IR spectrum

Dipole Changes During Vibrations

If the frequency of radiation matches that of the vibration.

Energy is absorbed and the vibration amplitude changes.

IR active/inactive

Types of Molecular Vibrations

Stretching
change in bond length Symmetric / asymmetric

bending
change in bond angle symmetric scissoring asymmetric wagging rocking twisting/torsion

Molecular vibration

Construction Materials for Spectroscopic Instruments

Wavelength 100
Region VUV 180 UV 380 850 2000 18000 40000

Visible

Near IR

IR

Far IR

LiF Fused silica or quartz Materials for cells, windows , lenses and prisms Corex glass Silica glass NaCl KBr TlBr or TlI ZnSe

Sources for Spectroscopic Instruments

Wavelength 100 180 380 Region Sources Ar lamp Xe lamp H2 or D2 lamp Tungtstan lamp Continous Nernst glower ZnO2+Y2O3 850 2000 IR 18000 40000 VAC UV Visible Near IR Far IR

Nichrome wire
Glowbar SiC Hollow cathode lamp Lasers

Line

Incandescent wire

Rhodium wire

Ceramic cylinder

Detectors for Spectroscopic Instruments

Wavelength 100 180 380 Region Detectors 850 2000 IR 18000 40000 Far IR VAC UV Visible Near IR

Photographic plates
Photomultiplier tube Photo tubes Photo cells Photo diodes Charge coupled devices Photo conductors

Photoelectric

Thermocouples or bolometers
Thermal Golay pneumatic cell Pyroelectric cell

Thermocouple
Vacuum Junctions

Cesium bromide window Antimony wire V

Bismuth wire

Antimony wire

Wavelength Selectors for Spectroscopic Instruments

Wavelength 100
Region VAC 180 UV 380 850 2000 18000 40000

Visible

Near IR

IR

Far IR

Wavelength selectors

Fluorite prism Fused silica or quartz prism Glass prism

Continous

NaCl prism KBr prism 3000 lines/mm Grating 50 lines/mm

Interference wedge Discontinous Interference filter Glass filter

Pour the powder Place one of the Place theinto the mixture other pellet, polished face down, and pellets, polished bore and ensure bore the up, in in bore faceplungerthe the even distribution.

Add KBr Add sample about 1g Grind for about about 10 mg 10 min
To vacuum
0 5 10 15 20

Tonnes

5 10 15

20

Tonnes

Infrared Solution Cell