Give Me liberty Chapter 17

Populist Challenge -Farmers revolt -small famers faced increasing economic insecurity -sharecropping system locked tenant farmers into poverty -Civil War led to increased cotton production overseas and glut -glut of cotton led to declining prices throwing farmers into debt -farmers believed plight resulted in $$ freight, excessive interest, fiscal govt. policies -Farmers Alliance sought to remedy the situation, founded in Texas in the 1870s, spread to 43 states by 1890 -Alliance initially focused on cooperative marketing, financing -Alliance exchanges would loan money and sell crops -Alliance proposed that federal government build warehouses -federal government would loan money to farmers -became known as the subtreasury plan; led Alliance into politics -Alliance evolved into Peoples Party in early 1890s -Party sought to speak for all producing classes -base was in cotton and wheat belts of South and West -Populists embarked on effort of community organization -published pamphlets, established 1,000 local newspapers -sent traveling speakers throughout rural America -Populist platform of 1892, classic document of American reform -written by Ignatius Donnelly -included a number of proposals that would be adopted -direct election of U.S. senators -government control of currency, graduated income tax -system of low-cost public financing for farmers -recognition of right of workers to establish labor unions -power of government should be expanded to eliminate oppression, injustice, and poverty -Populists made efforts to unite black and white small farmers -Many obstacles to this effort, heritage of racism -political legacy of the Civil War -blacks formed the Colored Farmers Alliance -tried to organize cotton picker strike in 1891 -Tom Watson, Georgia Populist, organized black-white alliance -coalition of white Populists, black Republicans won N. Carolina -most states in the South fended off Populist challenge -warning against Negro supremacy, intimidating black voters, stuffing ballot boxes -Populist movement engaged women -Populist president candidate James Weaver in 1892, received 1 million votes -carried five western states and 22 electoral votes -elected three governors and fifteen members of Congress -depression in 1893 led to increased capital and labor conflict -employers used state, federal power to protect their interests -Idaho governor sent troops to break mining strike -federal government sent troops to disperse Coxeys Army -federal government ordered Pullman strikers back to work

-Peoples party

-Populist Coalition

-Government & Labor

-Populism & Labor

-Eugene V. Debs was jailed for contempt, strike collapsed Supreme Court ruled in In re Debs in favor of injunctions -Populists appealed to industrial workers in 1894 -Populist senators support Coxeys Army demand for unemployment -Governor Davis Waite of Colorado sent militia to protect strikers -voters abandoned President Cleveland as depression deepened -urban voters did not rally to the Populists -did not care about subtreasury plan or mortgage interest rates -revivalist atmosphere of Populist meetings alien to immigrants -urban working-class voters shifted to Republicans -Republicans promised to raise tariffs to protect manufacturers -Republicans gained 117 seats in the House of Representatives

-Bryan &Free silver

-Democrats and Populists joined to support William Jennings Bryan -won the Democratic nomination -called for the free coinage of silver unrestricted minting -condemned the gold standard -Argued that increasing amount of currency would raise farm prices -Bryan began nationwide speaking tour to rally farmers -Republicans insisted gold was the only honest currency -Republicans nominated Ohio governor William McKinley -had shepherded protectionist McKinley Tariff -election sometimes called the first modern election -significant amount of money raised by bankers, industrialists -national organization controlled by manager Mark Hanna -McKinley raised $10 million to Bryans $300,000, McKinley beat Bryan -McKinley won 7.1 million popular votes, 271 electoral -Bryan won 6.5 million popular, 176 electoral -financiers and managers voted solidly Republican -marked high point of voter participation -McKinleys victory shattered the political stalemate since 1876 -Dingley Tariff of 1897 -Gold Standard Act of 1900

-The campaign of 1896

The Segregated South -Redeemers in power

-Southern Dream Failure

-coalition of merchants, planters, entrepreneurs were Redeemers -dominated Southern politics after 1877 -state budgets slashed, taxes reduced, education funding lost -black schools especially hard hit -laws authorized arrest of people without jobs and for petty crimes -convict labor became profitable business -Henry Grady promoted promise of New South during 1880s -era of prosperity based on industrial expansion, mining in Appalachians -textile production in Carolinas and Georgia -furniture and cigarette manufacturing -region as a whole sank into poverty -Birmingham became center for iron and steel -most southern cities were export centers for cotton, tobacco, rice -1900: southern per capita income 60% of national average -black farmers suffered the most from regions condition -Upper South offered some opportunities -mines, iron furnaces, tobacco factories -rice plantations S. Carolina, Georgia had difficulty raising capital -blacks acquired land and took up self-sufficient farming -southern cities served as foundation for diverse black communities -black men excluded from supervisory positions in factories -black women mostly worked as domestic servants -most unions excluded blacks except for all male environments -blacks sought way out of economic stagnation in the South -40-60,000 blacks migrated to Kansas in 1879 and 1880 -sought political equality, freedom from violence, education -Pap Singleton promoted Kansas as promised land -most blacks ended as unskilled labor due to lack of capital -northern employers preferred to hire whites, immigrants -most blacks remained in the South -political opportunities for blacks became more restricted -Democrats redrew district lines, -substituted appointments for elected officials -business, law, and church offered better opportunity than politics -National Association of Colored Women, 1896, became active -pressed for womens rights and racial uplift -aided poor families, offered lessons in home life, child rearing -Readjuster movement -coalition of black Republicans and anti-Redeemer Democrats -scale back or readjust the state debt -governed Virginia between 1879 and 1883 -Tennessee and Arkansas had biracial political coalitions -biracial politics frightened Democrats, accelerated disenfranchisement -1890-1906: all southern state enacted laws to eliminate black vote -worked around 15th Amendment by -poll tax: fee to pay in order to retain right to vote, literacy test

-Southern Black Life

-Kansas Exodus

-Black Politics decline

-Black Voting elimination

-Laws of segregation

-demonstration of understanding of state constitution -grandfather clause exempting new requirements from descendants of persons eligible to vote before Civil War -many whites lost the right to vote -rise of generation of southern demagogues -mobilized white voters by extreme appeals to racism -1940: only 3 percent of adult black southerners registered to vote -reduction in suffrage could not have happened without North -Senate defeated proposal for federal protection of black voting -Supreme Court gave approval to disenfranchisement laws -14th Amendment was supposed to reduce representation in Congress of states that deprived male citizens of right to vote -1890s: widespread segregation in the South -precedents of segregation included: -segregated schools during Reconstruction -railroads, theaters, hotels separated races -1883: Supreme Court invalidated Civil Rights Act of 1875 -Act had outlawed racial discrimination by hotels, theaters, etc -Court interpreted 14th Amendment as prohibiting unequal treatment by the state, not private businesses -1896: Plessy v. Ferguson approved state laws on separate facilities -Louisiana legislature had required railroads to have separate car -Homer Plessy refused conductors order to move to colored -Citizens Committee hired Albion Tourge to argue case -Court upheld the law in 8-1 decision separate but equal -John Marshall Harlan was lone dissenter -Our constitution is color-blind -states reacted to Plessy decision by passing laws to segregate -schools, hospitals, waiting rooms, toilets, cemeteries -facilities for blacks were either nonexistent of inferior -segregation became part of system of white domination -disenfranchisement -unequal economic status -inferior education -social etiquette evolved placing whites above blacks -lynching: murder by mob -blacks were lynched when they refused to accept segregation -1883-1905: more than 50 lynchings per year -some secret and at night, some publicized -often lynching justified by false accusation of white rape

-Segregated South

-Lynching Rise

New Boundaries -New Immigration & Nativism

-1890s: major shift in source of 3.5 million new immigrants -half arrived from southern and eastern Europe -Italy, Russia, Austro-Hungarian empires -described as members of distinct races -willingness to work for substandard wages -Immigration Restriction League (1894) called for lower immigration -prevent illiterate from entering the United States -states adopted Austrialian ballot or secret ballot, protect privacy -limit participation by illiterates -residency and literacy requirements -1850-70: most Chinese immigrants were unattached men for labor -1870s: Chinese families began to immigrate -1875: Page Law excluded Chinese women from entering country -1882: Congress temporarily excluded all Chinese immigrants -1902: Congress made Chinese immigrant exclusion permanent -Yick Wo v. Hopkins ordered San Fran. to license Chinese laundries -United States v. Wong Kim Ark: 14th Amendment gave citizenship to children of Chinese immigrants born on American soil -Fong Yue Ting: Court authorized federal govt to expel Chinese aliens without due process of law -laws against Chinese extended to prostitutes, felons, lunatics -black leaders began o emphasize economic self-help, advancement -Booker T. Washington born a slave in 1856, -studied at Hampton Institute in Virginia -learned from General Samuel Armstrong -emphasized skilled job more important than rights of citizenship -became head of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, center for vocational training -channeled aid from northern whites to Tuskegee Institute -Atlanta Cotton Exposition speech in 1895 -repudiated abolitionist tradition of ceaseless agitation -urged blacks to seek white employers who wanted good labor -direct confrontation with large corporations not effective -Homestead strike, Pullman strike examples -Samuel Gompers, AFL founder and president -advocated negotiating for higher wages, better working conditions embraced freedom of contract -1890s: union membership rebounded from decline in 1880s -AFL restricted membership to skilled workers -companies dominated by small, competitive businesses -1890s launched three decades of growth in women opportunities -laws gave married women control over their own wages -generation of college educated women were beginning to work -women asserted growing influence on public affairs -Womens Christian Temperance Union (1874) -became largest femail organization with 150,000 members -Home Protection program

-Chinese Rights/Exclusion

-Booker T. Washington

-AFL Rise

-Womens Era

-economic and political reform including right to vote -movement argued for equality in employment, education, politics -argued for womens suffrage in order to balance immigrant vote

Becoming a world power -American Expansionism

-American Expansionism -rival European empires carved up world in age of imperialism -United States remained a second rate power -American expansion was primarily in North American continent -talk of annexing Cuba; -President Grant sought to annex Dominican Republic -most Americans only interested in expanded trade, not territory -industrial production could no longer be absorbed only at home -Josiah Strong updated idea of manifest destiny in Our Country -Americans should spread values and institutions to inferiors -economy would benefit by turning savages into consumers -Alfred Mahan argued no nation could prosper without sea power -Wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) -same year that census announced no line separating frontier -President Harrison persuaded congress to fund four battleships -Hawaii had close ties to the United States -exemption on sugar import tariffs from Hawaii -establishment of naval base at Pearl Harbor -economy dominated by American owned sugar plantations -Harrison submitted treaty of annexation to Senate; -Cleveland withdrew it because Hawaiians did not favor it -Depression of 1893 led to belief that more assertive foreign policy -social conflict led to more unifying patriotism -Pledge of Allegiance, standing during Star Spangled Banner -newspapers promoted nationalistic sentiments -yellow press: William Randolph Hearsts New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer New York World -Cuban revolt of 1868 against Spain -led to 10 years of guerrilla war -movement for independence began again in 1895 -Cuban struggle gained growing support in the United States -American battleship Maine exploded in Havana Harbor -loss of 270 lives -yellow press blamed Spain and demanded retribution -American demand for ceasefire and eventual Cuban independence -McKinley asked Congress for declaration of war -Henry Teller of Colorado emphasized aid to Cuban patriots -Teller Amendment: U.S. had no intention of annexing Cuba -Spanish-American War lasted 4 months, only 400 combat deaths -Admiral George Dewey defeated Spanish navy in Manila Bay -first American combat outside the Western Hemisphere -other naval victories off Santigo Cuba -Theodore Roosevelts charge up San Juan Hill outside Santiago -believed war would reinvigorate the nations unity, manhood -led a cavalry unit after resigning post as assistant sec. of navy -Rough Riders: Ivy League athletes, cowboys, American Indians -Roosevelt became governor of New York, then vice president

-Lure of Empire

-The Small War

An American Empire

-United States annexed Hawaii in July 1898 -McKinley had revelation to uplift and civilize Filipino people -United States acquired Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam -forced Cuban government to approve the Platt Amendment -authorized the United States to intervene militarily -American interests were primarily trade, not wealth from resources -bases in Puerto Rico and Guantanamo Bay were gateways -Philippines, Guam, Hawaii along shipping routes to Asia -Open Door Policy (1899) announced by Sec. of State John Hay -demanded Europe grant equal access to China for U.S. exports -referred to the free movement of goods and money, not people -Initially Cubans, Filipinos, Puerto Ricans welcomed U.S. -expected greater access to American markets -hoped American presence would fend off radical locals -Filipino movement turned against U.S. after -McKinley decided to retain possession of the Philippines -Philippine War lasted 1899 to 1903 -cost lives of 100,000 Filipinos and 4,200 Americans -reports of atrocities committed by American troops -McKinley justified to uplift and civilize and Christianize -American embarked on programs of economic modernization -expanded harbors and railroads -brought American school teachers and public health officials -but favored interests of land-based local elites -American imperialism sparked debate about democracy, race -American system had no provision for permanent colonies -Declaration of Independence principle: right to self-government -Foraker Act of 1900 declared Puerto Rico as insular territory -1 million inhabitants were citizens of Puerto Rico, not U.S. -Insular Cases (1901-1904) -Constitution did not apply to territories -Congress must recognize fundamental personal rights -otherwise Congress could govern territories as it saw fit -two principles of American freedom abandoned -no taxation without representation -government based on the consent of the governed -Hawaii became traditional territory then a state in 1959 -Philippines achieved independence in 1946 -Guam remains an unincorporated territory -Puerto Rico as the status of Commonwealth -elects its own government, no voice in Congress or president -Anti-Imperialist League opposed American imperialism -united writers and social reformers -believed America should direct energies at home -prominent members included -E.L. Godkin, the editor of The Nation -novelist William Dean Howells -labor leader George E. McNeill -held meetings and published pamphlets called Liberty Tracts

-Philippine War

-Citizens or Subjects

-Republic or Empire

-proponents of imperial foreign policy used language of freedom -American ventured abroad to bring a new day of freedom -America was a benevolent imperialist -McKinley repeated triumph in election of 1900 -Brooks Adams predicted America would outweigh other empires -The New Empire was published in 1902 -U.S. passed Britain, France, Germany in industrial production -merger left broad economy under control of companies -political system had stabilized -white North and South had achieved reconciliation