Introduction To Structural Analysis For Architecture Students

Dr.
Tomas Ganiron Jr
5/3/2012
Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr
It is a construction or framework of
identifiable elements ( components,
members, parts) which give form and
stability, and resists stresses and strains.
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1. Roller a
type of support offers resistance in a direction normal to the

surface beneath the roller, either toward or away from the supporting surface. It
does not resist movement parallel to the supporting surface or rotation about the
roller. These are commonly located at one end of long bridges. This allows the
bridge structure to expand and contract with temperature changes.
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2. Pinned or Hingeda
type of support prevents movement along the

horizontal and vertical directions, but does not resist rotation about the hinge. The
reaction components are denoted by horizontal and vertical forces with assumed
directions. These are the typical connection found in almost all trusses.
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3. Fixed enda
type of support resist s rotation about the support and to

movements along the horizontal and vertical directions. A flagpole set into a concrete
base is a good example of this kind of support. The representation of fixed supports
always includes two forces (horizontal and vertical) and a moment.
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4.Simple a type of support idealized by some to be frictionless surface supports.

This is correct in as much as the resulting reaction is always a single force that is
perpendicular to, and away from, the surface. However, are also similar to roller
supports in this. They are dissimilar in that a simple support cannot resist lateral loads of
any magnitude. A simple support can be found as a type of support for long bridges or
roof span. Simple supports are often found in zones of frequent seismic activity.
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1. Beams- - structural member designed to

support loads applied at various points
long its length.
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a). Simply Supported Beam- is supported

by a pin support at one end and a roller
support at the other end.
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b). Overhanging Beam- a simply supported

at two points and having one end or both
ends extended beyond the supports-
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c). Cantilever Beam- a beam with a laterally

and rotationally fixed support at one end
with no support at the other end
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d). Continuous Beam-is a structural component that

provides resistance to bending when a load or force is applied. These
beams are commonly used in bridges. A continuous beam has more than
two points of support along its length. These are usually in the same
horizontal plane, and the spans between the supports are in one straight
line.
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e). Propped Beam- A beam fixed at one end and

simply supported at the other end.
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f). Restrained beam -a beam with both ends

fixed.
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2. Truss- is a joined which supports vertical, horizontal or inclined loads

applied at or between its points of support. Its members form triangles
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Bottom Chord
Defines the bottom member of the truss, usually horizontal, and
carrying a combined tension and some bending stress (from gravity
loads).
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Top Chord
Defines the top members of the truss, usually sloping, and carrying
combined compression and some bending stress (from gravity
loads)
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Web
Webs are members joining top and bottom chords to form a truss.
They may be in tension or compression depending on the truss
design.
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Apex
The top point where two chords meet. This can be either a Top
Chord Apex or much less commonly a Bottom Chord Apex (not
shown). The Top Chord Apex of multiple trusses in a row, forms the
ridge line of the roof.
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Heel
The point on a truss where the undersides of the top and bottom
chords join.
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Panel points
The points where web members and chord members meet
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Span
The distance between the outer edges of the load bearing walls
supporting the trusses (usually heel to heel)
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Overhang Eaves OH
The parts of the top chords that extends beyond the intersection
with the bottom chord (at the heel). This forms the eaves overhang
of the roof.
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a). Gambrel Truss- is very attractive but it is even more practical

since trusses in gambrel roofs allow for the maximum amount of storage
space in the attic area and does not require interior walls or support posts.
This truss gives the roofs of the structures that use them a barn-like
appearance.
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b). Attic Truss-
is a type of roof truss with an open space at

its bottom center to accommodate a living space, with webbing above
and on either side of this living space.
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c). Belgian Truss-similar to a W truss or a Warren truss for longer

spans with extra webs added. Also called a double Fink truss.
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d). Fink Truss-is the most common roof truss design. It is used
primarily in residential construction. It has the added bonus of light storage
capabilities because of the unique web structure. Fink designs are practical
for spans between 20'-0" and up to 40'-0".
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e). Bowstring Truss-is characterized by their alterable shape.

Bowstring trusses were widely used by the military during World War II.
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f). Howe Truss-are typically called K trusses and are used extensively in
large commercial designs as a modified design called a "triple Howe (KKK) truss."
The truss has a post in the center and vertical posts every 4 feet or so along the
length of the truss. There is also an angled cross member that runs from the rafter to
the cord at the top. This truss is very strong and can span 50 to 80 feet.
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g). King Post Truss-. is formed by two angled support beams that are
supported by a vertical beam. This truss is often used for homes barns, farm
stands, pavilions, garages and carports. They are designed to add grace and
elegance, as well as functionality to the home. The open, high-beamed ceilings also
add a sense of space to a room.
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h). Queen Post Truss- have a vertical post in the middle with a
bottom web extending at an angle to the top chord on each side of the truss.
These types of trusses are typically modified to incorporate a "w style" on
the ends of the trusses so the spans can reach from 32 to 44 feet.
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i). Scissors Truss-are designed for cathedral ceilings. The pitch of the
rafters is more than the pitch of the chords which are attached with queen style
webbing. These trusses can be made of wood or aluminum, though wood trusses
are more commonly used. Scissor trusses can span between 20 and 30 feet without
significant modification.
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j). Fan Truss- a truss characterized by the radiating lines of the king
post and appended struts or of the queen posts and appended struts.
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k). Flat Truss-are used mostly for floor joists because they do not require
jack posts for support as often as conventional lumber. This makes basement
remodeling and construction easier for contractors and keeps homeowner options
open.
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l). Hip Truss-.
is four-sided, with large sides and sloping ends. This

truss have self-bracing eaves on all sides that protect the wall below it.
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m) Polynesian Truss- creates a uniquely Asian roof line with

two subordinate ridges below the soaring center ridge.
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n). Pratt Truss- It makes use of vertical beams, which are

responsible for the structure's compression, and horizontal beams that are
in charge of tension response. Whether made of wood, iron or steel, this
type of truss has remained popular over the years.
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o). Hammer Beam Truss-eliminates the middle sections of

the tie beams and horizontal members to form an internal stepped profile.
The volume of the space created is one of grandeur and has been used in
buildings such as cathedrals and great halls. The truss is supported by
external structures called buttresses to counteract the lateral forces of the
truss.
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a). Allan Truss- designed by Percy Allan is partly based on the Howe truss. The
first Allan truss was completed on 13 August 1894 over Glennies Creek at Camberwell,
New South Wales and the last Allan truss bridge was built over Mill Creek near
Wiserman Ferry in 1929.The first of the Allan truss bridges with overhead bracing, was
originally designed as a steel bridge but was constructed with timber to reduce cost. In
his design, Allan used Australian ironbark for its strength
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b). Bailey Truss- designed for military use, the prefabricated and
standardized truss elements may be easily combined in various configurations to
adapt to the needs at the site. In the image at right, note the use of doubled
prefabrications to adapt to the span and load requirements. In other applications the
trusses may be stacked vertically.
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c). Baltimore truss-This truss is a subclass of the Pratt truss. A Baltimore

truss has additional bracing in the lower section of the truss to prevent buckling in
the compression members and to control deflection. It is mainly used for train
bridges, boasting a simple and very strong design
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d). Bollman Truss- This truss was the first successful all-metal bridge design
(patented in 1852) to be adopted and consistently used on a railroad. The design
employs wrought tension members and cast iron compression members. The use of
multiple independent tension elements reduces the likelihood of catastrophic failure. The
structure was also easy to assemble.. This truss was named for its inventor, Wendel
Bollman, a self-educated Baltimore.
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e). Bowstring arch truss - this arch through truss bridge was
patented in 1841by Squire Whipple. Thrust arches transform their vertical loads
into a thrust along the arc of the arch. At the ends of the arch this thrust (at a
downward angle away from the center of the bridge) may be resolved into two
components, a vertical thrust equal to a proportion of the weight and load of the
bridge section, and a horizontal thrust.
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f). Brown Truss- This type of truss is particularly suited for timber
structures that use iron rods as tension members.
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g). Burr Arch Truss- This combines an arch with a truss to form a structure
both strong and rigid.
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h). Cantilevered Truss- is a balanced cantilever, which enables the

construction to proceed outward from a central vertical spar in each direction.
Usually these are built in pairs until the outer sections may be anchored to footings.
A central gap, if present, can then be filled by lifting a conventional truss into place
or by building it in place using a traveling support.
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i). Fink Truss- This truss was designed by Albert Fink of
Germany in the
1860s. This type of bridge was popular with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
The Appromatox High Bridge on the Norfolk and Western Railroad 21 Fink deck
truss spans from 1869 until their replacement in 1886.
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j). Howe Truss-The relatively rare Howe truss, patented in 1840 by

Massachusetts millwright William Howe, includes vertical members and diagonals
that slope up towards the center, the opposite of the Pratt truss. In contrast to the
Pratt Truss, the diagonal web members are in compression and the vertical web
members are in tension
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k). K Truss- A truss in the form of a K due to the orientation of the

vertical member and two oblique members in each panel.
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l). Lattice Truss- This type of bridge uses a substantial number of

lightweight elements, easing the task of construction. Truss elements are usually
of wood, iron, or steel.
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m). Lenticular Truss- this truss includes a lens-shape truss, with trusses
between an upper arch that curves up and then down to end points, and a lower
arch that curves down and then up to meet at the same end points. Where the
arches extend above and below the roadbed, it is lenticular pony truss bridge.
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n) Long Truss- Designed by Stephen H. Long in 1830. The design

resembles a howe truss , but is entirely made of wood instead of a combination of
wood and metal. One of the earliest surviving examples is the Old Blenheim Bridge,
which with a span of 210 feet and a total length of 232 feet long is the secondlongest covered bridge in the United States.
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o). Parker Truss- is a Pratt truss design with a polygonal upper

chord. A "camelback" is a subset of the Parker type, where the upper chord
consists of exactly five segments.
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p). Pegram Truss- consists of a Parker type design with the vertical posts
leaning towards the center at an angle between 60 and 75. The variable post angle
and constant chord length allowed steel in existing bridges to be recycled into a new
span using the Pegram truss design. This design also facilitated reassembly and
permitted a bridge to be adjusted to fit different span lengths
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q). Pennsylvania Truss- a variation on the
Pratt truss.[The Pratt

truss includes braced diagonal members in all panels; the Pennsylvania truss adds
to this design half-length struts or ties in the top, bottom, or both parts of the panels.
It is named after the Pennsylvania Railroad, which pioneered this design. It was
once used for hundreds of bridges in the United States, but fell out of favor in the
1930s, and very few bridges of this design remain.
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s). Post Truss-this truss is a hybrid between a Warren truss and a doubleintersection Pratt truss. Invented in 1863 by Simeon S, Post, it is occasionally
referred to as a Post patent truss although he never received a patent for it
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t). Pratt truss-includes vertical members and diagonals that slope down
towards the center, the opposite of the Howe Truss. It can be subdivided,
creating Y- and K-shaped patterns. The Pratt Truss was invented in 1844 by
Thomas and Caleb Pratt. This truss is practical for use with spans up to 250 feet
and was a common configuration for railroad bridges as truss bridges moved
from wood to metal. They are statically determinate bridges, which lend
themselves well to long spans.
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u). Queen Post truss- sometimes queen post or queens post, is

similar to a king post truss in that the outer supports are angled towards the
center of the structure. The primary difference is the horizontal extension at the
center which relies on beam action to provide mechanical stability. This truss
style is only suitable for relatively short spans
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v). Through Truss- has strength while using a minimal amount of

steel to build. The bridge has a truss on each side that is connected across the
top and bottom forming a box through which vehicles (typically trains with heavy
engines) can pass.
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w). Truss Arch- A truss arch may contain all horizontal forces within the
arch itself, or alternatively may be either a thrust arch consisting of a truss, or of
two accurate sections pinned at the apex. The latter form is common when the
bridge is constructed as cantilever segments from each side as in the Nevajo
bridge.
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x). Waddell Truss- its simplicity eases erection at the site. It was intended
to be used as a railroad bridge.
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y) Warren Truss- This was patented in 1848 by its designers James Warren
and Willoughby Theobald Monzani, and consists of longitudinal members joined only
by angled cross-members, forming alternately inverted equilateral triangle shaped
spaces along its length, ensuring that no individual strut, beam, or tie is subject to
bending or torsional straining forces, but only to tension or compression
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z). Whipple Truss-This truss is
usually considered a subclass of the Pratt

truss because the diagonal members are designed to work in tension. The main
characteristics of a whipple truss is that the tension members are elongated, usually
thin, at a shallow angle and cross two or more bays
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aa). Vierendeel Truss This truss imposes significant bending forces

upon its members but this in turn allows the elimination of many diagonal
elements. While rare as a bridge type this truss is commonly employed in modern
building construction as it allows the resolution of gross shear forces against the
frame elements while retaining rectangular openings between columns
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bb). King Post Truss-One of the simplest truss styles to

implement, the king post consists of two angled supports leaning into a
common vertical support
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3. Arches & Cables

Cables carry applied loads & develop mostly tensile stresses - Loads applied
through hangers - Cables near the end supporting structures experience bending
moments and shear forces
Arches carry applied loads and develop mainly in-plane compressive stresses;
three-hinged, two-hinged and fixed arches - Loads applied through ribs - Arch sections
near the rib supports and arches, other than three-hinged arches, experience bending
moments and shear forces
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a) Suspension Roof-are frequently applied for covering of large

area of exhibition pavilions, sport stadiums, factories and airport halls
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b) Suspension bridge-this type of bridge has cables suspended between

towers, plus vertical suspender cables that carry the weight of the deck below, upon
which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward
for additional clearance
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c). Cable Cars- a mass transit system using rail cars that are hauled by a
continuously moving cable running at a constant speed. Individual cars stop and
start by releasing and gripping this cable as required. Cable cars are distinct from
funiculars, where the cars are permanently attached to the cable, and cable
railways, which are similar to funiculars, but where the rail vehicles are attached and
detached manually.
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d). Guy Lines-is a tensioned cable designed to add stability to structures.

One end of the cable is attached to the structure, and the other is anchored to
the ground at a distance from the structure's base
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e) Transmission Lines-are used for purposes such as connecting radio

transmitters and receivers with their antennas, distributing cable television signals, and
computer network connections
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Arches- is a structure that spans a space and supports a load. These are
used for buildings where clear spans are required, such as for gymnasium,
hangars, churches, warehouses and convention halls.
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a) Basket Arch- A flattened arch designed by joining a quarter

circle to each end of a false ellipse
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b) Cloverleaf Arch
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c) Corbel Arch-is an arch-like construction method that uses the

architectural technique of corbelling to span a space or void in a
structure, such as an entranceway in a wall or as the span of a bridge. A
corbel vault uses this technique to support the superstructure of a
building's roof.
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d) Curtain Arch
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e) Flat or Half Arch-also known as jack or straight arch, extends

straight across an opening with no curvature, creating a horizontal emphasis.
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f) Gothic Arch -A narrow, pointed opening is the hallmark of a Gothic

arch. The Gothic arch developed as a more sinuous and elegant successor to
the Roman arch and was widely used in cathedrals of the Middle Ages such
as Notre Dame in Paris.
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g) Horseshoe Arch-extends beyond a semi-circle. The top of the

arch is rounded and then curves in slightly before descending.
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i) Ogee Arch-an arch with a pointed apex, formed by the intersection of

two S curves usually confined to decoration and not used in arcade arches.
Ogee arches were used only in the late Gothic period.
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j) Roman Arch -is a strong, rounded arch that forms a semi-circle.

Often made of masonry, Roman arches still stand in the Coliseum.
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k). Tudor Arch-is often described as "flattened" Gothic arches.

They feature a point at the crown, but the span is much wider than the
Gothic style
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l) Syrian/Segmental Arch- forms a partial curve, or

eyebrow, over a door or window. This arch has a slight rise and is semielliptical across the top.
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a). Domes-is a structural element of architecture that resembles the

hollow upper half of a sphere. Dome structures made of various materials
have a long architectural lineage extending into prehistory
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b). Vaults-is a structural element of
that resembles the hollow upper

half of a sphere. Dome structures made of various materials have a long
architectural lineage extending into prehistory
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c).Shells- are light weight constructions using shell elements. These elements
are typically curved and are assembled to large structures. Typical applications are
fuselages of aeroplanes, boat hulls and roof structures in some buildings.
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4. Rigid Frame-is composed of beams and columns rigidly at

the joints. Its member can take bending moment, shear and axial load
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5. Column-is an structural element that transmits, through

compression structure above to other structural elements below. For the
purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to
resist lateral forces
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Capital
Shaft
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Base
1.
Capital-The top of the column may be simple or elaborately

decorated. The capital of the column supports the upper portion of a
building, called the entablature.
2.
Shaft-The main part of the column, the shaft, may be smooth, fluted
(grooved), or carved with designs.
3.
Base-Most columns rest on a round or square base.
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a). Doric-A column that is also thicker and heavier than an Ionic or
Corinthian column. For this reason, the Doric column is sometimes
associated with strength and masculinity. Believing that Doric columns
could bear the most weight, ancient builders often used them for the
lowest level of mufti-story buildings, reserving the more slender Ionic and
Corinthian columns for the upper levels
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b)Ionic-One of three column styles developed in ancient Greece. More

slender and more ornate than the earlier Doric style, an Ionic column has
scroll-shaped ornaments on the capital, or top. This stands on a base of
stacked disks, shafts are usually fluted, but can be plain and a pair of
volutes (scroll-shaped ornaments) decorates the capital.
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c). Corinthian-This style is more complex and elaborate than the

earlier Doric & Ionic styles. The capital, or top, of a Corinthian column has
lavish ornaments carved to resemble leaves and flowers. This is fluted
(grooved) shaft, capital decorated with scrolls, acanthus leaves, and
flowers and ornaments on the capital flare outwards, suggesting a sense
of height.
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d) Tuscan-This style was a simple architectural form practiced in ancient

Italy. A Tuscan column is plain, without carvings and ornaments. It features are
shaft sets on a simple base, shaft is usually plain, not fluted (grooved), shaft is
slender, with proportions similar to a Greek Ionic column, smooth, round capitals
(tops) and no carvings or other ornaments
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e). Composite-This style have highly decorated capitals (tops). The

leaf decorations of the Corinthian style combine with the scroll designs that
characterize the Ionic style.
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f).Solomonic-, sometimes called "barley sugar", begins on a base

and ends in a capital, which may be of any order, but the shaft twists in a
tight spiral, producing a dramatic, serpentine effect of movement.
Solomonic columns were developed in the ancient world, but remained
rare there.
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1. Dead Loads-consist of the weight of the various structural members and

the weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure. Hence, for a
building, the dead load include the weights of the columns, beams, and girders, the
floor slab, roofing, walls, windows, plumbing, electrical fixtures, and other
miscellaneous attachments.
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Building Loads
2. Live Loads- can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be
caused by the weights of objects temporarily placed a structure, moving vehicles, or
natural forces. The minimum live loads specified in codes are determined from studying
the history of their effects on existing structures. Usually, these loads include additional
protection against excessive deflection or sudden overload.
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All vehicles are some sort of a live load on transportation

structures,
can be too on any structure.
Author: Dr.the
Tomashumans
Ganiron Jr
Building Loads: The floors of buildings are assumed to be

subjected to uniform live loads, which depend on the purpose for which the
building is designed. These loadings are generally tabulated in local, state,
or national codes.
Bridge Loads: Design live loadings for highway bridges are

specified in the code of the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Official (AASHTO).
Other natural loads: Several other types of live loads

may also have to be considered in the design of a structure, depending on
its location or use. These include the effect of blast, temperature changes,
and differential settlement of the foundation.
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3. Earthquake Loads-produce loadings on structure through its

interaction with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result
from the structures distortion caused by the grounds motion and the lateral
resistance of the structure. Their magnitude depends on the amount and type of
ground accelerations and the mass and stiffness of the structure.
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4. Wind Loads-When structures block the flow of wind, the winds kinetic
energy is converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading.
The effect of wind on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air,
the angle of incidence of the wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the
roughness of its surface .For design purposes, wind loadings can be treated using
either a static or a dynamic approach
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5. Snow Loads-In some parts of the country, roof loading due to snow can
be quite severe, and therefore protection against possible failure is of primary
concern. Design loadings typically depend on the buildings general shape and roof
geometry, wind exposure, and location. Like wind, snow loads are generally
determined from a zone map 50-year recurrence intervals of an extreme snow
depth.
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6. Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure-When structures

are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the pressure
developed by these loadings becomes an important criterion for their
design. Examples of such type of structures include tanks, dams, ships,
bulkheads, and retaining walls. Here the laws of hydrostatics and soil
mechanics are applied to define the intensity of the loadings on the
structure.
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7. Impact Loads-are caused by vibration or impact or acceleration. Thus,

impact load is equal to imposed load incremented by some percentage called impact
factor or impact allowance depending upon the intensity of impact.
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STABLE STRUCTURE
A stable structure is the one, which remains stable for any conceivable (imaginable) system of loads.
DETERMINACY
A statically indeterminate structure is the one in which all the reactive components plus the internal
forces cannot be calculated only from the equations of equilibrium available for a given force
system. These equations, of course, are
H = 0, V = 0 and M = 0
The degree of indeterminacy for a given structure is, in fact , the excess of total number of reactive
components over the equations of equilibrium available.
It is convenient to consider stability and determinacy as follows,
a) With respect to reactions, i.e. external stability and determinacy.
b) With respect to members, i.e. internal stability and determinacy.
c) A combination of external and internal conditions, i.e. total stability and determinacy.
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Statically Determinate Beam

When the equations of equilibrium are sufficient
to determine the forces and stresses in a
structural beam. This beam is called statically
determinate
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Based on Newtons law of motion, the equilibrium

equations available for a two-dimensional body are
F : the vector sum of the forces acting on the body
equals zero. This translates to
H = 0: the sum of the horizontal components of the
forces equals zero;
V = 0: the sum of the vertical components of forces
equals zero;
M : the sum of the moments(about an arbitrary point) of
all forces equals zero.
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Statically Indeterminate Beam

When the equilibrium equations alone are not
sufficient to determine the loads or stresses in
a beam, then such beam is referred to as
statically indeterminate beam.
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Statically Unstable Beam

It is the one, which remains unstable for any
conceivable (imaginable) system of loads
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Redundancy of Structure(Degrees of Freedom)

It is the difference between the number of
independent reactive forces and the number of
equations of static equilibrium.
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The behavior of beams can be classified according to their

reaction by considering the relation between the number of
reaction components and the number of equations available.
If r is the number of equations of condition (c=0 for a beam
without internal construction details or connections; c=1 for a
hinge; c=2 for a roller. Hence:
1)
2)
3)
If r = c + 3 , the beam is statically determinate.

If r > c + 3 , the beam is statically indeterminate
If r < c + 3 , the beam is statically unstable ( a mechanism)
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Classify each of the beams shown as statically determinate, indeterminate or unstable

If statically indeterminate, determine the degrees of determinacy.
A
C
D
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INTERNAL INDETERMINACY
This type of indeterminacy is normally associated with
articulated structures like trusses. We assume that the
structure whose internal indeterminacy is being checked is
under the action of minimum reactive components
required for external stability, at the supports
The form of truss is
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To make the skeleton, add two members and one joint to get another triangle.
To make the skeleton, add two members and one joint to get another
triangle.
j = total number of joints.
m = total number of bars.
r = minimum number of reactive components
required for external stability/determinacy.
1)
2)
3)
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If m + r = 2j , the beam is statically determinate.

If m + r > 2j , the beam is statically indeterminate
If m + r < 2j , the beam is statically unstable ( a mechanism)
C
5/3/2012
The criteria for stability and determinacy of rigid

frame is
1) If 3m + r = 3j , the beam is statically determinate.
2) If 3m + r > 3j , the beam is statically indeterminate
3) If 3m + r < 3j , the beam is statically unstable ( a mechanism)
5/3/2012
5/3/2012
COPYRIGHT 2011
Dr. Tomas-Taher Ganiron Jr
5/3/2012

Introduction To Structural Analysis For Architecture Students

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Droits d'auteur :

Introduction To Structural Analysis For Architecture Students

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Droits d'auteur :

Dr.

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

type of support offers resistance in a direction normal to the

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

type of support prevents movement along the

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

type of support resist s rotation about the support and to

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

4.Simple a type of support idealized by some to be frictionless surface supports.

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

1. Beams- - structural member designed to

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

a). Simply Supported Beam- is supported

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

b). Overhanging Beam- a simply supported

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

c). Cantilever Beam- a beam with a laterally

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

d). Continuous Beam-is a structural component that

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

e). Propped Beam- A beam fixed at one end and

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

f). Restrained beam -a beam with both ends

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

2. Truss- is a joined which supports vertical, horizontal or inclined loads

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

a). Gambrel Truss- is very attractive but it is even more practical

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

b). Attic Truss-

is a type of roof truss with an open space at

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

c). Belgian Truss-similar to a W truss or a Warren truss for longer

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

e). Bowstring Truss-is characterized by their alterable shape.

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

l). Hip Truss-.

is four-sided, with large sides and sloping ends. This

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

m) Polynesian Truss- creates a uniquely Asian roof line with

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

n). Pratt Truss- It makes use of vertical beams, which are

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

o). Hammer Beam Truss-eliminates the middle sections of

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

c). Baltimore truss-This truss is a subclass of the Pratt truss. A Baltimore

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr

Author: Dr. Tomas Ganiron Jr