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Introduction n Components of stress n Tow dimensional state of stress n In situ state of stress n Stress distributions around single excavations n Stress around a circular excavation
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Calculation of stresses around other excavation shapes n Stresses around multiple excavations n Three-dimensional stress problems n Stress shadows n Influence of gravity
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Introduction
Components of stress
n n n n n n n
Surface forces Surface tractions Stress at a point Transformation equations Principal planes Planes stress Plane strain conditions
Surface forces
Three dimension
Symmetrical condition
Stress transformation
Two dimension
Principal stresses
Principal plan
= - x / z = - y / z
Plan stress (y = 0)
Shear strain
Plan strain (y = 0)
Initial stress
Timoshenko and Goodier (1970) Prager (1957) Poulos and Davis (1974)
Circular excavation
The differential equations of equilibrium in two dimensions for zero body force are
Airy (1862)
The stress distribution for isotropic elasticity is independent of the elastic properties of the medium
Biharmonic equation
A thickwalled cylinder of elastic material, subjected to interior pressure, pi and exterior pressure, po
Axisymmetric problem
General solution :
Where
Airy stress function may be expressed as the real part of two analytic function and of a complex variable z
The transformation between the rectangular Cartesian and Cylindrical Polar co-ordinates
Yields
For a circular hole with a traction-free surface, in a medium subject to a uniaxial stress pxx at infinity, the source function are
Stress components :
Orthogonal elliptical
Kirsch (1898)
For interior r = a
Boundary stresses :
Side wall Crown
For Ko =0 For Ko = 1
Axes of symmetry
Elliptical Excavation
Poulos and Davis (1974) Jaeger and Cook (1979) Bray (1977)
When the axes of the ellipse are oriented parallel to the filed stress directions :
Stress shadows
Influence of gravity