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Consideration (Rodrigues 1996)

Consideration the extent of trust, friendship, respect, and warmth that the leader extends to subordinates.

Contingency Leadership Theory: Innovator, Implementer and Pacifier (Rodriguez 1988)


Innovator Implementer Pacifier

Importance that the respondents in one study assigned to three areas


Individualism Measured by importance of self sufficiency and personal accomplishments. Collectivism Measured by willingness to subordinate personal goals to those of the work group with an emphasis on sharing and group harmony. Confucianism Measured by the importance of societal harmony, virtuous interpersonal behavior, and personal and interpersonal harmony.

Leadership in China
The New Generation group scored significantly higher on individualism than did the current and older generation groups. They also scored significantly lower than the other two groups on collectivism and Confucianism.These values appear to reflect the period of relative openness and freedom, often called the Social Reform Era, in which these new managers grew up.

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