Ncert Solution 12TH Maths Part 1 by Mohil

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Preface To The First Edition
W e take an opportunity to present the standard treatise entitled

as A SOLUTIONS OF MATHEMATICS NCERT 12TH CLASS The entire solution
(PART-1 and PART-2) has a self-contained, flexible organization that
can be tailored to individual needs. Due to increasing demand by the
readers of my previous edition for 11th class entitled as A SOLUTION OF
MATHEMATICS NCERT 11TH CLASS. Although every care has been taken
to check mistakes and misprints, yet it is difficult to claim perfection.
© Copyright 2012 by www.mohilaj@ymail.com
AJAY MOHIL
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RELATION AND FUNCTION
EXERCISE-1.1
Question 1:
Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive,

symmetric and transitive:
(i)Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3…13, 14} defined as
R = {(x, y): 3x − y = 0}
(ii) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as
R = {(x, y): y = x + 5 and x < 4}
(iii) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as
R = {(x, y): y is divisible by x}
(iv) Relation R in the set Z of all integers defined as
R = {(x, y): x − y is as integer}
(v) Relation R in the set A of human beings in a town at a particular

time given by
(a) R = {(x, y): x and y work at the same place}
(b) R = {(x, y): x and y live in the same locality}
(c) R = {(x, y): x is exactly 7 cm taller than y}
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(d) R = {(x, y): x is wife of y}
(e) R = {(x, y): x is father of y}
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) A = {1, 2, 3 … 13, 14}
R = {(x, y): 3x − y = 0}
∴R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
R is not reflexive since (1, 1), (2, 2) … (14, 14) ∉ R.
Also, R is not symmetric as (1, 3) ∈R, but (3, 1) ∉ R. [3(3) − 1 ≠ 0]
Also, R is not transitive as (1, 3), (3, 9) ∈R, but (1, 9) ∉ R.
[3(1) − 9 ≠ 0]
Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.
(ii) R = {(x, y): y = x + 5 and x < 4} = {(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8)}
It is seen that (1, 1) ∉ R.
∴R is not reflexive.
(1, 6) ∈R
But,
(1, 6) ∉ R.
∴R is not symmetric.
Now, since there is no pair in R such that (x, y) and (y, z) ∈R, then
(x, z) cannot belong to R.
∴ R is not transitive.
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(iii) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
R = {(x, y): y is divisible by x}
We know that any number (x) is divisible by itself.
(x, x) ∈R
∴R is reflexive.
Now,
(2, 4) ∈R [as 4 is divisible by 2]
But,
(4, 2) ∉ R. [as 2 is not divisible by 4]
Let (x, y), (y, z) ∈ R. Then, y is divisible by x and z is divisible by y.
∴z is divisible by x.
⇒ (x, z) ∈R
∴R is transitive.
Hence, R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(iv) R = {(x, y): x − y is an integer}
Now, for every x ∈ Z, (x, x) ∈R as x − x = 0 is an integer.
∴R is reflexive.
Now, for every x, y ∈ Z if (x, y) ∈ R, then x − y is an integer.
⇒ −(x − y) is also an integer.
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⇒ (y − x) is an integer.
∴ (y, x) ∈ R
∴R is symmetric.
Now,
Let (x, y) and (y, z) ∈R, where x, y, z ∈ Z.
⇒ (x − y) and (y − z) are integers.
⇒ x − z = (x − y) + (y − z) is an integer.
∴ (x, z) ∈R
∴R is transitive.
Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
(v) (a) R = {(x, y): x and y work at the same place}
(x, x) ∈ R
∴ R is reflexive.
If (x, y) ∈ R, then x and y work at the same place.
⇒ y and x work at the same place.
⇒ (y, x) ∈ R.
∴R is symmetric.
Now, let (x, y), (y, z) ∈ R
⇒ x and y work at the same place and y and z work at the same place.
⇒ x and z work at the same place.
⇒ (x, z) ∈R
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∴ R is transitive.
(b) R = {(x, y): x and y live in the same locality}
Clearly (x, x) ∈ R as x and x is the same human being.
∴ R is reflexive.
If (x, y) ∈R, then x and y live in the same locality.
⇒ y and x live in the same locality.
⇒ (y, x) ∈ R
∴R is symmetric.
Now, let (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R.
⇒ x and y live in the same locality and y and z live in the same
locality.
⇒ x and z live in the same locality.
⇒ (x, z) ∈ R
(c) R = {(x, y): x is exactly 7 cm taller than y}
Now,
(x, x) ∉ R
Since human being x cannot be taller than himself.
Now, let (x, y) ∈R.
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⇒ x is exactly 7 cm taller than y.
Then, y is not taller than x.
∴ (y, x) ∉R
Indeed if x is exactly 7 cm taller than y, then y is exactly 7 cm shorter

than x.
Now,
Let (x, y), (y, z) ∈ R.
⇒ x is exactly 7 cm taller than y and y is exactly 7 cm taller than z.
⇒ x is exactly 14 cm taller than z .
∴(x, z) ∉R
(d) R = {(x, y): x is the wife of y}
Now,
(x, x) ∉ R
Since x cannot be the wife of herself.
Now, let (x, y) ∈ R
⇒ x is the wife of y.
Clearly y is not the wife of x.
∴(y, x) ∉ R
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Indeed if x is the wife of y, then y is the husband of x.
Let (x, y), (y, z) ∈ R
⇒ x is the wife of y and y is the wife of z.
This case is not possible. Also, this does not imply that x is the wife
of z.
∴(x, z) ∉ R
∴R is not transitive.
(e) R = {(x, y): x is the father of y}
(x, x) ∉ R
As x cannot be the father of himself.
Now, let (x, y) ∈R.
⇒ x is the father of y.
⇒ y cannot be the father of y.
Indeed, y is the son or the daughter of y.
∴(y, x) ∉ R
∴ R is not symmetric.
Now, let (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R.
⇒ x is the father of y and y is the father of z.
⇒ x is not the father of z.
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Indeed x is the grandfather of z.
∴ (x, z) ∉ R
Question 2:
Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as
R = {(a, b): a ≤ b2} is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
R = {(a, b): a ≤ b2}
It can be observed that
Now, (1, 4) ∈ R as 1 < 42
But, 4 is not less than 12.
∴(4, 1) ∉ R
Now,
(3, 2), (2, 1.5) ∈ R
(as 3 < 22 = 4 and 2 < (1.5)2 = 2.25)
But, 3 > (1.5)2 = 2.25
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∴(3, 1.5) ∉ R
Question 3:
Check whether the relation R defined in the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as
R = {(a, b): b = a + 1} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
A relation R is defined on set A as:
R = {(a, b): b = a + 1}
∴R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}
We can find (a, a) ∉ R, where a ∈ A.
For instance,
(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6) ∉ R
It can be observed that (1, 2) ∈ R, but (2, 1) ∉ R.
Now, (1, 2), (2, 3) ∈ R
But,
(1, 3) ∉ R
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∴R is not transitive
Question 4:
Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b): a ≤ b}, is

reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
R = {(a, b); a ≤ b}
Clearly (a, a) ∈ R as a = a.
∴R is reflexive.
Now,
(2, 4) ∈ R (as 2 < 4)
But, (4, 2) ∉ R as 4 is greater than 2.
Now, let (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R.
Then,
a ≤ b and b ≤ c
⇒a≤c
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
∴R is transitive.
Hence,R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
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Question 5:
Check whether the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b): a ≤ b3} is

reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
R = {(a, b): a ≤ b3}
It is observed that
∴ R is not reflexive.
Now,
(1, 2) ∈ R (as 1 < 23 = 8)
But,
(2, 1) ∉ R (as 23 > 1)
We have
But
Question 6:
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Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2,
1)} is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let A = {1, 2, 3}.
A relation R on A is defined as R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}.
It is seen that (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) ∉R.
Now, as (1, 2) ∈ R and (2, 1) ∈ R, then R is symmetric.
Now, (1, 2) and (2, 1) ∈ R
However,
(1, 1) ∉ R
Hence, R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
Question 7:
Show that the relation R in the set A of all the books in a library of a
college, given by R = {(x, y): x and y have same number of pages} is
an equivalence relation.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Set A is the set of all books in the library of a college.
R = {x, y): x and y have the same number of pages}
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Now, R is reflexive since (x, x) ∈ R as x and x has the same number of
pages.
Let (x, y) ∈ R ⇒ x and y have the same number of pages.
⇒ y and x have the same number of pages.
⇒ (y, x) ∈ R
∴R is symmetric.
Now, let (x, y) ∈R and (y, z) ∈ R.
⇒ x and y and have the same number of pages and y and z have the
same number of pages.
⇒ x and z have the same number of pages.
⇒ (x, z) ∈ R
∴R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
Question 8:
Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by
, is an equivalence relation. Show that all the

elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other and all the elements of
{2, 4} are related to each other. But no element of {1, 3, 5} is related
to any element of 2, 4}.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
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It is clear that for any element a ∈A, we have (which is even).
∴R is reflexive.
Let (a, b) ∈ R.
∴R is symmetric.
Now, let (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R.
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
∴R is transitive.
Now, all elements of the set {1, 2, 3} are related to each other as all
the elements of this subset are odd. Thus, the modulus of the
difference between any two elements will be even.
Similarly, all elements of the set {2, 4} are related to each other as all
the elements of this subset are even.
Also, no element of the subset {1, 3, 5} can be related to any element

of {2, 4} as all elements of {1, 3, 5} are odd and all elements of {2,
4} are even. Thus, the modulus of the difference between the two
elements (from each of these two subsets) will not be even.
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Question 9:
Show that each of the relation R in the set , given by
(i)
(ii)
is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1 in

each case.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
For any element a ∈A, we have (a, a) ∈ R as is a multiple of

4.
∴R is reflexive.
Now, let (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ is a multiple of 4.
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
∴R is symmetric.
Now, let (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R.
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⇒ (a, c) ∈R
The set of elements related to 1 is {1, 5, 9} since
(ii) R = {(a, b): a = b}
For any element a ∈A, we have (a, a) ∈ R, since a = a.
∴R is reflexive.
Now, let (a, b) ∈ R.
⇒a=b
⇒b=a
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
∴R is symmetric.
Now, let (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R.
⇒ a = b and b = c
⇒a=c
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
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The elements in R that are related to 1 will be those elements from set
A which are equal to 1.
Hence, the set of elements related to 1 is {1}.
Question 10:
Given an example of a relation. Which is
(i) Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
(ii) Transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric.
(iii) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(iv) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(v) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) Let A = {5, 6, 7}.
Define a relation R on A as R = {(5, 6), (6, 5)}.
Relation R is not reflexive as (5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7) ∉ R.
Now, as (5, 6) ∈ R and also (6, 5) ∈ R, R is symmetric.
(5, 6), (6, 5) ∈ R, but (5, 5) ∉ R
Hence, relation R is symmetric but not reflexive or transitive.
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(ii)Consider a relation R in R defined as:
R = {(a, b): a < b}
For any a ∈ R, we have (a, a) ∉ R since a cannot be strictly less

than a itself. In fact, a = a.
Now,
(1, 2) ∈ R (as 1 < 2)
But, 2 is not less than 1.
∴ (2, 1) ∉ R
Now, let (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R.
⇒ a < b and b < c
⇒a<c
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
∴R is transitive.
Hence, relation R is transitive but not reflexive and symmetric.
(iii)Let A = {4, 6, 8}.
Define a relation R on A as:
A = {(4, 4), (6, 6), (8, 8), (4, 6), (6, 4), (6, 8), (8, 6)}
Relation R is reflexive since for every a ∈ A, (a, a) ∈R i.e., (4, 4), (6,
6), (8, 8)} ∈ R.
Relation R is symmetric since (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ R.
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Relation R is not transitive since (4, 6), (6, 8) ∈ R, but (4, 8) ∉ R.
Hence, relation R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(iv) Define a relation R in R as:
R = {a, b): a3 ≥ b3}
Clearly (a, a) ∈ R as a3 = a3.
∴R is reflexive.
Now,
(2, 1) ∈ R (as 23 ≥ 13)
But,
(1, 2) ∉ R (as 13 < 23)
Now,
Let (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R.
⇒ a3 ≥ b3 and b3 ≥ c3
⇒ a 3 ≥ c3
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
∴R is transitive.
Hence, relation R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(v) Let A = {−5, −6}.
Define a relation R on A as:
R = {(−5, −6), (−6, −5), (−5, −5)}
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Relation R is not reflexive as (−6, −6) ∉ R.
Relation R is symmetric as (−5, −6) ∈ R and (−6, −5}∈R.
It is seen that (−5, −6), (−6, −5) ∈ R. Also, (−5, −5) ∈ R.
∴The relation R is transitive.
Hence, relation R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
Question 11:
Show that the relation R in the set A of points in a plane given by R =

{(P, Q): distance of the point P from the origin is same as the distance
of the point Q from the origin}, is an equivalence relation. Further,
show that the set of all point related to a point P ≠ (0, 0) is the circle
passing through P with origin as centre.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
R = {(P, Q): distance of point P from the origin is the same as the
distance of point Q from the origin}
Clearly, (P, P) ∈ R since the distance of point P from the origin is

always the same as the distance of the same point P from the origin.
∴R is reflexive.
Now,
Let (P, Q) ∈ R.
⇒ The distance of point P from the origin is the same as the distance
of point Q from the origin.
⇒ The distance of point Q from the origin is the same as the distance
of point P from the origin.
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⇒ (Q, P) ∈ R
∴R is symmetric.
Now,
Let (P, Q), (Q, S) ∈ R.
⇒ The distance of points P and Q from the origin is the same and
also, the distance of points Q and S from the origin is the same.
⇒ The distance of points P and S from the origin is the same.
⇒ (P, S) ∈ R
∴R is transitive.
Therefore, R is an equivalence relation.
The set of all points related to P ≠ (0, 0) will be those points whose
distance from the origin is the same as the distance of point P from
the origin.
In other words, if O (0, 0) is the origin and OP = k, then the set of all
points related to P is at a distance of k from the origin.
Hence, this set of points forms a circle with the centre as the origin
and this circle passes through point P.
Question 12:
Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all triangles as R =
{(T1, T2): T1 is similar to T2}, is equivalence relation. Consider three
right angle triangles T1 with sides 3, 4, 5, T2 with sides 5, 12, 13
and T3 with sides 6, 8, 10. Which triangles among T1, T2 and T3 are
related?
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
R = {(T1, T2): T1 is similar to T2}
R is reflexive since every triangle is similar to itself.
Further, if (T1, T2) ∈ R, then T1 is similar to T2.
⇒ T2 is similar to T1.
⇒ (T2, T1) ∈R
∴R is symmetric.
Now,
Let (T1, T2), (T2, T3) ∈ R.
⇒ T1 is similar to T2 and T2 is similar to T3.
⇒ T1 is similar to T3.
⇒ (T1, T3) ∈ R
Thus, R is an equivalence relation.
Now, we can observe that:
∴The corresponding sides of triangles T1 and T3 are in the same ratio.
Then, triangle T1 is similar to triangle T3.
Hence, T1 is related to T3.
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Question 13:
Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all polygons as R =
{(P1, P2): P1 and P2 have same number of sides}, is an equivalence
relation. What is the set of all elements in A related to the right angle
triangle T with sides 3, 4 and 5?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
R = {(P1, P2): P1 and P2 have same the number of sides}
R is reflexive since (P1, P1) ∈ R as the same polygon has the same
number of sides with itself.
Let (P1, P2) ∈ R.
⇒ P1 and P2 have the same number of sides.
⇒ (P2, P1) ∈ R
∴R is symmetric.
Now,
Let (P1, P2), (P2, P3) ∈ R.
⇒ P1 and P2 have the same number of sides. Also, P2 and P3 have the
same number of sides.
⇒ (P1, P3) ∈ R
∴R is transitive.
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The elements in A related to the right-angled triangle (T) with sides 3,
4, and 5 are those polygons which have 3 sides (since T is a polygon
with 3 sides).
Hence, the set of all elements in A related to triangle T is the set of all
triangles.
Question 14:
Let L be the set of all lines in XY plane and R be the relation

in L defined as R = {(L1, L2): L1 is parallel to L2}. Show that R is an
equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines related to the line y =
2x + 4.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
R = {(L1, L2): L1 is parallel to L2}
R is reflexive as any line L1 is parallel to itself i.e., (L1, L1) ∈ R.
Now,
Let (L1, L2) ∈ R.
⇒ L1 is parallel to L2.
⇒ (L2, L1) ∈ R
∴ R is symmetric.
Now,
Let (L1, L2), (L2, L3) ∈R.
⇒ L1 is parallel to L2. Also, L2 is parallel to L3.
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∴R is transitive.
The set of all lines related to the line y = 2x + 4 is the set of all lines
that are parallel to the line y = 2x + 4.
Slope of line y = 2x + 4 is m = 2
It is known that parallel lines have the same slopes.
The line parallel to the given line is of the form y = 2x + c,

where c ∈R.
Hence, the set of all lines related to the given line is given by y =
2x + c, where c ∈ R.
Question 15:
Let R be the relation in the set {1, 2, 3, 4} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 2),
(1, 1), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)}. Choose the correct answer.
(A) R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(B) R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(C) R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
(D) R is an equivalence relation.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)}
It is seen that (a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈{1, 2, 3, 4}.
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∴ R is reflexive.
It is seen that (1, 2) ∈ R, but (2, 1) ∉ R.
Also, it is observed that (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, b, c ∈

{1, 2, 3, 4}.
Hence, R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
The correct answer is B.
Question 16:
Let R be the relation in the set N given by R = {(a, b): a = b − 2, b >
6}. Choose the correct answer.
(A) (2, 4) ∈ R (B) (3, 8) ∈R (C) (6, 8) ∈R (D) (8, 7) ∈ R
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
R = {(a, b): a = b − 2, b > 6}
Now, since b > 6, (2, 4) ∉ R
Also, as 3 ≠ 8 − 2, (3, 8) ∉ R
And, as 8 ≠ 7 − 2
(8, 7) ∉ R
Now, consider (6, 8).
We have 8 > 6 and also, 6 = 8 − 2.
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∴(6, 8) ∈ R
The correct answer is C.
EXERCISE-1.2
Question 1:
Show that the function f: R* → R* defined by is one-one and

onto, where R* is the set of all non-zero real numbers. Is the result
true, if the domain R* is replaced by N with co-domain being same
as R*?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that f: R* → R* is defined by
One-one:
∴f is one-one.
Onto:
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It is clear that for y∈ R*, there exists such that
∴f is onto.
Thus, the given function (f) is one-one and onto.
Now, consider function g: N → R*defined by
We have,
∴g is one-one.
Further, it is clear that g is not onto as for 1.2 ∈R* there does not exit
any x in N such that g(x) = .
Hence, function g is one-one but not onto.
Question 2:
Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the following functions:
(i) f: N → N given by f(x) = x2
(ii) f: Z → Z given by f(x) = x2
(iii) f: R → R given by f(x) = x2
(iv) f: N → N given by f(x) = x3
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(v) f: Z → Z given by f(x) = x3
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) f: N → N is given by,
f(x) = x2
It is seen that for x, y ∈N, f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x2 = y2 ⇒ x = y.
∴f is injective.
Now, 2 ∈ N. But, there does not exist any x in N such that f(x) = x2 =
2.
∴ f is not surjective.
Hence, function f is injective but not surjective.
(ii) f: Z → Z is given by,
f(x) = x2
It is seen that f(−1) = f(1) = 1, but −1 ≠ 1.
∴ f is not injective.
Now,−2 ∈ Z. But, there does not exist any element x ∈Z such that f(x)
= x2 = −2.
Hence, function f is neither injective nor surjective.
(iii) f: R → R is given by,
f(x) = x2
It is seen that f(−1) = f(1) = 1, but −1 ≠ 1.
31
∴ f is not injective.
Now,−2 ∈ R. But, there does not exist any element x ∈ R such

that f(x) = x2 = −2.
Hence, function f is neither injective nor surjective.
(iv) f: N → N given by,
f(x) = x3
It is seen that for x, y ∈N, f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x3 = y3 ⇒ x = y.
∴f is injective.
Now, 2 ∈ N. But, there does not exist any element x in domain N such
that f(x) = x3 = 2.
∴ f is not surjective
(v) f: Z → Z is given by,
f(x) = x3
It is seen that for x, y ∈ Z, f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x3 = y3 ⇒ x = y.
∴ f is injective.
Now, 2 ∈ Z. But, there does not exist any element x in domain Z such
that f(x) = x3 = 2.
Question 3:
32
Prove that the Greatest Integer Function f: R → R given by f(x) = [x],
is neither one-once nor onto, where [x] denotes the greatest integer
less than or equal to x.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f: R → R is given by,
f(x) = [x]
It is seen that f(1.2) = [1.2] = 1, f(1.9) = [1.9] = 1.
∴ f(1.2) = f(1.9), but 1.2 ≠ 1.9.
∴ f is not one-one.
Now, consider 0.7 ∈ R.
It is known that f(x) = [x] is always an integer. Thus, there does not
exist any element x ∈ R such that f(x) = 0.7.
∴ f is not onto.
Hence, the greatest integer function is neither one-one nor onto.
Question 4:
Show that the Modulus Function f: R → R given by , is

neither one-one nor onto, where is x, if x is positive or 0 and is
− x, ifx is negative.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
33
It is seen that .
∴f(−1) = f(1), but −1 ≠ 1.
Now, consider −1 ∈ R.
It is known that f(x) = is always non-negative. Thus, there does not

exist any element x in domain R such that f(x) = = −1.
∴ f is not onto.
Hence, the modulus function is neither one-one nor onto.
Question 5:
Show that the Signum Function f: R → R, given by
is neither one-one nor onto.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is seen that f(1) = f(2) = 1, but 1 ≠ 2.
34
∴f is not one-one.
Now, as f(x) takes only 3 values (1, 0, or −1) for the element −2 in co-
domain R, there does not exist any x in domain R such that f(x) = −2.
∴ f is not onto.
Hence, the signum function is neither one-one nor onto.
Question 6:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and let f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be
a function from A to B. Show that f is one-one.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7}.
f: A → B is defined as f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)}.
∴ f (1) = 4, f (2) = 5, f (3) = 6
It is seen that the images of distinct elements of A under f are distinct.
Hence, function f is one-one.
Question 7:
In each of the following cases, state whether the function is one-one,
onto or bijective. Justify your answer.
(i) f: R → R defined by f(x) = 3 − 4x
(ii) f: R → R defined by f(x) = 1 + x2
 Answer
 Discussion
35
 Share
(i) f: R → R is defined as f(x) = 3 − 4x.
∴ f is one-one.
For any real number (y) in R, there exists in R such that
∴f is onto.
Hence, f is bijective.
(ii) f: R → R is defined as
∴ does not imply that
For instance,
36
Consider an element −2 in co-domain R.
It is seen that is positive for all x ∈ R.
Thus, there does not exist any x in domain R such that f(x) = −2.
∴ f is not onto.
Hence, f is neither one-one nor onto.
Question 8:
Let A and B be sets. Show that f: A × B → B × A such that (a, b) =

(b, a) is bijective function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f: A × B → B × A is defined as f(a, b) = (b, a).
∴ f is one-one.
Now, let (b, a) ∈ B × A be any element.
Then, there exists (a, b) ∈A × B such that f(a, b) = (b, a). [By
definition of f]
∴ f is onto.
Hence, f is bijective.
37
Question 9:
Let f: N → N be defined by
State whether the function f is bijective. Justify your answer.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f: N → N is defined as
It can be observed that:
Consider a natural number (n) in co-domain N.
Case I: n is odd
∴n = 2r + 1 for some r ∈ N. Then, there exists 4r + 1∈N such that
Case II: n is even
∴n = 2r for some r ∈ N. Then,there exists 4r ∈N such that
38
∴ f is onto.
Hence, f is not a bijective function.
Question 10:
Let A = R − {3} and B = R − {1}. Consider the function f: A → B

defined by
. Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A = R − {3}, B = R − {1}
f: A → B is defined as .
∴ f is one-one.
Let y ∈B = R − {1}. Then, y ≠ 1.
The function f is onto if there exists x ∈A such that f(x) = y.
Now,
39
Thus, for any y ∈ B, there exists such that
Hence, function f is one-one and onto.
Question 11:
Let f: R → R be defined as f(x) = x4. Choose the correct answer.
(A) f is one-one onto (B) f is many-one onto
(C) f is one-one but not onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f: R → R is defined as
Let x, y ∈ R such that f(x) = f(y).
∴ does not imply that .
40
For instance,
Consider an element 2 in co-domain R. It is clear that there does not

exist any x in domain R such that f(x) = 2.
∴ f is not onto.
Hence, function f is neither one-one nor onto.
The correct answer is D.
Question 12:
Let f: R → R be defined as f(x) = 3x. Choose the correct answer.
(A) f is one-one onto (B) f is many-one onto
(C) f is one-one but not onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f: R → R is defined as f(x) = 3x.
Let x, y ∈ R such that f(x) = f(y).
⇒ 3x = 3y
⇒x=y
∴f is one-one.
41
Also, for any real number (y) in co-domain R, there exists
in R such that .
∴f is onto.
Hence, function f is one-one and onto.
The correct answer is A.
EXERCISE-1.3
Question 1:
Let f: {1, 3, 4} → {1, 2, 5} and g: {1, 2, 5} → {1, 3} be given by f =
{(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)} and g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)}. Write down gof.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The functions f: {1, 3, 4} → {1, 2, 5} and g: {1, 2, 5} → {1, 3} are

defined as
f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)} and g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)}.
Question 2:
Let f, g and h be functions from R to R. Show that
42
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
To prove:
Question 3:
Find gof and fog, if
43
(i)
(ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
(ii)
Question 4:
If , show that f o f(x) = x, for all . What is the

inverse of f?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that .
44
Hence, the given function f is invertible and the inverse of f is f itself.
Question 5:
State with reason whether following functions have inverse
(i) f: {1, 2, 3, 4} → {10} with
f = {(1, 10), (2, 10), (3, 10), (4, 10)}
(ii) g: {5, 6, 7, 8} → {1, 2, 3, 4} with
g = {(5, 4), (6, 3), (7, 4), (8, 2)}
(iii) h: {2, 3, 4, 5} → {7, 9, 11, 13} with
h = {(2, 7), (3, 9), (4, 11), (5, 13)}
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) f: {1, 2, 3, 4} → {10}defined as:
f = {(1, 10), (2, 10), (3, 10), (4, 10)}
From the given definition of f, we can see that f is a many one

function as: f(1) = f(2) = f(3) = f(4) = 10
∴f is not one-one.
45
Hence, function f does not have an inverse.
(ii) g: {5, 6, 7, 8} → {1, 2, 3, 4} defined as:
g = {(5, 4), (6, 3), (7, 4), (8, 2)}
From the given definition of g, it is seen that g is a many one function

as: g(5) = g(7) = 4.
∴g is not one-one,
Hence, function g does not have an inverse.
(iii) h: {2, 3, 4, 5} → {7, 9, 11, 13} defined as:
h = {(2, 7), (3, 9), (4, 11), (5, 13)}
It is seen that all distinct elements of the set {2, 3, 4, 5} have distinct
images under h.
∴Function h is one-one.
Also, h is onto since for every element y of the set {7, 9, 11, 13},
there exists an element x in the set {2, 3, 4, 5}such that h(x) = y.
Thus, h is a one-one and onto function. Hence, h has an inverse.
Question 6:
Show that f: [−1, 1] → R, given by is one-one. Find the

inverse of the function f: [−1, 1] → Range f.
(Hint: For y ∈Range f, y = , for some x in [−1, 1], i.e.,
 Answer
 Discussion
46
 Share
f: [−1, 1] → R is given as
Let f(x) = f(y).
∴ f is a one-one function.
It is clear that f: [−1, 1] → Range f is onto.
∴ f: [−1, 1] → Range f is one-one and onto and therefore, the inverse

of the function:
f: [−1, 1] → Range f exists.
Let g: Range f → [−1, 1] be the inverse of f.
Let y be an arbitrary element of range f.
Since f: [−1, 1] → Range f is onto, we have:
Now, let us define g: Range f → [−1, 1] as
47
∴gof = and fog =
f−1 = g
Question 7:
Consider f: R → R given by f(x) = 4x + 3. Show that f is invertible.

Find the inverse of f.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f(x) = 4x + 3
One-one:
Let f(x) = f(y).
48
Onto:
For y ∈ R, let y = 4x + 3.
Therefore, for any y ∈ R, there exists such that
∴ f is onto.
Thus, f is one-one and onto and therefore, f−1 exists.
Let us define g: R→ R by .
Hence, f is invertible and the inverse of f is given by
Question 8:
Consider f: R+ → [4, ∞) given by f(x) = x2 + 4. Show that f is
invertible with the inverse f−1 of given f by , where R+ is
the set of all non-negative real numbers.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
49
f: R+ → [4, ∞) is given as f(x) = x2 + 4.
One-one:
Let f(x) = f(y).
Onto:
For y ∈ [4, ∞), let y = x2 + 4.
Therefore, for any y ∈ R, there exists such that
∴ f is onto.
Thus, f is one-one and onto and therefore, f−1 exists.
Let us define g: [4, ∞) → R+ by,
50
Question 9:
Consider f: R+ → [−5, ∞) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x − 5. Show that f is
invertible with .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f: R+ → [−5, ∞) is given as f(x) = 9x2 + 6x − 5.
Let y be an arbitrary element of [−5, ∞).
Let y = 9x2 + 6x − 5.
∴f is onto, thereby range f = [−5, ∞).
Let us define g: [−5, ∞) → R+ as
We now have:
51
∴ and
Question 9:
Consider f: R+ → [−5, ∞) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x − 5. Show that f is
invertible with .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f: R+ → [−5, ∞) is given as f(x) = 9x2 + 6x − 5.
Let y be an arbitrary element of [−5, ∞).
Let y = 9x2 + 6x − 5.
∴f is onto, thereby range f = [−5, ∞).
52
Let us define g: [−5, ∞) → R+ as
We now have:
∴ and
Question 11:
Consider f: {1, 2, 3} → {a, b, c} given by f(1) = a, f(2) = b and f(3)
= c. Find f−1 and show that (f−1)−1 = f.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Function f: {1, 2, 3} → {a, b, c} is given by,
f(1) = a, f(2) = b, and f(3) = c
53
If we define g: {a, b, c} → {1, 2, 3} as g(a) = 1, g(b) = 2, g(c) = 3,
then we have:
∴ and , where X = {1, 2, 3} and Y= {a, b, c}.
Thus, the inverse of f exists and f−1 = g.
∴f−1: {a, b, c} → {1, 2, 3} is given by,
f−1(a) = 1, f−1(b) = 2, f-1(c) = 3
Let us now find the inverse of f−1 i.e., find the inverse of g.
If we define h: {1, 2, 3} → {a, b, c} as
h(1) = a, h(2) = b, h(3) = c, then we have:
∴ , where X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {a, b, c}.
Thus, the inverse of g exists and g−1 = h ⇒ (f−1)−1 = h.
It can be noted that h = f.
54
Hence, (f−1)−1 = f.
Question 12:
Let f: X → Y be an invertible function. Show that the inverse

of f−1 is f, i.e.,
(f−1)−1 = f.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let f: X → Y be an invertible function.
Then, there exists a function g: Y → X such that gof = IXand fog = IY.
Here, f−1 = g.
Now, gof = IXand fog = IY
⇒ f−1of = IXand fof−1= IY
Hence, f−1: Y → X is invertible and f is the inverse of f−1
i.e., (f−1)−1 = f.
Question 13:
If f: R → R be given by , then fof(x) is
(A) (B) x3 (C) x (D) (3 − x3)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
55
f: R → R is given as .
Question 14:
Let be a function defined as . The inverse
of f is map g: Range
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that
Let y be an arbitrary element of Range f.
Then, there exists x ∈ such that
56
Let us define g: Range as
Now,
Thus, g is the inverse of f i.e., f−1 = g.
Hence, the inverse of f is the map g: Range , which is

given by
57
EXERCISE-1.4
Question 1:
Determine whether or not each of the definition of given below gives

a binary operation. In the event that * is not a binary operation, give
justification for this.
(i) On Z+, define * by a * b = a − b
(ii) On Z+, define * by a * b = ab
(iii) On R, define * by a * b = ab2
(iv) On Z+, define * by a * b = |a − b|
(v) On Z+, define * by a * b = a
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = a − b.
It is not a binary operation as the image of (1, 2) under * is 1 * 2 = 1 −

2
= −1 ∉ Z+.
58
(ii) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = ab.
It is seen that for each a, b ∈ Z+, there is a unique element ab in Z+.
This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique

element a * b = ab in Z+.
Therefore, * is a binary operation.
(iii) On R, * is defined by a * b = ab2.
It is seen that for each a, b ∈ R, there is a unique element ab2 in R.
This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique

element a * b = ab2 in R.
(iv) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = |a − b|.
It is seen that for each a, b ∈ Z+, there is a unique element |a − b|

in Z+.
This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b =

|a − b| in Z+.
(v) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = a.
* carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b = a in Z+.
Question 2:
For each binary operation * defined below, determine whether * is

commutative or associative.
(i) On Z, define a * b = a − b
59
(ii) On Q, define a * b = ab + 1
(iii) On Q, define a * b
(iv) On Z+, define a * b = 2ab
(v) On Z+, define a * b = ab
(vi) On R − {−1}, define
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) On Z, * is defined by a * b = a − b.
It can be observed that 1 * 2 = 1 − 2 = 1 and 2 * 1 = 2 − 1 = 1.
∴1 * 2 ≠ 2 * 1; where 1, 2 ∈ Z
Hence, the operation * is not commutative.
Also we have:
(1 * 2) * 3 = (1 − 2) * 3 = −1 * 3 = −1 − 3 = −4
1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * (2 − 3) = 1 * −1 = 1 − (−1) = 2
∴(1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3) ; where 1, 2, 3 ∈ Z
Hence, the operation * is not associative.
(ii) On Q, * is defined by a * b = ab + 1.
It is known that:
ab = ba a, b ∈ Q
⇒ ab + 1 = ba + 1 a, b ∈ Q
60
⇒a*b=a*b a, b ∈ Q
Therefore, the operation * is commutative.
(1 * 2) * 3 = (1 × 2 + 1) * 3 = 3 * 3 = 3 × 3 + 1 = 10
1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * (2 × 3 + 1) = 1 * 7 = 1 × 7 + 1 = 8
∴(1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3) ; where 1, 2, 3 ∈ Q
Therefore, the operation * is not associative.
(iii) On Q, * is defined by a * b
It is known that:
ab = ba a, b ∈ Q
⇒ a, b ∈ Q
⇒a*b=b*a a, b ∈ Q
For all a, b, c ∈ Q, we have:
Therefore, the operation * is associative.
(iv) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = 2ab.
61
It is known that:
ab = ba a, b ∈ Z+
⇒ 2ab = 2ba a, b ∈ Z+
⇒a*b=b*a a, b ∈ Z+
∴(1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3) ; where 1, 2, 3 ∈ Z+
(v) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = ab.
and
∴ 1 * 2 ≠ 2 * 1 ; where 1, 2 ∈ Z+
Therefore, the operation * is not commutative.
It can also be observed that:
∴(2 * 3) * 4 ≠ 2 * (3 * 4) ; where 2, 3, 4 ∈ Z+
62
(vi) On R, * − {−1} is defined by
It can be observed that and
∴1 * 2 ≠ 2 * 1 ; where 1, 2 ∈ R − {−1}
Therefore, the operation * is not commutative.
∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3) ; where 1, 2, 3 ∈ R − {−1}
Question 3:
Consider the binary operation ∨ on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined

by a ∨b = min {a, b}. Write the operation table of the operation∨.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The binary operation ∨ on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined as a ∨ b =

min {a, b}
a, b ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
Thus, the operation table for the given operation ∨ can be given as:
∨ 1 2 3 4 5
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1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 3 3 3
4 1 2 3 4 4
5 1 2 3 4 5
Question 4:
Consider a binary operation * on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by the

following multiplication table.
(i) Compute (2 * 3) * 4 and 2 * (3 * 4)
(ii) Is * commutative?
(iii) Compute (2 * 3) * (4 * 5).
(Hint: use the following table)
* 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 1 3 1 1
4 1 2 1 4 1
5 1 1 1 1 5
 Answer
 Discussion
64
 Share
(i) (2 * 3) * 4 = 1 * 4 = 1
2 * (3 * 4) = 2 * 1 = 1
(ii) For every a, b ∈{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, we have a * b = b * a. Therefore,

the operation * is commutative.
(iii) (2 * 3) = 1 and (4 * 5) = 1
∴(2 * 3) * (4 * 5) = 1 * 1 = 1
Question 5:
Let*′ be the binary operation on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined

by a *′ b = H.C.F. of a and b. Is the operation *′ same as the
operation *defined in Exercise 4 above? Justify your answer.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The binary operation *′ on the set {1, 2, 3 4, 5} is defined as a *′ b =

H.C.F of a and b.
The operation table for the operation *′ can be given as:
*′ 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 1 3 1 1
4 1 2 1 4 1
5 1 1 1 1 5
65
We observe that the operation tables for the operations * and *′ are
the same.
Thus, the operation *′ is same as the operation*.
Question 6:
Let * be the binary operation on N given by a * b = L.C.M.

of a and b. Find
(i) 5 * 7, 20 * 16 (ii) Is * commutative?
(iii) Is * associative? (iv) Find the identity of * in N
(v) Which elements of N are invertible for the operation *?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The binary operation * on N is defined as a * b = L.C.M. of a and b.
(i) 5 * 7 = L.C.M. of 5 and 7 = 35
20 * 16 = L.C.M of 20 and 16 = 80
(ii) It is known that:
L.C.M of a and b = L.C.M of b and a a, b ∈ N.
∴a * b = b * a
Thus, the operation * is commutative.
(iii) For a, b, c ∈ N, we have:
(a * b) * c = (L.C.M of a and b) * c = LCM of a, b, and c
a * (b * c) = a * (LCM of b and c) = L.C.M of a, b, and c
∴(a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
66
Thus, the operation * is associative.
(iv) It is known that:
L.C.M. of a and 1 = a = L.C.M. 1 and a a∈N
⇒a*1=a=1*a a∈N
Thus, 1 is the identity of * in N.
(v) An element a in N is invertible with respect to the operation * if

there exists an element b in N, such that a * b = e = b * a.
Here, e = 1
This means that:
L.C.M of a and b = 1 = L.C.M of b and a
This case is possible only when a and b are equal to 1.
Thus, 1 is the only invertible element of N with respect to the

operation *.
Question 7:
Is * defined on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by a * b = L.C.M. of a and b a
binary operation? Justify your answer.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The operation * on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined as
a * b = L.C.M. of a and b.
Then, the operation table for the given operation * can be given as:
* 1 2 3 4 5
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1 1 2 3 4 5
2 2 2 6 4 10
3 3 6 3 12 15
4 4 4 12 4 20
5 5 10 15 20 5
It can be observed from the obtained table that:
3 * 2 = 2 * 3 = 6 ∉ A, 5 * 2 = 2 * 5 = 10 ∉ A, 3 * 4 = 4 * 3 = 12 ∉ A
3 * 5 = 5 * 3 = 15 ∉ A, 4 * 5 = 5 * 4 = 20 ∉ A
Hence, the given operation * is not a binary operation.
Question 8:
Let * be the binary operation on N defined by a * b = H.C.F.
of a and b. Is * commutative? Is * associative? Does there exist
identity for this binary operation on N?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The binary operation * on N is defined as:
a * b = H.C.F. of a and b
It is known that:
H.C.F. of a and b = H.C.F. of b and a a, b ∈ N.
∴a * b = b * a
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For a, b, c ∈ N, we have:
(a * b)* c = (H.C.F. of a and b) * c = H.C.F. of a, b, and c
a *(b * c)= a *(H.C.F. of b and c) = H.C.F. of a, b, and c
∴(a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
Now, an element e ∈ N will be the identity for the operation *

if a * e = a = e* a a ∈ N.
But this relation is not true for any a ∈ N.
Thus, the operation * does not have any identity in N.
Question 9:
Let * be a binary operation on the set Q of rational numbers as

follows:
(i) a * b = a − b (ii) a * b = a2 + b2
(iii) a * b = a + ab (iv) a * b = (a − b)2
(v) (vi) a * b = ab2
Find which of the binary operations are commutative and which are
associative.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a − b.
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and
∴ ; where
Thus, the operation * is not commutative.
Thus, the operation * is not associative.
(ii) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a2 + b2.
For a, b ∈ Q, we have:
∴a * b = b * a
Thus, ,the operation * is not associative.
(iii) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a + ab.
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(iv) On Q, the operation * is defined by a * b = (a − b)2.
a * b = (a − b)2
b * a = (b − a)2 = [− (a − b)]2 = (a − b)2
∴a*b=b*a
(v) On Q, the operation * is defined as
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∴a*b=b*a
For a, b, c ∈ Q, we have:
∴(a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
(vi) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = ab2
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Hence, the operations defined in (ii), (iv), (v) are commutative and the
operation defined in (v) is associative.
Question 10:
Find which of the operations given above has identity.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
An element e ∈ Q will be the identity element for the operation * if
a * e = a = e * a, a ∈ Q.
However, there is no such element e ∈ Q with respect to each of the

six operations satisfying the above condition.
Thus, none of the six operations has identity.
Question 11:
Let A = N × N and * be the binary operation on A defined by
(a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
Show that * is commutative and associative. Find the identity element

for * on A, if any.
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A=N×N
* is a binary operation on A and is defined by:
(a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
Let (a, b), (c, d) ∈ A
Then, a, b, c, d ∈ N
We have:
(a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
(c, d) * (a, b) = (c + a, d + b) = (a + c, b + d)
[Addition is commutative in the set of natural numbers]
∴(a, b) * (c, d) = (c, d) * (a, b)
Now, let (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) ∈A
Then, a, b, c, d, e, f ∈ N
We have:
Therefore, the operation * is associative.
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An element will be an identity element for the operation *
if
, i.e., which
is not true for any element in A.
Therefore, the operation * does not have any identity element.
Question 12:
State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify.
(i) For an arbitrary binary operation * on a set N, a * a = a a * N.
(ii) If * is a commutative binary operation on N, then a * (b * c) =

(c * b) * a
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) Define an operation * on N as:
a*b=a+b a, b ∈ N
Then, in particular, for b = a = 3, we have:
3*3=3+3=6≠3
Therefore, statement (i) is false.
(ii) R.H.S. = (c * b) * a
= (b * c) * a [* is commutative]
= a * (b * c) [Again, as * is commutative]
= L.H.S.
∴ a * (b * c) = (c * b) * a
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Therefore, statement (ii) is true.
Question 13:
Consider a binary operation * on N defined as a * b = a3 + b3. Choose

the correct answer.
(A) Is * both associative and commutative?
(B) Is * commutative but not associative?
(C) Is * associative but not commutative?
(D) Is * neither commutative nor associative?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
On N, the operation * is defined as a * b = a3 + b3.
For, a, b, ∈ N, we have:
a * b = a3 + b3 = b3 + a3 = b * a [Addition is commutative in N]
∴(1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3) ; where 1, 2, 3 ∈ N
Hence, the operation * is commutative, but not associative. Thus, the

correct answer is B.
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Question 2:
Let f: W → W be defined as f(n) = n − 1, if is odd and f(n) = n + 1,
if n is even. Show that f is invertible. Find the inverse of f. Here, W is
the set of all whole numbers.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that:
f: W → W is defined as
One-one:
Let f(n) = f(m).
It can be observed that if n is odd and m is even, then we will have n −

1 = m + 1.
⇒n−m=2
However, this is impossible.
Similarly, the possibility of n being even and m being odd can also be
ignored under a similar argument.
∴Both n and m must be either odd or even.
Now, if both n and m are odd, then we have:
f(n) = f(m) ⇒ n − 1 = m − 1 ⇒ n = m
Again, if both n and m are even, then we have:
f(n) = f(m) ⇒ n + 1 = m + 1 ⇒ n = m
∴f is one-one.
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It is clear that any odd number 2r + 1 in co-domain N is the image of
2r in domain N and any even number 2r in co-domain N is the image
of 2r + 1 in domain N.
∴f is onto.
Hence, f is an invertible function.
Let us define g: W → W as:
Now, when n is odd:
And, when n is even:
Similarly, when m is odd:
When m is even:
Thus, f is invertible and the inverse of f is given by f—1 = g, which is

the same as f.
Hence, the inverse of f is f itself.
Question 3:
If f: R → R is defined by f(x) = x2 − 3x + 2, find f(f(x)).
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that f: R → R is defined as f(x) = x2 − 3x + 2.
Question 4:
Show that function f: R → {x ∈ R: −1 < x < 1} defined by f(x) =

, x ∈R is one-one and onto function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that f: R → {x ∈ R: −1 < x < 1} is defined as f(x) =

, x ∈R.
Suppose f(x) = f(y), where x, y ∈ R.
It can be observed that if x is positive and y is negative, then we have:
Since x is positive and y is negative:
x>y⇒x−y>0
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But, 2xy is negative.
Then, .
Thus, the case of x being positive and y being negative can be ruled
out.
Under a similar argument, x being negative and y being positive can

also be ruled out
x and y have to be either positive or negative.
When x and y are both positive, we have:
When x and y are both negative, we have:
∴ f is one-one.
Now, let y ∈ R such that −1 < y < 1.
If y is negative, then there exists such that
If y is positive, then there exists such that
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∴ f is onto.
Hence, f is one-one and onto.
Question 5:
Show that the function f: R → R given by f(x) = x3 is injective.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f: R → R is given as f(x) = x3.
Suppose f(x) = f(y), where x, y ∈ R.
⇒ x3 = y3 … (1)
Now, we need to show that x = y.
Suppose x ≠ y, their cubes will also not be equal.
x3 ≠ y3
However, this will be a contradiction to (1).
∴x=y
Hence, f is injective.
Question 6:
Give examples of two functions f: N → Z and g: Z → Z such
that g o f is injective but g is not injective.
(Hint: Consider f(x) = x and g(x) = )
 Answer
 Discussion
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 Share
Define f: N → Z as f(x) = x and g: Z → Z as g(x) = .
We first show that g is not injective.
g(−1) =
g(1) =
∴ g(−1) = g(1), but −1 ≠ 1.
∴ g is not injective.
Now, gof: N → Z is defined as .
Let x, y ∈ N such that gof(x) = gof(y).
Since x and y ∈ N, both are positive.
Hence, gof is injective
Question 7:
Given examples of two functions f: N → N and g: N → N such
that gof is onto but f is not onto.
(Hint: Consider f(x) = x + 1 and
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Define f: N → N by,
f(x) = x + 1
And, g: N → N by,
We first show that g is not onto.
For this, consider element 1 in co-domain N. It is clear that this

element is not an image of any of the elements in domain N.
∴ f is not onto.
Now, gof: N → N is defined by,
Then, it is clear that for y ∈ N, there exists x = y ∈ N such that gof(x)

= y.
Hence, gof is onto.
Question 8:
Given a non empty set X, consider P(X) which is the set of all subsets
of X.
Define the relation R in P(X) as follows:
For subsets A, B in P(X), ARB if and only if A ⊂ B. Is R an

equivalence relation on P(X)? Justify you answer:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Since every set is a subset of itself, ARA for all A ∈ P(X).
∴R is reflexive.
Let ARB ⇒ A ⊂ B.
This cannot be implied to B ⊂ A.
For instance, if A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3}, then it cannot be implied

that B is related to A.
Further, if ARB and BRC, then A ⊂ B and B ⊂ C.
⇒A⊂C
⇒ ARC
Hence, R is not an equivalence relation since it is not symmetric.
Question 9:
Given a non-empty set X, consider the binary operation *: P(X) × P(X)

→ P(X) given by A * B = A ∩ B A, B in P(X) is the power set of X.
Show that X is the identity element for this operation and X is the only
invertible element in P(X) with respect to the operation*.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that .
We know that .
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Thus, X is the identity element for the given binary operation *.
Now, an element is invertible if there exists such that
This case is possible only when A = X = B.
Thus, X is the only invertible element in P(X) with respect to the

given operation*.
Hence, the given result is proved.
Question 10:
Find the number of all onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, … , n) to
itself.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, … ,n} to itself is simply a

permutation on n symbols 1, 2, …, n.
Thus, the total number of onto maps from {1, 2, … , n} to itself is the
same as the total number of permutations on n symbols 1, 2, …, n,
which is n.
Question 11:
Let S = {a, b, c} and T = {1, 2, 3}. Find F−1 of the following functions
F from S to T, if it exists.
(i) F = {(a, 3), (b, 2), (c, 1)} (ii) F = {(a, 2), (b, 1), (c, 1)}
 Answer
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 Discussion
 Share
S = {a, b, c}, T = {1, 2, 3}
(i) F: S → T is defined as:
F = {(a, 3), (b, 2), (c, 1)}
⇒ F (a) = 3, F (b) = 2, F(c) = 1
Therefore, F−1: T → S is given by
F−1 = {(3, a), (2, b), (1, c)}.
(ii) F: S → T is defined as:
F = {(a, 2), (b, 1), (c, 1)}
Since F (b) = F (c) = 1, F is not one-one.
Hence, F is not invertible i.e., F−1 does not exist.
Question 12:
Consider the binary operations*: R ×R → and o: R × R → R defined

as and a o b = a, a, b ∈ R. Show that * is commutative
but not associative, o is associative but not commutative. Further,
show that a, b, c ∈ R, a*(b o c) = (a * b) o (a * c). [If it is so, we
say that the operation * distributes over the operation o]. Does o
distribute over *? Justify your answer.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that *: R ×R → and o: R × R → R isdefined as
and a o b = a, a, b ∈ R.
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For a, b ∈ R, we have:
∴a * b = b * a
∴ The operation * is commutative.
It can be observed that,
∴The operation * is not associative.
Now, consider the operation o:
It can be observed that 1 o 2 = 1 and 2 o 1 = 2.
∴1 o 2 ≠ 2 o 1 (where 1, 2 ∈ R)
∴The operation o is not commutative.
Let a, b, c ∈ R. Then, we have:
(a o b) o c = a o c = a
a o (b o c) = a o b = a
⇒ a o b) o c = a o (b o c)
∴ The operation o is associative.
Now, let a, b, c ∈ R, then we have:
a * (b o c) = a * b =
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(a * b) o (a * c) =
Hence, a * (b o c) = (a * b) o (a * c).
Now,
1 o (2 * 3) =
(1 o 2) * (1 o 3) = 1 * 1 =
∴1 o (2 * 3) ≠ (1 o 2) * (1 o 3) (where 1, 2, 3 ∈ R)
The operation o does not distribute over *.
Question 13:
Given a non-empty set X, let *: P(X) × P(X) → P(X) be defined
as A * B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A), A, B ∈ P(X). Show that the empty
set Φ is the identity for the operation * and all the elements A of P(X)
are invertible with A−1 = A. (Hint: (A − Φ) ∪ (Φ − A) = A and (A − A)
∪ (A −A) = A * A = Φ).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that *: P(X) × P(X) → P(X) is defined as
A * B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A) A, B ∈ P(X).
Let A ∈ P(X). Then, we have:
A * Φ = (A − Φ) ∪ (Φ − A) = A ∪ Φ = A
Φ * A = (Φ − A) ∪ (A − Φ) = Φ ∪ A = A
∴A * Φ = A = Φ * A. A ∈ P(X)
Thus, Φ is the identity element for the given operation*.
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Now, an element A ∈ P(X) will be invertible if there exists B ∈ P(X)
such that
A * B = Φ = B * A. (As Φ is the identity element)
Now, we observed that .
Hence, all the elements A of P(X) are invertible with A−1 = A.
Question 14:
Define a binary operation *on the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} as
Show that zero is the identity for this operation and each element a ≠
0 of the set is invertible with 6 − a being the inverse of a.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
The operation * on X is defined as:
An element e ∈ X is the identity element for the operation *, if
Thus, 0 is the identity element for the given operation *.
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An element a ∈ X is invertible if there exists b∈ X such that a * b = 0
= b * a.
i.e.,
a = − b or b = 6 − a
But, X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and a, b ∈ X. Then, a ≠ − b.
∴b = 6 − a is the inverse of a a ∈ X.
Hence, the inverse of an element a ∈X, a ≠ 0 is 6 − a i.e., a−1 = 6 − a.
Question 15:
Let A = {−1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {−4, −2, 0, 2} and f, g: A → B be functions
defined by f(x) = x2 − x, x ∈ A and .

Are f andg equal?
Justify your answer. (Hint: One may note that two

function f: A → B and g: A → B such that f(a) = g(a) a ∈A, are
called equal functions).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that A = {−1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {−4, −2, 0, 2}.
Also, it is given that f, g: A → B are defined by f(x) = x2 − x, x ∈ A and
It is observed that:
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Hence, the functions f and g are equal.
Question 16:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then number of relations containing (1, 2) and (1,
3) which are reflexive and symmetric but not transitive is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given set is A = {1, 2, 3}.
The smallest relation containing (1, 2) and (1, 3) which is reflexive

and symmetric, but not transitive is given by:
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (3, 1)}
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This is because relation R is reflexive as (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) ∈ R.
Relation R is symmetric since (1, 2), (2, 1) ∈R and (1, 3), (3, 1) ∈R.
But relation R is not transitive as (3, 1), (1, 2) ∈ R, but (3, 2) ∉ R.
Now, if we add any two pairs (3, 2) and (2, 3) (or both) to relation R,
then relation R will become transitive.
Hence, the total number of desired relations is one.
Question 17:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then number of equivalence relations containing (1,

2) is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that A = {1, 2, 3}.
The smallest equivalence relation containing (1, 2) is given by,
R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)}
Now, we are left with only four pairs i.e., (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 3), and (3,
1).
If we odd any one pair [say (2, 3)] to R1, then for symmetry we must
add (3, 2). Also, for transitivity we are required to add (1, 3) and (3,
1).
Hence, the only equivalence relation (bigger than R1) is the universal
relation.
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This shows that the total number of equivalence relations containing
(1, 2) is two.
Question 18:
Let f: R → R be the Signum Function defined as
and g: R → R be the Greatest Integer Function given by g(x) = [x],

where [x] is greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then
does fog andgof coincide in (0, 1]?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
f: R → R is defined as
Also, g: R → R is defined as g(x) = [x], where [x] is the greatest

integer less than or equal to x.
Now, let x ∈ (0, 1].
Then, we have:
[x] = 1 if x = 1 and [x] = 0 if 0 < x < 1.
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Thus, when x ∈ (0, 1), we have fog(x) = 0and gof (x) = 1.
Hence, fog and gof do not coincide in (0, 1].
Question 19:
Number of binary operations on the set {a, b} are
(A) 10 (B) 16 (C) 20 (D) 8
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A binary operation * on {a, b} is a function from {a, b} × {a, b} →

{a, b}
i.e., * is a function from {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b)} → {a, b}.
Hence, the total number of binary operations on the set {a, b} is

24 i.e., 16.
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INVERSE TRIGNOMETRIC
FUNCTION
EXERCISE-2.1
Question 1:
Find the principal value of
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Let sin-1 Then sin y =
We know that the range of the principal value branch of sin−1 is
and sin
Therefore, the principal value of
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that the range of the principal value branch of cos−1 is
Therefore, the principal value of .
Question 3:
Find the principal value of cosec−1 (2)
 Answer
 Discussion
96
 Share
Let cosec−1 (2) = y. Then,
We know that the range of the principal value branch of
cosec−1 is
Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
tan−1 is
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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We know that the range of the principal value branch of cos−1 is
Question 6:
Find the principal value of tan−1 (−1)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let tan−1 (−1) = y. Then,
We know that the range of the principal value branch of tan−1 is
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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We know that the range of the principal value branch of sec−1 is
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that the range of the principal value branch of cot−1 is (0,π)
and
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
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 Share
We know that the range of the principal value branch of cos −1 is [0,π]
and
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
cosec−1 is
Question 11:
Find the value of
 Answer
100
 Discussion
 Share
Question 12:
Find the value of
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
101
Question 13:
Find the value of if sin−1 x = y, then
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that sin−1 x = y.
sin−1 is
Therefore, .
Question 14:
Find the value of is equal to
102
(A) π (B) (C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
103
EXERCISE-2.2
Question 1:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
To prove:
104
Let x = sinθ. Then,
We have,
R.H.S. =
= 3θ
= L.H.S.
Question 2:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
To prove:
Let x = cosθ. Then, cos−1 x =θ.
We have,
Question 3:
105
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
To prove:
Question 4:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
To prove:
106
Question 5:
Write the function in the simplest form:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
107
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Put x = cosec θ ⇒ θ = cosec−1 x
Question 7:
108
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
109
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 10:
110
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 11:
Find the value of
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let . Then,
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Question 12:
Find the value of
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 13:
Find the value of
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x = tan θ. Then, θ = tan−1 x.
Let y = tan Φ. Then, Φ = tan−1 y.
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Question 14:
If , then find the value of x.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
113
On squaring both sides, we get:
114
Hence, the value of x is
Question 15:
If , then find the value of x.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Hence, the value of x is
Question 16:
115
Find the values of
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that sin−1 (sin x) = x if , which is the principal

value branch of sin−1x.
Here,
Now, can be written as:
Question 17:
Find the values of
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
116
We know that tan−1 (tan x) = x if , which is the principal
value branch of tan−1x.
Here,
Question 18:
Find the values of
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let . Then,
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Question 19:
Find the values of is equal to
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that cos−1 (cos x) = x if , which is the principal value

branch of cos −1x.
Here,
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Question 20:
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let . Then,
We know that the range of the principal value branch of .
119
Question 21:
(A) π (B) (C) 0 (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let . Then,
Let .
The range of the principal value branch of
120
EXERCISE-2.3
Question 1:
Find the value of
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that cos−1 (cos x) = x if , which is the principal value

branch of cos −1x.
Here,
Question 2:
Find the value of
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that tan−1 (tan x) = x if , which is the principal

value branch of tan −1x.
121
Here,
Question 3:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Now, we have:
122
Question 4:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Now, we have:
123
Question 5:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
124
Now, we will prove that:
Question 6:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
125
Now, we have:
Question 7:
Prove
126
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Using (1) and (2), we have
Question 8:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
127
Question 9:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
128
Question 10:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 11:
Prove [Hint: putx = cos 2θ]
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
129
Question 12:
Prove
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
130
Question 13:
Solve
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 14:
Solve
131
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 15:
Solve is equal to
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let tan−1 x = y. Then,
132
Question 16:
Solve , then x is equal to
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Therefore, from equation (1), we have
Put x = sin y. Then, we have:
133
But, when , it can be observed that:
is not the solution of the given equation.
Thus, x = 0.
Hence, the correct answer is C.
Question 17:
Solve is equal to
(A) (B). (C) (D)
134
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
135
MATRICES
EXERCISE-3.1
Question 1:
In the matrix , write:
(i) The order of the matrix (ii) The number of elements,
(iii) Write the elements a13, a21, a33, a24, a23
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) In the given matrix, the number of rows is 3 and the number of
columns is 4. Therefore, the order of the matrix is 3 × 4.
(ii) Since the order of the matrix is 3 × 4, there are 3 × 4 = 12

elements in it.
(iii) a13 = 19, a21 = 35, a33 = −5, a24 = 12, a23 =
136
Question 2:
If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible order it can have?
What, if it has 13 elements?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that if a matrix is of the order m × n, it has mn elements.

Thus, to find all the possible orders of a matrix having 24 elements,
we have to find all the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose
product is 24.
The ordered pairs are: (1, 24), (24, 1), (2, 12), (12, 2), (3, 8), (8, 3), (4,
6), and
(6, 4)
Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 24 elements are:
1 × 24, 24 × 1, 2 × 12, 12 × 2, 3 × 8, 8 × 3, 4 × 6, and 6 × 4
(1, 13) and (13, 1) are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose
product is 13.
Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 13 elements are 1 × 13

and 13 × 1.
Question 3:
If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
What, if it has 5 elements?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
137
We know that if a matrix is of the order m × n, it has mn elements.
Thus, to find all the possible orders of a matrix having 18 elements,
we have to find all the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose
product is 18.
The ordered pairs are: (1, 18), (18, 1), (2, 9), (9, 2), (3, 6,), and (6, 3)
Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 18 elements are:
1 × 18, 18 × 1, 2 × 9, 9 × 2, 3 × 6, and 6 × 3
(1, 5) and (5, 1) are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose
product is 5.
Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 5 elements are 1 × 5 and

5 × 1.
Question 4:
Construct a 2 × 2 matrix, , whose elements are given by:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
In general, a 2 × 2 matrix is given by
138
(i)
Therefore, the required matrix is
(ii)
(iii)
Question 5:
139
Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, whose elements are given by
(i) (ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
In general, a 3 × 4 matrix is given by
(i)
140
(ii)
141
Question 6:
Find the value of x, y, and z from the following equation:
(i) (ii)
(iii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
142
As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also
equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:
x = 1, y = 4, and z = 3
(ii)
As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also
equal.
x + y = 6, xy = 8, 5 + z = 5
Now, 5 + z = 5 ⇒ z = 0
We know that:
(x − y)2 = (x + y)2 − 4xy
⇒ (x − y)2 = 36 − 32 = 4
⇒ x − y = ±2
Now, when x − y = 2 and x + y = 6, we get x = 4 and y = 2
When x − y = − 2 and x + y = 6, we get x = 2 and y = 4
∴x = 4, y = 2, and z = 0 or x = 2, y = 4, and z = 0
(iii)
As the two matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also
equal.
143
x + y + z = 9 … (1)
x + z = 5 … (2)
y + z = 7 … (3)
From (1) and (2), we have:
y+5=9
⇒y=4
Then, from (3), we have:
4+z=7
⇒z=3
∴x+z=5
⇒x=2
∴ x = 2, y = 4, and z = 3
Question 7:
Find the value of a, b, c, and d from the equation:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
As the two matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also
equal.
144
a − b = −1 … (1)
2a − b = 0 … (2)
2a + c = 5 … (3)
3c + d = 13 … (4)
From (2), we have:
b = 2a
Then, from (1), we have:
a − 2a = −1
⇒a=1
⇒b=2
Now, from (3), we have:
2 ×1 + c = 5
⇒c=3
From (4) we have:
3 ×3 + d = 13
⇒ 9 + d = 13 ⇒ d = 4
∴a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, and d = 4
Question 8:
is a square matrix, if
(A) m < n
145
(B) m > n
(C) m = n
(D) None of these
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that a given matrix is said to be a square matrix if the

number of rows is equal to the number of columns.
Therefore, is a square matrix, if m = n.
Question 9:
Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of

matrices equal
(A)
(B) Not possible to find
(C)
(D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
146
It is given that
Equating the corresponding elements, we get:
We find that on comparing the corresponding elements of the two

matrices, we get two different values of x, which is not possible.
Hence, it is not possible to find the values of x and y for which the
given matrices are equal.
Question 10:
The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0

or 1 is:
(A) 27
(B) 18
(C) 81
(D) 512
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
147
The given matrix of the order 3 × 3 has 9 elements and each of these
elements can be either 0 or 1.
Now, each of the 9 elements can be filled in two possible ways.
Therefore, by the multiplication principle, the required number of

possible matrices is 29 = 512
EXERCISE-3.2
Question 1:
Let
Find each of the following
148
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) Matrix A has 2 columns. This number is equal to the number of

rows in matrix B. Therefore, AB is defined as:
149
(v) Matrix B has 2 columns. This number is equal to the number of
rows in matrix A. Therefore, BA is defined as:
Question 2:
Compute the following:
(i) (ii)
(iii)
(v)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
(ii)
150
(iii)
(iv)
Question 3:
Compute the indicated products
(i)
(ii)
151
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
152
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
153
Question 4:
If , and , then
compute and . Also, verify that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
154
Question 5:
If and then compute .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
155
Question 6:
Simplify
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 7:
Find X and Y, if
(i) and
(ii) and
156
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get:
(ii)
157
Multiplying equation (3) with (2), we get:
Multiplying equation (4) with (3), we get:
Now,
158
Question 8:
Find X, if and
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
159
Question 9:
Find x and y, if
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we

have:
∴x = 3 and y = 3
160
Question 10:
Solve the equation for x, y, z and t if
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:
161
Question 11:
If , find values of x and y.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
2x − y = 10 and 3x + y = 5
Adding these two equations, we have:
5x = 15
⇒x=3
Now, 3x + y = 5
⇒ y = 5 − 3x
⇒ y = 5 − 9 = −4
∴x = 3 and y = −4
Question 12:
Given , find the values of x, y, z and
162
w.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 13:
If , show that .
 Answer
 Discussion
163
 Share
Question 14:
Show that
(i)
(ii)
 Answer
164
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
(ii)
165
Question 15:
Find if
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have A2 = A × A
166
Question 16:
167
If , prove that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
168
Question 17:
If and , find k so that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
169
Comparing the corresponding elements, we have:
Thus, the value of k is 1.
Question 18:
If and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show
that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
170
171
Question 19:
A trust fund has Rs 30,000 that must be invested in two different

types of bonds. The first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the
second bond pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix multiplication,
determine how to divide Rs 30,000 among the two types of bonds. If
the trust fund must obtain an annual total interest of:
(a) Rs 1,800 (b) Rs 2,000
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(a) Let Rs x be invested in the first bond. Then, the sum of money
invested in the second bond will be Rs (30000 − x).
It is given that the first bond pays 5% interest per year and the second
bond pays 7% interest per year.
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 1800, we

have:
172
Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 1800, the trust
fund should invest Rs 15000 in the first bond and the remaining Rs
15000 in the second bond.
(b) Let Rs x be invested in the first bond. Then, the sum of money
invested in the second bond will be Rs (30000 − x).
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 2000, we

have:
Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 2000, the trust

fund should invest Rs 5000 in the first bond and the remaining Rs
25000 in the second bond.
173
Question 20:
The bookshop of a particular school has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8

dozen physics books, 10 dozen economics books. Their selling prices
are Rs 80, Rs 60 and Rs 40 each respectively. Find the total amount
the bookshop will receive from selling all the books using matrix
algebra.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The bookshop has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen physics books,

and 10 dozen economics books.
The selling prices of a chemistry book, a physics book, and an

economics book are respectively given as Rs 80, Rs 60, and Rs 40.
The total amount of money that will be received from the sale of all
these books can be represented in the form of a matrix as:
Thus, the bookshop will receive Rs 20160 from the sale of all these
books.
Question 21:
174
Assume X, Y, Z, W and P are matrices of order ,
and respectively. The restriction on n, k and p so that will
be defined are:
A. k = 3, p = n
B. k is arbitrary, p = 2
C. p is arbitrary, k = 3
D. k = 2, p = 3
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Matrices P and Y are of the orders p × k and 3 × k respectively.
Therefore, matrix PY will be defined if k = 3. Consequently, PY will

be of the order p × k.
Matrices W and Y are of the orders n × 3 and 3 × k respectively.
Since the number of columns in W is equal to the number of rows

in Y, matrix WY is well-defined and is of the order n × k.
Matrices PY and WY can be added only when their orders are the
same.
However, PY is of the order p × k and WY is of the order n × k.

Therefore, we must have p = n.
Thus, k = 3 and p = n are the restrictions on n, k, and p so that

will be defined.
Question 22:
Assume X, Y, Z, W and P are matrices of order ,

and respectively. If n = p, then the order of the matrix is
175
Ap×2B2×nCn×3Dp×n
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Matrix X is of the order 2 × n.
Therefore, matrix 7X is also of the same order.
Matrix Z is of the order 2 × p, i.e., 2 × n [Since n = p]
Therefore, matrix 5Z is also of the same order.
Now, both the matrices 7X and 5Z are of the order 2 × n.
Thus, matrix 7X − 5Z is well-defined and is of the order 2 × n.
176
EXERCISE-3.3
Question 1:
Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:
(i) (ii) (iii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Question 2:
If and , then verify that
(i)
(ii)
177
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have:
(i)
(ii)
178
Question 3:
If and , then verify that
(i)
(ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) It is known that
Therefore, we have:
179
(ii)
Question 4:
180
If and , then find
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that
Question 5:
For the matrices A and B, verify that (AB)′ = where
(i)
(ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
181
(ii)
182
Question 6:
If (i) , then verify that
(ii) , then verify that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
(ii)
183
Question 7:
(i) Show that the matrix is a symmetric matrix
(ii) Show that the matrix is a skew symmetric

matrix
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) We have:
184
Hence, A is a symmetric matrix.
(ii) We have:
Hence, A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Question 8:
For the matrix , verify that
(i) is a symmetric matrix
(ii) is a skew symmetric matrix
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
185
Hence, is a symmetric matrix.
(ii)
Hence, is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Question 9:
Find and , when
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given matrix is
186
Question 10:
Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew

symmetric matrix:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
187
(iv)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
Thus, is a symmetric matrix.
Thus, is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Representing A as the sum of P and Q:
188
(ii)
189
(iii)
190
(iv)
191
Question 11:
If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB − BA is a
A. Skew symmetric matrix B. Symmetric matrix
C. Zero matrix D. Identity matrix
192
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A and B are symmetric matrices, therefore, we have:
Thus, (AB − BA) is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Question 12:
If , then , if the value of α is
A. B.
C. π D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
193
Comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we have:
194
EXERCISE-3.4
Question 1:
Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
Question 2:
195
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
196
Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
197
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
198
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
199
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = AI
200
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
201
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
202
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = AI
203
Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = AI
204
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
205
Now, in the above equation, we can see all the zeros in the second
row of the matrix on the L.H.S.
Therefore, A−1 does not exist.
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
Question 14:
206
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
Applying , we have:
Now, in the above equation, we can see all the zeros in the first row of
the matrix on the L.H.S.
Therefore, A−1 does not exist.
Question 15:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
207
We know that A = IA
208
Question 16:
209
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
Applying R2 → R2 + 3R1 and R3 → R3 − 2R1, we have:
210
Question 17:
211
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that A = IA
Applying , we have:
212
Question 18:
Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if
A. AB = BA
C. AB = 0, BA = I
B. AB = BA = 0
213
D. AB = BA = I
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: D
We know that if A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists

another square matrix B of the same order m, such that AB = BA = I,
then B is said to be the inverse of A. In this case, it is clear that A is
the inverse of B.
Thus, matrices A and B will be inverses of each other only

if AB = BA = I.
214
EXERCISE-3.5
Question 1:
Let , show that , where I is the identity

matrix of order 2 and n ∈ N
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that
We shall prove the result by using the principle of mathematical

induction.
For n = 1, we have:
Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.
Let the result be true for n = k.
That is,
Now, we prove that the result is true for n = k + 1.
Consider
215
From (1), we have:
Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1.
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have:
Question 2:
If , prove that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that
216
induction.
For n = 1, we have:
That is
Thus by the principle of mathematical induction, we have:
217
Question 3:
If , then prove where n is any positive

integer
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that

induction.
For n = 1, we have:
That is,
218
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have:
Question 4:
If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB − BA is a skew

symmetric matrix.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that A and B are symmetric matrices. Therefore, we have:
219
Thus, (AB − BA) is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Question 5:
Show that the matrix is symmetric or skew symmetric according

as A is symmetric or skew symmetric.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We suppose that A is a symmetric matrix, then … (1)
Consider
Thus, if A is a symmetric matrix, then is a symmetric matrix.
220
Now, we suppose that A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Then,
Thus, if A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then is a skew-symmetric

matrix.
Hence, if A is a symmetric or skew-symmetric matrix, then is a

symmetric or skew-symmetric matrix accordingly.
Question 6:
Find the values of x, y, z if the matrix satisfy the

equation
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Now,
221
On comparing the corresponding elements, we have:
Question 7:
For what values of ?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have:
222
∴4 + 4x = 0
⇒ x = −1
Thus, the required value of x is −1.
Question 8:
If , show that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
223
Question 9:
Find x, if
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have:
224
Question 10:
A manufacturer produces three products x, y, z which he sells in two
markets.
Annual sales are indicated below:
Market Products
I 10000 2000 18000
II 6000 20000 8000
(a) If unit sale prices of x, y and z are Rs 2.50, Rs 1.50 and Rs 1.00,
respectively, find the total revenue in each market with the help of
matrix algebra.
(b) If the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs 2.00, Rs
1.00 and 50 paise respectively. Find the gross profit.
 Answer
225
 Discussion
 Share
(a) The unit sale prices of x, y, and z are respectively given as Rs 2.50,
Rs 1.50, and Rs 1.00.
Consequently, the total revenue in market I can be represented in the

form of a matrix as:
The total revenue in market II can be represented in the form of a

matrix as:
Therefore, the total revenue in market I isRs 46000 and the same in
market II isRs 53000.
(b) The unit cost prices of x, y, and z are respectively given as Rs

2.00, Rs 1.00, and 50 paise.
Consequently, the total cost prices of all the products in market I can
be represented in the form of a matrix as:
226
Since the total revenue in market I isRs 46000, the gross profit in this
marketis (Rs 46000 − Rs 31000) Rs 15000.
The total cost prices of all the products in market II can be

represented in the form of a matrix as:
Since the total revenue in market II isRs 53000, the gross profit in
this market is (Rs 53000 − Rs 36000) Rs 17000.
Question 11:
Find the matrix X so that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that:
227
The matrix given on the R.H.S. of the equation is a 2 × 3 matrix and
the one given on the L.H.S. of the equation is a 2 × 3 matrix.
Therefore, X has to be a 2 × 2 matrix.
Now, let
Therefore, we have:
Equating the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we have:
Thus, a = 1, b = 2, c = −2, d = 0
Hence, the required matrix X is
228
Question 12:
If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB = BA,
then prove by induction that . Further, prove that
for all n ∈ N
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB = BA.
For n = 1, we have:
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have
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Now, we prove that for all n ∈ N
For n = 1, we have:
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have ,

for all natural numbers.
Question 13:
Choose the correct answer in the following questions:
If is such that then
A.
B.
230
C.
D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: C
On comparing the corresponding elements, we have:
Question 14:
If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then
A. A is a diagonal matrix
B. A is a zero matrix
C. A is a square matrix
231
D. None of these
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: B
If A is both symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix, then we should

have
Therefore, A is a zero matrix.
Question 15:
If A is square matrix such that then is equal to
A. A B. I − A C. I D. 3A
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: C
232
DETERMINANT
EXERCISE-4.1
Question 1:
Evaluate the determinants in Exercises 1 and 2.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
= 2(−1) − 4(−5) = − 2 + 20 = 18
Question 2:
Evaluate the determinants in Exercises 1 and 2.
(i) (ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) = (cos θ)(cos θ) − (−sin θ)(sin θ) = cos2 θ+ sin2 θ = 1
233
(ii)
= (x2 − x + 1)(x + 1) − (x − 1)(x + 1)
= x3 − x2 + x + x2 − x + 1 − (x2 − 1)
= x3 + 1 − x2 + 1
= x3 − x2 + 2
Question 3:
If , then show that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given matrix is .
Question 4:
If , then show that
234
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given matrix is .
It can be observed that in the first column, two entries are zero. Thus,
we expand along the first column (C1) for easier calculation.
From equations (i) and (ii), we have:
Question 5:
Evaluate the determinants
(i) (iii)
235
(ii) (iv)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) Let .
It can be observed that in the second row, two entries are zero. Thus,
we expand along the second row for easier calculation.
(ii) Let .
By expanding along the first row, we have:
(iii) Let
236
(iv) Let
By expanding along the first column, we have:
Question 6:
If , find .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
237
Question 7:
Find values of x, if
(i) (ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
(ii)
Question 8:
238
If , then x is equal to
(A) 6 (B) ±6 (C) −6 (D) 0
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: B
Hence, the correct answer is B.
239
EXERCISE-4.2
Question 1:
Using the property of determinants and without expanding, prove
that:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 2:

that:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
240
Here, the two rows R1 and R3 are identical.
Δ = 0.
Question 3:

that:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
241
Question 4:

that:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
By applying C3 → C3 + C2, we have:
242
Here, two columns C1 and C3 are proportional.
Δ = 0.
Question 5:
that:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Applying R2 → R2 − R3, we have:
Applying R1 ↔R3 and R2 ↔R3, we have:
243
Applying R1 → R1 − R3, we have:
Applying R1 ↔R2 and R2 ↔R3, we have:
From (1), (2), and (3), we have:
Question 6:
By using properties of determinants, show that:
244
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
Here, the two rows R1 and R3 are identical.
∴Δ = 0.
Question 7:
245
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Applying R2 → R2 + R1 and R3 → R3 + R1, we have:
Question 8:
(i)
(ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
246
 Share
(i)
Applying R1 → R1 − R3 and R2 → R2 − R3, we have:
Applying R1 → R1 + R2, we have:
Expanding along C1, we have:
(ii) Let .
Applying C1 → C1 − C3 and C2 → C2 − C3, we have:
247
Applying C1 → C1 + C2, we have:
Question 9:
248
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Applying R3 → R3 + R2, we have:
Expanding along R3, we have:
249
Question 10:
(i)
(ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3, we have:
250
Applying C2 → C2 − C1, C3 → C3 − C1, we have:
(ii)
251
Question 11:
(i)
(ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
Applying C2 → C2 − C1, C3 → C3 − C1, we have:
252
(ii)
Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3, we have:
253
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
254
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
255
Applying R1 → R1 + bR3 and R2 → R2 − aR3, we have:
Question 14:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Taking out common factors a, b, and c from R1, R2, and

R3 respectively, we have:
256
Applying C1 → aC1, C2 → bC2, and C3 → cC3, we have:
Question 15:
Choose the correct answer.
Let A be a square matrix of order 3 × 3, then is equal to
257
A. B. C. D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: C
A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3.
Question 16:
Which of the following is correct?
A. Determinant is a square matrix.
B. Determinant is a number associated to a matrix.
C. Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix.
D. None of these
258
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: C
We know that to every square matrix, of order n. We can

associate a number called the determinant of square matrix A, where
element of A.
Thus, the determinant is a number associated to a square matrix.
259
EXERCISE-4.3
Question 1:
Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the
following:
(i) (1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3) (ii) (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8)
(iii) (−2, −3), (3, 2), (−1, −8)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) The area of the triangle with vertices (1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3) is given
by the relation,
(ii) The area of the triangle with vertices (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8) is given
by the relation,
260
(iii) The area of the triangle with vertices (−2, −3), (3, 2), (−1, −8)
is given by the relation,
Hence, the area of the triangle is .
Question 2:
Show that points
are collinear
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Area of ΔABC is given by the relation,
261
Thus, the area of the triangle formed by points A, B, and C is zero.
Hence, the points A, B, and C are collinear.
Question 3:
Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 square units and vertices are
(i) (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) (ii) (−2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that the area of a triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2),
and
(x3, y3) is the absolute value of the determinant (Δ), where
It is given that the area of triangle is 4 square units.
262
∴Δ = ± 4.
(i) The area of the triangle with vertices (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) is given
by the relation,
Δ=
∴−k + 4 = ± 4
When −k + 4 = − 4, k = 8.
When −k + 4 = 4, k = 0.
Hence, k = 0, 8.
(ii) The area of the triangle with vertices (−2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k) is given
by the relation,
Δ=
∴k − 4 = ± 4
When k − 4 = − 4, k = 0.
When k − 4 = 4, k = 8.
Hence, k = 0, 8.
263
Question 4:
(i) Find equation of line joining (1, 2) and (3, 6) using determinants
(ii) Find equation of line joining (3, 1) and (9, 3) using determinants
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) Let P (x, y) be any point on the line joining points A (1, 2) and B
(3, 6). Then, the points A, B, and P are collinear. Therefore, the area
of triangle ABP will be zero.
Hence, the equation of the line joining the given points is y = 2x.
(ii) Let P (x, y) be any point on the line joining points A (3, 1) and
B (9, 3). Then, the points A, B, and P are collinear. Therefore, the
area of triangle ABP will be zero.
264
Hence, the equation of the line joining the given points is x − 3y = 0.
Question 5:
If area of triangle is 35 square units with vertices (2, −6), (5, 4), and
(k, 4). Then k is
A. 12 B. −2 C. −12, −2 D. 12, −2
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: D
The area of the triangle with vertices (2, −6), (5, 4), and (k, 4) is given
by the relation,
It is given that the area of the triangle is ±35.
Therefore, we have:
When 5 − k = −7, k = 5 + 7 = 12.
When 5 − k = 7, k = 5 − 7 = −2.
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Hence, k = 12, −2. The correct answer is D.
EXERCISE-4.4
Question 1:
Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following

determinants:
(i) (ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) The given determinant is .
Minor of element aij is Mij.
∴M11 = minor of element a11 = 3
M12 = minor of element a12 = 0
M21 = minor of element a21 = −4
M22 = minor of element a22 = 2
Cofactor of aij is Aij = (−1)i + j Mij.
∴A11 = (−1)1+1 M11 = (−1)2 (3) = 3
A12 = (−1)1+2 M12 = (−1)3 (0) = 0
A21 = (−1)2+1 M21 = (−1)3 (−4) = 4
A22 = (−1)2+2 M22 = (−1)4 (2) = 2
266
(ii) The given determinant is .
Minor of element aij is Mij.
∴M11 = minor of element a11 = d
M12 = minor of element a12 = b
M21 = minor of element a21 = c
M22 = minor of element a22 = a
Cofactor of aij is Aij = (−1)i + j Mij.
∴A11 = (−1)1+1 M11 = (−1)2 (d) = d
A12 = (−1)1+2 M12 = (−1)3 (b) = −b
A21 = (−1)2+1 M21 = (−1)3 (c) = − c
A22 = (−1)2+2 M22 = (−1)4 (a) = a
Question 2:
(i) (ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) The given determinant is .
By the definition of minors and cofactors, we have:
267
M11 = minor of a11=
M12 = minor of a12=
M13 = minor of a13 =
M31 = minor of a31=
A11 = cofactor of a11= (−1)1+1 M11 = 1
A12 = cofactor of a12 = (−1) 1+2 M12 = 0
A13 = cofactor of a13 = (−1) 1+3 M13 = 0
A21 = cofactor of a21 = (−1) 2+1 M21 = 0
A22 = cofactor of a22 = (−1) 2+2 M22 = 1
A23 = cofactor of a23 = (−1) 2+3 M23 = 0
A31 = cofactor of a31 = (−1) 3+1 M31 = 0
268
A32 = cofactor of a32 = (−1) 3+2 M32 = 0
A33 = cofactor of a33 = (−1) 3+3 M33 = 1
(ii) The given determinant is .
By definition of minors and cofactors, we have:
M11 = minor of a11=
M12 = minor of a12=
M31 = minor of a31=
A11 = cofactor of a11= (−1)1+1 M11 = 11
269
A12 = cofactor of a12 = (−1) 1+2 M12 = −6
A13 = cofactor of a13 = (−1) 1+3 M13 = 3
A21 = cofactor of a21 = (−1) 2+1 M21 = 4
A22 = cofactor of a22 = (−1) 2+2 M22 = 2
A23 = cofactor of a23 = (−1) 2+3 M23 = −1
A31 = cofactor of a31 = (−1) 3+1 M31 = −20
A32 = cofactor of a32 = (−1) 3+2 M32 = 13
A33 = cofactor of a33 = (−1) 3+3 M33 = 5
Question 3:
Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given determinant is .
We have:
M21 =
∴A21 = cofactor of a21 = (−1)2+1 M21 = 7
M22 =
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∴A22 = cofactor of a22 = (−1)2+2 M22 = 7
M23 =
∴A23 = cofactor of a23 = (−1)2+3 M23 = −7
We know that Δ is equal to the sum of the product of the elements of

the second row with their corresponding cofactors.
∴Δ = a21A21 + a22A22 + a23A23 = 2(7) + 0(7) + 1(−7) = 14 − 7 = 7
Question 4:
Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given determinant is .
We have:
M13 =
M23 =
M33 =
∴A13 = cofactor of a13 = (−1)1+3 M13 = (z − y)
271
A23 = cofactor of a23 = (−1) 2+3 M23 = − (z − x) = (x − z)
A33 = cofactor of a33 = (−1) 3+3 M33 = (y − x)
We know that Δ is equal to the sum of the product of the elements of

the second row with their corresponding cofactors.
Hence,
Question 5:
If and Aij is Cofactors of aij, then value of Δ is given

by
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: D
We know that:
272
Δ = Sum of the product of the elements of a column (or a row) with
their corresponding cofactors
∴Δ = a11A11 + a21A21 + a31A31
Hence, the value of Δ is given by the expression given in

alternative D.
273
EXERCISE-4.5
Question 1:
Find adjoint of each of the matrices.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 2:
Find adjoint of each of the matrices.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
274
Question 3:
Verify A (adj A) = (adj A) A = I.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
275
Question 4:
Verify A (adj A) = (adj A) A = I.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
276
277
Question 5:
Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
278
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
279
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
280
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 10:
281
.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
282
 Share
Question 12:
Let and . Verify that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
283
284
(AB)−1 = B−1A−1
Question 13:
If , show that . Hence find .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
285
Question 14:
For the matrix , find the numbers a and b such

that A2 + aA + bI = O.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
286
We have:
Comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we have:
Hence, −4 and 1 are the required values of a and b respectively.
Question 15:
For the matrix show that A3 − 6A2 + 5A + 11 I = O.

Hence, find A−1.
287
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
288
From equation (1), we have:
289
Question 16:
If verify that A3 − 6A2 + 9A − 4I = O and hence

find A−1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
290
From equation (1), we have:
291
Question 17:
Let A be a nonsingular square matrix of order 3 × 3. Then is

equal to
A. B. C. D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: B
We know that,
Question 18:
If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det (A−1) is equal to
A. det (A) B. C. 1 D. 0
 Answer
292
 Discussion
 Share
Since A is an invertible matrix,
293
EXERCISE-4.6
Question 1:
Examine the consistency of the system of equations.
x + 2y = 2
2x + 3y = 3
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given system of equations is:
x + 2y = 2
2x + 3y = 3
The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B,

where
∴ A is non-singular.
Therefore, A−1 exists.
Hence, the given system of equations is consistent.
Question 2:
2x − y = 5
294
x+y=4
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
2x − y = 5
x+y=4

where
Question 3:
x + 3y = 5
2x + 6y = 8
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
295
x + 3y = 5
2x + 6y = 8

where
∴ A is a singular matrix.
Thus, the solution of the given system of equations does not exist.
Hence, the system of equations is inconsistent.
Question 4:
x+y+z=1
2x + 3y + 2z = 2
ax + ay + 2az = 4
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
x+y+z=1
296
2x + 3y + 2z = 2
ax + ay + 2az = 4
This system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where
Question 5:
3x − y − 2z = 2
2y − z = −1
3x − 5y = 3
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
3x − y − 2z = 2
2y − z = −1
3x − 5y = 3
297
This system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where
∴ A is a singular matrix.
Thus, the solution of the given system of equations does not exist.
Hence, the system of equations is inconsistent.
Question 6:
5x − y + 4z = 5
2x + 3y + 5z = 2
5x − 2y + 6z = −1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
5x − y + 4z = 5
298
2x + 3y + 5z = 2
5x − 2y + 6z = −1
Question 7:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

where
299
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse exists.
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

where
300
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

where
301
Question 10:
5x + 2y = 3
3x + 2y = 5
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

where
Question 11:
302
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

where
303
Question 12:
x−y+z=4
2x + y − 3z = 0
x+y+z=2
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

where
304
Question 13:
2x + 3y + 3z = 5
x − 2y + z = −4
3x − y − 2z = 3
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
305
The given system of equations can be written in the form AX = B,
where
Question 14:
x − y + 2z = 7
306
3x + 4y − 5z = −5
2x − y + 3z = 12
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share

where
Question 15:
307
If , find A−1. Using A−1 solve the system of
equations
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Now, the given system of equations can be written in the form

of AX = B, where
308
Question 16:
The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is Rs 60. The cost of

2 kg onion, 4 kg
wheat and 6 kg rice is Rs 90. The cost of 6 kg onion 2 kg wheat and 3

kg rice is Rs 70.
Find cost of each item per kg by matrix method.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the cost of onions, wheat, and rice per kg be Rs x, Rs y,and

Rs z respectively.
Then, the given situation can be represented by a system of equations

as:
309
Now,
X = A−1 B
Hence, the cost of onions is Rs 5 per kg, the cost of wheat is Rs 8 per
kg, and the cost of rice is Rs 8 per kg.
310
EXERCISE-4.7
Question 1:
Prove that the determinant is independent of θ.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Hence, Δ is independent of θ.
Question 2:
Without expanding the determinant, prove that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
311
Question 3:
Evaluate
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
312
Question 4:
If a, b and c are real numbers, and ,
Show that either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
313
Hence, if Δ = 0, then either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c.
Question 5:
Solve the equations
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
314
Question 6:
Prove that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
315
316
Question 7:
If
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We know that .
317
Question 8:
Let verify that
(i)
(ii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
318
(i)
We have,
319
(ii)
320
Question 9:
Evaluate
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
321
Question 10:
Evaluate
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
322
Question 11:
Using properties of determinants, prove that:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
323
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
324
Question 13:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
325
Question 14:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
326
Question 15:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
327
Question 16:
Solve the system of the following equations
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then the given system of equations is as follows:
328
This system can be written in the form of AX = B, where
Now,
A11 = 75, A12 = 110, A13 = 72
A21 = 150, A22 = −100, A23 = 0
A31 = 75, A32 = 30, A33 = − 24
329
Question 17:
If a, b, c, are in A.P., then the determinant
A. 0 B. 1 C. x D. 2x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
330
Answer: A
Here, all the elements of the first row (R1) are zero.
Hence, we have Δ = 0.
Question 18:
If x, y, z are nonzero real numbers, then the inverse of
matrix is
A. B.
331
C. D.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: A
332
Question 19:
Let , where 0 ≤ θ≤ 2π, then
A. Det (A) = 0
B. Det (A) ∈ (2, ∞)
C. Det (A) ∈ (2, 4)
D. Det (A)∈ [2, 4]
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Answer: D
333
CONTINUITY AND
DIFFERENTIABILITY
EXERCISE-5.1
Question 1:
Prove that the function is continuous at
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
334
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 0
Therefore, f is continuous at x = −3
Question 2:
Examine the continuity of the function .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Thus, f is continuous at x = 3
Question 3:
335
Examine the following functions for continuity.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(a) The given function is
It is evident that f is defined at every real number k and its value

at k is k − 5.
It is also observed that,
Hence, f is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a

continuous function.
(b) The given function is
For any real number k ≠ 5, we obtain
Hence, f is continuous at every point in the domain of f and therefore,

it is a continuous function.
(c) The given function is
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For any real number c ≠ −5, we obtain
Hence, f is continuous at every point in the domain of f and therefore,

it is a continuous function.
(d) The given function is
This function f is defined at all points of the real line.
Let c be a point on a real line. Then, c < 5 or c = 5 or c > 5
Case I: c < 5
Then, f (c) = 5 − c
Therefore, f is continuous at all real numbers less than 5.
Case II : c = 5
Then,
Case III: c > 5
337
Therefore, f is continuous at all real numbers greater than 5.
Hence, f is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a

Question 4:
Prove that the function is continuous at x = n, where n is a

positive integer.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is f (x) = xn
It is evident that f is defined at all positive integers, n, and its value

at n is nn.
Therefore, f is continuous at n, where n is a positive integer.
Question 5:
Is the function f defined by
continuous at x = 0? At x = 1? At x = 2?
338
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function f is
At x = 0,
It is evident that f is defined at 0 and its value at 0 is 0.
At x = 1,
f is defined at 1 and its value at 1 is 1.
The left hand limit of f at x = 1 is,
The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is,
Therefore, f is not continuous at x = 1
At x = 2,
f is defined at 2 and its value at 2 is 5.
339
Question 6:
Find all points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined by
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is evident that the given function f is defined at all the points of the
real line.
Let c be a point on the real line. Then, three cases arise.
(i) c < 2
(ii) c > 2
(iii) c = 2
Case (i) c < 2
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x < 2
Case (ii) c > 2
340
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x > 2
Case (iii) c = 2
Then, the left hand limit of f at x = 2 is,
It is observed that the left and right hand limit of f at x = 2 do not

coincide.
Hence, x = 2 is the only point of discontinuity of f.
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
341
Let c be a point on the real line.
Case I:
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x < −3
Case II:
Case III:
Therefore, f is continuous in (−3, 3).
Case IV:
If c = 3, then the left hand limit of f at x = 3 is,
342
coincide.
Case V:
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as
343
Case I:
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x < 0
Case II:

coincide.
Case III:
344
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as
Let c be any real number. Then,
Also,
Therefore, the given function is a continuous function.
Hence, the given function has no point of discontinuity.
Question 10:
345
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Case I:
Case II:
Case III:
346
Hence, the given function f has no point of discontinuity.
Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Case I:
Case II:
347
Case III:
Thus, the given function f is continuous at every point on the real line.
Hence, f has no point of discontinuity.
Question 12:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Case I:
348
Case II:

coincide.
Case III:
Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that x = 1 is the

only point of discontinuity of f.
Question 13:
Is the function defined by
349
a continuous function?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is
Case I:
Case II:

coincide.
Case III:
350
Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that x = 1 is the

only point of discontinuity of f.
Question 14:
Discuss the continuity of the function f, where f is defined by
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is defined at all points of the interval [0, 10].
Let c be a point in the interval [0, 10].
Case I:
Therefore, f is continuous in the interval [0, 1).
Case II:
351
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x = 1 do not

coincide.
Case III:
Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval (1, 3).
Case IV:

coincide.
Case V:
352
Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval (3, 10].
Hence, f is not continuous at x = 1 and x = 3
Question 15:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is defined at all points of the real line.
Case I:
Case II:
353
Case III:
Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval (0, 1).
Case IV:

coincide.
Case V:
354
Hence, f is not continuous only at x = 1
Question 16:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is defined at all points of the real line.
Case I:
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x < −1
Case II:
The left hand limit of f at x = −1 is,
355
The right hand limit of f at x = −1 is,
Case III:
Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval (−1, 1).
Case IV:
Case V:
356
Thus, from the above observations, it can be concluded that f is
continuous at all points of the real line.
Question 17:
Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by
is continuous at x = 3.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
If f is continuous at x = 3, then
Therefore, from (1), we obtain
Therefore, the required relationship is given by,
357
Question 18:
For what value of is the function defined by
continuous at x = 0? What about continuity at x = 1?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
If f is continuous at x = 0, then
Therefore, there is no value of λ for which f is continuous at x = 0
At x = 1,
f (1) = 4x + 1 = 4 × 1 + 1 = 5
Therefore, for any values of λ, f is continuous at x = 1
Question 19:
358
Show that the function defined by is discontinuous at all
integral point. Here denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
to x.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is evident that g is defined at all integral points.
Let n be an integer.
Then,
The left hand limit of f at x = n is,
The right hand limit of f at x = n is,
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x = n do not

coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x = n
Hence, g is discontinuous at all integral points.
Question 20:
Is the function defined by continuous at x = p?
 Answer
359
 Discussion
 Share
It is evident that f is defined at x = p
Therefore, the given function f is continuous at x = π
Question 21:
Discuss the continuity of the following functions.
(a) f (x) = sin x + cos x
(b) f (x) = sin x − cos x
(c) f (x) = sin x × cos x
 Answer
 Discussion
360
 Share
It is known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then
are also continuous.
It has to proved first that g (x) = sin x and h (x) = cos x are continuous
functions.
Let g (x) = sin x
It is evident that g (x) = sin x is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x = c + h
If x → c, then h → 0
Therefore, g is a continuous function.
Let h (x) = cos x
It is evident that h (x) = cos x is defined for every real number.
h (c) = cos c
361
Therefore, h is a continuous function.
Therefore, it can be concluded that
(a) f (x) = g (x) + h (x) = sin x + cos x is a continuous function
(b) f (x) = g (x) − h (x) = sin x − cos x is a continuous function
(c) f (x) = g (x) × h (x) = sin x × cos x is a continuous function
Question 22:
Discuss the continuity of the cosine, cosecant, secant and cotangent
functions,
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then
362
It has to be proved first that g (x) = sin x and h (x) = cos x are
continuous functions.
Let g (x) = sin x
It is evident that g (x) = sin x is defined for every real number.
If x c, then h 0
Therefore, g is a continuous function.
Let h (x) = cos x
If x ® c, then h ® 0
h (c) = cos c
363
Therefore, h (x) = cos x is continuous function.
It can be concluded that,
Therefore, cosecant is continuous except at x = np, n Î Z
Therefore, secant is continuous except at
Therefore, cotangent is continuous except at x = np, n Î Z
Question 23:
Find the points of discontinuity of f, where
364
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is evident that f is defined at all points of the real line.
Let c be a real number.
Case I:
Case II:
Case III:
365
From the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous

at all points of the real line.
Thus, f has no point of discontinuity.
Question 24:
Determine if f defined by
is a continuous function?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Case I:
366
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x ≠ 0
Case II:

at every point of the real line.
Thus, f is a continuous function.
Question 25:
Examine the continuity of f, where f is defined by
 Answer
 Discussion
367
 Share
Case I:
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x ≠ 0
Case II:

at every point of the real line.
Thus, f is a continuous function.
Question 26:
Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the

indicated point.
368
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function f is continuous at , if f is defined at and if
the value of the f at equals the limit of f at .
It is evident that f is defined at and
Therefore, the required value of k is 6.
369
Question 27:

indicated point.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function f is continuous at x = 2, if f is defined at x = 2 and

if the value of f at x = 2 equals the limit of f at x = 2
It is evident that f is defined at x = 2 and
Therefore, the required value of .
Question 28:
indicated point.
370
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function f is continuous at x = p, if f is defined at x = p and

if the value of f at x = p equals the limit of f at x = p
It is evident that f is defined at x = p and
Therefore, the required value of
Question 29:

indicated point.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
371
The given function f is continuous at x = 5, if f is defined at x = 5 and

if the value of f at x = 5 equals the limit of f at x = 5
It is evident that f is defined at x = 5 and
Therefore, the required value of
Question 30:
Find the values of a and b such that the function defined by
is a continuous function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
372
It is evident that the given function f is defined at all points of the real
line.
If f is a continuous function, then f is continuous at all real numbers.
In particular, f is continuous at x = 2 and x = 10
Since f is continuous at x = 2, we obtain
Since f is continuous at x = 10, we obtain
On subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we obtain
8a = 16
⇒a=2
By putting a = 2 in equation (1), we obtain
2×2+b=5
⇒4+b=5
⇒b=1
Therefore, the values of a and b for which f is a continuous function

are 2 and 1 respectively.
373
Question 31:
Show that the function defined by f (x) = cos (x2) is a continuous

function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is f (x) = cos (x2)
This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written
as the composition of two functions as,
f = g o h, where g (x) = cos x and h (x) = x2
It has to be first proved that g (x) = cos x and h (x) = x2 are continuous
functions.
It is evident that g is defined for every real number.
Then, g (c) = cos c
374
Therefore, g (x) = cos x is continuous function.
h (x) = x2
Clearly, h is defined for every real number.
Let k be a real number, then h (k) = k2
It is known that for real valued functions g and h,such that (g o h) is

defined at c, if g is continuous at c and if f is continuous at g (c), then
(f o g) is continuous at c.
Therefore, is a continuous function.
Question 32:
Show that the function defined by is a continuous function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f = g o h, where
It has to be first proved that are continuous

functions.
375
Clearly, g is defined for all real numbers.
Case I:
Therefore, g is continuous at all points x, such that x < 0
Case II:
Therefore, g is continuous at all points x, such that x > 0
Case III:
Therefore, g is continuous at x = 0
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is

continuous at all points.
h (x) = cos x
376
h (c) = cos c
Therefore, h (x) = cos x is a continuous function.

Therefore, is a continuous
function.
Question 33:
Examine that is a continuous function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
377
f = g o h, where
It has to be proved first that are continuous

functions.
Case I:
Case II:
Case III:
378
h (x) = sin x
It is evident that h (x) = sin x is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x = c + k
If x → c, then k → 0
h (c) = sin c

Therefore, is a continuous
function.
Question 34:
Find all the points of discontinuity of f defined by .
 Answer
379
 Discussion
 Share
The two functions, g and h, are defined as
Then, f = g − h
The continuity of g and h is examined first.
Case I:
Case II:
Case III:
380

Clearly, h is defined for every real number.
Case I:
Therefore, h is continuous at all points x, such that x < −1
Case II:
Therefore, h is continuous at all points x, such that x > −1
Case III:
381
Therefore, h is continuous at x = −1
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that h is

continuous at all points of the real line.
g and h are continuous functions. Therefore, f = g − h is also a

Therefore, f has no point of discontinuity.
382
EXERCISE-5.2
Question 1:
Differentiate the functions with respect to x.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Thus, f is a composite of two functions.
Alternate method
383
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Thus, f is a composite function of two functions.
Put t = u (x) = sin x
By chain rule,
Alternate method
Question 3:
384
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Thus, f is a composite function of two functions, u and v.
Put t = u (x) = ax + b
Hence, by chain rule, we obtain
Alternate method
Question 4:
385
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Thus, f is a composite function of three functions, u, v, and w.
Hence, by chain rule, we obtain
Alternate method
386
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is , where g (x) = sin (ax + b)

and
h (x) = cos (cx + d)
∴ g is a composite function of two functions, u and v.
387
Therefore, by chain rule, we obtain
∴h is a composite function of two functions, p and q.
Put y = p (x) = cx + d
Therefore, by chain rule, we obtain
Question 6:
388
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is .
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
389
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Clearly, f is a composite function of two functions, u and v, such that
390
By using chain rule, we obtain
Alternate method
Question 9:
Prove that the function f given by
is notdifferentiable at x = 1.
 Answer
391
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x = c in its

domain if both
are finite and equal.
To check the differentiability of the given function at x = 1,
consider the left hand limit of f at x = 1
Since the left and right hand limits of f at x = 1 are not equal, f is not
differentiable at x = 1
Question 10:
Prove that the greatest integer function defined by is

not
differentiable at x = 1 and x = 2.
 Answer
392
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x = c in its

domain if both
are finite and equal.
To check the differentiability of the given function at x = 1, consider

the left hand limit of f at x = 1
differentiable at
x=1
To check the differentiability of the given function at x = 2, consider

the left hand limit
of f at x = 2
393
differentiable at x = 2
EXERCISE-5.3
Question 1:
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given relationship is
Differentiating this relationship with respect to x, we obtain
394
Question 2:
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 3:
Find :
395
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Using chain rule, we obtain
and
From (1) and (2), we obtain
Question 4:
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
396
Question 5:
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
[Derivative of constant function is 0]
397
Question 6:
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 7:
398
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
Question 8:
399
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 9:
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
400
The function, , is of the form of .
Therefore, by quotient rule, we obtain
Also,
401
Question 10:
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we obtain
402
Question 11:
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given relationship is,
On comparing L.H.S. and R.H.S. of the above relationship, we obtain
403
Question 12:
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
404
Alternate method
405
Question 13:
Find :
406
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 14:
407
Find :
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 15:
Find :
408
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
409
EXERCISE-5.4
Question 1:
Differentiate the following w.r.t. x:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
By using the quotient rule, we obtain
Question 2:
 Answer
410
 Discussion
 Share
Let
By using the chain rule, we obtain
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Question 4:
411
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
412
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
413
Let
Then,
By differentiating this relationship with respect to x, we obtain
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
414
,x>1
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
By using the quotient rule, we obtain
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
415
Let
416
EXERCISE-5.5
Question 1:
Differentiate the function with respect to x.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
417
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
418
Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
u = xx
419
v = 2sin x
Taking logarithm on both the sides with respect to x, we obtain
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
420
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
421
422
Therefore, from (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
u = (log x)x
423
Question 8:
424
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
425
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
426
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
427
Question 11:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
428
429
Question 12:
Find of function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let xy = u and yx = v
Then, the function becomes u + v = 1
430
Question 13:
431
Find of function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 14:
Find of function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
432
Differentiating both sides, we obtain
Question 15:
Find of function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
433
Question 16:
Find the derivative of the function given by
and hence find .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
434
Question 17:
Differentiate in three ways mentioned below
(i) By using product rule.
(ii) By expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial.
(iii By logarithmic differentiation.
Do they all give the same answer?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
435
(ii)
(iii)
436
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that all the
results of are same.
Question 18:
If u, v and w are functions of x, then show that
in two ways-first by repeated application of product rule, second by

logarithmic differentiation.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
By applying product rule, we obtain
437
By taking logarithm on both sides of the equation , we obtain
438
EXERCISE-5.6
Question 1:
If x and y are connected parametrically by the equation, without
eliminating the parameter, find .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given equations are
Question 2:
x = a cos θ, y = b cos θ
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given equations are x = a cos θ and y = b cos θ
439
Question 3:
x = sin t, y = cos 2t
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given equations are x = sin t and y = cos 2t
Question 4:
440
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
441
Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
442
443
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
444
Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
445
 Share
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
446
Question 11:
If
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
447
Hence, proved.
448
EXERCISE-5.7
Question 1:
Find the second order derivatives of the function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then,
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then,
449
Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then,
Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then,
450
Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then,
Question 6:
451
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then,
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then,
452
Question 8:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then,
Question 9:
453
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then,
Question 10:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then,
454
Question 11:
If , prove that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
Then,
455
Hence, proved.
Question 12:
If find in terms of y alone.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
Then,
456
Question 13:
If , show that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
Then,
457
Hence, proved.
Question 14:
If show that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
458
It is given that,
Then,
Hence, proved.
Question 15:
If , show that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
Then,
459
Hence, proved.
Question 16:
If , show that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
460
Hence, proved.
Question 17:
If , show that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Then,
Hence, proved.
461
EXERCISE-5.8
Question 1:
Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the function
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function, , being a polynomial function, is

continuous in [−4, 2] and is differentiable in (−4, 2).
∴ f (−4) = f (2) = 0
⇒ The value of f (x) at −4 and 2 coincides.
Rolle’s Theorem states that there is a point c ∈ (−4, 2) such that
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is verified for the given function.
Question 2:
Examine if Rolle’s Theorem is applicable to any of the following
functions. Can you say some thing about the converse of Rolle’s
Theorem from these examples?
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
By Rolle’s Theorem, for a function , if
(a) f is continuous on [a, b]
(b) f is differentiable on (a, b)
(c) f (a) = f (b)
then, there exists some c ∈ (a, b) such that
Therefore, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable to those functions that

do not satisfy any of the three conditions of the hypothesis.
(i)
It is evident that the given function f (x) is not continuous at every

integral point.
In particular, f(x) is not continuous at x = 5 and x = 9
⇒ f (x) is not continuous in [5, 9].
The differentiability of f in (5, 9) is checked as follows.
Let n be an integer such that n ∈ (5, 9).
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Since the left and right hand limits of f at x = n are not equal, f is not
differentiable at x = n
∴f is not differentiable in (5, 9).
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the

hypothesis of Rolle’s Theorem.
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable for .
(ii)

integral point.
In particular, f(x) is not continuous at x = −2 and x = 2
⇒ f (x) is not continuous in [−2, 2].
The differentiability of f in (−2, 2) is checked as follows.
Let n be an integer such that n ∈ (−2, 2).
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∴f is not differentiable in (−2, 2).

hypothesis of Rolle’s Theorem.
(iii)
It is evident that f, being a polynomial function, is continuous in [1, 2]

and is differentiable in (1, 2).
∴f (1) ≠ f (2)
It is observed that f does not satisfy a condition of the hypothesis of

Rolle’s Theorem.
Question 3:
If is a differentiable function and if does not vanish

anywhere, then prove that .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that is a differentiable function.
Since every differentiable function is a continuous function, we obtain
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(a) f is continuous on [−5, 5].
(b) f is differentiable on (−5, 5).
Therefore, by the Mean Value Theorem, there exists c ∈ (−5, 5) such

that
It is also given that does not vanish anywhere.
Hence, proved.
Question 4:
Verify Mean Value Theorem, if in the interval ,

where and .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f, being a polynomial function, is continuous in [1, 4] and is

differentiable in (1, 4) whose derivative is 2x − 4.
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Mean Value Theorem states that there is a point c ∈ (1, 4) such that
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is verified for the given function.
Question 5:
Verify Mean Value Theorem, if in the interval [a, b],

where a = 1 and b = 3. Find all for which
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
f, being a polynomial function, is continuous in [1, 3] and is

differentiable in (1, 3) whose derivative is 3x2 − 10x − 3.
Mean Value Theorem states that there exist a point c ∈ (1, 3) such
that
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Hence, Mean Value Theorem is verified for the given function
and is the only point for which
Question 6:
Examine the applicability of Mean Value Theorem for all three

functions given in the above exercise 2.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Mean Value Theorem states that for a function , if
(a) f is continuous on [a, b]
(b) f is differentiable on (a, b)
then, there exists some c ∈ (a, b) such that
Therefore, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to those functions

that do not satisfy any of the two conditions of the hypothesis.
(i)

integral point.
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In particular, f(x) is not continuous at x = 5 and x = 9
⇒ f (x) is not continuous in [5, 9].
The differentiability of f in (5, 9) is checked as follows.
Let n be an integer such that n ∈ (5, 9).
∴f is not differentiable in (5, 9).

hypothesis of Mean Value Theorem.
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable for .
(ii)

integral point.
In particular, f(x) is not continuous at x = −2 and x = 2
⇒ f (x) is not continuous in [−2, 2].
The differentiability of f in (−2, 2) is checked as follows.
Let n be an integer such that n ∈ (−2, 2).
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∴f is not differentiable in (−2, 2).

hypothesis of Mean Value Theorem.
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable

for .
(iii)
It is evident that f, being a polynomial function, is continuous in [1, 2]

and is differentiable in (1, 2).
It is observed that f satisfies all the conditions of the hypothesis of

Mean Value Theorem.
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is applicable for .
It can be proved as follows.
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EXERCISE-5.9
Question 1:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 2:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 3:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 4:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 5:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 6:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Therefore, equation (1) becomes
Question 7:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 8:
, for some constant a and b.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
By using chain rule, we obtain
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Question 9:
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 10:
, for some fixed and
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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s = aa
Since a is constant, aa is also a constant.
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∴
From (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5), we obtain
Question 11:
, for
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain
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Also,
Substituting the expressions of in equation (1), we obtain
Question 12:
Find , if
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 13:
Find , if
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Question 14:
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If , for, −1 < x <1, prove that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
Hence, proved.
Question 15:
If , for some prove that
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is a constant independent of a and b.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
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Hence, proved.
Question 16:
If with prove that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Then, equation (1) reduces to
Hence, proved.
Question 17:
If and , find
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 18:
If , show that exists for all real x, and find it.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is known that,
Therefore, when x ≥ 0,
In this case, and hence,
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When x < 0,
In this case, and hence,
Thus, for , exists for all real x and is given by,
Question 19:
Using mathematical induction prove that for all positive

integers n.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
For n = 1,
∴P(n) is true for n = 1
Let P(k) is true for some positive integer k.
That is,
It has to be proved that P(k + 1) is also true.
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Thus, P(k + 1) is true whenever P (k) is true.
Therefore, by the principle of mathematical induction, the statement

P(n) is true for every positive integer n.
Hence, proved.
Question 20:
Using the fact that sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B and the
differentiation, obtain the sum formula for cosines.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Question 22:
If , prove that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Thus,
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Question 23:
If , show that
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that,
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APPLICATION OF
DERIVATIVE
EXERCISE-6.1
Question 1:
Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its
radius r when
(a) r = 3 cm (b) r = 4 cm
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The area of a circle (A) with radius (r) is given by,
Now, the rate of change of the area with respect to its radius is given
by,
1. When r = 3 cm,
Hence, the area of the circle is changing at the rate of 6π cm2/s when
its radius is 3 cm.
2. When r = 4 cm,
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Hence, the area of the circle is changing at the rate of 8π cm2/s when
its radius is 4 cm.
Question 2:
The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 8 cm3/s. How fast is
the surface area increasing when the length of an edge is 12 cm?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x be the length of a side, V be the volume, and s be the surface

area of the cube.
Then, V = x3 and S = 6x2 where x is a function of time t.
It is given that .
Then, by using the chain rule, we have:
Thus, when x = 12 cm,
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Hence, if the length of the edge of the cube is 12 cm, then the surface
area is increasing at the rate of cm2/s.
Question 3:
The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of 3 cm/s.

Find the rate at which the area of the circle is increasing when the
radius is 10 cm.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Now, the rate of change of area (A) with respect to time (t) is given
by,
It is given that,
Thus, when r = 10 cm,
Hence, the rate at which the area of the circle is increasing when the
radius is 10 cm is 60π cm2/s.
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Question 4:
An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3 cm/s. How
fast is the volume of the cube increasing when the edge is 10 cm
long?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x be the length of a side and V be the volume of the cube. Then,
V = x3.
∴ (By chain rule)
It is given that,
Thus, when x = 10 cm,
Hence, the volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of 900 cm3/s
when the edge is 10 cm long.
Question 5:
A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at the
speed of 5 cm/s. At the instant when the radius of the circular wave is
8 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing?
 Answer
 Discussion
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 Share
The area of a circle (A) with radius (r) is given by .
Therefore, the rate of change of area (A) with respect to time (t) is
given by,
[By chain rule]
It is given that .
Thus, when r = 8 cm,
Hence, when the radius of the circular wave is 8 cm, the enclosed area
is increasing at the rate of 80π cm2/s.
Question 6:
The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/s. What is the
rate of increase of its circumference?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The circumference of a circle (C) with radius (r) is given by
C = 2πr.
Therefore, the rate of change of circumference (C) with respect to

time (t) is given by,
(By chain rule)
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It is given that .
Hence, the rate of increase of the circumference
Question 7:
The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute

and the width y is increasing at the rate of 4 cm/minute. When x = 8
cm and y = 6 cm, find the rates of change of (a) the perimeter, and (b)
the area of the rectangle.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Since the length (x) is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the
width (y) is increasing at the rate of 4 cm/minute, we have:
and
(a) The perimeter (P) of a rectangle is given by,
P = 2(x + y)
Hence, the perimeter is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/min.
(b) The area (A) of a rectangle is given by,
A=x×y
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∴
When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm,
Hence, the area of the rectangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cm2/min.
Question 8:
A balloon, which always remains spherical on inflation, is being
inflated by pumping in 900 cubic centimetres of gas per second. Find
the rate at which the radius of the balloon increases when the radius is
15 cm.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The volume of a sphere (V) with radius (r) is given by,
∴Rate of change of volume (V) with respect to time (t) is given by,
[By chain rule]
It is given that .
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Therefore, when radius = 15 cm,
Hence, the rate at which the radius of the balloon increases when the
radius is 15 cm is
Question 9:
A balloon, which always remains spherical has a variable radius. Find

the rate at which its volume is increasing with the radius when the
later is 10 cm.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The volume of a sphere (V) with radius (r) is given by .
Rate of change of volume (V) with respect to its radius (r) is given by,
Therefore, when radius = 10 cm,
Hence, the volume of the balloon is increasing at the rate of

400π cm3/s.
Question 10:
A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder
is pulled along the ground, away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s.
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How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the
ladder is 4 m away from the wall?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let y m be the height of the wall at which the ladder touches. Also, let
the foot of the ladder be x m away from the wall.
Then, by Pythagoras theorem, we have:
x2 + y2 = 25 [Length of the ladder = 5 m]
Then, the rate of change of height (y) with respect to time (t) is given
by,
It is given that .
Now, when x = 4 m, we have:
Hence, the height of the ladder on the wall is decreasing at the rate of
Question 11:
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A particle moves along the curve . Find the points on the
curve at which the y-coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x-
coordinate.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the curve is given as:
The rate of change of the position of the particle with respect to time
(t) is given by,
When the y-coordinate of the particle changes 8 times as fast as the
x-coordinate i.e., , we have:
When .
When .
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Hence, the points required on the curve are (4, 11) and
Question 12:
The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of cm/s. At

what rate is the volume of the bubble increasing when the radius is 1
cm?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The air bubble is in the shape of a sphere.
Now, the volume of an air bubble (V) with radius (r) is given by,
The rate of change of volume (V) with respect to time (t) is given by,
It is given that .
Therefore, when r = 1 cm,
Hence, the rate at which the volume of the bubble increases is

2π cm3/s.
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Question 13:
A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable
diameter Find the rate of change of its volume with respect

to x.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The volume of a sphere (V) with radius (r) is given by,
It is given that:
Diameter
Hence, the rate of change of volume with respect to x is as
Question 14:
Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/ s. The falling sand
forms a cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone
is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of
the sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm?
 Answer
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 Discussion
 Share
The volume of a cone (V) with radius (r) and height (h) is given by,
It is given that,
The rate of change of volume with respect to time (t) is given by,
[By chain rule]
It is also given that .
Therefore, when h = 4 cm, we have:
Hence, when the height of the sand cone is 4 cm, its height is
increasing at the rate of .
Question 15:
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The total cost C (x) in Rupees associated with the production
of x units of an item is given by
Find the marginal cost when 17 units are produced.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Marginal cost is the rate of change of total cost with respect to output.
∴Marginal cost (MC)
When x = 17, MC = 0.021 (172) − 0.006 (17) + 15
= 0.021(289) − 0.006(17) + 15
= 6.069 − 0.102 + 15
= 20.967
Hence, when 17 units are produced, the marginal cost is Rs. 20.967.
Question 16:
The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x units of a

product is given by
Find the marginal revenue when x = 7.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Marginal revenue is the rate of change of total revenue with respect to
the number of units sold.
∴Marginal Revenue (MR) = 13(2x) + 26 = 26x + 26
When x = 7,
MR = 26(7) + 26 = 182 + 26 = 208
Hence, the required marginal revenue is Rs 208.
Question 17:
The rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its
radius r at r = 6 cm is
(A) 10π (B) 12π (C) 8π (D) 11π
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Therefore, the rate of change of the area with respect to its radius r is
∴When r = 6 cm,
Hence, the required rate of change of the area of a circle is 12π cm2/s.
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Question 18:
The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x units of a

product is given by
. The marginal revenue, when is
(A) 116 (B) 96 (C) 90 (D) 126
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Marginal revenue is the rate of change of total revenue with respect to

the number of units sold.
∴Marginal Revenue (MR) = 3(2x) + 36 = 6x + 36
∴When x = 15,
MR = 6(15) + 36 = 90 + 36 = 126
Hence, the required marginal revenue is Rs 126.
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EXERCISE-6.2
Question 1:
Show that the function given by f(x) = 3x + 17 is strictly increasing
on R.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let be any two numbers in R.
Then, we have:
Hence, f is strictly increasing on R.
Alternate method:
f'(x) = 3 > 0, in every interval of R.
Thus, the function is strictly increasing on R.
Question 2:
Show that the function given by f(x) = e2x is strictly increasing on R.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let be any two numbers in R.
Then, we have:
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Hence, f is strictly increasing on R.
Question 3:
Show that the function given by f(x) = sin x is
(a) strictly increasing in (b) strictly decreasing in
(c) neither increasing nor decreasing in (0, π)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is f(x) = sin x.
(a) Since for each we have .
Hence, f is strictly increasing in .
(b) Since for each , we have .
Hence, f is strictly decreasing in .
(c) From the results obtained in (a) and (b), it is clear that f is neither
increasing nor decreasing in (0, π).
Question 4:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = 2x2 − 3x is
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(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is f(x) = 2x2 − 3x.
Now, the point divides the real line into two disjoint intervals
i.e., and
In interval
Hence, the given function (f) is strictly decreasing in interval .
In interval
Hence, the given function (f) is strictly increasing in interval .
Question 5:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 −
36x + 7 is
(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 36x + 7.
∴ x = − 2, 3
The points x = −2 and x = 3 divide the real line into three disjoint
intervals i.e.,
In intervals is positive while in interval
(−2, 3), is negative.
Hence, the given function (f) is strictly increasing in intervals
, while function (f) is strictly decreasing in interval
(−2, 3).
Question 6:
Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly
increasing or decreasing:
(a) x2 + 2x − 5 (b) 10 − 6x − 2x2
(c) −2x3 − 9x2 − 12x + 1 (d) 6 − 9x − x2
(e) (x + 1)3 (x − 3)3
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(a) We have,
Now,
x = −1
Point x = −1 divides the real line into two disjoint intervals

i.e.,
In interval
∴f is strictly decreasing in interval
Thus, f is strictly decreasing for x < −1.
In interval
∴ f is strictly increasing in interval
Thus, f is strictly increasing for x > −1.
(b) We have,
f(x) = 10 − 6x − 2x2
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The point divides the real line into two disjoint intervals i.e.,
In interval i.e., when ,
∴ f is strictly increasing for .
In interval i.e., when ,
∴ f is strictly decreasing for .
(c) We have,
f(x) = −2x3 − 9x2 − 12x + 1
Points x = −1 and x = −2 divide the real line into three disjoint

intervals i.e.,
In intervals i.e., when x < −2 and x > −1,
∴ f is strictly decreasing for x < −2 and x > −1.
Now, in interval (−2, −1) i.e., when −2 <x<

−1, .
(d) We have,
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The point divides the real line into two disjoint intervals
i.e., .
In interval i.e., for , .
In interval i.e., for ,
∴ f is strictly decreasing for .
(e) We have,
f(x) = (x + 1)3 (x − 3)3
The points x = −1, x = 1, and x = 3 divide the real line into four
disjoint intervals i.e., , (−1, 1), (1, 3), and .
In intervals and (−1, 1), .
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∴ f is strictly decreasing in intervals and (−1, 1).
In intervals (1, 3) and , .
∴ f is strictly increasing in intervals (1, 3) and .
Question 7:
Show that , is an increasing function

of x throughout its domain.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
Since x > −1, point x = 0 divides the domain (−1, ∞) in two disjoint
intervals i.e., −1 < x < 0 and x > 0.
When −1 < x < 0, we have:
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Also, when x > 0:
Hence, function f is increasing throughout this domain.
Question 8:
Find the values of x for which is an increasing function.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
The points x = 0, x = 1, and x = 2 divide the real line into four disjoint
intervals i.e.,
In intervals , .
∴ y is strictly decreasing in intervals .
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However, in intervals (0, 1) and (2, ∞),
∴ y is strictly increasing in intervals (0, 1) and (2, ∞).
y is strictly increasing for 0 < x < 1 and x > 2.
Question 9:
Prove that is an increasing function of θ in .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
Since cos θ ≠ 4, cos θ = 0.
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Now,
In interval , we have cos θ > 0. Also, 4 > cos θ ⇒ 4 − cos θ >
0.
Therefore, y is strictly increasing in interval .
Also, the given function is continuous at
Hence, y is increasing in interval .
Question 10:
Prove that the logarithmic function is strictly increasing on (0, ∞).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is clear that for x > 0,
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Hence, f(x) = log x is strictly increasing in interval (0, ∞).
Question 11:
Prove that the function f given by f(x) = x2 − x + 1 is neither strictly

increasing nor strictly decreasing on (−1, 1).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given function is f(x) = x2 − x + 1.
The point divides the interval (−1, 1) into two disjoint intervals i.e.,
Now, in interval
Therefore, f is strictly decreasing in interval .
However, in interval
Therefore, f is strictly increasing in interval .
Hence, f is neither strictly increasing nor decreasing in interval (−1,

1).
Question 12:
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Which of the following functions are strictly decreasing on ?
(A) cos x (B) cos 2x (C) cos 3x (D) tan x
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(A) Let
In interval
is strictly decreasing in interval .
(B) Let
is strictly decreasing in interval .
(C) Let
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The point divides the interval into two disjoint intervals
i.e., 0
∴ f3 is strictly decreasing in interval .
∴ f3 is strictly increasing in interval .
Hence, f3 is neither increasing nor decreasing in interval .
(D) Let
In interval
∴ f4 is strictly increasing in interval
Therefore, functions cos x and cos 2x are strictly decreasing in
Hence, the correct answers are A and B.
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Question 13:
On which of the following intervals is the function f given

by strictly decreasing?
(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
In interval
Thus, function f is strictly increasing in interval (0, 1).
In interval
Thus, function f is strictly increasing in interval .
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∴ f is strictly increasing in interval .
Hence, function f is strictly decreasing in none of the intervals.
Question 14:
Find the least value of a such that the function f given is

strictly increasing on (1, 2).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
Now, function f will be increasing in (1, 2), if in (1, 2).
⇒ 2x + a > 0
⇒ 2x > − a
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Therefore, we have to find the least value of a such that
Thus, the least value of a for f to be increasing on (1, 2) is given by,
Hence, the required value of a is −2.
Question 15:
Let I be any interval disjoint from (−1, 1). Prove that the
function f given by
is strictly increasing on I.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
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The points x = 1 and x = −1 divide the real line in three disjoint
intervals i.e., .
In interval (−1, 1), it is observed that:
∴ f is strictly decreasing on .
In intervals , it is observed that:
∴ f is strictly increasing on .
Hence, function f is strictly increasing in interval I disjoint from (−1,

1).
Question 16:
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Prove that the function f given by f(x) = log sin x is strictly increasing
on and strictly decreasing on
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
In interval
∴ f is strictly increasing in .
In interval
∴f is strictly decreasing in
Question 17:
Prove that the function f given by f(x) = log cos x is strictly decreasing
on and strictly increasing on
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
527
In interval
∴f is strictly decreasing on .
In interval
∴f is strictly increasing on .
Question 18:
Prove that the function given by is increasing

in R.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
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For any x∈R, (x − 1)2 > 0.
Thus, is always positive in R.
Hence, the given function (f) is increasing in R.
Question 19:
The interval in which is increasing is
(A) (B) (−2, 0) (C) (D) (0, 2)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have,
The points x = 0 and x = 2 divide the real line into three disjoint
intervals i.e.,
In intervals is always positive.
∴f is decreasing on
In interval (0, 2),
∴ f is strictly increasing on (0, 2).
Hence, f is strictly increasing in interval (0, 2).
529
EXERCISE-6.3
Question 1:
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3x4 − 4x at x = 4.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given curve is y = 3x4 − 4x.
Then, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at x = 4 is given by,
Question 2:
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve , x ≠ 2 at x = 10.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given curve is .
Thus, the slope of the tangent at x = 10 is given by,
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Hence, the slope of the tangent at x = 10 is
Question 3:
Find the slope of the tangent to curve y = x3 − x + 1 at the point
whose x-coordinate is 2.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The slope of the tangent to a curve at (x0, y0) is .
It is given that x0 = 2.
Hence, the slope of the tangent at the point where the x-coordinate is
2 is given by,
Question 4:
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x3 − 3x + 2 at the point
whose x-coordinate is 3.
 Answer
 Discussion
531
 Share
Hence, the slope of the tangent at the point where the x-coordinate is
3 is given by,
Question 5:
Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = acos3θ, y = asin3θ at
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that x = acos3θ and y = asin3θ.
Therefore, the slope of the tangent at is given by,
532
Hence, the slope of the normal at
Question 6:
Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = 1 − a sin θ, y = b cos2θ at
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
It is given that x = 1 − a sin θ and y = b cos2θ.
Therefore, the slope of the tangent at is given by,
Hence, the slope of the normal at
533
Question 7:
Find points at which the tangent to the curve y = x3 − 3x2 − 9x + 7 is

parallel to the x-axis.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is
Now, the tangent is parallel to the x-axis if the slope of the tangent is
zero.
When x = 3, y = (3)3 − 3 (3)2 − 9 (3) + 7 = 27 − 27 − 27 + 7 = −20.
When x = −1, y = (−1) 3 − 3 (−1)2 − 9 (−1) + 7 = −1 − 3 + 9 + 7 = 12.
Hence, the points at which the tangent is parallel to the x-axis are (3,
−20) and
(−1, 12).
Question 8:
Find a point on the curve y = (x − 2)2 at which the tangent is parallel

to the chord joining the points (2, 0) and (4, 4).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
534
If a tangent is parallel to the chord joining the points (2, 0) and (4, 4),
then the slope of the tangent = the slope of the chord.
The slope of the chord is
Now, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at a point (x, y) is
given by,
Since the slope of the tangent = slope of the chord, we have:
Hence, the required point is (3, 1).
Question 9:
Find the point on the curve y = x3 − 11x + 5 at which the tangent

is y = x − 11.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is y = x3 − 11x + 5.
The equation of the tangent to the given curve is given as y = x − 11

(which is of the form y = mx + c).
∴Slope of the tangent = 1
Now, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at the point (x, y) is
given by,
535
Then, we have:
When x = 2, y = (2)3 − 11 (2) + 5 = 8 − 22 + 5 = −9.
When x = −2, y = (−2) 3 − 11 (−2) + 5 = −8 + 22 + 5 = 19.
Hence, the required points are (2, −9) and (−2, 19).
Question 10:
Find the equation of all lines having slope −1 that are tangents to the
curve .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is .
The slope of the tangents to the given curve at any point (x, y) is given
by,
If the slope of the tangent is −1, then we have:
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When x = 0, y = −1 and when x = 2, y = 1.
Thus, there are two tangents to the given curve having slope −1.
These are passing through the points (0, −1) and (2, 1).
∴The equation of the tangent through (0, −1) is given by,
∴The equation of the tangent through (2, 1) is given by,
y − 1 = −1 (x − 2)
⇒y−1=−x+2
⇒y+x−3=0
Hence, the equations of the required lines are y + x + 1 = 0 and y + x −

3 = 0.
Question 11:
Find the equation of all lines having slope 2 which are tangents to the
curve .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The slope of the tangent to the given curve at any point (x, y) is given
by,
537
If the slope of the tangent is 2, then we have:
Hence, there is no tangent to the given curve having slope 2.
Question 12:
Find the equations of all lines having slope 0 which are tangent to the
curve .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
by,
If the slope of the tangent is 0, then we have:
538
When x = 1,
∴The equation of the tangent through is given by,
Hence, the equation of the required line is
Question 13:
Find points on the curve at which the tangents are
(i) parallel to x-axis (ii) parallel to y-axis
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we have:
(i) The tangent is parallel to the x-axis if the slope of the tangent is
i.e., 0 which is possible if x = 0.
539
Then, for x = 0
Hence, the points at which the tangents are parallel to the x-axis are
(0, 4) and (0, − 4).
(ii) The tangent is parallel to the y-axis if the slope of the normal is 0,
which gives ⇒ y = 0.
Then, for y = 0.
Hence, the points at which the tangents are parallel to the y-axis are
(3, 0) and (− 3, 0).
Question 14:
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the given curves at the
indicated points:
(i) y = x4 − 6x3 + 13x2 − 10x + 5 at (0, 5)
(ii) y = x4 − 6x3 + 13x2 − 10x + 5 at (1, 3)
(iii) y = x3 at (1, 1)
(iv) y = x2 at (0, 0)
(v) x = cos t, y = sin t at
 Answer
 Discussion
540
 Share
(i) The equation of the curve is y = x4 − 6x3 + 13x2 − 10x + 5.
On differentiating with respect to x, we get:
Thus, the slope of the tangent at (0, 5) is −10. The equation of the
tangent is given as:
y − 5 = − 10(x − 0)
⇒ y − 5 = − 10x
⇒ 10x + y = 5
The slope of the normal at (0, 5) is
Therefore, the equation of the normal at (0, 5) is given as:
(ii) The equation of the curve is y = x4 − 6x3 + 13x2 − 10x + 5.
Thus, the slope of the tangent at (1, 3) is 2. The equation of the

541
(iii) The equation of the curve is y = x3.
Thus, the slope of the tangent at (1, 1) is 3 and the equation of the
(iv) The equation of the curve is y = x2.
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Thus, the slope of the tangent at (0, 0) is 0 and the equation of the
y − 0 = 0 (x − 0)
⇒y=0
The slope of the normal at (0, 0) is , which

is not defined.
Therefore, the equation of the normal at (x0, y0) = (0, 0) is given by
(v) The equation of the curve is x = cos t, y = sin t.
∴The slope of the tangent at is −1.
When
543
Thus, the equation of the tangent to the given curve
at is
The slope of the normal at is
Therefore, the equation of the normal to the given curve
at is
Question 15:
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x2 − 2x + 7
which is
(a) parallel to the line 2x − y + 9 = 0
(b) perpendicular to the line 5y − 15x = 13.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
544
(a) The equation of the line is 2x − y + 9 = 0.
2x − y + 9 = 0 ⇒ y = 2x + 9
This is of the form y = mx + c.
∴Slope of the line = 2
If a tangent is parallel to the line 2x − y + 9 = 0, then the slope of the

tangent is equal to the slope of the line.
Therefore, we have:
2 = 2x − 2
Now, x = 2
y=4−4+7=7
Thus, the equation of the tangent passing through (2, 7) is given by,
Hence, the equation of the tangent line to the given curve (which is
parallel to line 2x − y + 9 = 0) is .
(b) The equation of the line is 5y − 15x = 13.
5y − 15x = 13 ⇒
This is of the form y = mx + c.
545
If a tangent is perpendicular to the line 5y − 15x = 13, then the slope
of the tangent is
Thus, the equation of the tangent passing through is given by,
Hence, the equation of the tangent line to the given curve (which is
perpendicular to line 5y − 15x = 13) is .
Question 16:
Show that the tangents to the curve y = 7x3 + 11 at the points
where x = 2 and x = −2 are parallel.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
546
The equation of the given curve is y = 7x3 + 11.

Therefore, the slope of the tangent at the point where x = 2 is given
by,
It is observed that the slopes of the tangents at the points where x = 2

and x = −2 are equal.
Hence, the two tangents are parallel.
Question 17:
Find the points on the curve y = x3 at which the slope of the tangent is
equal to the y-coordinate of the point.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is y = x3.
The slope of the tangent at the point (x, y) is given by,
When the slope of the tangent is equal to the y-coordinate of the point,
then y = 3x2.
547
Also, we have y = x3.
∴3x2 = x3
⇒ x2 (x − 3) = 0
⇒ x = 0, x = 3
When x = 0, then y = 0 and when x = 3, then y = 3(3)2 = 27.
Hence, the required points are (0, 0) and (3, 27).
Question 18:
For the curve y = 4x3 − 2x5, find all the points at which the tangents
passes through the origin.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is y = 4x3 − 2x5.
Therefore, the slope of the tangent at a point (x, y) is 12x2 − 10x4.
The equation of the tangent at (x, y) is given by,
When the tangent passes through the origin (0, 0), then X = Y = 0.
Therefore, equation (1) reduces to:
Also, we have
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When x = 0, y =
When x = 1, y = 4 (1)3 − 2 (1)5 = 2.
When x = −1, y = 4 (−1) 3 − 2 (−1)5 = −2.
Hence, the required points are (0, 0), (1, 2), and (−1, −2).
Question 19:
Find the points on the curve x2 + y2 − 2x − 3 = 0 at which the tangents

are parallel to the x-axis.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is x2 + y2 − 2x − 3 = 0.
On differentiating with respect to x, we have:
Now, the tangents are parallel to the x-axis if the slope of the tangent
is 0.
549
But, x2 + y2 − 2x − 3 = 0 for x = 1.
y2 = 4 ⇒
Hence, the points at which the tangents are parallel to the x-axis are
(1, 2) and (1, −2).
Question 20:
Find the equation of the normal at the point (am2, am3) for the
curve ay2 = x3.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is ay2 = x3.
On differentiating with respect to x, we have:
The slope of a tangent to the curve at (x0, y0) is .
The slope of the tangent to the given curve at (am2, am3) is
∴ Slope of normal at (am2, am3)
Hence, the equation of the normal at (am2, am3) is given by,
550
y − am3 =
Question 21:
Find the equation of the normals to the curve y = x3 + 2x + 6 which

are parallel to the line x + 14y + 4 = 0.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is y = x3 + 2x + 6.
by,
∴ Slope of the normal to the given curve at any point (x, y)
The equation of the given line is x + 14y + 4 = 0.
x + 14y + 4 = 0 ⇒ (which is of the form y = mx + c)
∴Slope of the given line =
If the normal is parallel to the line, then we must have the slope of the
normal being equal to the slope of the line.
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When x = 2, y = 8 + 4 + 6 = 18.
When x = −2, y = − 8 − 4 + 6 = −6.
Therefore, there are two normals to the given curve with slope and
passing through the points (2, 18) and (−2, −6).
Thus, the equation of the normal through (2, 18) is given by,
And, the equation of the normal through (−2, −6) is given by,
Hence, the equations of the normals to the given curve (which are
parallel to the given line) are
Question 22:
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the parabola y2 =
4ax at the point (at2, 2at).
 Answer
552
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given parabola is y2 = 4ax.
On differentiating y2 = 4ax with respect to x, we have:
∴The slope of the tangent at is
Then, the equation of the tangent at is given by,
y − 2at =
Now, the slope of the normal at is given by,
Thus, the equation of the normal at (at2, 2at) is given as:
Question 23:
Prove that the curves x = y2 and xy = k cut at right angles if 8k2 = 1.
[Hint: Two curves intersect at right angle if the tangents to the curves
at the point of intersection are perpendicular to each other.]
553
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equations of the given curves are given as
Putting x = y2 in xy = k, we get:
Thus, the point of intersection of the given curves is .
Differentiating x = y2 with respect to x, we have:
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to the curve x = y2 at
is
On differentiating xy = k with respect to x, we have:
∴ Slope of the tangent to the curve xy = k at is given by,
554
We know that two curves intersect at right angles if the tangents to the
curves at the point of intersection i.e., at are perpendicular to

each other.
This implies that we should have the product of the tangents as − 1.
Thus, the given two curves cut at right angles if the product of the
slopes of their respective tangents at is −1.
Hence, the given two curves cut at right angels if 8k2 = 1.
Question 24:
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the
hyperbola at the point
 Answer
 Discussion
555
 Share
Differentiating with respect to x, we have:
Therefore, the slope of the tangent at is .
Then, the equation of the tangent at is given by,
Now, the slope of the normal at is given by,
Hence, the equation of the normal at is given by,
556
Question 25:
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve which is

parallel to the line 4x − 2y + 5 = 0.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is
by,
The equation of the given line is 4x − 2y + 5 = 0.
4x − 2y + 5 = 0 ⇒ (which is of the form
Now, the tangent to the given curve is parallel to the line 4x − 2y − 5

= 0 if the slope of the tangent is equal to the slope of the line.
557
∴Equation of the tangent passing through the point is given
by,
Hence, the equation of the required tangent is .
Question 26:
The slope of the normal to the curve y = 2x2 + 3 sin x at x = 0 is
(A) 3 (B) (C) −3 (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
558
Slope of the tangent to the given curve at x = 0 is given by,
Hence, the slope of the normal to the given curve at x = 0 is
Question 27:
The line y = x + 1 is a tangent to the curve y2 = 4x at the point
(A) (1, 2) (B) (2, 1) (C) (1, −2) (D) (−1, 2)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at any point
(x, y) is given by,
The given line is y = x + 1 (which is of the form y = mx + c)
∴ Slope of the line = 1
559
The line y = x + 1 is a tangent to the given curve if the slope of the
line is equal to the slope of the tangent. Also, the line must intersect
the curve.
Thus, we must have:
Hence, the line y = x + 1 is a tangent to the given curve at the point (1,
2).
560
EXERCISE-6.4
Question 1:
1. Using differentials, find the approximate value of each of the
following up to 3 places of decimal
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v) (vi)
(vii) (viii) (ix)
(x) (xi) (xii)
(xiii) (xiv) (xv)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i)
Consider . Let x = 25 and Δx = 0.3.
Then,
Now, dy is approximately equal to Δy and is given by,
561
Hence, the approximate value of is 0.03 + 5 = 5.03.
(ii)
Then,
Hence, the approximate value of is 7 + 0.035 = 7.035.
(iii)
Consider . Let x = 1 and Δx = − 0.4.
Then,
Hence, the approximate value of is 1 + (−0.2) = 1 − 0.2 = 0.8.
(iv)
562
Consider . Let x = 0.008 and Δx = 0.001.
Then,
Hence, the approximate value of is 0.2 + 0.008 = 0.208.
(v)
Consider . Let x = 1 and Δx = −0.001.
Then,
Hence, the approximate value of is 1 + (−0.0001) = 0.9999.
(vi)
563
Consider . Let x = 16 and Δx = −1.
Then,
(vii)
Then,
564
(viii)
Then,
(ix)
Consider . Let x = 81 and Δx = 1.
Then,
565
(x)
Consider . Let x = 400 and Δx = 1.
Then,
(xi)
Consider . Let x = 0.0036 and Δx = 0.0001.
Then,
566
Thus, the approximate value of is 0.06 + 0.00083 = 0.06083.
(xii)
Consider . Let x = 27 and Δx = −0.43.
Then,
(xiii)
Then,
567
(xiv)
Consider . Let x = 4 and Δx = − 0.032.
Then,
(xv)
Then,
568
Question 2:
Find the approximate value of f (2.01), where f (x) = 4x2 + 5x + 2
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x = 2 and Δx = 0.01. Then, we have:
f(2.01) = f(x + Δx) = 4(x + Δx)2 + 5(x + Δx) + 2
Now, Δy = f(x + Δx) − f(x)
∴ f(x + Δx) = f(x) + Δy
Hence, the approximate value of f (2.01) is 28.21.
569
Question 3:
Find the approximate value of f (5.001), where f (x) = x3 − 7x2 + 15.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Hence, the approximate value of f (5.001) is −34.995.
Question 4:
Find the approximate change in the volume V of a cube of
side x metres caused by increasing side by 1%.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The volume of a cube (V) of side x is given by V = x3.
570
Hence, the approximate change in the volume of the cube is
0.03x3 m3.
Question 5:
Find the approximate change in the surface area of a cube of
side x metres caused by decreasing the side by 1%
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The surface area of a cube (S) of side x is given by S = 6x2.
Hence, the approximate change in the surface area of the cube is

0.12x2 m2.
Question 6:
If the radius of a sphere is measured as 7 m with an error of 0.02m,
then find the approximate error in calculating its volume.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
571
Let r be the radius of the sphere and Δr be the error in measuring the
radius.
Then,
r = 7 m and Δr = 0.02 m
Now, the volume V of the sphere is given by,
Hence, the approximate error in calculating the volume is 3.92 π m3.
Question 7:
If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 m with an error of 0.03 m,

then find the approximate error in calculating in surface area.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let r be the radius of the sphere and Δr be the error in measuring the
radius.
Then,
r = 9 m and Δr = 0.03 m
Now, the surface area of the sphere (S) is given by,
S = 4πr2
572
Hence, the approximate error in calculating the surface area is 2.16π
m2.
Question 8:
If f (x) = 3x2 + 15x + 5, then the approximate value of f (3.02) is
A. 47.66 B. 57.66 C. 67.66 D. 77.66
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Hence, the approximate value of f(3.02) is 77.66.
573
Question 9:
The approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x metres

caused by increasing the side by 3% is
A. 0.06 x3 m3 B. 0.6 x3 m3 C. 0.09 x3 m3 D. 0.9 x3 m3
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The volume of a cube (V) of side x is given by V = x3.
Hence, the approximate change in the volume of the cube is

0.09x3 m3.
574
EXERCISE-6.5
Question 1:
Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, of the following
functions given by
(i) f(x) = (2x − 1)2 + 3 (ii) f(x) = 9x2 + 12x + 2
(iii) f(x) = −(x − 1)2 + 10 (iv) g(x) = x3 + 1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) The given function is f(x) = (2x − 1)2 + 3.
It can be observed that (2x − 1)2 ≥ 0 for every x ∈ R.
Therefore, f(x) = (2x − 1)2 + 3 ≥ 3 for every x ∈ R.
The minimum value of f is attained when 2x − 1 = 0.
2x − 1 = 0 ⇒
∴Minimum value of f = =3
Hence, function f does not have a maximum value.
(ii) The given function is f(x) = 9x2 + 12x + 2 = (3x + 2)2 − 2.
It can be observed that (3x + 2)2 ≥ 0 for every x ∈ R.
Therefore, f(x) = (3x + 2)2 − 2 ≥ −2 for every x ∈ R.
The minimum value of f is attained when 3x + 2 = 0.
3x + 2 = 0 ⇒
575
∴Minimum value of f =
(iii) The given function is f(x) = − (x − 1)2 + 10.
It can be observed that (x − 1)2 ≥ 0 for every x ∈ R.
Therefore, f(x) = − (x − 1)2 + 10 ≤ 10 for every x ∈ R.
The maximum value of f is attained when (x − 1) = 0.
(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0
∴Maximum value of f = f(1) = − (1 − 1)2 + 10 = 10
Hence, function f does not have a minimum value.
(iv) The given function is g(x) = x3 + 1.
Hence, function g neither has a maximum value nor a minimum

value.
Question 2:
Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, of the following

functions given by
(i) f(x) = |x + 2| − 1 (ii) g(x) = − |x + 1| + 3
(iii) h(x) = sin(2x) + 5 (iv) f(x) = |sin 4x + 3|
(v) h(x) = x + 4, x (−1, 1)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) f(x) =
576
We know that for every x ∈ R.
Therefore, f(x) = for every x ∈ R.
The minimum value of f is attained when .
∴Minimum value of f = f(−2) =
(ii) g(x) =
We know that for every x ∈ R.
Therefore, g(x) = for every x ∈ R.
The maximum value of g is attained when .
∴Maximum value of g = g(−1) =
Hence, function g does not have a minimum value.
(iii) h(x) = sin2x + 5
We know that − 1 ≤ sin 2x ≤ 1.
⇒ − 1 + 5 ≤ sin 2x + 5 ≤ 1 + 5
⇒ 4 ≤ sin 2 x + 5 ≤ 6
Hence, the maximum and minimum values of h are 6 and 4

respectively.
577
(iv) f(x) =
We know that −1 ≤ sin 4x ≤ 1.
⇒ 2 ≤ sin 4 x + 3 ≤ 4
⇒2≤ ≤4
Hence, the maximum and minimum values of f are 4 and 2

respectively.
(v) h(x) = x + 1, x ∈ (−1, 1)
Here, if a point x0 is closest to −1, then we find for all x0 ∈

(−1, 1).
Also, if x1 is closest to 1, then for all x1 ∈ (−1, 1).
Hence, function h(x) has neither maximum nor minimum value in

(−1, 1).
Question 3:
Find the local maxima and local minima, if any, of the following
functions. Find also the local maximum and the local minimum
values, as the case may be:
(i). f(x) = x2 (ii). g(x) = x3 − 3x
(iii). h(x) = sinx + cos, 0 < (iv). f(x) = sinx − cos x, 0 < x < 2π
(v). f(x) = x3 − 6x2 + 9x + 15
(vi).
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(vii).
(viii).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) f(x) = x2
Thus, x = 0 is the only critical point which could possibly be the point
of local maxima or local minima of f.
We have , which is positive.
Therefore, by second derivative test, x = 0 is a point of local minima

and local minimum value of f at x = 0 is f(0) = 0.
(ii) g(x) = x3 − 3x
By second derivative test, x = 1 is a point of local minima and local

minimum value of g at x = 1 is g(1) = 13 − 3 = 1 − 3 = −2. However,
x = −1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of g at
x = −1 is g(1) = (−1) 3 − 3 (− 1) = − 1 + 3 = 2.
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(iii) h(x) = sinx + cosx, 0 < x <
Therefore, by second derivative test, is a point of local maxima
and the local maximum value of h at
is
(iv) f(x) = sin x − cos x, 0 < x < 2π
and the local maximum value of f at is
However, is a point of local
minima and the local minimum value of f at
is .
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(v) f(x) = x3 − 6x2 + 9x + 15
Therefore, by second derivative test, x = 1 is a point of local maxima

and the local maximum value of f at x = 1 is f(1) = 1 − 6 + 9 + 15 =
19. However, x = 3 is a point of local minima and the local minimum
value of f at x = 3 is f(3) = 27 − 54 + 27 + 15 = 15.
(vi)
Since x > 0, we take x = 2.
Therefore, by second derivative test, x = 2 is a point of local minima
and the local minimum value of g at x = 2 is g(2) =
(vii)
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Now, for values close to x = 0 and to the left of 0, Also, for
values close to x = 0 and to the right of 0, .
Therefore, by first derivative test, x = 0 is a point of local maxima and
the local maximum value of .
(viii)
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and the local maximum value of f at is
Question 4:
Prove that the following functions do not have maxima or minima:
(i) f(x) = ex (ii) g(x) = logx
(iii) h(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
i. We have,
f(x) = ex
Now, if . But, the exponential function can never

assume 0 for any value of x.
Therefore, there does not exist c∈ R such that
Hence, function f does not have maxima or minima.
ii. We have,
g(x) = log x
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Therefore, there does not exist c∈ R such that .
Hence, function g does not have maxima or minima.
iii. We have,
h(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1
Now,
h(x) = 0 ⇒ 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 ⇒
Therefore, there does not exist c∈ R such that .
Hence, function h does not have maxima or minima.
Question 5:
Find the absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value of
the following functions in the given intervals:
(i) (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(i) The given function is f(x) = x3.
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Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical point x = 0 and at end
points of the interval [−2, 2].
f(0) = 0
f(−2) = (−2) 3 = −8
f(2) = (2)3 = 8
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f on [−2,

2] is 8 occurring at x = 2. Also, the absolute minimum value of fon
[−2, 2] is −8 occurring at x = −2.
(ii) The given function is f(x) = sin x + cos x.
Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical point and at the end

points of the interval [0, π].
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f on [0,
π] is occurring at and the absolute minimum value of f on [0,

π] is −1 occurring at x = π.
(iii) The given function is
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Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical point x = 4 and at the end
points of the interval .
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f on
is 8 occurring at x = 4 and the absolute minimum value of f on
is −10 occurring at x = −2.
(iv) The given function is
Now,
2(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1
Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical point x = 1 and at the end

points of the interval [−3, 1].
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f on [−3,

1] is 19 occurring at x = −3 and the minimum value of f on [−3, 1] is 3
occurring at x = 1.
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Question 6:
Find the maximum profit that a company can make, if the profit
function is given by
p(x) = 41 − 24x − 18x2
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The profit function is given as p(x) = 41 − 24x − 18x2.
By second derivative test, is the point of local maxima of p.
Hence, the maximum profit that the company can make is 49 units.
Question 7:
Find both the maximum value and the minimum value of
3x4 − 8x3 + 12x2 − 48x + 25 on the interval [0, 3]
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let f(x) = 3x4 − 8x3 + 12x2 − 48x + 25.
Now, gives x = 2 or x2+ 2 = 0 for which there are no real roots.
Therefore, we consider only x = 2 ∈[0, 3].
Now, we evaluate the value of f at critical point x = 2 and at the end

points of the interval [0, 3].

3] is 25 occurring at x = 0 and the absolute minimum value of f at [0,
3] is − 39 occurring at x = 2.
Question 8:
At what points in the interval [0, 2π], does the function sin 2x attain
its maximum value?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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Let f(x) = sin 2x.
Then, we evaluate the values of f at critical points and

at the end points of the interval [0, 2π].
2π] is occurring at and .
Question 9:
What is the maximum value of the function sin x + cos x?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let f(x) = sin x + cos x.
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Now, will be negative when (sin x + cos x) is positive i.e., when
sin x and cos x are both positive. Also, we know that sin x and
cosx both are positive in the first quadrant. Then, will be
negative when .
Thus, we consider .
∴By second derivative test, f will be the maximum at and the
maximum value of f is .
Question 10:
Find the maximum value of 2x3 − 24x + 107 in the interval [1, 3].
Find the maximum value of the same function in [−3, −1].
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let f(x) = 2x3 − 24x + 107.
We first consider the interval [1, 3].
Then, we evaluate the value of f at the critical point x = 2 ∈ [1, 3] and

at the end points of the interval [1, 3].
f(2) = 2(8) − 24(2) + 107 = 16 − 48 + 107 = 75
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f(1) = 2(1) − 24(1) + 107 = 2 − 24 + 107 = 85
f(3) = 2(27) − 24(3) + 107 = 54 − 72 + 107 = 89
Hence, the absolute maximum value of f(x) in the interval [1, 3] is 89

occurring at x = 3.
Next, we consider the interval [−3, −1].
Evaluate the value of f at the critical point x = −2 ∈ [−3, −1] and at the
end points of the interval [1, 3].
f(−3) = 2 (−27) − 24(−3) + 107 = −54 + 72 + 107 = 125
f(−1) = 2(−1) − 24 (−1) + 107 = −2 + 24 + 107 = 129
f(−2) = 2(−8) − 24 (−2) + 107 = −16 + 48 + 107 = 139
Hence, the absolute maximum value of f(x) in the interval [−3, −1] is
139 occurring at x = −2.
Question 11:
It is given that at x = 1, the function x4− 62x2 + ax + 9 attains its

maximum value, on the interval [0, 2]. Find the value of a.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let f(x) = x4 − 62x2 + ax + 9.
It is given that function f attains its maximum value on the interval [0,
2] at x = 1.
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Hence, the value of a is 120.
Question 12:
Find the maximum and minimum values of x + sin 2x on [0, 2π].
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let f(x) = x + sin 2x.
Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical points and

at the end points of the interval [0, 2π].
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Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of f(x) in
the interval [0, 2π] is 2π occurring at x = 2π and the absolute
minimum value of f(x) in the interval [0, 2π] is 0 occurring at x = 0.
Question 13:
Find two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as
possible.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let one number be x. Then, the other number is (24 − x).
Let P(x) denote the product of the two numbers. Thus, we have:
∴By second derivative test, x = 12 is the point of local maxima of P.

Hence, the product of the numbers is the maximum when the numbers
are 12 and 24 − 12 = 12.
Question 14:
Find two positive numbers x and y such that x + y = 60 and xy3 is

maximum.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
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The two numbers are x and y such that x + y = 60.
⇒ y = 60 − x
Let f(x) = xy3.
∴By second derivative test, x = 15 is a point of local maxima of f.

Thus, function xy3 is maximum when x = 15 and y = 60 − 15 = 45.
Hence, the required numbers are 15 and 45.
Question 15:
Find two positive numbers x and y such that their sum is 35 and the
product x2y5 is a maximum
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let one number be x. Then, the other number is y = (35 − x).
Let P(x) = x2y5. Then, we have:
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x = 0, x = 35, x = 10
When x = 35, and y = 35 − 35 = 0. This will make the

product x2 y5 equal to 0.
When x = 0, y = 35 − 0 = 35 and the product x2y2 will be 0.
∴ x = 0 and x = 35 cannot be the possible values of x.
When x = 10, we have:
∴ By second derivative test, P(x) will be the maximum when x = 10

and y = 35 − 10 = 25.
Hence, the required numbers are 10 and 25.
Question 16:
Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and the sum of whose
cubes is minimum.
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 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let one number be x. Then, the other number is (16 − x).
Let the sum of the cubes of these numbers be denoted by S(x). Then,
Now,
∴ By second derivative test, x = 8 is the point of local minima of S.
Hence, the sum of the cubes of the numbers is the minimum when the
numbers are 8 and 16 − 8 = 8.
Question 17:
A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to made into a box without top,

by cutting a square from each corner and folding up the flaps to form
the box. What should be the side of the square to be cut off so that the
volume of the box is the maximum possible?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let the side of the square to be cut off be x cm. Then, the length and
the breadth of the box will be (18 − 2 x) cm each and the height of the
box is x cm.
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Therefore, the volume V(x) of the box is given by,
V(x) = x(18 − 2 x)2
x = 9 or x = 3
If x = 9, then the length and the breadth will become 0.
x ≠ 9.
x = 3.
Now,
By second derivative test, x = 3 is the point of maxima of V.
Hence, if we remove a square of side 3 cm from each corner of the

square tin and make a box from the remaining sheet, then the volume
of the box obtained is the largest possible.
Question 18:
A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made into a box
without top, by cutting off square from each corner and folding up the
flaps. What should be the side of the square to be cut off so that the
volume of the box is the maximum possible?
 Answer
597
 Discussion
 Share
Let the side of the square to be cut off be x cm. Then, the height of the
box is x, the length is 45 − 2x, and the breadth is 24 − 2x.
Therefore, the volume V(x) of the box is given by,
Now, x = 18 and x = 5
It is not possible to cut off a square of side 18 cm from each corner of

the rectangular sheet. Thus, x cannot be equal to 18.
∴x = 5
Now,
By second derivative test, x = 5 is the point of maxima.
Hence, the side of the square to be cut off to make the volume of the
box maximum possible is 5 cm.
Question 19:
Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the
square has the maximum area.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
598
Let a rectangle of length l and breadth b be inscribed in the given
circle of radius a.
Then, the diagonal passes through the centre and is of length 2a cm.
Now, by applying the Pythagoras theorem, we have:
∴Area of the rectangle,
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By the second derivative test, when , then the area of the
rectangle is the maximum.
Since , the rectangle is a square.
Hence, it has been proved that of all the rectangles inscribed in the
given fixed circle, the square has the maximum area.
Question 20:
Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum
volume is such that is heights is equal to the diameter of the base.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let r and h be the radius and height of the cylinder respectively.
Then, the surface area (S) of the cylinder is given by,
Let V be the volume of the cylinder. Then,
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∴ By second derivative test, the volume is the maximum when .
Hence, the volume is the maximum when the height is twice the
radius i.e., when the height is equal to the diameter.
Question 21:
Of all the closed cylindrical cans (right circular), of a given volume of

100 cubic centimetres, find the dimensions of the can which has the
minimum surface area?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let r and h be the radius and height of the cylinder respectively.
Then, volume (V) of the cylinder is given by,
Surface area (S) of the cylinder is given by,
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∴By second derivative test, the surface area is the minimum when the
radius of the cylinder is .
Hence, the required dimensions of the can which has the minimum
surface area is given by radius = and height =
Question 22:
A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is

to be made into a square and the other into a circle. What should be
the length of the two pieces so that the combined area of the square
and the circle is minimum?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let a piece of length l be cut from the given wire to make a square.
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Then, the other piece of wire to be made into a circle is of length (28
− l) m.
Now, side of square = .
Let r be the radius of the circle. Then,
The combined areas of the square and the circle (A) is given by,
Thus, when
By second derivative test, the area (A) is the minimum when .
Hence, the combined area is the minimum when the length of the wire
in making the square is cm while the length of the wire in making
the circle is .
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Question 23:
Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a
sphere of radius R is of the volume of the sphere.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let r and h be the radius and height of the cone respectively inscribed
in a sphere of radius R.
Let V be the volume of the cone.
Then,
Height of the cone is given by,
h = R + AB
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∴ By second derivative test, the volume of the cone is the maximum
when
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Question 24:
Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given
volume has an altitude equal to time the radius of the base.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let r and h be the radius and the height (altitude) of the cone
respectively.
Then, the volume (V) of the cone is given as:
The surface area (S) of the cone is given by,
S = πrl (where l is the slant height)
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Thus, it can be easily verified that when
∴ By second derivative test, the surface area of the cone is the least
when
Hence, for a given volume, the right circular cone of the least curved
surface has an altitude equal to times the radius of the base.
Question 25:
Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume
and of given slant height is .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let θ be the semi-vertical angle of the cone.
It is clear that
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Let r, h, and l be the radius, height, and the slant height of the cone
respectively.
The slant height of the cone is given as constant.
Now, r = l sin θ and h = l cos θ
The volume (V) of the cone is given by,
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∴By second derivative test, the volume (V) is the maximum when
.
Hence, for a given slant height, the semi-vertical angle of the cone of
the maximum volume is .
Question 27:
The point on the curve x2 = 2y which is nearest to the point (0, 5) is
(A) (B)
(C) (0, 0) (D) (2, 2)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given curve is x2 = 2y.
For each value of x, the position of the point will be
The distance d(x) between the points and (0, 5) is given by,
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When,
When,
∴By second derivative test, d(x) is the minimum at .
When
Hence, the point on the curve x2 = 2y which is nearest to the point (0,
5) is .
Question 28:
For all real values of x, the minimum value of is
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 3 (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
610
Let
∴By second derivative test, f is the minimum at x = 1 and the
minimum value is given by .
Question 29:
The maximum value of is
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(A) (B)
(C) 1 (D) 0
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let
Then, we evaluate the value of f at critical point and at the end

points of the interval [0, 1] {i.e., at x = 0 and x = 1}.
Hence, we can conclude that the maximum value of f in the interval

[0, 1] is 1.
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EXERCISE-6.6
Question 1:
Using differentials, find the approximate value of each of the
following.
(a) (b)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
(a) Consider
Then,
Hence, the approximate value of = 0.667 + 0.010
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= 0.677.
(b) Consider . Let x = 32 and Δx = 1.
Then,
Hence, the approximate value of
= 0.5 − 0.003 = 0.497.
Question 2:
Show that the function given by has maximum at x = e.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Now,
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1 − log x = 0
Question 3:
The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are
decreasing at the rate of 3 cm per second. How fast is the area
decreasing when the two equal sides are equal to the base?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let ΔABC be isosceles where BC is the base of fixed length b.
Let the length of the two equal sides of ΔABC be a.
Draw AD⊥BC.
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Now, in ΔADC, by applying the Pythagoras theorem, we have:
∴ Area of triangle
The rate of change of the area with respect to time (t) is given by,
It is given that the two equal sides of the triangle are decreasing at the
rate of 3 cm per second.
Then, when a = b, we have:
Hence, if the two equal sides are equal to the base, then the area of the
triangle is decreasing at the rate of .
Question 4:
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Find the equation of the normal to curve y2 = 4x at the point (1, 2).
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Now, the slope of the normal at point (1, 2) is
∴Equation of the normal at (1, 2) is y − 2 = −1(x − 1).
⇒y−2=−x+1
⇒x+y−3=0
Question 5:
Show that the normal at any point θ to the curve
is at a constant distance from the

origin.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
We have x = a cos θ + a θ sin θ.
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∴ Slope of the normal at any point θ is .
The equation of the normal at a given point (x, y) is given by,
Now, the perpendicular distance of the normal from the origin is
, which is independent of θ.
Hence, the perpendicular distance of the normal from the origin is

constant.
Question 6:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by
is (i) increasing (ii) decreasing
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
618
Now,
cos x = 0 or cos x = 4
But, cos x ≠ 4
∴cos x = 0
divides (0, 2π) into three disjoint intervals i.e.,
In intervals ,
Thus, f(x) is increasing for
In the interval
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Thus, f(x) is decreasing for .
Question 7:
Find the intervals in which the function f given by is
(i) increasing (ii) decreasing
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Now, the points x = 1 and x = −1 divide the real line into three disjoint
intervals i.e.,
In intervals i.e., when x < −1 and x > 1,
Thus, when x < −1 and x > 1, f is increasing.
In interval (−1, 1) i.e., when −1 < x < 1,
Thus, when −1 < x < 1, f is decreasing.
Question 8:
Find the maximum area of an isosceles triangle inscribed in the
ellipse with its vertex at one end of the major axis.
 Answer
620
 Discussion
 Share
The given ellipse is .
Let the major axis be along the x −axis.
Let ABC be the triangle inscribed in the ellipse where vertex C is at

(a, 0).
Since the ellipse is symmetrical with respect to the x−axis and y −axis,
we can assume the coordinates of A to be (− x1, y1) and the coordinates
of B to be (−x1, −y1).
Now, we have .
∴Coordinates of A are and the coordinates of B
are
As the point (x1, y1) lies on the ellipse, the area of triangle ABC (A) is
given by,
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But, x1 cannot be equal to a.
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Also, when , then
Thus, the area is the maximum when
∴ Maximum area of the triangle is given by,
Question 9:
A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is
to be constructed so that its depth is 2 m and volume is 8 m3. If
building of tank costs Rs 70 per sq meters for the base and Rs 45 per
square metre for sides. What is the cost of least expensive tank?
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let l, b, and h represent the length, breadth, and height of the tank
respectively.
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Then, we have height (h) = 2 m
Volume of the tank = 8m3
Volume of the tank = l × b × h
∴8=l×b×2
Now, area of the base = lb = 4
Area of the 4 walls (A) = 2h (l + b)
However, the length cannot be negative.
Therefore, we have l = 4.
Thus, by second derivative test, the area is the minimum when l = 2.
We have l = b = h = 2.
∴Cost of building the base = Rs 70 × (lb) = Rs 70 (4) = Rs 280
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Cost of building the walls = Rs 2h (l + b) × 45 = Rs 90 (2) (2 + 2)
= Rs 8 (90) = Rs 720
Required total cost = Rs (280 + 720) = Rs 1000
Hence, the total cost of the tank will be Rs 1000.
Question 10:
The sum of the perimeter of a circle and square is k, where k is some

constant. Prove that the sum of their areas is least when the side of
square is double the radius of the circle.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let r be the radius of the circle and a be the side of the square.
Then, we have:
The sum of the areas of the circle and the square (A) is given by,
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∴ The sum of the areas is least when
Hence, it has been proved that the sum of their areas is least when the
side of the square is double the radius of the circle.
Question 11:
A window is in the form of rectangle surmounted by a semicircular

opening. The total perimeter of the window is 10 m. Find the
dimensions of the window to admit maximum light through the whole
opening.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let x and y be the length and breadth of the rectangular window.
Radius of the semicircular opening
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It is given that the perimeter of the window is 10 m.
∴Area of the window (A) is given by,
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Thus, when
Therefore, by second derivative test, the area is the maximum when
length .
Now,
Hence, the required dimensions of the window to admit maximum
light is given by
Question 12:
A point on the hypotenuse of a triangle is at distance a and b from the
sides of the triangle.
Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
628
Let ΔABC be right-angled at B. Let AB = x and BC = y.
Let P be a point on the hypotenuse of the triangle such that P is at a

distance of a and b from the sides AB and BC respectively.
Let ∠C = θ.
We have,
Now,
PC = b cosec θ
And, AP = a sec θ
∴AC = AP + PC
⇒ AC = b cosec θ + a sec θ … (1)
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Therefore, by second derivative test, the length of the hypotenuse is
the maximum when
Now, when , we have:
Hence, the maximum length of the hypotenuses is .
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Question 13:
Find the points at which the function f given by has
(i) local maxima (ii) local minima
(iii) point of inflexion
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Now, for values of x close to and to the left of Also, for
values of x close to and to the right of
Thus, is the point of local maxima.
Now, for values of x close to 2 and to the left of Also, for

values of x close to 2 and to the right of 2,
Thus, x = 2 is the point of local minima.
Now, as the value of x varies through −1, does not changes its
sign.
Thus, x = −1 is the point of inflexion.
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Question 14:
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the
function f given by
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Now, evaluating the value of f at critical points and at the

end points of the interval (i.e., at x = 0 and x = π), we have:
Hence, the absolute maximum value of f is occurring at and
the absolute minimum value of f is 1 occurring at
Question 15:
632
Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume
that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius r is .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A sphere of fixed radius (r) is given.
Let R and h be the radius and the height of the cone respectively.
The volume (V) of the cone is given by,
Now, from the right triangle BCD, we have:
∴h
633
∴ The volume is the maximum when
634
Hence, it can be seen that the altitude of the right circular cone of
maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius r is .
Question 17:
Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be
inscribed in a sphere of radius R is . Also find the maximum

volume.
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
A sphere of fixed radius (R) is given.
Let r and h be the radius and the height of the cylinder respectively.
From the given figure, we have
The volume (V) of the cylinder is given by,
635
Now, it can be observed that at .
∴The volume is the maximum when
When , the height of the cylinder is
Hence, the volume of the cylinder is the maximum when the height of
the cylinder is .
Question 18:
636
Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be
inscribed in a right circular cone of height h and semi vertical
angle α is one-third that of the cone and the greatest volume of
cylinder is .
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given right circular cone of fixed height (h) and semi-vertical
angle (α) can be drawn as:
Here, a cylinder of radius R and height H is inscribed in the cone.
Then, ∠GAO = α, OG = r, OA = h, OE = R, and CE = H.
We have,
r = h tan α
Now, since ΔAOG is similar to ΔCEG, we have:
Now, the volume (V) of the cylinder is given by,
637
And, for , we have:
∴By second derivative test, the volume of the cylinder is the greatest
when
Thus, the height of the cylinder is one-third the height of the cone
when the volume of the cylinder is the greatest.
Now, the maximum volume of the cylinder can be obtained as:
638
Question 19:
A cylindrical tank of radius 10 m is being filled with wheat at the rate
of 314 cubic mere per hour. Then the depth of the wheat is increasing
at the rate of
(A) 1 m/h (B) 0.1 m/h
(C) 1.1 m/h (D) 0.5 m/h
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
Let r be the radius of the cylinder.
Then, volume (V) of the cylinder is given by,
Differentiating with respect to time t, we have:
The tank is being filled with wheat at the rate of 314 cubic metres per
hour.
Thus, we have:
Hence, the depth of wheat is increasing at the rate of 1 m/h.
639
Question 20:
The slope of the tangent to the curve at the point

(2, −1) is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The given curve is
The given point is (2, −1).
At x = 2, we have:
The common value of t is 2.
640
Hence, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at point (2, −1) is
Question 21:
The line y = mx + 1 is a tangent to the curve y2 = 4x if the value
of m is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the tangent to the given curve is y = mx + 1.
Now, substituting y = mx + 1 in y2 = 4x, we get:
Since a tangent touches the curve at one point, the roots of equation
(i) must be equal.
Therefore, we have:
Hence, the required value of m is 1.
641
Question 22:
The normal at the point (1, 1) on the curve 2y + x2 = 3 is
(A) x + y = 0 (B) x − y = 0
(C) x + y + 1 = 0 (D) x − y = 1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is 2y + x2 = 3.
The slope of the normal to the given curve at point (1, 1) is
Hence, the equation of the normal to the given curve at (1, 1) is given
as:
642
Question 23:
The normal to the curve x2 = 4y passing (1, 2) is
(A) x + y = 3 (B) x − y = 3
(C) x + y = 1 (D) x − y = 1
 Answer
 Discussion
 Share
The equation of the given curve is x2 = 4y.
The slope of the normal to the given curve at point (h, k) is given by,
∴Equation of the normal at point (h, k) is given as:
Now, it is given that the normal passes through the point (1, 2).
Therefore, we have:
Since (h, k) lies on the curve x2 = 4y, we have h2 = 4k.
643
From equation (i), we have:
Hence, the equation of the normal is given as:
Question 24:
The points on the curve 9y2 = x3, where the normal to the curve makes
equal intercepts with the axes are
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
 Answer
 Discussion
644
 Share
The equation of the given curve is 9y2 = x3.
The slope of the normal to the given curve at point is
∴ The equation of the normal to the curve at is
It is given that the normal makes equal intercepts with the axes.
Therefore, We have:
Also, the point lies on the curve, so we have
645
From (i) and (ii), we have:
From (ii), we have:
Hence, the required points are
646

Ncert Solution 12TH Maths Part 1 by Mohil

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Ncert Solution 12TH Maths Part 1 by Mohil

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1

Preface To The First Edition

W e take an opportunity to present the standard treatise entitled

© Copyright 2012 by www.mohilaj@ymail.com

Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive,

(i)Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3…13, 14} defined as

(ii) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as

R = {(x, y): y = x + 5 and x < 4}

(iii) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as

R = {(x, y): y is divisible by x}

(iv) Relation R in the set Z of all integers defined as

R = {(x, y): x − y is as integer}

(v) Relation R in the set A of human beings in a town at a particular

(a) R = {(x, y): x and y work at the same place}

(b) R = {(x, y): x and y live in the same locality}

(c) R = {(x, y): x is exactly 7 cm taller than y}

(e) R = {(x, y): x is father of y}

(i) A = {1, 2, 3 … 13, 14}

∴R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}

R is not reflexive since (1, 1), (2, 2) … (14, 14) ∉ R.

Also, R is not symmetric as (1, 3) ∈R, but (3, 1) ∉ R. [3(3) − 1 ≠ 0]

Also, R is not transitive as (1, 3), (3, 9) ∈R, but (1, 9) ∉ R.

Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.

It is seen that (1, 1) ∉ R.

R = {(x, y): y is divisible by x}

We know that any number (x) is divisible by itself.

(2, 4) ∈R [as 4 is divisible by 2]

(4, 2) ∉ R. [as 2 is not divisible by 4]

Let (x, y), (y, z) ∈ R. Then, y is divisible by x and z is divisible by y.

Hence, R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

(iv) R = {(x, y): x − y is an integer}

Now, for every x ∈ Z, (x, x) ∈R as x − x = 0 is an integer.

Now, for every x, y ∈ Z if (x, y) ∈ R, then x − y is an integer.

⇒ −(x − y) is also an integer.

Let (x, y) and (y, z) ∈R, where x, y, z ∈ Z.

⇒ (x − y) and (y − z) are integers.

Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

(v) (a) R = {(x, y): x and y work at the same place}

If (x, y) ∈ R, then x and y work at the same place.

⇒ y and x work at the same place.

Now, let (x, y), (y, z) ∈ R

⇒ x and z work at the same place.

Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

(b) R = {(x, y): x and y live in the same locality}

Clearly (x, x) ∈ R as x and x is the same human being.

If (x, y) ∈R, then x and y live in the same locality.

⇒ y and x live in the same locality.

Now, let (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R.

⇒ x and z live in the same locality.

Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

(c) R = {(x, y): x is exactly 7 cm taller than y}

Since human being x cannot be taller than himself.

Now, let (x, y) ∈R.

Then, y is not taller than x.

Indeed if x is exactly 7 cm taller than y, then y is exactly 7 cm shorter

Let (x, y), (y, z) ∈ R.

⇒ x is exactly 7 cm taller than y and y is exactly 7 cm taller than z.

⇒ x is exactly 14 cm taller than z .

Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.

(d) R = {(x, y): x is the wife of y}

Since x cannot be the wife of herself.

Now, let (x, y) ∈ R

Clearly y is not the wife of x.

Let (x, y), (y, z) ∈ R

⇒ x is the wife of y and y is the wife of z.

Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.