10

In a few places the language is defective and ungrammatical, but what is even more
astonishing
takes.
is

that

it

contains spelling mis-

The
:

following

exhaustive will give

spellings

which is not list an idea of the mis-

^jA:

for

yj\

(Dreams

and 30)
iand27)

j^^Ju for j^jj^

oj:>^Jp for
\j>z^

(Dreams

153,9,1

oj:)Vj
\j>cp

(Dream
(Dream
(Dream

8)
9)

for

^J\jyc^ for

^^\j>>P

16)

^J[y^ji> for ^x^U^^

-iix^t^^j for
,

,.

*3i:^U^3

(Dream ^

iq) ^^
16)

JlJ2ii for
<J\'J^ for

jli>f(Dream

<^l^k (Dream 21)

^y^J\

A^L^I for

(Dream

30)

r^^J
(Sj-^-*

for for

-r^]^ (In the last note)

(5^va.-

(In the last note)

And last but not least jUy for oTy

(which occurs twice

in

Dream No.

8)

11

Court historians have

only

eulogized

not
his

Tipu

Sultan's

character
skill,

but

scholarship

and

literary

and

his

mastery of the Persian language has been

taken for granted.
reviled
his

British historians

have

character,

disregarding the

views of the court historians,

attainments.

but they have

accepted their contention with regard to

his

scholastic

The
is

facts

are

the other

way

round.

It

not essential

that a great

man

should also be a master

of some language or other which, in any

Tipu Sultan was not. From the age of fifteen onwards we see him accompanying his father in the various wars which he fought. It is not to be wondered at
case,

that he could not receive systematic edu-

cation

of the

type

that

he might
in

have
'

received
times.

had he

lived

more peaceful

Now
dreams.

a word about the contents of the

Of

the

thirty-seven

dreams

recorded the majority are concerned with

his

wars

against

the

British

and

their

THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

GIFT OF

HORACE W. CARPENTIER

Pakistan Historical Society Publications No.

7.

THE DREAMS OF TIPU SULTAN

Translated from the original Persian

with an Introduction and Notes

By

MAHMUD

HUSAIN,

Ph. D.

Professor of History,

University of Karachi

KiU6

'CARPENTIER

nigno

Ofil

moil bsifiipneiT

ocJouboDf?!

a dH

.VlIA^giH

QUl/iHAU

1>S470

CONTENTS
Page

Acknowledgements

..

Translator's Introduction

7
..

Note on Tipu Sultan's Calendar

I:

17

Tipu Sultan's Preface

..33
Officers of the

Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream

Three

Marhatta Army 35
.

II:

The

Crescent

..38
.

III:

Seating a

King on the Throne of Delhi 39

.

IV:

V:
VI:
VII:
VIII:

Dream Dream Dream Dream

IX:

X:
XI:
XII:
XIII:

The Pitchers of Milk 41 The Sea Cocoanuts 43 The Beryl Mine 45 The Line of Entrenchments 47 Hadrat The Sacred Relics from Bandah-Nawaz 49 The White Elephant from China 52 The Top of the Hill 57 The Bear 59
. . .

Message from the Prophet through Hadrat Ali

.
.

61

Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream

A woman
The The The The The The The The
Knife

in

Man's Dress

63 65

XIV:

Destroying the
.

Enemy
.
.

XV:
XVI: XVII:
XVIII:

66
67

Flowers
Strange

Cow
.

69
72

Emeralds

XIX:

Collapse of the Gate

72

XX:
XXI: XXII:

Thief

74 77 78

Nizam's Representative
Extraordinary Idols
.

570

Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dream Dseam Dream
Sayyid

XXIII:

XXIV:

The Mango Grove The French Troops XXV: The Nizam's Minister XXVI: The Expulsion of the English XXVII: The Hajj XXVIII: The Fresh Dates

80
81

83

84
85 87

XXIX:

Battle with the English

88 89

XXX:
XXXI: XXXII:

In the Assembly of Saints

The Gift of the Turbans The Bridge of Elephants.

Stones

90
91

XXXIII: Almonds and

92

XXXIV:

Shaikh Sa'adi of Shiraz

XXXV:
XXXVI:

Maulana Jami The Plantain Fruits

Unbelievers

94 96
96
98 99
103

XXXVII; The Armies of the Muhammad Aslam's Dream

Index

ILLUSTRATIONS

Tipu Sultan A Portrait ... ... page from Tipu Sultan's Book of Dreams
:

Facing page i Facing page 33

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The
express
editor

of

this

little

book
all

wishes

to

his

deep

gratitude
in
its

to

those friends

who
India

helped
Office

him

preparation.
is

To

the

Library

he

particularly thank-

ful for permitting

him
copy

to

obtain
the

microfilm

and
script

a photostatic
in
their

of

original

manuof
the the
the

possession,

rotograph

copy of this manuscript

was procured from

Paris,

Bibliotheque

Nationale^

through

kindness of Dr. R.
ology,
those
tion,

Curiel, Director of Archae-

Government of Pakistan,

From among
of translato

who

assisted

him

in

the
is

task

annotation,

etc, he

happy

make

special

mention of

Pakistan Historical Society and

Mr, ^akariyya Mail of the Mr, Syed Abdur

the

Rahman, a
of
History,

research scholar in

Department

University

of

Karachi,

now

lecturer

in the

Jamia

College,

^'

Digitized by the Internet Archive

In

2008

with funding from

Microsoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/dreamsoftipusultOOtipprich

INTRODUCTION
In the India Office Library there
containing
is

very valuable and interesting manuscript

own hand

writing.^

Tipu Sultan's dreams in his It was discovered by

Colonel Kirkpatrick^

among

randa in the Sultan's

the

memobed-chamber when
other
to

palace was subjected

the
fall

a thorough
in

search after

of Seringapatam,
the

May
time
1

1799.

Habibullah,

Munshi of
discovered.

Tipu Sultan was

the
of
the

said to be present at the

manuscript
Ethe,
Catalogue

was
Persian

Herman

of
I,

Manuscripts

in

the

Library

India Office, Vol.

No, 3001.
this

The Bibliotheque
which
as
it

Nationale of Paris has a copy

of

document
Royale,

was was

made
SuppL

in

1822

for

the

BibHotheque

then called. See the Catalogue of the Bibliotheque

Pets.,

Nationale,
of the
its

937.

have

secured photostatic

copies

original manuscript in the I ndia Office as well as of

in the Bibliotheque

copy

Nationale.
is

^Kirkpatrick, W.,
Tippoo Sultaun,
oriental

the editor
181
1.

of

Select

Letters

of

London,

Because of
of
task

his

knowledge of
courts
in

languages

and

experience
the

different

India,

he

was

entrusted with

of examining

and

reporting

on the

documents seized

from the palace, which

he did.

According

to

Kirkpatrick,
existence

knew of
script

the

of such

HabibuUah a manuof his

but Tipu Sultan had so successfully

it

concealed

that

this

confidant
it.

had never before seen

said
to

Tipu Sultan was

have always manifested peculiar anxiety to hide it from the view of any who

happened
23, as
it

approach while he was either reading or writing in it J Later, on April

to

180O5

this

little

diary,

or

"register",

has been

termed, was presented in

Wellesley
the
to

name of the Marquis Hugh Inglis, Chairman of

the
Directors of the East India

Court of

Company, by

Major
son.^

(as

he then was) Alexander Beat-

Thus belonging to the Library of the East India Company, London, it is

now

in

possession

of

the

India
register
and
Conduct

Office

Library.
IBeatson,
with

Entries in this A View of the Origin

London,
1800,
p.

have
of
also

War
the

Tippoo Sultauny

196.

See

Memoranda
^At

in English

by Beatson
to

in the manuscript

itself.

one

time

aid-de-camp

Marquis Wellesley and

field;

Surveyor-General to the army in the

author of one of the
first

Beatson

is

the

books published by a British writer on

Tipu Sultan,

cited above.

9
been made in what Ethe has called "a The dreams and other fearful Shakista".

on the first thirty- two pages of the register and again on eleven pages towards the end of it. In between
notes are recorded

a large number of pages are

left

blank.

The

size

of

the register

is

7|

inches

by

5I inches. In this diary, apart from a few other

notes,
his

Tipu Sultan has put down some of dreams. Obviously it cannot be con-

sidered a complete register of his dreams.

It is

more

likely that
it

such dreams in
recording.

as
first

he wrote out only he thought worth

of
the

The

recorded

dreams
of

dated 1785, the last 1798, covering a period of thirteen years. Of some
is

dreams he has given his own interpretations. Leaving aside other memoranda, the dreams recorded are thirtyseven in number.^ They are all in Persian.
these
I

Six of these dreams (Nos. 12, 13, 14, 17, 24

and 28) have

pp.

been translated by appendix to

his

Beatson and given in the form of an

cited

book

above,

appendix

XXXV,

GIX-CXII

10

In a few places the language

is

defective

and ungrammatical, but what

astonishing
takes.
is

is

even more
not
mis-

that

it

contains spelling mislist

The
:

following

which

is

exhaustive will give

spellings

an idea of the
(Dreams
i

^\:^^

for

yj\

and 30)
iand27)

^y{x* for j^^j^

oj')^]^ for
\j>z^

(Dreams

153,9,1

oj'>Vj
Sjpz^

(Dream
(Dream

8)
9)

for

^J\jy^^

for

^J\J>^ (Dream 16)

,.

^AAy^'j^ tor ^4M<,ji

. r A.:^l^^^j tor
,

(Dream
"^

jl:^U^j

iq) ^^
16)

JlJ2. for

Jli>r
cjl-^k
j^^d^l

(Dream (Dream (Dream

vl^^

for

21)

JL^L^I for

30)

^^J[

for jOMz^l (In the last note)

(Sj^^ for

^yP^^ (In the last note)

And last but not least

oU^9 for

oTy (which occurs twice

in

Dream No.

8)

11

Court historians
only

have eulogized
character
skill,

not
his

Tipu

Sultan's

but

scholarship

and

literary

and

his

mastery of the Persian language has been

taken for granted.
reviled
his

British historians

have

character,

disregarding the

views of the court historians, but they have

accepted their contention with regard to

his

scholastic

attainments.

The
is

facts

are

the other

way

round.

It

not essential

that a great

man

should also be a master

of some language or other which, in any

Tipu Sultan was not. From the age of fifteen onwards we see him accompanying his father in the various wars which he fought. It is not to be wondered at
case,

that he could not receive systematic edu-

cation

of the

type

that

he might
in

have

received
times.

had he

lived

more peaceful

Now
dreams.

a word about the contents of the

dreams recorded the majority are concerned with his wars against the British and their
the
thirty-seven

Of

12
allies.

Such are

dreams

I,

III,

VII,

XIV, XX, XXI, XXIV, XXV, XXVIII, XXIX, XXXII and XXXVI.
XI,

There are several other dreams which give tidings of general success and victory in war such as dreams II, IV, V, VI, IX, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXII, XXIII, XXVII, XXVIII, and XXXIII. Some of the dreams point to his intense and veneration for the Prophet, love Hadrat Ali and other Muslim saints and sufis. This is manifest from dreams XXXI XXXIV and VIII, X, XII,

XXXV.
In

some of

the

dreams

there

is

dream was recorded in the register immediately after Tipu Sultan woke up. Towards the end of dream III, for instance, he says, ^' While this conversation was still in progress, I woke up and wrote down the contents of the dream immediately", and at the end of dream IV, he records, ^^At this juncture I woke up and wrote down the dream."
clear indication that the

13

of his

Tipu Sultan has also interpreted some dreams. Such is the case with dreams XXXI. XVII, XXVIII and XIII,
of these interpretations
are

Some

highly

interesting.

In dream
the

XIII Tipu Sultan

in

interprets
his

woman

man's

dress

as

enemy, the Marhattas, against whom he was waging a war at that time. In

dream XXVIII the

fresh

three silver trays

of

dates

have
his

been interpreted
three enemies,

as the

dominions of
tish,

the Bri-

the Marhattas

and the Nizam, which,

fall

so

he hoped, would

into his hands.

Tipu Sultan's diary consists of dreams and certain other memoranda. In this book
As has been mentioned
above,
the reader will find the translation
the

of

all

dreams
to

As

piece

by Tipu Sultan. the other memoranda, only one has been selected for translation.
recorded

The
to

various items in the

memoranda
In one

relate

some of the events of Tipu Sultan's time

life.

or episodes in his
instance,

place, for

one

finds

the

names of persons

14
killed

or

wounded

in

certain

battle,

and

in another, the time of

Tipu Sultan's
the Capital

departure from, or arrival

in,

on a particular by Tipu Sultan

occasion

occasion.
to a

present given

young couple on the

also

of their

betrothal

finds

mention.
mofussil

report

received

from

the

about the discovery of enormous

footprints in a field has

been included in
is

the

diary

which,

incidentally,

not

in

Tipu Sultan's own hand-writing. Perhaps

he asked one of
in
his

secretaries to insert
is

it

the

diary.

There

also

recorded

dream of one, Sayyid Muhammad Aslam, concerning Tipu Sultan which he thought
it fit

to insert along with his

fit

own

dreams.

This piece seemed to

of the
present

into the
has,

scheme

book and

therefore,

been translated. The dominant note throughout these dreams is what was uppermost in Tipu
Sultan's

mind

how

to free

his

country
the

from

the

foreign

yoke.

Whatever
to

psycho-analyst

may have

say

about

15

them, to a student of history

it is

of greater

importance to discover

how Tipu
From

Sultan

himself interpreted these dreams and

how

they influenced his actions.

sal

a peru-

of this register

it

becomes clear that

his

hours of sleep were as devoted to the

cause of freedom as the hours while he

was awake.

A NOTE ON TIPU SULTAN'S CALENDAR

Among
It is

the reforms introduced by

Tipu

Sultan was the reform of the

calendar.

necessary to have an understanding

for

of

it

the

proper appreciation of the

dates

mentioned

by Tipu Sultan
is

in this

book.

The
tribute
as

function of the calendar

to

dis-

time

into

certain

periods

such

hours, days, weeks, months, years, etc.

solar

The

day

is

determined by the daily

rotation of the earth

alternation of light
solar year

on its axis and the and darkness and the

by the revolution of the earth around the sun which completes the circles of the seasons. But it is the revolution of the moon around the earth which yields the month. Thus the solar day, the solar year and
the

lunar

month may

be

termed

the

natural divisions

of time.

The Muslim

18
calendar, however,
is

a lunar calendar in

which twelve lunar months make a year,

irrespective

of the circle of seasons.

as
is

The

Muslim

era,

well known,

is

counted

from the year of the hijrat or migration of the Prophet of Islam from Mecca to Medina in 622, A.D. The result of the
adoption of the lunar year by the Muslims
has been that the Muslim festivals do not
fall

all

any particular seasons and run through the seasons of the year, and in about 32-^
in

solar years the

starting

point.

Muslim year returns to Muslim governments,

difficulty

its

in

following this calendar,

have experienced
in

administrative

the

collection

of agricultural taxes since crops are link-

up with Muslim year

ed

the
is

seasons

whereas

the

not.

Consequently attempts
to devise

have been made in Muslim history

ways

and

difficulty.

overcoming this means for While for religious purposes the

purposes
a

lunar year has been treated as sacrosanct,

for

other

number of
time
to

devices
time.

have

been

adopted from

19

In

this

connection
of the of the

may be mentioned
Al-Aziz,

the

efforts

Fatimid

about
at-

366 Tai
poet,

A.H.5

Abbasid

CaHph
Seljuq

(363-381

A.H.), of the
his efforts

MaHk
A.H.)

Shah, assisted in
In
the

by the famous
471,

Umar Khayyam
nineteenth

(circa

century

the

.Government also was described as

In India the

turned

towards

Ottoman what
that the

Islah-et-teqwim.

MusUms found

luni-solar

Hindus had from very early times employed cycles made up of a combination of solar and lunar years in which the lunar year was periodically adjusted to the solar year. The Hindu rites and festivals were regulated by the lunar year and
;

in domestic

life,

important events such as

the
for

choosing

of

an

auspicious

occasion

marriage or undertaking a
regulated
this

journey
calendar.
to

were But

by

the
itself

lunar

calendar

was

subject

adjustments to the solar calendar by the

addition of intercalary months.

The Hindu

calendar also recognized the existence of

20 a sixty-year cycle known as "Brihaspati Chakra". Tipu Sultan was apparently

influenced by these factors.

The

reforms introduced by Tipu Sultan

in the prevalent

Muslim

calendar consis-

ted of the following:

He

reckoned the Muslim era not from

the

the hijrat occurring in 622 but from

advent of Islam in 609 A.C.

call
this

He

chose to
the

era ^'Maulud-i- Muhammad '\

era reckoned from the birth of

Muhammad.

Actually, however, his era begins not with

the birth of the Prophet but with the pro-

clamation of prophet-hood by

Muhammad.
thirteen

In

other

words,

his

era

begins

years

earlier

than

the

hijrat.

Another
Sultan
in

measure
connection

adopted
with

by

Tipu

the

calendar

was the adoption of the Hindu months however, and the sixty-year cycle. He, names to the various Hindu gave new
months.
year
Similarly

each year in the 60given

cycle

was

distinct

name.
he

In designating the months and

years,

21

made
in

use of the

abjad

and

abtath

systems

of evaluating

every letter of the alphabet

terms of numbers.
follows

The

abjad system

which

the

ancient order

of the

alphabet had been quite

common

through-

out the Muslim world for several centuries.

In addition to

this,

however, Tipu Sultan

system
of

employed

another

valuation

known
is

as abtath in

which the order of letters

'^hisab-i-zcir'\

the one that exists in the Arabic script.

also

He

called

it

The
is

numerical

value

of each

letter

according to the traditional Abjad

as follows:

system

3
J

J
6
C5-

J
30

^
20
tr

5
\,

10

9
r

t
70

J
50

6o

40

22
J

J
100
^

U*
90

<J

200

80

C
600

500
];

400
J' 800

300
i

t
1000

900

700
letl

And the value of the various ording to the Abtath is:

c_j

4
J

I
7-

t
7
j

C
6
J

8
tr

5
3

30

20

10

9
A

L
70
vJ

c^
60

u' 50

40
)i

t
100

t
90

200
r

80
l5

J
500
e

cT
400
J
800

600
c5

300

6
700

1000

900

23

The names adopted

cording
to

for the

months

ac-

the Abjad and Abtath systems

were

ABJAD
I.

Chait
Baisakh

Ahmadi
Bahari
Jafari

c5a^*.l

2.

l5jV^

3.

Jeth

kSj^^
Jljl^

4.

Asarh

Darai

56.

Sawan
Bhadon
Asuj
(or

Hashimi
Wasii
Zabarjadi

^^u
^x^lj

7-

Kunwar)
Haidari

8.

Kartik

9-

Aghan
Pus

Tului
Yusufi

^>
j^^.
iS^jk

10.

II.

Magh
Phagun

Yazidi
Bayasi

12.

Li-^

24

ABTATH
I.

Chait
Baisakh

Ahmadi
Bahari

c5^W=-l

2.

C^jV:
J''
iSj^'

3-

Jeth

Taqi

4-

Asarh

Thamari
Jafari

56.

Sawan
Bhadon
Asuj
(or

(Sj^^=-'

Haidari

<5j^-

7-

Khusrawi Kunwar).
Dini
Dhakiri

8.

Kartik

9-

Aghan
Pus

^^ri5

lO. II. 12.

Rahmani
Radi^

j^^j
^^b
u^io

Magh
Phagun

Rabbani

1.

In

this register

Tipu Sultan

writes this

month

as

Razi

(Sj

'J

25

Tipu Sultan

also

adopted the system of

There was, however, a little difference between his system and the traditional Hindu system. Whereas these months were added by the Hindus towards the end of the year, Tipu Sultan added them in the beginning. The names given to each year in the 6oyear cycle were as follows:
intercalary months.

ABJAD
I.

ABTATH
Ji;^!

Ahad

Ahad

a^l

2. 3-

Ahmad

a*.=..l

Ahmad

a^^l

Ab
Aba
Bab
Baj

vi

Ab
Aba
Bab

vl
ijl

456.
7-

M
vli
C^'

vl^
vij'
IjD-

Tab
Jij!

Abad
Abaad
Jah

Taba
Baj

8.

jU
.U
C-''

C^

9o.

Taj

^^
cjir

Awj

Thabit

26

ABJAD
11.

ABTATH
g.^
j^^^^

Haj

Abad
Abaad
Bar
Hajib

j,A

12.
13. 14.

Jahd
Jihad

^ L^rw
j^*.lj

Wajid

15.
16.

Yad
Zuhd
Jawza
Hai
C5-^

j^ibj

Rija

l-J

17. 18. 19.

Ij^:.

Hur
Dur

Wahid
Buduh
Tayyib
Tayib

j^^lj
.

Dar
Rabat
Barid
^j

20.
21.

j(j

J,

22. 23.

^ll,
j^,

Charkh
Kharaj

^jc^

Yuz

^Kk
jU
.^^
v^^j-*^^

24.

Kad
Hawi

25.
26.

or ^jU
ju5"

Taz
Khirad

Kabad
Agah

Badr Tab

27.

o^T

Dur Taj

j^Uj.^

27

ABJAD
28.
29. 30. 31.

ABTATH
jl^s-j

Wahid
Yahi

Dadar

jbb

^_^=.Ij

Zad
Zar
JJ
jlj

Kai

J'^
\.S'

Kaya

Zaar
Bazr

32. 3334. 35.

Kabud
Ibl

:>j^
J,
I

j3^

Zarab
Sata

vTjj

Dil

Ji

Dal
Jibal

Jb

Zartab

36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

ju
^^S
Jj
I

Rabtaz

Zaki

Sakh
Sakha

^U

Azal
Jalu (or
Jilau.)

1^

Daraz

Dalw

^^
^^
jC5"

Dasa

Ma
Kabk

Sha
Sara
Ij

42.

43.
44.

Jam
Jaam

^^
jU

Sarab
Shata

<_>l .*.

I"/:

28

ABJAD
45.

ABTATH
Zabarjad
Sihr

Adam
Wall
Waali

^^

j{)

46.

^:^^

47.
48.
49.
50. 51.

Sahir

^^U

Kawkab
Kawakib S\yS'

Rasikh

Shad
Hirasat

52.
53.
54.
55.

Yam Dawam Hamd

Hamid
Jan

Saz

Shadab
Barish

^^j U
j

Rastar
Bashtar

U^j

Adan

/^^

56. 57.
58.

Huma
Majid

Basharat

oj li.j

Sharh

Kuhl
Jahan
Mujiz

Rushd
Sabah
Irshad
^Ly?
^lijl

59.

60.

29
Before concluding
refer
it
is

necessary

to

to

one
which,
for

more
without

innovation
deserves

of Tipu
special

Sultan

indeed,

comprehending it, the dates in this register would be inexplicable. Like the Arabic script which is written from right to left, Tipu Sultan wrote figures also in this manner. Thus he wrote 54 as 45, 132 as 231, and 1217 In the register he writes his figures as 7 1 2 1 uniformly in this manner, although, to
mention,
.

avoid unnecessary confusion, the translator

has followed the normal practice.

THE

DREAMS
OF

TIPU SULTAN

PREFACE
THE BOOK OF DREAMS
The dreams
I

have had and

am

having are beuig

written in (this register).

^r:?::-;^;:V:S^->;^:v^<;x|.

/.f

.*,

^^?^/<^

"4.

J-'^^-

page from Tipu Sultan's Book of Dreams.

Dream

THREE OFFICERS OF THE

MARHATTA ARMY
On
the
I

St

of the lunar

month Ahmadi,

on Thursday night, in the beginning of 1200 A.H.^, when three the year Dalw, quarters and five watches of the night were over, while at Shamsabad, I had a dream: It appeared to me as if the

Marhatta
to

army had

arrived
its

and

was

throwing out a challenge to

commander
singly.

come forward

and

fight

A
the

Muslim

officer of the

army accepted

challenge.

In the battle-field,

while both

the armies were facing each other, I killed the

Muslim

officer

with one single strike

of the sword. Thereupon the of the army,

commander
I

who was a youth, fled.

in
I

pursued
I

and overtook him and

finished
1.

one stroke
killed

him. Similarly
names
of months and

third

For the

years used by

Tipu Sultan

in this diary

and generally

for his calendar,^^^ pp. 17

33.

36
officer

of importance.

Having thus

killed

three officers with one strike each, I

came

back

triumphant and victorious. saw in the dream all my officers and Sahib^ taking their Haidar meals in a house. I was tired and was asking for drinking water. Those present,
to

my men
I

Then

after

paying

compliments,

requested

me

to

drink water after taking food.

In the

meanwhile a venerable old man wearing a white beard and with cream and sweets in his hands appeared and asked me to partake of them. I took these things from

him and
*'I

after eating

them
is

I said to

myself:

have never before taken such savoury

tasteful

and

food;

it

simply delicious."
ablution,
I

Then,
quired

after

performing

en-

from

my
the
officers

officers

whether they
of the

had destroyed
lievers.

army

unbe-

army replied that they had not and that they had taken no initiative in the matter and had

The

of the Haidari

cousin of Tipu Sultan's father, Haidar Ali.

It

was Haidar
Mysore,

Sahib, himself in the employnient of the Raja of

who had

first

introduced Haidar Ali to the Raja.

37

Meanwhile, they said, the army of the unbehevers together with the booty was stationed in the villages. Having alerted my army, I at once started for the place, took away the sword from
been
awaiting
orders.

my
I

attendant

and

tied

it

to

my

waist.

told

Sayyid
war.

Junaid,^

Sayyid

Ghaffar^

and other officers to be ready with their

men

for

And

that

is

all.

trusted

officer

of Tipu

Sultan's army,

Sayyid Ghaffar, formerly belonging to the army of the

of Arcot,

Nawab
brave
1782.

was a confidant of Tipu Sultan; a very

person and an officer of his

and

loyal

army

since

He
war

died fighting at Seringapatam

in

in the last

Anglo-Mysore
JVishan-i-

which Tipu Sultan himself was

p.

killed.

Haidari,

390.

Dream

II

THE CRESCENT
It

was Sunday, the night of Monday,

lunar
side

of the

year

the

27th

of

^z7Az/}"^,

on

this

of Shahidpur by the

river

Kaveri,^ about the time of the false

dawn

that I

had a dream:

It

appeared to
I

me
of

as if along

with other people

for the

was standing

on a high spot looking

the

new moon

month of Ramadan. None could see the moon. I, however, saw a very slender and beautiful crescent surrounded by several stars
seemed to be pointing the new moon to all others present and telling them that, if God willed, 'Id would be celebrated the following day .... That
of the pleiades.
I
is all.

Seringapatam, the Capital of Tipu Sultan,

is

situated

on the
to

Kaveri. In history and literature the river has

closely interlinked

come
Sultan.

be

with the

memory

of

Tipu

Dream

III

SEATING A KING ON THE THRONE OF DELHI

MUNIFICENT

GOD

On
the

the

15th

of the

month
five

Bahari,

year

Sha,

12 15,

from the birth of

watches

Muhammad, on Monday when

of the day remained,
It
I

had a dream:
in the vici-

seemed

as if I

had ahghted

nity of Delhi,
Chief,

and Sindhia, the Marhatta

had along with his army, similarly encamped quite close to us. A fine officer
of the Delhi

my

word,

army was nearby. Giving him ordered him to come to me.

front
I

The above mentioned

uddin^
sat

in

and Qutbof me and a rosary

officer

lay before them.

asked the officer men-

tioned above to take an oath on the rosary

which symbolises God's word

1

after
a
in

which
member

One

of the generals of

Tipu Sultan,

He was

of the mission that was sent to the

Nizam

1787.

40
I

promised

would

tell

him something. The

officer,

thereupon,

took the oath on the

:

him "You along and Qutbuddin Khan with your men the men of our own army along with should both encamp in front of the
rosary.

Then

I said to

unbelievers and,

if

going to Delhi to
its

God wills, I shall be make arrangements for

will

administration and seat a king on the

since
this I

throne, Islam.

give

strength

to

Once
this I

have done

that, I shall

be
in

able to punish the unbelievers thoroughly."

While
the

conversation

was

still

progress,

woke
of the

contents
is all.

up and wrote down dream immediately.

This

Dream IV

THE PITCHERS OF MILK

O
On

Merciful God!
the
1

8th of the

month Taqi, of

the

year 1218, from the birth of

Muhammad,

on the night of Wednesday, when four watches were yet to go and while returning
after

the

conquest of the

entrenchments

of

Rama

Nayar^

at
I

Madher
had
a

Kerah

dream: It seemed as if a person immediately after milking a cow had brought two small pitchers of fresh milk before me and was saying that he had brought this milk
near

Salamabad^,

Leader of the Malabar insurgents.

Nayars, in general,
Southern India,
see

For a description of the

Castes

E. Thurston.
1909, Vol.

and

Tribes of

V, pp. 283-413. Salamabad was the name given by Tipu Sultan to

Madras,

Satyathat

mangalam.

The

contention of

Mahmud
is

Bangalori

Salamabad was
tanat-i-Khudadadf

the

name

given to Coimbatore
503)

(vide Sal-

4th ed., p.

not

corroborated

by

Kirkpatrick's

Letters of Tipu

Sultan,

translated

by

MahSultan,

mud
Vol.

Banglori into
II,

Urdu and

entitled Sahifa-i-Tipu

p.

181.

42

from the udder and that it was very sweet, tasteful and rich in butter. I took the pitchers from his hand and found this fresh milk bubbling with
for

me

straight

on top. After telling the man that the milk must be very sweet and agreeable to the palate, I took the milk and kept it with me. At this juncture I woke up and wrote down the
particles of butter

scattered

dream.

Dream Y

THE SEA COCOANUTS

Truthful God!

On
jadi,

the 2 1 St night of the

month ZabarTuesday,
night
to

the

following

day
to

being
19th

and corresponding
Zig^'d,

the

of

when morning was about

the Capital,
I I

dawn,
to the

at Patau,

had the following

I

dream:
to

seemed

to

have gone up

large upper
fifty

chamber where
cocoa-nuts.

saw

forty

sea

The

smallest

of

was about the size of a lemon and the was as large as a small pitcher. 1 took them all and kept them in front of me. I cut one of the cocoa-nuts and drank its water. I praised the water of the cocoa-nut and said that it was extremely sweet and refreshing. I had tasted
these

biggest

the

water

of

sea

cocoa-nuts

previously

on two or three occasions but had found it brackish. I was surprised to find the

44
water of these cocoa-nuts so sweet. In the

meantime certain women who were strangers and were sitting there, cut one of the bigger cocoa-nuts and removing its cover opened it and passing on the pulp to me said that it was very sweet. I, thus, took
it

in

my hand.

The

other cocoa-nuts were

still

lying in front of

me when
to sleep.

woke up

and did not again go

Dream VI

THE BERYL MINE

O
Merciful God!

On
man

the 24th/ the following day being

I

Saturday,

had a dream:

venerable old

appeared with a large piece of beryl

in his

hand and said that a mine of this precious stone was situated in the hill named after Makhdum Jahanian Jahan
(Gasht).^

This
is

hill

is

situated

near

The

month

not mentioned in this dream but apparently

the 24th
in the
*

Tipu apparently an omission. Makhdum "Gasht" being popular title of Jahanian Jahan Gasht was the Sayyid Jalaluddin Bukhari, the famous saint of Uchh in the Bhawalpur Division of West Pakistan, He was born in 1307 and died in 1386 at Uchh where he was buried. He " travelled widely and thus came to be known as " Jahangasht Tipu Sultan refers to the hill near Salem or world-rover. named after him. This hill is still known by this name amongst the Muslims of the locality and is situated at a distance of about seventeen miles from Salem. Coffee is grown on it and it is a source of supply for aluminium and sand used in the manufacture of sand-paper. It is also kno^vn by the names of Arkad and Sarwerayan.

of the same month is meant as has been mentioned dream immediately preceding. mentions '*Makhdum Jahanian Jahan," Sultan

46
Salem. Accordingly,
viduals to go
I

ordered trusted indi-

and

find out

what was the

actual position as regards the beryl mine.

Dream VII

THE LINE OF ENTRENCHMENTS

On
of
the

17th of the

month Khusrawi,
from the birth
I

of the year Sarab,

1217,

Muhammad,
to

at Salamabad^,

had

dream: The army of the Sarkar-i-Ahmadi^ seemed

ments
have built a Hne of entrench-

for besieging a fort within

which were
the

the progeny of

Nizam

Ali

Khan and
I I

son of Basalat Jang.

fort

The people within the

had planned
was looking

were sueing

for mercy.

excellent
after

strategems
line

and

the

of entrenchments.
I

At

this

stage I
1

woke up.
under

had
IV.

this

dream while
Government was
for his

See

note
of

Dream No.

One

the names by which Tipu Sultan's

Sarkar-i-Haidari

known, others being

which
Sarkar-i-

and Saltanat-i-Khudadad

became

the most popular

name

kingdom.
Lashkar-

Ahmadi should not be confused

with

the

i-Ahmadi, the
his

name

given

by Tipu Sultan
to Islam

to a section

of

army

to

which new converts

were

recruited.

48
resting before the departure of

Qutbuddin

Khan and

Ali

Raza

to

Nizam AH Khan.^

3 It

was in connection with the mission that the Nizam had sent negotiate peace that he had asked to to Tipu Sultan Qutbuddin Khan and Ali Raza Khan to accompany the Nizam's agents to Hyderabad to secure the establishment of a political as well as matrimonial alliance by marrying Tipu Sultan's represenhis son to the Nizam's daughter.
tatives

reached

the

Nizam's court in February, 1889.

Dream VIII

THE SACRED RELICS FROM HADRAT BANDAH-NAWAZ

On
3rd
the 5th of the

month Raz Thamari,

corresponding to the

of the year Shata,

from the birth of Shawwal, 12 18, Muhammad, on Thursday, while returning to Patau, the Capital, at Salamabad, I had a dream: I saw coming two aged
holy persons, both being
brothers,

with

baggage
they had
of
I

and

provisions.

They
to

told

me
had
as

come according
to

the

orders
known

Hadrat

Bandah-nawaz^
servants),

who
also

Hadrat Bandah-nawaz (kind

Gesu-daraz (the long-haired), is the title of Sayyid Muhammad, a famous saint who spent the last twenty-two years of his life at Gulbarga during the rule of Firuz Shah and Ahmad Shah

Bahmani; b. 721, d. 825 A.H. He was buried at Gulbarga. There was a tradition in the family of Tipu Sultan from the time of his great-grand-father of attachment to and
veneration for the
in
the

tomb of the Gesu-daraz

is

(vide

Nishan-isahit given
p.

Haidari, p. 6) . Jalaluddin Husaini

the

name of the
(Vol.

Cambridge

History

of

India

Ill,

393)

borrowed by M. H. Khan in his History of Tipu Sultan which is not supported by any of the well known authorities on the
subject.

50
sent certain sacred relics.

Then they gave

the

me a few pieces from the covers of the Ka'bah,

the

Madinah-i-Munawwarah and

tomb

of Hadrat Bandah-nawaz, a

copy of the

Holy Qur.'an and some sugar-candy. I took the sacred relics and raised them to my head. I then opened the Qur'an and found it was
written
in a beautiful hand.

Every
of
the

page
pages

of the Qur'an had the

written
I

name
some

of the scribe

on

it.

On

noticed the names of Hadrat Bandah-

Nawaz and

other saints.

Both

the

holy

me that this copy of the Holy had been written by several saints Qur'an Hadrat and that and calligraphists Bandah-nawaz used to recite constantly from this copy. The saint had done a great favour, they added, by sending this
persons said to

copy
they

for

me. They also pointed out that

from among the Hadrat Bandah-nawaz descendants and it was their custom to recite the Fatihah at his tomb and to offer sacrifices
themselves

were

of

around

it.

Then

read

those

verses

51
(of

the

Holy

Qur'an)

inscribed in fine

which had been handwriting on the gate

this

of the tomb.

At

point

woke up.
on

The same the name

eleven

afternoon
of

I offered Fatihah in

Hadrat

Bandah-nawaz

cauldrons

of sweets.

Dream IX

THE WHITE ELEPHANT FROM CHINA

On
the
the

3rd

of the
to

month Thamari
last

which happened

be the

night of

month of Ramadan followed by Td

the year Shata,
12 18,

the next morning,

from the birth of

Muhammad,

at a place

on the

outskirts of

Salamabad, while the

army was returning from Farrukhi,^ I had I seemed to have gone out a dream
:

for a Shikar of elephants

and captured from

herds of elephants

the jungle two or three

numbering
flock

about

two

hundred,

like

Having chosen the good male elephants and after handing them over to the mahouts, the female-elephants and
of sheep.
1

the young ones were set free in the jungle. New name given by Tipu Sultan to Ferokh, now a village
in the

Ernad
to the

district in

Madras.

It

was an

important
raise

place in the time of Tipu Sultan who,

the

indeed, tried to

town

position of a rival to Calicut.

53

The
to

freed

elephants did not run

to stroll there.

and continued
the

Then
the

away came

palace

along

with

captured

elephants.

In front of
several

my

palace, I found

men on two
along
spears

white elephants and two horses

with

foot-men

carrying

and guns who had come from somewhere standing to give me a salute. I also stood up and enquired from them where they had come from. They replied they had come from beyond our country's
frontier

along

with

the

agents

of

the

Emperor of China. I asked them to enter the palace and take a seat in the Diwan-iAm and then called upon the agents of China to appear before me. The two
agents along with the two elephants and
the two horses presented themselves accordingly.

On

reaching the

place of obeisance

they paid their respects.

When
the
is

they proarz-begi^

ceeded towards

me

asked

to stand up, a practice

which

observed

in the case of ambassadors. I noticed that The person who presents the petitions to the chief.

54
both the persons were old and wore white
beards.
after
I

asked them to
after
I

sit

down. Then
of the

enquiring

the

health

Emperor of China
purpose of their

enquired about the

visit.

They

said they

had
the

no

object

in

view

other

than
I

promotion of greater friendship.

asked

the elephants and horses to be brought near

me and I made
I

the elephants take a round.

enquired from them as to what

of

was the
in
their

mode

capturing

elephants

country and explained to them the one

prevalent in our

own which
herd
of

consisted in

capturing

whole

elephants,

selecting the better ones

from among them

ele-

and

setting the rest free in the jungle. I

invited

them

to

have a look at the

that very day.
I

phants

captured

then

ordered the elephants captured

to

that day
ele-

be brought.

Three or four such

before
the

phants

were

placed

Chinese

agents. I told

horses

them that the elephants and which the Emperor of China had

55
sent as a token of affection

and friendship

were,

indeed,

very good,

and that such

a

friendly

interchange

was

charming

custom.

The

Sarkar-i-Ahmadi^ I said to them,

possessed an elephant which

was very white

and a
for

friendly

gesture was
for

ever.

As

example,

remembered some three

or four

thousand years ago, the ruler of

China had sent a present of a white elephant,

a horse and a female
slave
to

Alexander

and

this

one could

still

read in the pages

of the

Sikandar-namah of Hadrat Nizami.^

Perhaps since then the Emperor of China,

I

added, had never sent such a present to

until
it

had been sent to the Sarkar-i-Ahmadi. Having said that I showed towards them. all courtesy and kindness
anyone

The
I

agents mentioned above were very

brave and experienced.

Nizamuddin

They
Ilyas
Persia,
b.

also pointed
Yusuf,

Abu Muhammad
and poets of

bin

one of

the great Sufis

1140.

His famous

work

is

Khamsa, a collection of five great epic poems, One of

is

which
titutes

Sikandar-Namah.

The romance
this

of Alexander cons-

the central

theme of

poem.

56
out that the
.

Chinese had never sent a

white elephant to anyone except Alexander

and the Presence. ing dawned and

In the
I rose.

meantime morn-

Dream

THE TOP OF THE HILL

On
the

29th

of the

month Haidari,

on Thursday, in the early hours of the morning, on the eve of the Marhatta War, at Patau, I had a dream: It seemed as if this servant of God Almighty along with a few persons on elephants and horseback had gone for an excursion across the river. The depth of the water in the river seemed to be somewhat less than a man's height.
After
for

crossing

the

river

the

men

halted
I

a while for drying up the clothes.

also got

down from

the elephant.

At

this

juncture

and an elephant mine gave certain indications as if they were going to fight among themselves. Although the fight had
elephant
that was standing near

my

not started as yet,

thought of climbing
that
I

a hillock nearby in order

at

might be
elephants.

safe

distance

from

the

58

walked towards the hillock but on reaching it I found that there was no path leading to its top. I said to myself I must climb it somehow or the other. Since
I

Slowly

was determined, I proceeded upwards. But I had gone only a few steps when I had to retreat. I again made up my mind and with great effort I ascended the hillock and reached the top. Owing to great fatigue, I was hardly looking at anything when I saw a small door in front. I entered the door and as soon as I went in, a venerI

able old man greeted

me with a ''Salam

alaik'\

asked extreme kindness towards me. In front of

to

me

come near him and

I

showed

the old

saw a darwesh standing resThe crossed). pectfully (with his arms place was very clean and at great height and one could see a whole world from here. I was wondering how unusual was the
occasion and
able old man.

man

how
At

extraordinary the venerthis juncture, I

Place: Patau.

woke up. Before the Marhatta War.

Dream XI

THE BEAR
On
birth

the

loth of the

month designated

Thamari, the year Shata, 1218, from the of Muhammad, Nazarabad^ at while returning from Farrukhi^ when our troops were about to give battle to the
Nazarenes/
hattas,

Nizam
I

Ali

and the Mar-

and, in accordance with the rules

and
I

regulations,

was

encamped

at

distance of about a mile from the army,

was the night of Thursday, the following day being Thursday, on which a parade was held. I saw a newly made fine sword from Nagar* brought
:

had a dream

It

New name
note

of Mysore.

2 See
3

under
is

Dream IX.
^'Nasara"

The word used

tians.

which

is

the equivalent of Chris-

Meant, obviously,
is

are the British.

Nagar

name of a town in the Nagar taluk of Shimoga Mysore. The town was taken by Haidar Ali in 1 763 who gave it the name of Haidarnagar and established It suffered a good deal in it his principal arsenal and mint. during the wars fought by Tipu Sultan who, however, strove
the
district in

hard to restore

its

prosperity.

60
for

me.

unsheathed
I

it

and holding
it

it

in

my hand

was praising

when people
I

shouted that a bear was coming.

stood

up

and saw a very big bear heading towards us. As soon as he came near me I struck him with my sword. With the very first strike I cut his throat and with the second his mouth which was cut into pieces and fell apart. Shortly afterwards came Muhammad Raza, a bear-leader, whom I had left, while on the march, to kill bears. I enquired from him how many bears he had killed. The bear-leader, mentioned above, replied that he had killed four while one had wounded. In the escaped after being I woke up since morning had meantime already dawned. After taking breakfast I was to march to a distance of three miles for military exercises which I did. While the excursion was on, the bear-leader, mentioned above, came and informed me that he had killed two bears and flayed them while one had escaped ^into his den after receiving a wound.

Dream XII

A MESSAGE FROM THE PROPHET

THROUGH HADRAT
On
the Z'^r the
2 1 St

ALI

of the
in

month Haidari,
accordance with
fortieth
I

of the year

Busd^

evaluation,^

the

year

of the cycle, at the place where

had

halted,

on the farther side of the Tungabhadra,^ I had this dream: It appeared to me as if it was the Day of Judgement when

no one would be interested in anyone else. At that time a stranger of great strength and commanding stature with a bright face
1

Corresponding to about
it

786.

From

the

Note on
to the
to

the Calendar

would appear that the names given

are
respectively

fortieth year of

the cycle

Dalw and Desa according

a
later stage.

the ahjad
to

and

ahtath evaluations^

Busd seems

be a modi-

fication introduced at

Busd, according to abtath

2\ {JT
as

would
2 J^ar

also

come
is

to

40 (<^

30; ^

8).

evaluation

the

same

abtath evaluation, see

Note on the Calendar.

3

river of

Southern India, chief tributary

rivers

of the

Krishna,
in

formed by the twin

the Western Ghats.

Tunga and Bhadra which run

62

and red beard and moustaches came to me and taking my hand in his, said to me 'Do you know who I am?' I told him I did not. He then said to me, "I am Murtaza AH and the Messenger of God has said and is still repeating it that he would not set his foot in paradise without you and would wait for you and enter the paradise with you." I felt so happy and woke up. God is all powerful, and the Messenger is the
intercessor. This suffices.

Dream XIII

A WOMAN IN MAN'S DRESS

Prior
to

the
at

night

attack

upon the
side

Marhattas
Devgiri,

Shahnur

by

the

of

month KhusBusd, I had a dream: rawi, of the year It seemed to me as if a handsome young man, a stranger, came and sat down near me. I passed certain remarks in the manner
on the 6th of the
in

which one might,

in

a playful mood,

talk to a
is

woman.

then said to myself: "It

to enter into playful
dis-

not

my

custom

course

with

anyone."

Shortly

thereafter,

and walking a few paces, returned to loosen his hair from beneath his turban, and opening the fastenings
the youth rose,

of his
I

robe,
it

displayed

his
I

bosom,

and

saw

was a woman."

immediately

and seated her and said to her: "Whereas formerly I had only guessed you were a woman, and I had cut jokes with you.
called

64
It
is

now

definite that

you

are a

woman
conver-

in the dress of a

man.

My

conjecture has
this

come

true."

In. the

midst of

sation the

morning dawned, and I woke up. I conveyed the contents of the dream to other people and interpreted it thus: That please God those Marhattas have put on the clothes of men, but in fact will

prove to be women. By the favour of

God

and the

aid of His Messenger,

on the 8th

of the month and the year above mentioned,

on the morning of Saturday, I made a surprise attack upon the army of the unbelievers. Advancing with two or three hundred men, I myself penetrated the camp of the unbelievers, crushing them as I went,
as far as the tent of

Hari Pant

Pharkiah,^
Tipu Maron
his

and they
1

all

fled like

women.
who
fought
against

Well known

Marhatta
the

general

Sultan in the war which the latter waged against

hattas

the

and

Nizam and

in

which he

inflicted defeats

opponents.

Tipu

Sultan's success

on the

battlefield

was not was

reflected in the

terms of the

peace treaty,
to

since he

keen on winning over the Marhattas

conflict

his side for the

which he envisaged with the English

owing

to the

mihtary preparations and diplomatic moves of Lord Wellesley.

Dream XIV

DESTROYING THE ENEMY On the 8th of the month Ja'fari, of

the

year Shata, 1218, from the birth of Muhammad, at Patan, the Capital, in the Darya Bagh, I had a dream: It seemed to me as if a battle had taken place near a wood

with the Nazarenes and all the army of the Nazarenes had dispersed and fled, and by the favour of God the army of the Sarkar-i-

Ahmadi had been

victorious.

The

officer

of the unbelievers, with a few Nazarenes, retreated into a large house and closed
the door. I asked my people as to what was to be done. They advised me to break open the door, in order that the house might suffer no w^hich was ornamented i said to them that the house was damage, built of bricks and mortar, and thereand burn down fore we should set fire the gate and destroy all the Nazarenes within with our muskets. At this juncture and I awoke. By the morning dawned

the favour of

God

it

shall

thus

happen.

Dream

XV

THE KNIFE
On
the 24th of the

month Wash of
I

the

year Dalw^ 121 2 A.H., at Devgiri,

a dream:
ghttering.
I

saw a

knife,

very

fine

had and
fish-

Its

handle was
in

made
hand,
I

of

tooth at the edge of which was set a cor-

nehan.
it

Holding

it

my

praised

and offered it with a sheet of cloth as a robe of honour to the famous saint of Mir Mu'inuddin Bangalore, Suti Sahib. said that it was an excellent knife and he would purchase it from Suti Sahib and
bind
(to
it

to

his

handkerchief.
I

And

said

Mir

Mu'inuddin) that
I

would give

him a

handle of sword made of jasper.

rose.
It

In the meantime

was morning.

Dream XVI

THE FLOWERS
On
the 23rd of the

month

Ja'fari,

on
to

Thursday, at Hartala on the far side of

Panchanguda,

while

intending

to

go
I

war with the

a dream:
It

irrehgious Nazarenes,

had

seemed to me as if I was sitting in the ante-chamber and people were saying that snow and a cold wave were coming like solidified clouds and people
will

die

of the cold wave.

said

God

would show mercy.

cloud appeared,

When

the cold bringing

I also

chamber.
a
I

Inside

the

snake.

I killed it.

went into the inner chamber there was On coming outside

I

saw a

tiger

running away.
little

got hold of
I

a gun and after a

tiger

chase

shot the

dead.

Then

noticed
I

the

same

clouds approaching and

watched them

standing. It seemed to be raining

and along

with rain seemed

to fall

double jasmine

68
flowers of big size

and many other smaller

wild flower buds.

to

And

said,

"Praise be

God who

has favoured

us

with such

and continues to favour us with them". I was in this state of happiness when I woke up and morning dawned.
beautiful flowers

May God

grant his favours

Dream XYII

THE STRANGE COW

On
year
the 7th of the
1217,

month JaTari, of
from
the
birth

the

Shadab,

of
the

Muhammad,

while encamped at Salamthe

attack

abad^ preceding
entrenchments of
these

upon

Rama
I

Nayar,^

after

the Maghrib Prayers,

invoked
in

God
hills

in

terms:

''O

God,

the

the

unbelievers of the land of the

forbidden fasting
all

enemy have and prayer; convert them

of

to

Islam, so that the religion

Thy

Messenger may
ing I

gain in strength."

In the

course of the night, and towards the morn-

had a dream:
the

It

appeared to

me

that after traversing the forests

hills

and high

Ahmadi Sarkar had encamped. On the way and near the place of encampment I saw a cow with its calf,
the
1

army of

New name of Satyamangalam. See Rama Nayar was one of the

revolts

note under

Dream IV.
Malabar

organizers of the

against

Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan.

70
in
its

semblance

like

big

striped

tiger;
like

countenance,

teeth,
its

etc.,

looked

those of a tiger;

forelegs

were

like those

of a cow;
its

it

had no hinder
slight

legs

at

all;
it

forelegs

were in

motion; and

was causing injury to the best of its ability. Having closely examined it, I reached the camp and directed several persons to prepare themselves and accompany me. I said to them: "God willing, on arriving near this cow which looks like a tiger, cut it along I shall with my own hand with its calf into pieces." Having said that,
I

reviewed

my

household

stud and gave

to

orders for two grey horses

be quickly

At this moment the morning appeared and I woke up. At that very moment, the following irjiterpretation of the dream suggested itself to my mind: that the Nazarenes of the hills are like the cow with its calf with tigers; and by the the appearance of favour of God and through the felicity and aid of the Prophet, the place mentioned will
saddled and brought.

71

be reduced with ease and

gious

all

the

irreli-

Nazarenes
that

will

be
I

slain.

The

slight

motion

of the forelegs

interpreted

to

mean
to

they would

make an attempt

wage war, and the absence of hinderlegs indicated that no one would afford them any help and that no Muslim would receive any injury at their hands. Through
the aid of God, be
it so.

Dream XVIII

THE EMERALDS AND

Dream XIX

THE COLLAPSE OF THE GATE

By
birth

the

grace

of God,

in

the

month
9th

Bahari, of the year Shad,

1223, from the

of
15th,

Muhammad, between
I

the

had two dreams: In the course of the first dream I saw a horseman coming and handing over to me a few emeralds of superior quahty and exquisite colour and unequalled in
size,

and

indeed as large as oranges.

I,

there-

upon, said that

we

in our State

and it God's grace that He had bestowed such emeralds on us. It was dawn, and I woke
emerald of
this size

had no was all due to

up.

The

other

dream

is

as follows:

Around
the

the tower at the gate of the

temple,

73
unbelievers

had
lights

tied rods of

wood

at great

heights for the purpose of illumination

and

on them. In a moment fell and the gate collapsed. There was such a crash that all the buildings shook and this servant of God also came out of the building somewhat disturbed. I asked people to come out of their houses quickly and enquire about the people who were residing in the many houses that were situated so close to the temple. People went and brought the news that the gate had collapsed but the people living in the neighbourhood were all safe. In the meantime morning dawned and I woke up.

had

fixed

the lights went out and the rods

Dream
:

XX

DREAM XX THE THIEF

On
the

29th of the month Ja'fari, of

1223,

the year Shad,

from the birth of

to

Muhammad,
I

corresponding

the

28th

of Muharram, on

Thursday, early in the

had a dream: It seemed as if morning, I had said my morning prayers with a large congregation after which all of us had remained seated. Sayyid Ali Qazi and Abdur Rahman Maulvi proposed to the gathering to have a three-lettered Khatm}y in the same sitting, for, according to them, there was
great virtue attached to
proposal.
it.

accepted the

They

said

one hundred people

in

should
1

participate
stated

the

recital.

I
Sufi of

It

may be

on the authority of a knowledgeable

virtue
in
is

Karachi that
ed (^J
pate.

great

attached

to

the

three-letter-

^^^^ Khatm
^'Muiz'* VJ"*'*)

which up

to 117 persons

can

partici-

is

the three-lettered attribute of God,

beginning with the

letter

M (p) with which the Khatm

starts.

75
expressed

my
I

willingness to join but

told

them

that

could not remain seated for

long hours and, therefore, a hundred persons

should be chosen excluding myself though

I

would

also

associate

myself

with

it.

They chose
began
with

the
the

persons
letter
I

accordingly and
'M'.

When

the

Khatm commenced

found myself among

those persons
others

the participants. Apart from

who were
food.

taking part in the Khatm,

were seated on one side and were taking

When

was going

for

my
and

prayers

along with other

culvert, I

men and had

crossed the

came
I

across a black

bulky

Marhatta with an empty tray

in his hand.

saw him, I drew out As soon as dagger and asked him who he was. He

my
told

me

that

he

was

Dhonduji's^

servant

and house-steward and that he had brought As he entreated gold and silver for me.

me
1

to

accept the present and generously

it

distribute

to

whomsoever
chief.

liked,

Dhondu Pant Gokhale, a Marhatta

76
asked him
to

wait

till

had
said,

finished
I

my
on

prayers after which,

would

talk to him.

He was

thus

sitting

when

the

conclusion
Ali^

of

the

prayers,

Ghulam

came and submitted

that this

particular person

entered his house.

ful for this

man

was an intruder who had I asked him to be careseemed to be a great thief

his horse.

who might run away with

I

And

asked the unbeliever to surrender the

had brought to the Sarkar-iKhudadad and I made him understand that like him many people if I freed a person ruined. In the meantime rain would be came in torrents and I woke up.
things

he

2 Perhaps

Ghulam AH Khan
in
1

is

meant who was

the

one of the
Sultan of

ambassadors despatched by Tipu Sultan to

Turkey

786.

Dream XXI

THE NIZAM'S REPRESENTATIVE

On
of
the

25th of the

month Rabbani,

of the year Rasikh,

1222, from the birth

Muhammad, when
I

four watches of day

I

saw that the Diwan of Nizam Ah Khan had arrived. As to his appearance, he had no teeth in the mouth and he had dyed his hair. He was The servant of God seeking help from me. said to him, ''AH right, you settle down! Let me consult my advisers, after which you will have my reply." After speaking to him in this manner, I sent -him outside the fort for being put up and said to myself that one should console such people in conversation. The Poonaite^ was the first to seek assistance and now it was the
remained,

had a dream:

turn

of those

people

to

seek

assistance.

But one could not depend on their word. At this juncture I woke up.
I

Pconawala

is

the term used by which

is

meant the Peshwa.

Dream XXII

THE EXTRAORDINARY IDOLS

On
the 8 th of the

month

Zakiri,

on the

night of Tuesday, the following day being

Wednesday, of the year Hirasat, 1224, from

the
to

birth

of

Muhammad,
of

corresponding
in

the

7th
I

Jamadi'Ul'thani,
the

the

morning,

had

following

dream:

There seemed to be a big temple, the back portion of which was slightly damaged.
It

contained several large

idols. I

went into

the temple along with a few other

men

and noticed that the idols were seeing like human beings and their eyes were in motion. I was surprised to see the eyes of the idols moving like those of the living and wondered

what could

it

be due
the

to.

Then I approached them. row there were two female

wixt

In
idols.

last

One

of

these two, drawing out her sari from bet-

her

two

knees,

stated

that

both

79

women while the rest of were the images of men and other objects. She added that they had
of them were
the
idols

been praying to God

her,

for a long time

and

everyone ought to nourish oneself.

I said to

"That

is

fine,

pied with the remembrance of God."

ing said that
dilapidated
I

do keep yourself occuHav-

ordered

my men

to repair the
I

building.

In the meantime

woke up.

Dream XXIII

THE MANGO GROVE

On
the
1

2 th
1

of the

month

Ja'fari of the

year Hirasat,

224, from the birth of Muham-

mad, on Monday, early in the morning, I had a dream It seemed to me as if this

:

servant of

God

Almighty, riding an
a

ele-

phant,

went

into

noticed a large

mango grove and number of clusters of man-

length,

Each mango, a cubit in was so big in size. Some of the mangoes were round and these were as
goes on the trees.

large as cocoa-nuts.
I was very pleased to see these mangoes and plucking many of them from the trees, I put them in front of me, in the canopied litter of the elephant. I was still having a ride in the grove when I woke up.

Dream XXIV

FRENCH TROOPS
On
the
the
1

2 th

of the

month
from

Bahari, of
the
birth

year

Hirasat,

1224,

of

Muhammad, on
following

the night of Thursday,

the

day

being

Friday,

and

towards the morning, this servant of

had a dream: It was represented that a Frenchman of standing had arrived. I sent for him, and he came. When the Frenchman came, I was absorbed in some
business.
I

God to me

But

as

he approached the throne

noticed
I

him.

him and I asked him to

after
his

and embraced take a seat and inrose

quired

health.

The

Christian

then said: 'T have come with ten thousand

Franks to serve the Sarkar-i-Khudadad^ and

I

have disembarked them

are
well-built,

all

on the

shore.

They
I,
1

stout

and young."

thereupon, said to him,

"That

is

fine.

See note under DreemVII.

82

Here too and the

large
this

all

the equipment for

war

is

ready
in

followers
to

of Islam are eager,

prosecute
Jihad''

numbers,

At
I

moment

the

morning came and

awoke.

Dream

XXV

THE NIZAM'S MINISTER

On
the
the

14th of the

month

Bahari, of

year

Hirasat,

1224,

from the birth

Saturday,

of
1

Muhammad, on
had a dream:
to

the night of
I

saw Asad
the

Ah Khan^
had
of

come come

me.

He

submitted

that he
territory

after

conquering

Kuddapah^.
have him.
I

He

offered his
if

services with

four thousand horsemen,

only

would

indicated
in

my

acceptance of

the offer but,

addition to the service

I

of four thousand,
present.

asked

for

an yearly

In the meantime morning came

and
1
1

awoke.

Asad Ali Khan, a Minister of the Nizam, sent to Tipu Sultan in 786 to dissuade him from attacking Adoni. Later he led an army against Tipu Sultan in 1795. Nishan-i-Haidari, p. 302 and Mackenzie, A Sketch of the War with Tippoo Sultan
Vol.
2

II,

p.

66.

Madras. In the time of Tipu Sultan it was After 1799 it formed a part of the Nizam's Dominions for a short while and then , in 1800, passed into the hands of the East India Company.
district

in

included in his State.

Dream XXVI

THE EXPULSION OF THE ENGLISH

On
the 3rd of the
to the
I

ponding

St

month Razi, corresof the month oi Sha'ban^

1224, from the birth of

Muhammad, on
at

Monday,
metropoHs,

the
in

night
the

of Tuesday,
early

the the

hours

of

morning, I had a dream: Raghunath Rao,^ who had been the Marhatta agent, to me before, appeared before me and said, "The EngHsh have suffered a crushing defeat in Europe and are now on the verge
of leaving Bengal
ing his statement,
I if

voluntarily."
I

On
is

hearfine,

said,

"That

will despatch troops as well as

money;

God

wills,

the Nazarenes shall be expelled

from India."
I

Perhaps meant

is

Raghunath

Rao

Patwardhan

who

on
as

numerous occasions had dealings with Tipu Suhan both

a soldier and a diplomat.

Dream XXVII

THE HAJJ
On
the 29th of the
to

month Razi,
of Sha'bariy
at

corres-

ponding

the

27th

1224,

from the birth of

jangor where
I

Muhammad,

had gone

for shikar

Tanand

had ordered the construction of a

I

fort to

be named Ilahabad, early in the morning,

had a dream: It seemed I had gone for Hajj. When I was entering the sanctuary of the Ka'bah, a respectable and distinguished gentleman from among the Arabs came and took me into the Ka'bah and indicated to
I

me how
his

should

ojfifer

followed

instructions in saying

my prayers. my

prayers.

Stone.

Then he asked me to kiss the Black The Black Stone was affixed to a big

square towards the lower side of the wall.

I felt

very happy at the time of kissing the

I

Stone and

did

it

with the greatest reverence.

Inside the sanctuary where there was not

86

much room, there was a box. The gentleman said that the turban which was kept there had been conferred on me by God and he asked me to grasp it. He then took
out the turban from the box and handed
it

over to me.

seized one

end of the turban

and
It

he seized the other

it

and together we
laid

unfolded

and found

it

with gold.

was an exquisite piece of craftsmanhaving a look at

put
it,

ship. After

refolded

the turban with care and

it

in the

box
out.

and carried

it

with me. Then

came

The venerable
I

gentleman told

me

that

there was an idol at

ought to

insult

and

some distance which at which I ought to

with
at
it.

throw
I

stones.
I

In

accordance
stones

his

instructions

threw
visit

Then
In the

proceeded to
I

certain shrines.

meantime

awoke.

Dream XXVIII

THE FRESH DATES

At the capital, on the night of Sunday, the following morning being Monday, the 2nd of the month Zakiri, of the year Saz,

Muhammad, of 1225, from the birth the 3rd to corresponding Jamadi-ul thaniy I had a dream: It seemed to me as if three silver trays of fresh dates known as ratb were brought and placed before me. The dates were each of the size of a span. They were fresh and full of juice. It was reported to me that they had been reared in the garden. At that moment I awoke and found it was morning. This servant of God interpreted the dream as follows: That by the grace of merciful God the dominions and homes of all the three Kafirs^ shall fall into his hands. On the 3rd of the
month mentioned above news Nizam Ali was dead.
I

arrived that
not only the

Among
British

the three

Kafirs

are

obviously included

and the Marhattas but the Nizam! In the eyes of Tipu Sultan he who sided with the Kafirs was a Kafir,

Dream XXIX

A BATTLE WITH THE ENGLISH

On
the
the 28th of the
Saz,

month
the
to

Zakiri,

of

year

1225,

from
12 12

birth

of

Muhammad,
of

corresponding

the

26th

Jamadi'ul'thani,

A. H., at the
I

had a dream: It seemed as if a battle had taken place between the Sarkar-i-Khudadad^ and the Nazarenes. This servant of God was standing on a hillock and the troops had similarly taken their position upon it. All of them were asking for permission to let off their guns and were saying: 'Tf God the Most High wills, we shall turn out the In the meanNazarenes from India".
metropoHs, on Wednesday,
while
I

woke up.

See note under dream VII

Dream

XXX

IN

THE ASSEMBLY OF SAINTS

the 2 1 St of the

On

month
i

Zakiri, of the

year Saz, 1225, from the birth of

Muham-

mad, corresponding
ul'thani,

to the

gth of Jamadi-

on Saturday, at the metropohs, I had a dream: It seemed as if this servant of God had gone to an assembly of saints where he saw about
12 12

A. H.,

fifty to sixty saints sitting.

They
I

all

greeted

me

with

Salam-'alaik.

saw 'AtauUah

Shah Sahib^
saints.

also

sitting

among
went and
a

the
sat

He
I

called

me.

before him.

He

asked
''Sir,

me
I

to get hold of a

gun.

replied:

am
shall

soldier;

whoever may
to seize

possess a
I

gun or any other

be the
I
first

arms, these are mine.

a gun". In the meantime

woke

up.

divine

contemporary

of

Tipu Sultan.

Dream XXXI

THE GIFT OF THE TURBANS

month Rahmani, on Friday, the night of Saturday, 1225, from the birth of Muhammad, in the
the 25th of the
I had a dream: saw Hadrat Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him,) bestowing on me a green turban and asking me to bind it on my head. I did it accordingly. Then Hadrat Bandah-nawaz^ bestowed a turban and asked me to put it on my head which I did. Then Hadrat Ahmad^ bestowed a turban and I bound it on my

On

hours of the morning,

I

head.

On
when

the top of the mountain there

fort.

was an excellent
at
it

was having a look

woke up.
is

My

interpretation

of the dream

that

God Almighty and

the

our
1

Prophet
seven
under
note

have

conferred

empire

of the
See
It is

climes

upon me.
it is

not clear

Dream VIII. who is meant, may be

Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-Thani,

Dream XXXII

THE BRIDGE OF ELEPHANTS

On
of
I

the

2th

of the

month Ahmadi,

of the year Shadab,

1226, from the birth

Muhammad, on

the night of Thursday,

had a dream. The troops seemed to be stationed by the side of the river. This servant of the High was on horseback. He saw that the river was in spate and
he issued instructions that
should be
in
all

the elephants
to

brought

and made

stand

the

river,

one adjacent to the other,

thus forming a bridge.

He

then asked the

troops to cross the river

by passing over the backs of the elephants and under their The whole army actually protection. In the crossed the river in this manner. meanwhile I woke up.

Dream XXXIII

ALMONDS AND STONES

On
the
I

St

of the

month

Dini, of the year

Shadab, 1226, from the birth of mad, on Thursday, when four

poHs,
I

Muhamwatches

of the day were yet to go, while in the metro-

had a dream I seemed to be reciting the names of God on almonds among which I had mixed 'salgram'i stones, salgram being an object of worship by the unbelievers. My motive in doing so was that like their idols who were embracing Islam, the unbelievers also would enter
:

the

fold

of

Islam.

On

concluding

my
and

recitation, I stated that all the idols of the

unbelievers
I

had

embraced

Islam

ordered the

stones to be picked out

and
repre-

replaced
I

by almonds.
who
is

My

interpretation
of water
stone

small flinty stone

senting Vishnu

rounded by the
is

action

said to have been turned to

rivers

by a

curse. It

found in the beds of the

Narbada

and Gandak.

93

by the grace of God all unbelievers would embrace Islam and the country would pass into the hands of the Sarkar-iis

that

Khudadad.

Dream XXXIV

SHAIKH
On
of

SA^DI

OF SHIRAZ
month Khusrawi, on
from the birth

the 13th of the

Monday,

in the year 1226,

Muhammad,

corresponding to the
12 13 A. H.,

nth
the

of Jamadi-uUawwaU
fourteenth night of

on

the moon, the follow-

ing day being Tuesday, in the early hours

of the morning,

had a dream:

saw
this:

Hadrat Sa'di

Shirazi.^

The

appearance
like

of the aforesaid

was somewhat
most

he was big-bodied with a large head and a

long and white beard.
offered
I

respectfully
to

him a

seat.

He seemed

be very

pleased. I enquired from

tries
1

him what counArcot,^

poet

he had

visited.
Sa^di

"Hindustan,^

Shaikh

Muslihuddin

of Shiraz; famous Persian

writer; b. 1184; the date of his death is uncertain but he is said to have lived for about 100 years. His best known works are Gulistan and Bustan. In poetry he is sup-

and

posed to be the master of ghazal. Northern India. At present an inland district on the eastern side of the State of Madras. In Muslim times there was a Sub ah of Arcot.

95
the the

country country
several

of of

Abdun Nabi Khan,'

Kalopant^
reply.

and
and
seat.

Konkon"^
recited
after

was

his

Then he

verses

and

couplets

going round the palace he took a

I

In the meantime

woke up,

since

the

morning had already dawned.

Abdun Nabi Khan had

self

carved

out a

principality for

him-

sometime during the

first

quarter

of

the eighteenth

century centring in the

district of

Kuddapah.
about

He
730.

brought

certain adjacent areas such as

his
^

Salem and Goimbatore under

died
1

sway.

Abdun Nabi Khan

all

Kalopant

was the

powerful Minister of Venkat Rao, and

as such, the real ruler of

Nargund, a petty

state,
is,

which was
at present,

annexed by Tipu Sultan in 1785. Nargund

a taluka in the Dharawar District of Bombay.

3

Konkan

is

the

name

applied to the tract of country below

the Western Ghats including

Bombay and
Goa,
etc.

the district of

Thana, Kolaba, Ratanagiri and the

as well as the islands of Janjira,

coast strip of

Kanara,

Dream

XXXV

MAULANA JAMI
AND
Dream XXXVI

THE PLANTAIN FRUITS

On
at

the 24th of the

month Taqi, of

the

year Shadab, on Friday, in the afternoon,

had a dream: It seemed as if this servant of God had gone into a garden in which there were several buildings. The people told me that Maulana Jami^ was staying there. I went to the Maulana and expressed my pleasure at his arrival. The Maulana said to me. 'T have come to meet you". I again repeated how nice and appropriate it was that he had come,
Haidarabad,
I
I

Maulana Nuruddin
in the district of

Abdur
in

Rahman Jami;

great

Persian

poet, often described as the last classic poet of Persia; b. 1414

Jam

the

Province of Herat;
disciple

d.

1492;

greatly influenced

by mystic thought; a

of Saduddin
successor

Muhammad

Kashghari, himself a disciple and

of

the famous sufi saint,

Bahauddin Naqshband,

97

and added, "In old times lived Maulana Sa'adi, and in our own God Almighty had produced Maulana Jami and sent him to us. I shall seek his blessings". Having said
that I took the
residence.

Maulana with me

to

my

That very night in the early hours of had another dream A young and beautiful woman, putting on costly jewellery and clothes, came to me. She was carrying three big ripe plantain fruits of the size of large cucumbers. She handed over the fruits to this servant of God, and I said, I had never seen such plantain fruit. I ate one of them and found it extremely sweet and delicious. In the meanwhile I woke up.
the morning I
:

Dream XXXVII

THE ARMIES OF THE UNBELIEVERS

On
of
the

loth of the

month Rahmani,

of the year Shadab, 1226, from the birth

Muhammad,

corresponding to the gth

12 13 A. H.,

of the

month of Shaban,

on

the night of Wednesday, the following day

being
polis,

Wednesday, while at the metroI had a dream. I saw one of the

unbelievers

armies of the

being
behalf
said

killed

and

taken

prisoner
I

on
also

of the

Sarkar-i'Khudadad.

that

news
the

had
vers

reached

me

informing

me

of

arrival

of another
expressed

army of
the

the unbeliethat
it

and

feeling

ought to be similarly destroyed. I started accordingly in order to accomplish this

mission.
it

In

the

meanwhile

woke up;

was morning.

99

SAYYID MUHAMMAD ASLAM'S DREAM Sayyid Muhammad Aslam, a

residing at Kolar^
sent a
to the Prince saying that in the

divine

memorandum
month of
being Thurs-

Rajab-al'Murajjab,
the course of

the day

day, he had received the following tidings

(in

a dream)
sitting

The Imam
on
a
red
attendance.

of the
floor.

world^

was

The faqir^ was

Hadrat

also

in

Suddenly
seized
outside,
horse.

Shah
arrived.

Murtaza

mallah-u-Wajhu^

Hadrat

All's

arm,
to

KaraThe Prophet brought him

a piebald

and asked him

mount

The

Prophet himself rode another

his shoul-

one and fixed a naked sword on

der.

Thus the two departed. They had gone some distance when they saw hundreds of thousands of Nazarenes armed with
guns.

Suddenly there was a loud thunder

of the State of Mysore.
of
Islam.
himself.

district in the east

The

Prophet

Sayyid

Muhammad Aslam

Hadrat Ah.

100

from behind and

their heels.
I

all

the Nazarenes took to

After covering about two miles

saw the party returning towards the metrohighly

pleased.

polis

They stopped
the

at

Messanger of God, on whom be peace, was sitting on a prayer carpet and near him was a boy
another
place.
five to six years old.

Here

Many

leaders of

reli-

gions were present in a

in

row
In

like followers

congregational

prayer.

while

Hadrat Murtaza Ali

said

mean(to the Mesthe

senger of Allah) pointing to the boy, that he

was the Sultan. The Hadrat, thereupon, uttered the words ''Daimun, Qaimun'' *' and Qaimun, Daimun "^ Hadrat Ali, asked the names of the Comthen
(the boy)

panions

of

the

Cave^

to

be

inscribed

on

his

(the Sultan's) standard. After

makthe

ing an obeisance, I went out and saw

the

all

seven Khwajas, clad in shreds and patches

1

Literally
It

words stand

for

"durable

and

perpetual".

may

be taken as a prayer for the durability and

of

perpe-

tuation
^

Tipu
or the

Sultan's

regime.
history
is

A shab-i-Kahf

Companions of the Cave whose

related in the eighteenth chapter of the

Holy Quran.

101
going.

Somone asked

this

servant as

to

who

were and he repHed that these were: Khawajah Yusuf HamBayazid Bastami,^ dani\ Khawajah
these dignitaries

Kharqani^, Khwajah Abul Hasan Khwajah Bahauddin Naqshband^ and Mansur Maturidi.^ The Khwajah Abu made an Shahinshah^ came. All then
obeisance and
1

left.

Khawaja

A.C., buried at

and Ghauth-i-Azam frequently

2

bin Ayyub Hamdani; b. 1048; d. 1140 Marw; disciple of Shaikh Abu Ali Farindi Shaikh Abu Ishaq Shirazi. Used to meet Hadrat

Yusuf

at

Baghdad.

Bayazid Bastami's real name was Abu Yazid Taifur bin Isa bin Surushan; a famous Sufi saint who died in 875 or 878 A.C., buried at Bastam, a town in the Persian province of Khorasan.

Shaikh Abul Hasan Kharqani; a great Sufi; his real name was Ali; his Kwmiyat was Abul Hasan; contemporary of Bayazid Bastami; there is a long discourse on him by Shaikh Fariduddin Attar in his Tadhkiratul Awliya translated by R.A.
Nicholson,
1907.

Muhammad
band,
b.

bin Muhammad Bahauddin al-Bukhari founder of the Naqshbandi order of

d.

NashqSufiism,

1317;

1389.

Abu Mansur

Maturidi, the head of the Maturidi school of Muslim theology which is orthodox and Sunnite; contemporary of Ashari, the founder of another orthodox school; defended orthodox Islam by the same weapons of logical argument with which the Mutazalites attacked it; died in
of Islam.

6.

Samarqand in 944 A.C. The '*King of Kings," i.e. the Prophet

INDEX
Abdun Nabi Khan, 95. Abdur Rahman Maulvi,
Bandanawaz
74.

(Gesu-daraz,)

49> 50, 51, 91.

Abjadf 21 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 285

Abtath, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 61.

Basalat Jang, 47.

Bayazid Bastami, Khwajah, loi

Beatson,

Abu

A,

8n,

9n.

Maturidi, Mansur Khwajah, loi. Abul Hasan Kharqani, Khwajah,

lOI.

Bengal, 84.

Bibliotheque Nationale,
Bibliotheque

7.

Royale,
85.

7.

Ahmad, Hadrat,
Ahmadi Sarkar Ahmadi)

90.

Black

Stone,

Ahmad Shah Bahmani, 49n

(see

Bombay, 95 n.
British,

Sarkar-i-

the,

(See English, the)

Bustan,

94n.

Al-Aziz, the Fatimid, 19.

Calicut, 52n.

Alexander, 55, 56.

Cambrid,^e History

Ali,

Hadrat,

of India,

vol

12, 61, 62, 99, 100.

I I.

49n.

Ali

Raza Khan,

48.

Castes

Anglo- Mysore
Arabs, the, 85.
Arcot, 37n, 94.

War,

3 7n

and Tribes India i 4 in.

of

Southern

China, 52, 53, 54, 55.

Chinese, the, 56.

Arkad, 45n.

Coimbatore, 4 in, 95n.

83.

Asad

Ali

Khan,

Companions of the Cave,

100.

Ashab-i'Kahf,

100

Darya Bagh,

65.

AtauUah Shah, 58
at-Tai, 19.

Delhi, 39, 40.

Devgiri, 63, 66.

Bahauddin
lOI.

Naqshband,

96n,

Dhonduji (Dhondu Pant

khale,) 75.

Go-

Bahawalpur, 45,

East India

Company,

8,

83n.

104
English, the, (see also
the

Na-

India, 19, 84, 88.

zararenes) 6411, 84, 88.

Ernad,
Ethe,

India Office Library,

Inglis,

7, 8.

5211.

Herman,

Hugh,

8.

7,

9.

Islahet-teqvim,

Europe, 84, 84.

Farrukhi,
52.

19.

Islam, 39, 47n, 92, 93.

Ferokh, 52n.
Firuz Shah Bahmani, 49n.
Franks, the, 81.

Jahanian Jahan-gasht,

Makli-

dum,

45.

Jalaluddin Husaini, 49n.

Frenchman,

the,

81.

Jam, 96n. Jami, Maulana,

Janjira,
Jihad,

96,

97.

Gandak, 92n.
Gesu-daraz, (see Bandanawaz)
Ghaffar, Sayyid, 37.

95n.

82.

Junaid, Sayyid, 37.

Ka'bah, 50, 85.

76.

Ghulam AH Khan,
Goa, 95n.
Gulbarga, 49n.
Gulistan, g^-n.

Kalopant, 95. Kanara, 95n.

Kaveri, 38.

Khamsa, 55n.
7,

HabibuUah,
Haidar

8.

Khan, M.H., 49n.

Ali, 36n, 59n, 69n.

Khayyam, Umar,
Kirkpatrick,

19.
7,

Haidar Sahib,
Haidarabad,

36.

W.,

8,

41 n.

96.

Kolaba, 95n.

Haidarnagar, 59n.
Hajj, 85.

Konkan,
Krishna,

95.
the,

61.

Hartala, 67.

Kuddapah,

83,

95n.

Herat, gGn.
Hijrat, 18, 20.

Lashkar-i-Ahmadiy

47n.

Hindustan, 94.
Hisab-i'Zary 21, 61.
History of Tipu Sultan, 49n.

Mackenzie, 83n.

Madher Kerah,
(See Medina),

41.

Madinah-i-Munawvvarah,
Madras, 4on. 4n, 52n, 83n, 94n

Ilahabad, 85.

105
Mahmud Banglori, 4111. Makhdum Jahanian Jahangasht,

Nizami, 55.

Northern India, (See Hindustan)

45.
4111, 6911.

Ottoman Government,
Panchanguda,
19.

19.

Malabar,

67.

Malik Shah, the Seljuq,

Marhattas, the,
59. 63, 64, 75, 84.

Patan, (See Seringapatam.)

5^i
Persia, 96n.

13, 35, 57j

Peshwa,

Mecca,
Medina,

the, 77.

18.
18,

Pharkiah, Hari Pant, 64.

50.
the,

Poonaite,
(See
Serin-

(See

Peshwa.)

Metropolis,

gapatam)
Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-Thani,
9011.

Quran,
the Prophet,
12,

10, 50, 51.

Qutbuddin Khan,

39, 40,

48.

Muhammad

20, 31,41.4749,52,61,62, 64, 65, 69, 70, 72, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 94, 99, 100, 10 1.

Raghunath Rao,

84.

Rama

Nayar, 41, 69.

Ratnagiri, 95n. Sa'di of Shiraz, 94, 97.

Muhammad
Mysore, 59n.

Raza, 60.
66.

Sa'duddin

Muhammad

Kash-

Muinuddin, Mir,

ghari, 96n.

Sahifa-i-Tipu Sultan, 4 in.

Nagar, 59, 60.

Salamabad, 41, 47, 49,

52,

Naqshband, (See Naqshband.)

Narbada,
the, 92n.
9511.

Bahauddin

Salem, 45n, 46, 95n.

Salgram, 92.
Saltanat-i'Khudadad, 4 in, 76, 81, 88, 93, 98.

47n,

Nargund,

Nayars, 4 in.

Sarkar-i-Ahmadiy 47, 55, 65.

Sarkar-i'Haidari,

Nazarabad,

59.

47n.
Sal-

Nazarenes, 59, 65, 67, 70, 71,

84, 88, 99.
Nishan-i-Haidari, 37n, 83n.

Sarkar-i-Khudadad, (Sec tanat'i-Khudadad.)

Sarwerayan, 45n.

Satyamangalam,
Sayyid
45".

4 in,

69n.

Nizam,

the, 13, 39n, 47, 48, 59, 64n, 77, 83, 87. the, 83n.

Sayyid Ali Qazi, 74.

Jalaluddin
Bukhari,

Nizam's Dominions,

106
Sayyid

Muhammad,

4911.

Thurston,
15, 17,

4 in.
7, 8, 9. 11, 13, 14,

Sayyid

Muhammad
99Letters

Aslam,
Svitan,

Tipu Suhan,

H,
Select
7,

of

Tipoo

21, 26 29, 31, 33, 35, 36n, 37^, S^n, 39^, 20,

4in.
7,

Seringapatam

14, 37,n, 3811,

45n, 47n, 48n, 59n, 64n, 69n, 84n, 88n, 100.

49n, 76n,

52n, 83n,

43, 57, 58, 65, 88, 92.

Shahidpur, 38.

Tungabhadra,

61.

Shahnur, 63.

Uchh, 45n.
35.

Shamsabad,
Shimoga, 59.

Umar Khayyam,
Venkat Rao 95n.
Vishnu, 92n.

19.

Sikandarnamahy 55.

Sindhia, 39.
Sketch

of

the

War

with Tipp09

Sultaurif

A,

Wellesley, Marquis, 8, 64n.

8311.

Sultan of Turkey, the,

Suti Sahib, 66.

West Pakistan, 45n.

7611.

Western Ghats, 6 in, 95n.

Thana,

Yusuf Hamdani, Khwajah,

9511.

loi,

Times Press, Sadar, Karachi.

RETURN TO the

circulation desk of

any

University of California Library

or to the

NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station

University of California

Richmond,

CA 94804-4698

ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date.

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

SENT ON ILL

JUN

2001

U.C.BERKELEY

MAR

1 7 2007

y
12,000 dl/QS^

,J^^^jllfl