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Sanjeev kr. Chaswal Advocate and IPR Attorney LL.M. IPR and ARB .and MS Cyber law and security
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1/24/2013
1/24/2013
By the end of the Conference, the Articles of Agreement of the IMF and the Articles of Agreement of the IBRD were ready for ratification by member governments. The Articles of Agreement for both organizations entered into force on December 27, 1945. The Inaugural Meeting of the Boards of Governors of the Fund and the Bank took place on Wilmington Island, Georgia, near Savannah, in March 1946. Bretton Woods Monetary Conference, held on July 1-22, 1944
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International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established to facilitate international payments. (ii) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. After the War, European countries and Japan had to rebuild their production plants; this meant that these countries required a large amount of foreign capital.
GATT NEGOTIATIONS
Year
1947 1949
Place/Name
Geneva Annecy
Topics covered
Tariffs Tariffs
Countries
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1951
1956 1960-61 1964-67 1973-79
Torquay
Geneva Geneva (Dillon Rnd) Geneva (Kennedy Rnd) Geneva (Tokyo Rnd)
Tariffs
Tariffs Tariffs Tariffs & AD Tariffs, NTBs & framework Agreements
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26 26 62 102
Creation of GATT
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and trade was the result of an international conference held at Geneva in 1947 to consider a draft charter for the International Trade Organization (ITO). The US initiated negotiations with 22 other countries that led to commitments to regulate 45,000 tariff rates.
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Creation of GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Treaty organization affiliated with the United Nations whose purpose was to facilitate international trade. The primary actions of the organization were to freeze and reduce tariff levels on various commodities and was originally intended to become a part of the International Trade Organization (ITO); however, the ITO failed to be created, so the GATT was left as an independent organization. In 1994, GATT was superseded by the WTO.
Creation of GATT
Technically, GATT was viewed as an agreement under the provisions of US Reciprocal Trade Act of 1934, and hence did not require approval of Congress. It was considered a provisional agreement that would be replaced once the ITO became operational to take over its functions. So GATT began its provisional existence on January 1, 1948, when 23 contracting parties signed the agreement. However, US Congress refused in 1950 to ratify the treaty establishing the ITO.
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The negotiated legal rules included in the various WTO agreements cover the following topics:
Trade in Goods Trade in Services Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights Dispute Settlement Trade Policy Reviews
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TRIPS Council
Director-General Secretariat
CTD (Development) CTE (Environment) CRTA (Regionalism) BOP Budget WG (Accessions, Investment, competition, Government Procurement)
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Budapest Treaty
Patent law requires that the details of an invention must be fully disclosed in order for others skilled in the relevant field to be able to replicate it. Disclosure is normally achieved by means of a written description and supplemented where necessary by drawings. In the case of inventions involving the use of microorganisms, these patentability requirements may be difficult to fulfill. EXAMPLE: It would be almost impossible to describe an organism isolated from soil and improved by selection, e.g. mutation, so that another person could be guaranteed to isolate and improve exactly the same strain from the soil in exactly the same way
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Madrid System for the International Registration of Trade Marks The Madrid system for the international registration of marks (the Madrid system) established in 1891 functions under the Madrid Agreement (1891), and the Madrid Protocol (1989). It is administered by the International Bureau of WIPO located in Geneva, Switzerland. Thanks to the international procedural mechanism, the Madrid system offers a trademark owner the possibility to have his trademark protected in several countries by simply filing one application directly with his own national or regional trademark office
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Madrid System for Registration of Marks An international mark so registered is equivalent to an application or a registration of the same mark effected directly in each of the countries designated by the applicant. If the trademark office of a designated country does not refuse protection within a specified period, the protection of the mark is the same as if it had been registered by that Office. The Madrid system also simplifies greatly the subsequent management of the mark, since it is possible to record subsequent changes or to renew the registration through a single procedural step. Further countries may be designated 25 subsequently.
Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks of June 15, 1957, as revised at Stockholm on July 14, 1967,and at Geneva on May 13, 1977,and amended on September 28, 1979 Vienna Agreement Establishing an International Classification of the Figurative Elements of Marks Done at Vienna on June 12, 1973 as amended on October 1, 1985
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The Berne Convention states that all works shall be protected for at least 50 years after the author's death with the following exceptions For photography the minimum term is 25 years from the year the photograph was created For cinematography the minimum term is 50 years after first showing, or, if the work has never been shown, 50 years from the creation date. Note: These are the minimum terms of protection. Countries are free to provide longer terms of protection under national law. In the UK for example the standard period of protection is 70 years from the death of the author. 31
UCC 1952
These states included developing countries and the Soviet Union, which thought that the strong copyright protections granted by the Berne Convention overly benefited Western developed copyright-exporting nations, and the United States and most of Latin America. The United States and Latin America were already members of a PanAmerican copyright convention, which was weaker than the Berne Convention. The Berne Convention states also became party to the UCC, so that their copyrights would exist in non-Berne convention states. 33
The Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations was accepted by members of BIRPI, the predecessor to the modern World Intellectual Property Organization, on October 26, 1961. Convention drew up response to new technologies like tape recorders that made the reproduction of sounds and images easier and cheaper than ever before. Whereas earlier copyright law, including international agreements like the 1886 Berne Convention, had been written to regulate the circulation of printed materials, the Rome Convention responded to the new circumstance of ideas variously represented in easily reproduced units by covering performers and producers of recordings under copyright:
Rome Convention
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Rome Convention
The agreement extended copyright protection for the first time from the author of a work to the creators and owners of particular, physical manifestations of intellectual property, such as audiocassettes or DVDs. Performers (actors, singers, musicians, dancers and other persons who perform literary or artistic works) are protected against certain acts they have not consented to. Such acts are: the broadcasting and the communication to the public of their live performance; the fixation of their live performance; the reproduction of such a fixation if the original fixation was made without their consent or if the reproduction is made for purposes different from those for which they gave their consent.
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Rome Convention
Producers of phonograms enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their phonograms. Phonograms are defined in the Rome Convention as meaning any exclusively aural fixation of sounds of a performance or of other sounds. When a phonogram published for commercial purposes gives rise to secondary uses (such as broadcasting or communication to the public in any form), a single equitable remuneration must be paid by the user to the performers, or to the producers of phonograms, or to both; contracting States are free, however, not to apply this rule or to limit its application.
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Rome Convention
Broadcasting organizations enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit certain acts, namely: the rebroadcasting of their broadcasts; the fixation of their broadcasts; the reproduction of such fixations; the communication to the public of their television broadcasts if such communication is made in places accessible to the public against payment of an entrance fee.
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G I in Madrid system?
The term Geographical Indications covers different concepts such as the appellation of origin, a term which has been defined at the international level in the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellation of Origin Appellation of origin is a type of GI which has a strong link between the origin of the product and it characteristics: the quality and characteristics of which are due exclusively or essentially to the geographical environment, including natural and human factors.
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International trade made it important to try to harmonize the different approaches and standards that governments used to register GIs. The first attempts to do so were found in the Paris Convention on trademarks (1883), followed by a much more elaborate provision in the 1958 Lisbon Agreement on the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their Registration. Few countries joined the Lisbon agreement, however: by 1997 there were only 17 members (Algeria, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Congo, Cuba, Czech Republic, France, Gabon, Haiti, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Slovakia, Togo, Tunisia). About 170 geographical indications were registered by Lisbon Agreement members as of 1997.
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G I in Madrid system?
The Hague System for the International Registration of Industrial Designs provides a mechanism for registering a design in countries and/ or intergovernmental organizations member of the Hague Agreement. It is administered by the International Bureau of WIPO located in Geneva, Switzerland. This System gives the owner of an industrial design the possibility to have his design protected in several countries by simply filing one application with the International Bureau of WIPO, in one language, with one set of fees in 40 one currency (Swiss Francs).
Hague System
An international registration produces the same effects in each of the designated countries, as if the design had been registered directly with each national office, unless protection is refused by the national office of that country. The Hague System simplifies the management of an industrial design registration, since it is possible to record subsequent changes or to renew the registration through a single procedural step with the International Bureau of WIPO.
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LOCARNO AGREEMENT
LOCARNO AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING AN INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS Signed at Locarno on October 8, 1968 as amended on September 28, 1979 (1) The countries to which this Agreement applies constitute a Special Union. (2) They adopt a single classification for industrial designs (hereinafter designated as "the international classification"). (3) The international classification shall comprise: (i) a list of classes and subclasses; (ii) an alphabetical list of goods in which industrial designs are incorporated, with an indication of the classes and 42 subclasses into which they fall;
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights The TRIPS is off shoot of the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the world WTO (World Trade Organisation) signed in Marrakesh, Morocco. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (or TRIPS Agreement) set the standards for intellectual property protection in the world today. It came into force on 1 January 1995 and is binding on all members of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
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Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights The TRIPS Agreement sets minimum standards in the international rules governing patents, including on medicines. Countries that are members of the WTO (today, more than 150 countries) agree to certain common standards in the way they enact and implement their patent laws. These standards include, amongst others, that patents be given for a minimum of 20 years; that patents may be given both for products and processes; and that pharmaceutical test data be protected against unfair commercial use.
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The three main features of the Agreement are: Standards. In respect of each of the main areas of intellectual property covered by the TRIPS Agreement, the Agreement sets out the minimum standards of protection to be provided by each Member. Enforcement. The second main set of provisions deals with domestic procedures and remedies for the enforcement of intellectual property rights. The Agreement lays down certain general principles applicable to all IPR enforcement procedures. Dispute settlement. The Agreement makes disputes between WTO Members about the respect of the TRIPS obligations subject to the WTO's dispute settlement procedures.
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1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Trademarks Geographical Indications Industrial Designs Patents Layout-Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits Protection of Undisclosed Information Control of Anti-Competitive Practices in Contractual Licenses.
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PART IV Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights and Related Inter-Partes Procedures PART V Dispute Prevention and Settlement PART VI Transitional Arrangements PART VII Institutional Arrangements; Final Provisions
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Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) were brought into GATT Uruguay Round Agenda in the late 1980s through direct pressure by US pharmaceutical companies. They were complaining that since numerous countries do not provide adequate patent protection for drugs, they were being denied potential royalty payments. Quick to take up their cause, the US government bemoaned that their top 200 companies were losing $24 billion per year to such piracy. Developing countries resisted the introduction of IPRs into GATT, but they lacked the critical mass to block it. However, as a compromise only the trade aspects of IPRs were included hence the name. The thinking was that this could only cover matters related to trade.
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As a result of this Agreement, the protection of intellectual property became an integral part of WTO. The Agreement covers each of the main areas of intellectual property. One of these areas in patents includes plant variety protection. Article 27.3(b) allows Member States to exclude plants and animals from patent protection subject to the establishment of an effective sui-generis system. Developing countries Africa includedwere supposed to have put a sui-generis system in place by the end of 1999. The patent system of intellectual property rights denies property rights to local and indigenous knowledge, practices and innovations. TRIPs only recognises as worthy of protection inventions that conform to the Northern definition. Rights are recognized only when they generate profits and capable of industrial application. This excludes all sectors of society who produce outside the industrial code of production and for social good. Furthermore, the innovation to be 50 accorded patent rights must be trade related.
TRIPs
TRIPs raises important questions for Africa in three main areas: Biopiracy: under TRIPs, the right of communities to control their natural resources is not guaranteed. Indeed TRIPs does not recognise a communitys ownership of the resources it has tended for thousands of years Farmers Rights: As with community Rights, farmers rights are not provided for under the TRIPs agreement. TRIPs does not permit farmers to save seed grown on their own land for future use. Health and Pharmaceuticals: Patents on pharmaceuticals have led to high economic and social costs for countries and peoples in Africa. As the Doha Declaration confirms, TRIPs includes mechanisms intended to safeguard public health 51 while respecting intellectual property rights
Manufacturers of medicinal drugs have taken advantage of the TRIPs Agreement to brand and patent their drugs to maximise on their profits. This has led to the suffering of many people who cannot afford to buy the patented drugs because of their high costs. WTO members, mostly developing countries, realising the suffering that their people were facing especially in the wake of HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis, advocated for the November 2001 Doha Ministerial Conference to revoke certain provisions of the TRIPs Agreement to curtail the Public Health problems countries were facing. Negotiations on the Doha Declaration on TRIPs and Public Health started in September 2002, with countries having been given a deadline to come up with a solution by the end of that year. No agreement was reached as other countries were backtracking; especially the US and the European Union who wanted to limit the scope of diseases 52 to be covered under the Declaration
Organization (WIPO)
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the 17 specialized agencies of the united nations. WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world". WIPO currently has 184 member states, administers 24 international treaties and is headquartered in Geneva Switzerland. The current Director-General of WIPO is Francis Gurry, who took office on October 1, 2008. 183 of the Un memebers of WIPO. Non-members are the states of small islands
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pour la Protection de la Proprit Intellectuelle, French acronym for United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property), which had been
established in 1893 to administer the Berne convention for the protection of literary and Artistic works and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
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The Agreement marked a transition for WIPO from the mandate it inherited in 1967 from BIRPI, to promote the protection of intellectual property, to one that involved the more complex task of promoting technology transfer and economic development Unlike other branches of the United Nations, WIPO has significant financial resources independent of the contributions from its Member States. In 2006, over 90% of its income of just over CHF 250 million[8] was expected to be generated from the collection of fees by the International Bureau (IB) under the intellectual property application and registration systems which it administers (the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the Madrid system for trade marks and the Hague system for industrial designs)56
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