Angle Modulation Transmission

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Gii thiu
C 3 thnh phn ca tn hiu tng t c th thay i bi tn hiu mang thng tin l: bin , tn s v pha. FM, PM c hai u t iu ch gc. Li ch ca AM: Gim nhiu Ci thin tin cy h thng S dng nng lng hiu qu hn Hn ch: Bng thng ln Mch phc tp
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iu ch gc
iu ch gc l khi gc pha () ca sng sin b thay i theo thi gian Biu thc ton hc:

m(t ) = Vc cos[c t + (t )]
m(t): sng iu ch gc Vc: bin nh sng mang (V) c: tn s gc sng mang (anglular velocity, rad/s) (t): lch pha tc thi (rads) (t) l 1 hm ca tn hiu iu ch
(t ) = F [ m (t )] = F [Vm sin(mt )]
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iu ch gc
FM v PM khc nhau c tnh ca sng mang b thay i trc tip hay gin tip bi tn hiu iu ch Tn s sng mang thay i pha sng mang thay i FM l kt qu t tn s sng mang thay i trc tip ph hp vi tn hiu iu ch PM l kt qu t pha sng mang thay i trc tip ph hp vi tn hiu iu ch
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iu ch gc
nh ngha:
Direct FM: thay i tn s ca ca sng mang c bin c nh thay i trc tip vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch vi tc bng vi tn s ca tn hiu iu ch. Direct PM: thay i pha ca ca sng mang c bin c nh thay i trc tip vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch vi tc bng vi tn s ca tn hiu iu ch.
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iu ch gc
Tn hiu iu ch gc trong min tn s
ln v hng ca dch tn (f) thay i theo bin v cc ca tn hiu iu ch Tc tn s thay i bng vi fm

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iu ch gc
iu ch gc trong min thi gian

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Frequency changing with time

Phase changing with time

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iu ch gc
lch pha(): dch tng i ca pha sng mang tnh bng radians i vi pha tham chiu lch tn(f): dch tng i ca tn s sng mang tnh bng Hz i vi gi tr cha iu ch Cc lch tng ng vi tn hiu iu ch.
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Phn tch ton hc

Some terms:
lch pha tc thi=(t) (rad) Pha tc thi= ct + (t) lch tn s tc thi= (t) (Hz) Tn s tc thi
d i (t ) = [ct + (t )] = c + (t ) = 2f c + (t ) (rad / s ) dt

(t ) f i (t ) = f c + ( Hz ) 2
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Deviation Sensitivity
iu ch pha l iu ch gc vi (t) ~ vm(t) d ' (t ) = [ m (t )] v dt hay (t ) = K m (t ) (6.7) (rad ) iu ch tn s l iu ch gc vi (t) ~ vm(t) (t ) = [ m (t )] v hay ' (t ) = K1 m (t ) (6.8) (rad / s )

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Deviation Sensitivity
K v K1:hng s v c gi l deviation sensitivities ca pha v tn s b iu ch (modulators) Deviation sensitivity l hm truyn output-input ca b iu ch (modulator) Th hin mi quan h gia nhng thay i ca thng s ng ra vi nhng thay i ca tn hiu ng vo PM:
K= V
V

(rad / V )

FM:
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K1 =

rad ) Vs
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Deviation Sensitivity
T (6.7) v (6.8) (t ) = ' (t )dt = K1 m (t )dt = K1 m (t )dt PM= iu ch pha: m(t ) = Vc cos[c t + (t )] = Vc cos[c t + KVm cos(mt )] iu ch tn s
m(t ) = Vc cos[c t + ' (t )] = Vc cos[c t + K1vm (t )dt ] = Vc cos[c t + K1 Vm cos(mt )dt ]
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K1V m = Vc cos c t + sin(mt ) m

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Bng tm tt (6-1)
Loi iu ch (a) Pha (b) Tn s (c) Pha (d) Tn s Tn hiu iu Sng iu ch gc, m(t) ch vm(t) m(t ) = Vc cos[c t + Kvm (t )] vm(t) Vmcos(mt) Vmcos(mt)
m(t ) = Vc cos[c t + K1 vm (t )dt ]
m(t ) = Vc cos[c t + KVm cos(mt )]

K1V m m(t ) = Vc cos c t + sin(mt ) m

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Dng sng FM v PM

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H s iu ch
Biu thc (c) (d) trong Bng 6-1 c th vit li di dng tng qut:
m(t ) = Vc cos[c t + m. cos(mt )]

m: h s iu ch, and is defined differently in phase and frequency modulation

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H s iu ch
Vi iu ch pha:
m= lch pha nh=t l vi bin tn hiu iu ch, c lp vi tn s m=K.Vm (radians)

vi: m=h s iu ch v lch pha nh (, radians) K= deviation sensitivity (radians per volt) Vm= bin nh ca tn hiu iu ch (volts)

m(t ) = Vc cos[c t + KVm cos(mt )] = Vc cos[c t + cos(mt )]

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= Vc cos[c t + m cos(mt )]

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H s iu ch
iu ch tn s
iu ch tn s t l vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch v t l nghch vi tn s ca tn hiu iu ch

m=

K1Vm

(unitless)

vi K1 (radians per volt) m (radians/s)

hay

m=

K1Vm fm

(unitless)

vi K1 (Hertz per volt) fm (hertz)

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 lch tn s
lch tn s (Frequency deviation) l s thay i ca tn s xy ra sng mang tc ng bi tn hiu iu ch lch tn nh f lch tn nh nh (2f)=carrier swing

f = K1Vm
H s iu ch:
f m= fm

(Hz)

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K1V m m(t ) = Vc cos c t + sin(mt ) m f = Vc cos c t + sin(mt ) fm = Vc cos[c t + m. sin(mt )]

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9/12/2010

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Tm tt iu ch gc
FM
Sng iu ch
K1V m m(t ) = Vc cos c t + sin(mt ) m f = Vc cos c t + sin(mt ) fm = Vc cos[c t + m. sin(mt )]

PM
m(t ) = Vc cos[c t + KVm cos(mt )] = Vc cos[c t + cos(mt )] = Vc cos[c t + m cos(mt )]
K (rad/V)

Deviation sensitivity lch H s iu ch Tn hiu iu ch

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K1 (Hz/V)

f = K1Vm

(Hz)

= KVm

(rad)

K1Vm f = (unitless) m= fm fm

m = KVm = (rad)

vm (t ) = Vm sin(mt )
vc (t ) = Vc cos(c t )

vm (t ) = Vm cos(mt )

mang

vc (t ) = Vc cos(c t )

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B iu ch v gii iu ch Pha v Tn s
C 4 cch dng tng ng:
B iu ch PM = B vi phn theo sau bi b iu ch FM B gii iu ch PM = B gii iu ch FM theo sau bi b tch phn B iu ch FM = B tch phn theo sau bi b iu ch PM B gii iu ch FM demodulator = B gii iu ch PM theo sau bi b vi phn
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Phn tch tn s
iu ch sng sin mt tn s m(t ) = Vc cos[c t + m cos(mt )] Cc thnh phn tn s ring r th khng r rng
(Individual freq components are not obviously)

cos( + m cos ) =

n =

J n (m) cos( + n +

n ) 2

Jn(m) l hm Bessel function of the 1st kind of nth order with argument m n So, m(t ) = V J (m) cos( t + n t + )
c n =

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Phn tch tn s
Expanding:
m(t ) = Vc J 0 (m) cos c t + J1 (m) cos (c + m )t + ) J1 (m) cos (c m )t ) 2 2 J 2 (m) cos[(c + 2m )t ] J 2 (m) cos[(c 2m )t ] + ....}

J-n(m)=(-1)nJn(m) m(t)=sng iu ch gc m=h s iu ch Vc=bin sng mang nh J0(m)=carrier component J1(m)=1st set of side freqs displaced from the carrier by m J2(m)=2nd set of side freqs displaced from the carrier by 2m 9/12/2010

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Phn tch tn s
Sideband set (cm, c2m,, cnm) First-order sidebands, second-order sidebands, J1(m),J2(m),magnitudes of sidebands Jn(m) can be solved by:
m J n ( m) = 2
n

Table 6-3 m increases, the number of significant side freqs increasebandwidth increases Example 6-2
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1 ( m / 2) 2 (m / 2) 4 (m / 2) 6 + + ... n 1!(n + 1)! 2!(n + 2)! 3!(n + 1)!

Bessel functions of the First Kind

Modulation Carrier index m 0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.4
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Side freq pairs J1 0.12 0.24 0.44 0.56 0.58 0.52 J2 0.03 0.11 0.23 0.35 0.43 J3 0.02 0.06 0.13 0.2 J4 0.01 0.03 0.06 J5 0.02 J6 25 /48

J0 1.00 0.98 0.94 0.77 0.51 0.22 0

Bessel function versus m

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Bng thng ca sng iu ch gc

BW rng hn tn hiu AM vi cng mt tn hiu iu ch. Bng thng ti thiu
Modulation index 0 Low index
BWmin=2.m

Medium index

10

High index
BWmin=2.

Bng thng thc t

Bessel function table: Carsons rule:
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BW=2.(nxm) BW=2.(. +m)

n=number of significant sidebands

Example 6-3

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Cng sut trung bnh

Cng sut trung bnh ca sng mang cha iu ch Vc2 Pc = (W) 2R Cng sut tc thi ca tn hiu iu ch
m(t ) 2 Pt = (W) R

V V 1 1 Pt = c cos 2 [c t + (t )] = c + cos[2c t + 2 (t )] R R 2 2
2 2

Reduces to:

V Pt c ( W ) 2R

Actually,
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Pt = P0 + P + P2 + P3 + ... + Pn 1 Vc2 2V12 2V22 2V32 2Vn2 + + + + ... + Pt = 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R

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Nhiu v iu ch gc
Nhiu nhitlch tn sng mang khng mong mun gii iu ch nhiu nu thnh phn tn s nm trong ph tn hiu Dng ph ca nhiu: PM: khng i vi tn s FM: tng tuyn tnh

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Phase modulation due to interfering signal

lch pha nh:
peak = Vn (rad) Vc

Gii hn bin gim cng sut tng

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Frequency modulation due to interfering signal

lch pha tc thi:
(t ) =
Vn sin(n t + n )(rad) Vc
Vn n cos(n t + n )(rad/s) Vc

lch tn s tc thi:
(t ) =

lch tn s nh: V V peak = n n (rad/s) or f peak = n f n (Hz) Vc Vc Tuy nhin:

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f peak = mf n (Hz)
S f due to signal = N f due to noise
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Preemphasis & Deemphassis

Without preemphasis

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Preemphasis & Deemphassis

With preemphasis

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Preemphasis & Deemphassis

Preemphasis network is a high pass filter (a differentiator) Deemphasis network is a low pass filter (a integrator)
fb = hay fb = 1 2L / R 1 2RC

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B iu ch Tn s & Pha
Direct FM Disadvantage B dao ng LC khng n nh to tn s sng mangmch iu khin tn s t ng Advantage D t c lch tn v ch s iu ch cao Direct PM Kh t c lch tn v ch s iu ch cao B dao ng tch bit vi mch iu chn nh

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Direct FM modulators
lch tn tc thi t l trc tip vi bin sng iu ch B iu ch FM trc tip n gin (ng dng cao):

3 phng php: varactor diode, FM reactance, linear integratedcircuit

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Varactor diode
Schematic: Positive alternations reverse bias capacitance oscillation freq Negative alternations freq Simple to use, reliable Stablity of oscillatorpeak freq deviation is limited small values low-index applications
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Varactor diode
Carrier rest freq: f c =

1 2 LC

(Hz)

New frequency: f =

1 (Hz) 2 L(C + C )

Peak freq deviation:

f = f c f (Hz)

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FM reactance modulator
JFET c s dng nh thit b ch ng Modulating signal varies reactance of JFET causing a change in resonant freq

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FM reactance modulator
Equivalent circuit
Impedance between the drain and ground:

zd = j

Xc j = g m R 2f m g m RC

gmRC: variable-capacitance gm Modulating signalvGS zd resonant freq Maximum freq deviation 5kHz vGS

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B iu ch FM trc tip IC tuyn tnh

n nh, chnh xc Cng sut ng ra thp, cn vi thnh phn thm vo

vm(t)=Vmsin(2mt)

Voltage controlled oscillator (c) =VmK1 K1=deviation sensitivity

FM output f 0 f
BPF

m=

f fm

= m

Motorola MC1376 FM transmitter LIC: c=1.4MHz14MHz, low power application (cordless phones)
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Direct PM modulators
Varactor diode

Tn s n nh H s ng dng thp 9/12/2010

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Direct PM modulators
Transistor direct PM modulator

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Frequency up-conversion
Heterodyning process Frequency multiplication

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Heterodyning process

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Multiplication method

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