraper.org
/EXHIBITIONS/FAVORITES/fav_exhibits.htm#. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
166. ^ a b Pogrebin, Robin (April 16, 2006). "7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for
Environmentally Aware Office Towers" (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/arts/design/16gree.html) . The
New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/arts/design/16gree.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
167. ^ Plunz, Richard A. (1990). "Chapters 3 [Rich and Poor] & 4 [Beyond the Tenement]". History of Housing in
New York City: Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis. Columbia University Press.
ISBN 0-231-06297-4.
168. ^ "If You're Thinking of Living In/Riverdale, the Bronx; A Community Jealous of Its Open Space"
(http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/01/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-riverdale-bronx-community-jealousits-open-space.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm) . The New York Times. March 1, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com
/1998/03/01/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-riverdale-bronx-community-jealous-its-openspace.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
169. ^ "New York Metro: 6 Affordable Neighborhoods" (http://nymag.com/realestate/articles/affordable
/ditmaspark.htm) . Nymag.com. September 17, 2001. http://nymag.com/realestate/articles/affordable
/ditmaspark.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
170. ^ "If You're Thinking of Living In/Douglaston, Queens; Timeless City Area, With a Country Feel"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/08/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-douglaston-queens-timeless-city-areawith-country-feel.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm) . The New York Times. February 8, 2004.
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/08/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-douglaston-queens-timeless-city-areawith-country-feel.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
171. ^ Lankevich (1998), pp. 8283; Wilson, Rufus Rockwell (1902). New York: Old & New: Its Story, Streets, and
Landmarks. J.B. Lippincott. p. 354.
172. ^ Elliot, Debbie (December 2, 2006). "Wondering About Water Towers" (http://www.npr.org/templates/story
/story.php?storyId=6567297) . National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story
/story.php?storyId=6567297. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
173. ^ Hood, Clifton (2004). 722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York. Johns
Hopkins University Press. pp. 175177. ISBN 0-8018-5244-7.
174. ^ "Discover the truly wild side of New York's metropolitan area" (http://www.nps.gov/gate/index.htm) .
http://www.nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/gate/index.htm. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
175. ^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562"
(http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm) . National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
176. ^ "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, New York City Region"
(http://www.nysparks.state.ny.us/parks/93/details.aspx) . Nysparks.state.ny.us. http://www.nysparks.state.ny.us
/parks/93/details.aspx. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
177. ^ "Bronx Zoo Animals & Exhibits" (http://www.bronxzoo.com/animals-and-exhibits.aspx) . 2012 Wildlife
Conservation Society. http://www.bronxzoo.com/animals-and-exhibits.aspx. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
178. ^ "Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed 28,000-acre Mark"
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
39 of 51
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
(http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/99a/pr042-99.html) . New York City Mayor's Office. February 3, 1999.

http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/99a/pr042-99.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.; "Beaches"
(http://www.nycgovparks.org/facilities/beaches) . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.
http://www.nycgovparks.org/facilities/beaches. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "Pelham Bay Park Virtual Tour" (http://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/pelham-bay-park/virtual-tour) .
NYC gov http://www.nycgovparks.org. http://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/pelham-bay-park/virtual-tour.
^ "City Park Facts" (http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=20531&folder_id=3208) . The Trust for
Public Land, Center for City Park Excellence. June 2006. http://www.tpl.org
/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=20531&folder_id=3208. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ Lisa W. Foderaro (October 23, 2012). "A $100 Million Thank-You for a Lifetime's Central Park Memories"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/nyregion/billionaire-donates-100-million-to-central-park.html?hp) . The
New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/nyregion/billionaire-donates-100-million-to-centralpark.html?hp. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
^ "General Information" (http://www.prospectpark.org/visit) . Prospect Park Alliance.
http://www.prospectpark.org/visit. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, page 46" (http://treebranch.org/BQGG_pdf/flushing_meadows.pdf) .
Neighborhood Open Space Coalition. http://treebranch.org/BQGG_pdf/flushing_meadows.pdf. Retrieved
2012-04-14.
^ Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming! (http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20080630/ap_tr_ge
/travel_trip_wild_green_bronx) by Beth J. Harpaz, Travel Editor of The Associated Press (AP), June 30, 2008,
Retrieved 2008-07-11
^ 2011 borough population estimates are taken from the annual database (http://www.census.gov/popest
/data/counties/totals/2011/index.html) of county population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau, specifically
this Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for New York state's counties, Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident
Population for Counties of New York: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011 (http://www.census.gov/popest
/data/counties/totals/2011/tables/CO-EST2011-01-36.xls) , retrieved on May 13, 2012
^ American Fact Finder (U.S. Census Bureau): New York by County - Table GCT-PH1. Population, Housing
Units, Area, and Density: 2000 Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data
(http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&
-CONTEXT=gct&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_US9&-tree_id=4001&-redoLog=true&
-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US36&-format=ST-2%7CST-2S&-_lang=en) , retrieved on February 6, 2009
^ Benjamin, Gerald, Richard P. Nathan (1990). Regionalism and realism: A Study of Government in the New
York Metropolitan Area. Brookings Institute. p. 59.
^ Frazier, Ian (June 26, 2006). "Utopia, the Bronx" (http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06
/26/060626fa_fact_frazier) . The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06
/26/060626fa_fact_frazier. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ Ward, Candace (2000). New York City Museum Guide. Dover Publications. p. 72. ISBN 0-486-41000-5.
^ a b Toop, David (1992). Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop. Serpents Tail. ISBN 1-85242-243-2.
^ Immerso, Michael (2002). Coney Island: The People's Playground. Rutgers University Press. p. 3.
ISBN 0-8135-3138-1.
^ O'Donnell, Michelle (July 4, 2006). "In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th ..."
(http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/nyregion/04fourth.html) . New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com
/2006/07/04/nyregion/04fourth.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ Roberts, Sam (January 10, 2006). "Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens" (http://www.nytimes.com
/2006/10/01/nyregion/01census.html?ref=nyregion) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10
/01/nyregion/01census.html?ref=nyregion. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "Staten Island Greenbelt | New York-New Jersey Trail Conference" (http://www.nynjtc.org/park/staten-islandgreenbelt) . Nynjtc.org. http://www.nynjtc.org/park/staten-island-greenbelt. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
^ "The Metropolitan Museum of Art General Information" (http://www.metmuseum.org/en/about-the-museum
/press-room/general-information?pg=1&rpp=50) . 20002012 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. All rights
reserved. http://www.metmuseum.org/en/about-the-museum/press-room/general-information?pg=1&rpp=50.
^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562"
(http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm) . National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
^ "Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture" (http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/nyc/culturalaffairs/) . Consulate General of Iceland New York. http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/nyc/cultural-affairs/.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
40 of 51
198. ^ "Consulate of Latvia in New York" (http://www.latvia-newyork.org/english/) . Consulate of Latvia.

http://www.latvia-newyork.org/english/. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
199. ^ "Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) Culture" (http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/Culture
/intro.htm) . Copyright The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011.
http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/Culture/intro.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
200. ^ "New York, Culture Capital of the World, 19401965 / edited by Leonard Wallock ; essays by Dore
Ashton ... [et al. (http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/371497) "]. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA.
http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/371497. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
201. ^ "HARLEM IN THE JAZZ AGE" (http://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/08/magazine/harlem-in-thejazz-age.html?src=pm) . New York Times. February 8, 1987. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/08/magazine
/harlem-in-the-jazz-age.html?src=pm. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
202. ^ "ART; A 1920's Flowering That Didn't Disappear" (http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/24/arts/art-a-1920-sflowering-that-didn-t-disappear.html?src=pm) . NY Times. May 24, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05
/24/arts/art-a-1920-s-flowering-that-didn-t-disappear.html?src=pm. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
203. ^ "Harlem Renaissance Music in the 1920s" (http://www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com/Harlem-Renaissancemusic.html) . http://www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com. http://www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com/HarlemRenaissance-music.html. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
204. ^ "Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop? - New York" (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05
/21/nyregion/21citywide.html?pagewanted=all) . NY Times. May 21, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05
/21/nyregion/21citywide.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
205. ^ Harrington, Joe S. Sonic Cool: The Life & Death of Rock 'N' Roll. pp. 32430. 2002. Hal-Leonard. USA.
206. ^ "SURVIVAL OF THE STREETS" (http://www.vice.com/read/survival-of-the-streets-137-v16n9) . Vice.
http://www.vice.com/read/survival-of-the-streets-137-v16n9. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
207. ^ "capital" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capital) . Dictionary.com, LLC. Copyright 2011. All rights
reserved. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capital. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
208. ^ "Free To Dance About The Film" (http://www.pbs.org/wnet/freetodance/about/episodes.html) . Copyright
19952011 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). All rights reserved. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/freetodance/about
/episodes.html. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
209. ^ "Group Visits" (http://www.alvinailey.org/about/visit-us/group-visits) . Copyright 2011 Alvin Ailey Dance
Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. http://www.alvinailey.org/about/visit-us/group-visits. Retrieved
2011-07-10.
210. ^ Miriam Kreinin Souccar. "NYC Film Industry Second in Nation" (http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article
/20100316/FREE/100319919#) . 2012 Crain Communications Inc. http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article
/20100316/FREE/100319919#. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
211. ^ "New York Film Academy, New York City" (http://www.nyfa.edu/filmschools/newyork.php) . New York Film
Academy. http://www.nyfa.edu/filmschools/newyork.php. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
212. ^ "AICP Staff & National Offices" (http://www.aicp.com/#/about_aicp/staff/) . Association of Independent
Commercial Producers. http://www.aicp.com/#/about_aicp/staff/. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
213. ^ a b "Creative New York" (http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf) (PDF).
Center for an Urban Future. December 2005. http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs
/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
214. ^ Welsh, Anne Marie (June 6, 2004). "2 plays + 9 nominations=good odds for locals"
(http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20040606-9999-1a6tony.html) . San Diego Union-Tribune.
http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20040606-9999-1a6tony.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
215. ^ "About Summer Stage" (http://www.cityparksfoundation.org/summerstage/about/) . City Parks Foundation.
http://www.cityparksfoundation.org/summerstage/about/. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
216. ^ "The Crossroads of the World" (http://pbskids.org/bigapplehistory/arts/topic15.html) . PBS. http://pbskids.org
/bigapplehistory/arts/topic15.html. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
217. ^ "NYC Statistics" (http://www.nycgo.com/?event=view.article&id=78912) . NYC & Company.
http://www.nycgo.com/?event=view.article&id=78912. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
218. ^ Jennifer Peltz, Associated Press (September 28, 2012). "NYC to get 'world's largest' Ferris wheel"
(http://www.nbcnews.com/travel/itineraries/nyc-get-worlds-largest-ferris-wheel-6169634) . Associated Press.
http://www.nbcnews.com/travel/itineraries/nyc-get-worlds-largest-ferris-wheel-6169634. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
219. ^ James Barron (September 27, 2012). "World's Tallest Ferris Wheel Planned for Staten Island"
(http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/27/worlds-tallest-ferris-wheel-planned-for-staten-island/) . The New
York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/27/worlds-tallest-ferris-wheel-planned-for-statenisland/. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
220. ^ "New York City draws 48.7 million tourists in 2010" (http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-04/travel
/new.york.city.tourism_1_room-rates-hospitality-industry-job-data?_s=PM:TRAVEL) . 2012 Cable News
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
41 of 51
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. All Rights Reserved. January 4, 2011. http://articles.cnn.com
/2011-01-04/travel/new.york.city.tourism_1_room-rates-hospitality-industry-job-data?_s=PM:TRAVEL.
^ "NYC The Official Guide nycgo.com nyc statistics" (http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-statistics-page) .
20062011 NYC & Company, Inc. All rights reserved. http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-statistics-page.
^ Patrick McGeehan (December 20, 2011). "As City Closes In on 50 Millionth Visitor, British Couple to Be
Feted" (http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/as-city-closes-in-on-50-millionth-visitor-british-coupleto-be-feted/?scp=1&sq=tourists&st=Search) . 2011 The New York Times Company.
http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/as-city-closes-in-on-50-millionth-visitor-british-couple-to-befeted/?scp=1&sq=tourists&st=Search. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
^ "NYC reaches goal of 50 million tourists" (http://www.northjersey.com
/news/135934558_NYC_reaches_goal_of_50_million_tourists.html) . 2011 North Jersey Media Group.
December 20, 2011. http://www.northjersey.com
/news/135934558_NYC_reaches_goal_of_50_million_tourists.html. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
^ "Tampa Bay 12th Largest Media Market Now" (http://www.tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991&) (Press
release). Tampa Bay Partnership. August 26, 2006. http://www.tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991&. Retrieved
2008-09-01.
^ Top 10 Consolidated Agency Networks: Ranked by 2006 Worldwide Network Revenue (http://adage.com
/datacenter/datapopup.php?article_id=116384) , Advertising Age Agency Report 2007 Index (April 25, 2007).
^ a b "Request for Expressions of Interest" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080802030053/http:
//www.govisland.com/PDFs/RFEI/RFEI.pdf) (PDF). The Governors Island Preservation & Education
Corporation. 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.govisland.com/PDFs/RFEI/RFEI.pdf) on 2008-08-02.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080802030053/http://www.govisland.com/PDFs/RFEI/RFEI.pdf. Retrieved
2008-09-01.
^ "Media and Entertainment" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080128210353/http://www.nycedc.com
/Web/NYCBusinessClimate/IndustryOverviews/MediaEntertainment/MediaEntertainment.htm) . New York City
Economic Development Corporation. Archived from the original (http://www.nycedc.com
/Web/NYCBusinessClimate/IndustryOverviews/MediaEntertainment/MediaEntertainment.htm) on 2008-01-28.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080128210353/http://www.nycedc.com/Web/NYCBusinessClimate
/IndustryOverviews/MediaEntertainment/MediaEntertainment.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ Encyclopdia Britannica:New York Daily Post http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412434
/New-York-Daily-News
^ Allan Nevins, The Evening Post: Century of Journalism, Boni and Liveright, 1922, page 17.
^ "Ethnic Press Booms In New York City" (http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp
/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1538594) . Editor & Publisher. July 10, 2002.
http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1538594. Retrieved
2008-09-01.
^ "el Diario/La Prensa: The Nation's Oldest Spanish-Language Daily" (http://news.newamericamedia.org
/news/view_article.html?article_id=e4526a43cc213775795cc84762fce768) . New America Media. July 27,
2005. http://news.newamericamedia.org
/news/view_article.html?article_id=e4526a43cc213775795cc84762fce768. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "2005 is banner year for production in New York" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news
/010106_2005_banner_year.shtml) (Press release). The City of New York Mayor's Office of Film, Theater and
Broadcasting. December 28, 2005. http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/010106_2005_banner_year.shtml.
^ NYCTV Official Home Page http://www.nyc.gov/html/media/html/home/home.shtml
^ "Community Celebrates Public Access TV's 35th Anniversary" (http://www.mnn.org/en/communitycelebrates-public-access-tvs-35th-annive) . Mnn.org. http://www.mnn.org/en/community-celebrates-publicaccess-tvs-35th-annive. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
^ "Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers: Spring 2006 Arbitron" (http://www.rrconline.org/reports
/pdf/Sp06%20eRanks.pdf) (PDF). Radio Research Consortium. August 28, 2006. http://www.rrconline.org
/reports/pdf/Sp06%20eRanks.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ Bleyer, Jennifer (May 14, 2006). "Kebabs on the Night Shift" (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/nyregion
/thecity/14vend.html) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/nyregion/thecity/14vend.html.
^ Collins, Glenn (November 3, 2005). "Michelin Takes on the City, Giving Some a Bad Taste"
(http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E0D9163EF930A35752C1A9639C8B63) . The New York
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
42 of 51
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E0D9163EF930A35752C1A9639C8B63.
^ Newman, Michael (2005). "New York Talk". In Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben. American Voices. Blackwell.
pp. 8287. ISBN 1-4051-2109-2.
^ a b c d Sontag, Deborah (February 14, 1993). "Oy Gevalt! New Yawkese An Endangered Dialect?"
(http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0D61438F937A25751C0A965958260) . The New York
Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0D61438F937A25751C0A965958260. Retrieved
2007-07-08.
^ a b World's Largest Marathons (http://www.aims-association.org/statistics/World's_Largest_Marathons.html) ,
Association of International Marathons and Road Races (AIMS). Retrieved 2007-06-28.
^ "National Football League" (http://www.hoovers.com/search/company-search-results
/100003765-1.html?type=company&term=national%20football%20league) . Copyright 2012, Hoover's Inc.,
All Rights Reserved. http://www.hoovers.com/search/company-search-results
/100003765-1.html?type=company&term=national%20football%20league. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ "Major League Baseball" (http://www.hoovers.com/search/company-search-results
/100003765-1.html?type=company&term=major%20league%20baseball) . Copyright 2012, Hoover's Inc., All
Rights Reserved. http://www.hoovers.com/search/company-search-results/100003765-1.html?type=company&
term=major%20league%20baseball. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ "National Basketball Association, Inc." (http://www.hoovers.com/search/company-search-results
/100003765-1.html?type=company&term=national%20basketball%20association) . Copyright 2012, Hoover's
Inc., All Rights Reserved. http://www.hoovers.com/search/company-search-results
/100003765-1.html?type=company&term=national%20basketball%20association. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ "National Hockey League" (http://www.hoovers.com/search/company-search-results
/100003765-1.html?type=company&term=national%20hockey%20league) . Copyright 2012, Hoover's Inc.,
All Rights Reserved. http://www.hoovers.com/search/company-search-results
/100003765-1.html?type=company&term=national%20hockey%20league. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ Esteban (October 27, 2011). "11 Most Expensive Stadiums In The World" (http://www.totalprosports.com
/2011/10/27/11-most-expensive-stadiums-in-the-world/) . Total Pro Sports. http://www.totalprosports.com
/2011/10/27/11-most-expensive-stadiums-in-the-world/. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ Baseball: A Film by Ken Burns; Inning 7: The Capital of Baseball (http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/baseball
/capital/) (Television Documentary). PBS. http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/baseball/capital/.
^ "New York Mets - TeamReport" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-30/sports/sns-rt-bbo-metsteamreportmtze85ut3w0go-20120530_1_ruben-tejada-new-york-mets-josh-thole) . Chicago Tribune. May 30,
2012. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-30/sports/sns-rt-bbo-mets-teamreportmtze85ut3w0go20120530_1_ruben-tejada-new-york-mets-josh-thole. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ "2000S" (http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/nyy/history/timeline1.jsp) . Newyork Yankees.
http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/nyy/history/timeline1.jsp. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ "New York Yankees: Facts, History, Stats, and Resources" (http://www.thefreeresource.com/new-yorkyankees-facts-history-stats-and-resources) . The free sources. http://www.thefreeresource.com/new-yorkyankees-facts-history-stats-and-resources. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ "How Mets, Colt .45s Grew Up To Beat The Bullies" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-10-08/sports
/8603150967_1_astros-nl-east-amazin-mets) . Chicago Tribune. October 8, 1986.
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-10-08/sports/8603150967_1_astros-nl-east-amazin-mets. Retrieved
2012-05-31.
^ "Dodgers Timeline" (http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline01.jsp) . Los Angeles Dodgers.
http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline01.jsp. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
^ "Historical Moments" (http://www.dodgers-giants.com/) . Dodgers Giants. http://www.dodgers-giants.com/.
^ "Major League Baseball, Police Athletic League and the Brooklyn Cyclones to host free MLB Umpire Camp"
(http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120530&content_id=32491896&vkey=pr_mlb&c_id=mlb) . MLB
Press Release. 2012-05-30. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120530&content_id=32491896&
vkey=pr_mlb&c_id=mlb. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ "New ownership group for Staten Island Yankees talks about future plans" (http://www.silive.com/siyankees
/index.ssf/2012/05/new_ownership_group_for_staten.html) . Silive http://www.silive.com. May 31, 2012.
http://www.silive.com/siyankees/index.ssf/2012/05/new_ownership_group_for_staten.html. Retrieved
2012-05-17.
^ "Preparations Different for a Home-and-Home Contest" (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/sports/football
/for-giants-jets-game-metlife-stadium-preparations-differ.html?pagewanted=all) . New York Times. December
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
43 of 51
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
273.
22, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/sports/football/for-giants-jets-game-metlife-stadium-preparationsdiffer.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2012-05-31.

^ "Owners warm up to New York/New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host" (http://www.nfl.com
/news/story?id=09000d5d8184fc83&template=with-video-with-comments&confirm=true) . NFL.com.
Associated Press. May 26, 2010. http://www.nfl.com/news/story?id=09000d5d8184fc83&template=with-videowith-comments&confirm=true. Retrieved 2010-05-27. "It's the first time the league has gone to a cold-weather
site that doesn't have a dome ... the NFL will wait and see how this foray into the great outdoors in winter goes.
Then the league might OK another bid"
^ Anderson, Dave (May 14, 1995). "Sports of The Times; At Boston Garden, There's Much More Gold Than
Green" (http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/14/sports/sports-of-the-times-at-boston-garden-there-s-muchmore-gold-than-green.html) . New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/14/sports/sports-of-the-timesat-boston-garden-there-s-much-more-gold-than-green.html. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Nassau Coliseum" (http://espn.go.com/travel/stadium/_/s/nhl/id/12) . ESPN. http://espn.go.com/travel
/stadium/_/s/nhl/id/12. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ "Islanders Moving to Brooklyn" (http://espn.go.com/new-york/nhl/story/_/id/8545550/new-york-islandersfollowing-nets-brooklyn) . 2012-10-24. http://espn.go.com/new-york/nhl/story/_/id/8545550/new-york-islandersfollowing-nets-brooklyn. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "Devils' dance with Kings in Stanley Cup Finals gives Newark a spotlight" (http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf
/2012/05/devils_dance_with_kings_in_sta.html) . Nj.com. May 31, 2012. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf
/2012/05/devils_dance_with_kings_in_sta.html. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ "Postseason Overview" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080724155001/http://www.nit.org/history
/nit-postseason.html) . National Invitation Tournament. Archived from the original (http://www.nit.org/history
/nit-postseason.html) on 2008-07-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080724155001/http://www.nit.org/history
/nit-postseason.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "Picture-perfect opening for $200M Red Bull Arena in Harrison" (http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf
/2010/03/picture-perfect_opening_for_20.html) . Associated Press. March 20, 2010. http://www.nj.com/hudson
/index.ssf/2010/03/picture-perfect_opening_for_20.html.
^ "CHAMPIONS (year by year history)" (http://2010.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/years.html) . US Open.
http://2010.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/years.html. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ "Boxer Johnny Tapia's 'crazy life' ends" (http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/us/new-mexico-dead-boxer
/index.html) . CNN. May 31, 2012. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/us/new-mexico-dead-boxer/index.html.
^ Sas, Adrian (Producer) (2006). It's my Park: Cricket (http://nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/video
/index.html?key=16&search=) (TV-Series). New York City: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.
http://nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/video/index.html?key=16&search=.
^ Fortune 500 website (New York state) (http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states
/NY.html) , retrieved 2011-07-20, and Fortune, Volume 163, Number 7 (May 23, 2011), page F-45
^ Sassen, Saskia (2001). The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press.
ISBN 0-691-07063-6.
^ Richard Florida (2012-05-08). "What Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City?"
(http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/05/what-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerfulcity/256841/) . Copyright 2012 by The Atlantic Monthly Group. All Rights Reserved.
http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/05/what-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerfulcity/256841/. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
^ "Gross Metropolitan Product" (http://greyhill.com/gross-metropolitan-product) . Greyhill Advisors.
http://greyhill.com/gross-metropolitan-product. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
^ "London Ranked as World's Six Largest Economy" (http://www.accountancyage.com/aa/news/1774656
/london-ranked-world-s-largest-city-economy) . ITWeek. http://www.accountancyage.com/aa/news/1774656
/london-ranked-world-s-largest-city-economy. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
^ "London vs. New York, 200506" (http://www.cincodias.com/articulo/mercados/Londres-versus-NuevaYork/20080901cdscdimer_3/cdsmer/) (PDF). Cinco Dias. http://www.cincodias.com/articulo/mercados
/Londres-versus-Nueva-York/20080901cdscdimer_3/cdsmer/. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
^ "London may have the IPOs ..." (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/credit-crunch-shows-new-york-is-stillworlds-financial-capital/) . Marketwatch. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/credit-crunch-shows-new-yorkis-still-worlds-financial-capital/. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
^ Dubner, Stephen J. (February 7, 2008). "Is New York Still the Financial Capital of the World?"
(http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/07/is-new-york-still-the-financial-capital-of-the-world/) . New
York Times. http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/07/is-new-york-still-the-financial-capital-of-theworld/. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
44 of 51
274. ^ "Market highlights for first half-year 2010" (http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts

/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf) . World Federation of Exchanges. http://www.worldexchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf. Retrieved
2011-05-01.
275. ^ Michelle Kaske (March 12, 2012). "New York City Tops Global Competitiveness, Economist Report Says"
(http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-12/new-york-city-tops-global-competitiveness-london-is-no2-economist-says.html) . 2012 BLOOMBERG L.P. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. http://www.bloomberg.com
/news/2012-03-12/new-york-city-tops-global-competitiveness-london-is-no-2-economist-says.html. Retrieved
2012-03-13.
276. ^ Sharanya Hrishikesh and Ashutosh Pandey (2012-07-03). "Manchester United picks NYSE for U.S. public
offering" (http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/04/us-manchesterunited-ipo-idUSBRE86219520120704) .
Thomson Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/04/us-manchesterunitedipo-idUSBRE86219520120704. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
277. ^ Fortune 500 web site (cities) (http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/cities/) , retrieved
2011-07-21; Fortune, Vol. 163, no. 7 (May 23, 2011), page F-45
278. ^ Wylde, Kathryn (January 23, 2006). "Keeping the Economy Growing" (http://www.gothamgazette.com/article
/fea/20060123/202/1727) . Gotham Gazette. http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/fea/20060123/202/1727.
279. ^ a b "Tentative Assessment Roll: Fiscal Year 2008" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dof/html/pdf/07pdf/tent-ass-roll07-08t.pdf) (PDF). New York City Department of Finance. January 15, 2007. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dof
/html/pdf/07pdf/tent-ass-roll-07-08t.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
280. ^ Quirk, James. "Bergen offices have plenty of space" (http://web.archive.org/web/20071222235142/http:
//www.northjersey.com
/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjczN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk4NDImZmdiZWw3Zjd2cWVlRUV5eTcxNjI5NzEmeXJpcnk3
ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkyMg==) . Archived from the original (http://www.northjersey.com
ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkyMg==) on 2007-12-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20071222235142/http:
//www.northjersey.com
ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkyMg==., The Record (Bergen County), July 5, 2007. Accessed 2007-07-05. "On
Monday, a 26-year-old, 33-story office building at 450 Park Ave. sold for a stunning $1,589 per square foot, or
about $510 million. The price is believed to be the most ever paid for a U.S. office building on a
per-square-foot basis. That broke the previous recordset four weeks earlierwhen 660 Madison Ave. sold
for $1,476 a square foot."
281. ^ "NYC Film Statistics" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080214051145/http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news
/stats.shtml) . Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre, and Broadcasting. Archived from the original
(http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/stats.shtml) on 2008-02-14. http://web.archive.org
/web/20080214051145/http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/stats.shtml. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
282. ^ Currid, Elizabeth (2006). "New York as a Global Creative Hub: A Competitive Analysis of Four Theories on
World Cities". Economic Development Quarterly 20 (4): 330350. doi:10.1177/0891242406292708
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0891242406292708) .
283. ^ "Telecommunications and Economic Development in New York City: A Plan for Action"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20080307231248/http://www.nycedc.com/about_us/TelecomPlanMarch2005.pdf)
(PDF). New York City Economic Development Corporation. March 2005. Archived from the original
(http://www.nycedc.com/about_us/TelecomPlanMarch2005.pdf) on 2008-03-07. http://web.archive.org
/web/20080307231248/http://www.nycedc.com/about_us/TelecomPlanMarch2005.pdf. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
284. ^ "Protecting and Growing New York City's Industrial Job Base" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads
/pdf/whitepaper.pdf) (PDF). The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business. January 2005.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads/pdf/whitepaper.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
285. ^ a b "More Than a Link in the Food Chain" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads
/pdf/more_than_link_food_chain.pdf) (PDF). The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business.
February 2007. http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads/pdf/more_than_link_food_chain.pdf. Retrieved
2008-09-01.
286. ^ "Four Percent of Manhattan's Total Office Space Was Destroyed in the World Trade Center Attack"
(http://www.allbusiness.com/construction/4266400-1.html) . Allbusiness. September 25, 2001.
http://www.allbusiness.com/construction/4266400-1.html. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
287. ^ "Marketbeat United States CBD Office Report 2Q11" (http://www.cushwake.com/cwmbs2q11
/PDF/off_us_cbd_2q11.pdf) . 2011 Cushman & Wakefield, Inc. All rights reserved.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
45 of 51
http://www.cushwake.com/cwmbs2q11/PDF/off_us_cbd_2q11.pdf. Retrieved 2012-09-02.

288. ^ Claessens, Stjin (September 2000). "Electronic Finance: Reshaping the Financial Landscape Around the
World" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080804050013/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS
/EXTENERGY/0,,contentMDK:20708340~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336806,00.html) (PDF).
The World Bank. Archived from the original (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS
/EXTENERGY/0,,contentMDK:20708340~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336806,00.html) on
2008-08-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20080804050013/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL
/TOPICS/EXTENERGY/0,,contentMDK:20708340~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336806,00.html.
289. ^ Orr, James and Giorgio Topa (Volume 12, Number 1, January 2006). "Challenges Facing the New York
Metropolitan Area Economy" (http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci12-1.pdf) (PDF). Current
Issues in Economics and Finance Second District Highlights. New York Federal Reserve.
http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci12-1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
290. ^ "Forms of Municipal Government" (http://www.nlc.org/build-skills-networks/resources/cities-101/formsof-municipal-government) . 2010 National League of Cities. http://www.nlc.org/build-skills-networks
/resources/cities-101/forms-of-municipal-government. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
291. ^ "About the Council" (http://web.archive.org/web/20071208230244/http://www.nyccouncil.info
/html/actioncenter/moved.cfm) . New York City Council. Archived from the original
(http://www.nyccouncil.info/html/actioncenter/moved.cfm) on 2007-12-08. http://web.archive.org
/web/20071208230244/http://www.nyccouncil.info/html/actioncenter/moved.cfm. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
292. ^ Sewell Chan and Jonathan P. Hicks (October 23, 2008). "Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits"
(http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/23/council-to-debate-term-limits-change/) . The New York Times.
http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/23/council-to-debate-term-limits-change/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
293. ^ "Statement and Return Report for Certification: General Election 2005" (http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/results
/2005/general/Manhattan/New%20York%20Mayor%20NY%20Recap.pdf) (PDF). New York City Board of
Elections. November 8, 2005. http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/results/2005/general/Manhattan
/New%20York%20Mayor%20NY%20Recap.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
294. ^ "About Mike Bloomberg" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070928061207/http://www.mikebloomberg.com
/en/about_mike_bloomberg) . The Official Site of Mike Bloomberg. Archived from the original
(http://www.mikebloomberg.com/en/about_mike_bloomberg) on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org
/web/20070928061207/http://www.mikebloomberg.com/en/about_mike_bloomberg. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
295. ^ "Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition History" (http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about
/history.shtml) . Mayor Against Illegal Guns. http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/history.shtml.
296. ^ "NYSVoter Enrollment by County, Party Affiliation and Status" (http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE
/enrollment/county/county_nov08.pdf) . New York State Board of Elections. November 2008.
http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/enrollment/county/county_nov08.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
297. ^ "New York State Financial Control Board" (http://www.fcb.state.ny.us/) . http://www.fcb.state.ny.us/.
298. ^ "2006 Election Overview: Top Zip Codes" (http://www.opensecrets.org/overview/topzips.php?cycle=2004) .
Opensecrets.org. http://www.opensecrets.org/overview/topzips.php?cycle=2004. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
299. ^ "A Fair Share of State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?" (http://web.archive.org
/web/20080525082617/http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&
CFTOKEN=33008944) . New York City Finance Division. March 11, 2005. Archived from the original
(http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944) on
2008-05-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080525082617/http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments
/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
300. ^ a b Jervey, Ben (2006). The Big Green Apple: Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City. Globe
Pequot Press. ISBN 0-7627-3835-9.
301. ^ "A Better Way to Go: Meeting America's 21st Century Transportation Challenges with Modern Public
Transit" (http://www.uspirg.org/uploads/2q/fV/2qfVu2ZrflTk-TnRQEDdDw/A-Better-Way-to-Go-vUSPIRG.pdf)
(PDF). U.S. Public Interest Research Group. March 2008. http://www.uspirg.org/uploads/2q/fV/2qfVu2ZrflTkTnRQEDdDw/A-Better-Way-to-Go-vUSPIRG.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
302. ^ Owen, David (October 18, 2004). "Green Manhattan". The New Yorker.
303. ^ a b "Inventory of New York City Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/om
/pdf/ccp_report041007.pdf) (PDF). New York City Office of Long-term Planning and Sustainability. April 2007.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/ccp_report041007.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
304. ^ "Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/challenge/faq.shtml) .
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
46 of 51
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
PlaNYC/The City of New York. December 6, 2006. http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/challenge

/faq.shtml. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ Coburn, Jason, Jeffrey Osleeb, Michael Porter (June 2006). "Urban Asthma and the Neighbourhood
Environment in New York City". Health & Place 12 (2): 167179. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.11.002
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.healthplace.2004.11.002) . PMID 16338632 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
/16338632) .
^ DePalma, Anthony (December 11, 2005). "It Never Sleeps, But It's Learned to Douse the Lights"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/nyregion/11efficiency.html) . The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/nyregion/11efficiency.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "A Century of Buses in New York City" (http://web.archive.org/web/20060525043420/http://mta.info
/nyct/bus/centennial/page2.htm) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original
(http://www.mta.info/nyct/bus/centennial/page2.htm) on 2006-05-25. http://web.archive.org
/web/20060525043420/http://mta.info/nyct/bus/centennial/page2.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01. See also "New
York City's Yellow Cabs Go Green" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080418021037/http://www.sierraclub.org
/pressroom/releases/pr2005-07-01a.asp) (Press release). Sierra Club. July 1, 2005. Archived from the original
(http://www.sierraclub.org/pressroom/releases/pr2005-07-01a.asp) on 2008-04-18. http://web.archive.org
/web/20080418021037/http://www.sierraclub.org/pressroom/releases/pr2005-07-01a.asp. Retrieved
2008-09-01.
^ Newman, Andy (July 27, 2010). "Appeals Court Rejects Effort to Create Hybrid Taxi Fleet"
(http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/27/appeals-court-rejects-effort-to-create-hybrid-taxi-fleet
/?emc=eta1) . New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/27/appeals-court-rejects-effortto-create-hybrid-taxi-fleet/?emc=eta1. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
^ "Current Reservoir Levels" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/maplevels.html) . New York City Department
of Environmental Protection. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/maplevels.html. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
^ Lustgarten, Abrahm (August 6, 2008). "City's Drinking Water Feared Endangered; $10B Cost Seen"
(http://www.nysun.com/new-york/citys-drinking-water-feared-endangered-10b-cost/83288/) . The New York
Sun. http://www.nysun.com/new-york/citys-drinking-water-feared-endangered-10b-cost/83288/. Retrieved
2008-08-09.
^ Rachel Weinberger, John Kaehny, Matthew Rufo (2010). "U.S. Parking Policies: An Overview of Management
Strategies" (http://www.infrastructureusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/itdp_parking_fullreport.pdf) . Institute
for Transportation and Development Policy. p. 62. http://www.infrastructureusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03
/itdp_parking_fullreport.pdf. Retrieved 2011-06-11. "New York City is the largest, densest and most transit- and
pedestrian-oriented city in the United States. It is the only U.S. city in which a majority of households do not
have a car. Despite this, New York City is very much an American city in the way it under prices and under
uses curbside parking meters. Meter rates are far lower than in other leading world cities, and New York suffers
from high levels of cruising and double parking (p 62) ... Nationally 90% of households own automobiles. New
Yorkers own fewer at 48% with only 22% of Manhattan residents owning automobiles (page 78)"
^ Arthur Prager, "Worst-Case Scenario" (http://www.americanheritage.com/content/worst-case-scenario) ,
American Heritage, February/March 2006.
^ "Don't Tell New York, But Crime Is Going Up" (http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html) .
Lib.jjay.cuny.edu. http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
^ Langan, Patrick A.; Matthew R. Durose (October 21, 2004). "The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York
City" (http://www.istat.it/istat/eventi/2003/perunasocieta/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf) . Istituto Nazionale di
Statistica. http://www.istat.it/istat/eventi/2003/perunasocieta/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
^ Fewer Killings in 2007, but Still Felt in City's Streets (http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/01/nyregion
/01murder.html?_r=2&scp=2&sq=murder+in+2007&oref=slogin) , The New York Times, January 1, 2008.
^ "The Color of Murder and Gun Violence in New York (http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postpartisan
/2010/11/post_9.html) ". The Washington Post. November 10, 2010
^ "Livingstone to follow methods of the NYPD (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1318236/Livingstoneto-follow-methods-of-the-NYPD.html) ". Telegraph. January 17, 2001.
^ "Staying a beat ahead of crime (http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/02/1036027090656.html) ".
Theage.com.au. November 5, 2002.
^ Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, Eloise Dunlap (2006). "The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug
Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York". In Blumstein, Alfred, Joel Wallman. The Crime Drop in
America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86279-5.; Karmen, Andrew (2000). New York Murder
Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-4717-5.
^ Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto (2000). NYPD: A City and Its Police. Owl Books. pp. 1821.
ISBN 0-8050-5578-9.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
47 of 51
321. ^ "Youth Gangs (http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/issueoftheweek/20010305/200/161) ". Gotham Gazette.

March 5, 2001.
322. ^ "19th century AD." (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_n118_v30/ai_17150109/) Adolescence,
Summer, 1995 by Ruskin Teeter.
323. ^ "Old Problem, New Eyes: Youth Insights on Gangs in New York City (http://www.pubadvocate.nyc.gov
/policy/documents/WorkingPaperonGangs1.pdf) " (PDF). Public Advocate for the City of New York. November
2007.
324. ^ New York City Department of Education - About Us (http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm) . NYC
Department of Education. 2012. http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-31
325. ^ "School Enrollment by Level of School and Type of School for Population 3 Years and Over"
(http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/download/census/sf3edp302.xls) (MS Excel). New York City Department of
City Planning. 2000. http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/download/census/sf3edp302.xls. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
326. ^ "Private School Universe Survey" (http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/) . National Center for Education Statistics.
http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
327. ^ (PDF) New York in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000 (http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/livingcities
/newyork2.pdf) . Brookings Institution. November 2003. http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/livingcities
/newyork2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
328. ^ McGeehan, Patrick (August 16, 2006). "New York Area Is a Magnet For Graduates"
(http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DE143EF935A2575BC0A9609C8B63) . The New York
Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DE143EF935A2575BC0A9609C8B63.
329. ^ "Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil
Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan" (http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov
/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&
doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&
cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1) (Press release). New York City Economic Development Corporation.
November 18, 2004. http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0
/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F
%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1.
330. ^ "NIH Domestic Institutions Awards Ranked by City, Fiscal Year 2003" (http://report.nih.gov/award/trends
/top100fy03.htm) . National Institutes of Health. 2003. http://report.nih.gov/award/trends/top100fy03.htm.
331. ^ RICHARD PREZ-PEA (December 19, 2011). "Cornell Alumnus Is Behind $350 Million Gift to Build
Science School in City" (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/nyregion/cornell-and-technion-israel-chosento-build-science-school-in-new-york-city.html?scp=3&sq=cornell&st=cse) . 2011 The New York Times
Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/nyregion/cornell-and-technion-israel-chosen-to-build-scienceschool-in-new-york-city.html?scp=3&sq=cornell&st=cse. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
332. ^ Ju, Anne (December 19, 2011). "'Game-changing' Tech Campus Goes to Cornell, Technion"
(http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec11/NYCcover.html) . Copyright Cornell University.
http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec11/NYCcover.html. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
333. ^ a b "Nation's Largest Libraries" (http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm) . LibrarySpot.
http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
334. ^ a b c d "The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region" (http://www.mta.info
/mta/network.htm) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority. http://www.mta.info/mta/network.htm. Retrieved
2012-08-30.
335. ^ Pisarski, Alan (October 16, 2006). "Commuting in America III: Commuting Facts" (http://onlinepubs.trb.org
/onlinepubs/nchrp/CIAIIIfacts.pdf) (PDF). Transportation Research Board. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs
/nchrp/CIAIIIfacts.pdf. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
336. ^ "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey George Washington Bridge" (http://www.panynj.gov/bridgestunnels/george-washington-bridge.html) . http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/george-washington-bridge.html.
337. ^ a b George Washington Bridge turns 75 years old: Huge flag, cake part of celebration
(http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061024/BIZ/610240312/-1/NEWS03) , Times
Herald-Record, October 24, 2006. "The party, however, will be small in comparison to the one that the Port
Authority of New York and New Jersey organized for 5,000 people to open the bridge to traffic in 1931. And it
won't even be on what is now the world's busiest bridge for fear of snarling traffic."
338. ^ Les Christie (June 29, 2007). "New Yorkers are Top Transit Users" (http://money.cnn.com/2007/06
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
48 of 51
339.
340.
341.
342.
343.
344.
345.
346.
347.
348.
349.
350.
351.
352.
353.
354.
355.
/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm) . CNNMoney.com (Cable News Network).

http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ "NHTS 2001 Highlights Report, BTS03-05" (http://www.bts.gov/publications
/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/pdf/entire.pdf) (PDF). U.S. Department of
Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2001. http://www.bts.gov/publications
/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/pdf/entire.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "New York Has Longest Commute to Work in Nation, American Community Survey Finds"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20080313083657/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives
/american_community_survey_acs/001695.html) . December 2004. Archived from the original
(http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/american_community_survey_acs/001695.html)
on 2008-03-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20080313083657/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release
/www/releases/archives/american_community_survey_acs/001695.html. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
^ "New York City's Green Dividend" (http://www.streetsblog.org/2010/04/21/sustainable-transport-savesnew-yorkers-19-billion-per-year/) . CEOs for Cities. http://www.streetsblog.org/2010/04/21/sustainabletransport-saves-new-yorkers-19-billion-per-year/. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
^ "Architect Chosen for Planned Office Tower Above Port Authority Bus Terminal's North Wing"
(http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=1154)
(Press release). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. November 17, 2008. http://www.panynj.gov
/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=1154. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
^ "Service Hours" (http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/getting_around/service_hours.html) . Copyright 2011 MTR.
http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/getting_around/service_hours.html. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
^ "Tsuen Wan Line" (http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/hongkong/transportation/metro-tsuenwanline.htm) . Copyright 1998-2012 TravelChinaGuide.com, All rights reserved.
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/hongkong/transportation/metro-tsuenwan-line.htm. Retrieved
2012-07-31.
^ "Train Time Table - Search station" (http://www.smrt.co.kr/program/Eng/Subway/Train
/Station_select.jsp?main=Y) . Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation. http://www.smrt.co.kr/program
/Eng/Subway/Train/Station_select.jsp?main=Y. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
^ "Subway map" (http://www.smrt.co.kr/program/cyberStation/main2.jsp?lang=e#) . Seoul Metropolitan Rapid
Transit Corporation. http://www.smrt.co.kr/program/cyberStation/main2.jsp?lang=e#. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
^ a b "Longest Suspension Bridges in the World" (http://www.infoplease.com/toptens/worldsuspbridges.html) .
20002012 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/toptens
/worldsuspbridges.html. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
^ a b "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge" (http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/verrazano-narrows/) . by Eastern
Roads. http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/verrazano-narrows/. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
^ "Holland Tunnel" (http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2176&ResourceType=Structure) .
National Historic Landmark Quicklinks. National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov
/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2176&ResourceType=Structure. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
^ "The State of the NYC Taxi" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/state_of_taxi.pdf) (PDF). New
York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. March 9, 2006. http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads
/pdf/state_of_taxi.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ Ross Barkan (July 12, 2012). "Traffic Nightmare Queens Highways Rank As Most Congested"
(http://www.queenstribune.com/feature/Feature_071212_Van-Wyck.html) . 2006 TribCo, LLC.
http://www.queenstribune.com/feature/Feature_071212_Van-Wyck.html. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
^ "About the MTA Long Island Rail Road" (http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/lirr/pubs/aboutlirr.htm) . Metropolitan
Transportation Authority. http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/lirr/pubs/aboutlirr.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "U.S. International Travel and Transportation Trends, BTS02-03" (http://www.bts.gov/publications
/us_international_travel_and_transportation_trends/2002/index.html) . U.S. Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2002. http://www.bts.gov/publications
/us_international_travel_and_transportation_trends/2002/index.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
^ "2005 Annual Airport Traffic Report" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070605013009/http://www.panynj.gov
/CommutingTravel/airports/pdfs/traffic/Air_Traffic_2005.pdf) (PDF). The Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey. November 2, 2006. Archived from the original (http://www.panynj.gov/CommutingTravel/airports
/pdfs/traffic/Air_Traffic_2005.pdf) on 2007-06-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20070605013009/http:
//www.panynj.gov/CommutingTravel/airports/pdfs/traffic/Air_Traffic_2005.pdf. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
^ "Port Authority Leads Nation in Record-Setting Year for Travel Abroad" (http://www.panynj.gov
/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=724) (Press release). The Port
Authority of New York and New Jersey. August 29, 2005. http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
49 of 51
/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=724. Retrieved 2007-02-18.

356. ^ Steve Strunsky (May 31, 2012). "Stewart International Airport upgrade approved as Port Authority aims to
increase passenger traffic" (http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/05/stewart_international_airport.html) .
2012 New Jersey On-Line LLC. All rights reserved. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/05
/stewart_international_airport.html. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
357. ^ Schaller, Bruce (June 2006). "Biking It" (http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/transportation/20060718
/16/1910/) . Gotham Gazette. http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/transportation/20060718/16/1910/.
358. ^ "2001 National Household Travel Survey: Summary of Travel Trends" (http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/pub
/STT.pdf) (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation. December 2004. http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/pub/STT.pdf.
359. ^ Said, Carolyn (July 20, 2011). "S.F., Oakland in Top 10 Most Walkable U.S. Cities" (http://www.sfgate.com
/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/07/20/BUUK1KCC67.DTL&tsp=1) . San Francisco Chronicle.
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/07/20/BUUK1KCC67.DTL&tsp=1. Retrieved
2011-07-20.
360. ^ "The 10 Most Walkable U.S. Cities" (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-10-most-walkable-us-cities2011-07-20?link=MW_popular) . MarketWatch. 2011. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-10most-walkable-us-cities-2011-07-20?link=MW_popular. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
361. ^ "THE MYTHS AND METAPHORS OF MUSIC AND DANCE SINGIN' IN THE RAIN"
(http://hofprints.hofstra.edu/2/02/The_Myths_and_Metaphors_of_Music_and_Dance_Singin'_in_the_Rain.html)
. Hofstra University. http://hofprints.hofstra.edu
/2/02/The_Myths_and_Metaphors_of_Music_and_Dance_Singin'_in_the_Rain.html. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
362. ^ Richard Nordquist. "Grammar & Composition metonymy" (http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/metonymy.htm)
. 2012 About.com. All rights reserved. http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/metonymy.htm. Retrieved
2012-02-06.
363. ^ "Definition of Metonymy" (http://www.cramster.com/definitions/metonymy/68) . Copyright 2012 Cramster,
Inc. http://www.cramster.com/definitions/metonymy/68. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
364. ^ "Metonymy vs Synecdoche" (http://www.buzzle.com/articles/metonymy-vs-synecdoche.html) . 20002011,
2012 Buzzle.com All rights reserved. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/metonymy-vs-synecdoche.html.
365. ^ "Map of Military Installations in the Contiguous US" (http://www.nps.gov/nagpra/documents/BASES.PDF) .
NPS.gov. http://www.nps.gov/nagpra/documents/BASES.PDF. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
366. ^ Jackson, Ken (2010). The History of New York City, 2nd Edition (http://books.google.com
/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=encyclopedia+of+new+york&hl=en&
sa=X&ei=8thCT6udK6e-0QHmhrXMBw&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22fort%20hamilton%22&
f=false) . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-300-11465-6. http://books.google.com
/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=encyclopedia+of+new+york&hl=en&
sa=X&ei=8thCT6udK6e-0QHmhrXMBw&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22fort%20hamilton%22&
f=false.
367. ^ a b "NYC's Partner Cities" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/partner/partner.shtml) . Copyright 2012
The City of New York. All rights reserved. http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/partner/partner.shtml.
368. ^ http://www.iscpa.us/english/zlen00003.html; mention to Johannesburg as a sister city of New York
369. ^ http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Cityhall/Pages/Partnerships.aspx?tm=&sm=&side=515: reference to New York City
as a "non-historic" sister city
370. ^ Chongqing and New York, sister cities "K1084-2011: Recognizing Yunnan Province and Chongqing
Municipality of the People's Republic of China as a "Sister City" with New York City"
(http://open.nysenate.gov/legislation/bill/K1084-2011,) . New York State Senate. All rights reserved.
http://open.nysenate.gov/legislation/bill/K1084-2011, Chongqing and New York, sister cities. Retrieved
2012-12-16.
Further reading
Belden, E. Porter (1849). New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising a History of the City of New York,
a Description of its Present Condition, and an Estimate of its Future Increase (http://books.google.com
/books?id=Jv-nXd8W8b0C&printsec=titlepage) . New York: G.P. Putnam. http://books.google.com
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
50 of 51
/books?id=Jv-nXd8W8b0C&printsec=titlepage. From Google Books.

Burgess, Anthony (1976). New York. New York: Little, Brown & Co.. ISBN 90-6182-266-1.
Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0195116348.
Federal Writers' Project (1939). The WPA Guide to New York City (1995 reissue ed.). New York: The New
Press. ISBN 1-56584-321-5.
Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press.
ISBN 0300055366.
Jackson, Kenneth T.; Dunbar, David S., eds. (2005). Empire City: New York Through the Centuries. Columbia
University Press. ISBN 0-231-10909-1.
Lankevich, George L. (1998). American Metropolis: A History of New York City. NYU Press.
ISBN 0-8147-5186-5.
White, E. B. (1949). Here is New York (2000 reissue ed.). Little Bookroom.
White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers
Press. ISBN 0812931076.
Whitehead, Colson (2003). The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts. New York: Doubleday.
ISBN 0-385-50794-1.
External links
NYC.gov (http://www.nyc.gov/) is the official website of New York City.
NYCvisit.com (http://nycvisit.com/) is the official tourism website of New York City.
Geographic data related to New York City (http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/175905)
at OpenStreetMap
BeautyOfNYC (http://www.beautyofnyc.org/) explains the beauty of New York City landmarks, art,
and poetry
New York City (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/New_York/Localities
/N/New_York_City/) at the Open Directory Project
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "New York (city)". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press.
More than 62,000 historic photographs (http://collections.mcny.org/MCNY/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&
VF=MNY_HomePage#/CMS3&VF=MNY_HomePage) of New York City are available online
through the Museum of the City of New York.
The City Guide (http://thecityreview.com/home.html) has many articles on New York City and
historical architectural information by Carter B. Horsley, writer for The New York Sun newspaper.
New York A Documentary Film (http://www.pbs.org/wnet/newyork/) directed by Ric Burns is a
cinematic history of the city from its beginnings through 2003.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City&oldid=530988274"
Categories: Summer Paralympic Games host cities New York City Cities in New York
Former capitals of the United States Former United States state capitals Government of New York City
Metropolitan areas of New York Populated places established in 1624
Populated places on the Hudson River Port cities and towns of the United States Atlantic coast
1624 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Navigation menu
This page was last modified on 2 January 2013 at 22:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
1/4/2013 12:15 AM
51 of 51
1/4/2013 12:15 AM

New York City

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

New York City

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 403951N 735619W

New York City

New York is the most populous city in the United

New York, New York

Clockwise from top: Midtown Manhattan, the United Nations

Nickname(s): "The Big Apple", "Gotham", "The

Location in New York State

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

symbol of the United States and its democracy.[39]

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 403951N 735619W[5]

468.5 sq mi (1,213 km2)

302.6 sq mi (784 km2)

165.8 sq mi (429 km2)

Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

for $24 worth of glass beads.[69][70]

New Amsterdam in 1664, the year

In 1664 Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New

The Battle of Long Island, the largest

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

United Airlines Flight 175 hits the

In the 1960s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

is currently being constructed and is scheduled to be completed in the

A flooded Avenue C in Manhattan just

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Climate data for

(Belvedere Castle, Central Park)

50.5 62.0 71.6 80.1 84.9

54.0 63.6 68.9

Avg. snowy days

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

enclaves, and Demographic profile of New York City

City compared to State & U.S.

8,213,839 18,976,457 281,421,906

Bachelor's degree or higher

Hispanic (any race)

Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg immediately challenged the Census

Manhattan's Little Italy, Lower East

Two demographic points are

dense overall, as per the 2000 Census.[131]

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

square mile[132] (25,846/km) makes it the highest of any county in

Note: Census figures (17902010) cover the

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

View looking south from Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan at dusk.

The Empire State Building and Chrysler

The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setback in new buildings, and

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

New York Harbor's Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River.[176]

Central Park an 883-acre (3.57 km2) park in Manhattan, is the

New York City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

New York City is composed of five boroughs.[187] Each

New York's five boroughs overview

1 July 2011 square

Manhattan New York