rrttt

l0A0VT(D0&(

A. >YNTOMH OEAPIA Ta)dwtr;on ovopoLror r[elobrxri xi,vnon n Txeo qr6 evooqpelot,ooeeor[(dE. Tcl"dvr<ooq 8uvapnnou ).xerro od)porleog rn undqxel 6rcv r-rndexer )rqv 06oqr,ooBBor(,cE. aeqfttrrrl nol n 8uvauncu{ elvtn avdloyn rnE a61oupe cr]'ri cqpovrxrirckiwrrroq. nopcxgwo4gan6 rn 06onrooeQofiloE q vo1j,og Av x ei,vcr, oroFdreuvorl drd xn 06onr,oopgonicE*, 6eureqoE o qv paE6(,ver el[,ooroq a:r],ig aQpovr,xriE rlE rokiwcoonE: rou Newton
(10.1)
6nou a 11nwtLlxil 6roou;vrir4tc t4g rcldwroaqE.

(10.1), H l,toq rrc 8r,crpoQr,xriE eEi,o<oonE nou p,og 6[velqv uropdxquvorl ps gcoqei vc excpqcooe(, 3 mobtvopoug oav ouvaernon rou 1q6vou,
rq6fiouExx:

(10.2) (10.3) ( 10.4)

* H <aropdrieljvoq> UJ[oeei.,,a i.,,qrp{xoE, gnoQi 6p(')Eva oieedEoro|, ,ior p dli,o U.6y60oE dr(og fi.X. '/(l)vi,o. ** H Lton u-fioeeivo yeoeei ror, u,eq xelol pr,ydbnd)v ae|'ep6v, a]')"d a1,xdeilar 6E(l) on6 rn! ll1 ro! 0qlliou.

zYh.roMH @EaPrA

6xrcru B, C, D, q xar 0 orc0egE nqoo6uoql(owolan6 16 ouv0fxe6 A, nou rou nQop),ripcro5. Ilaqoxcro 0c lgrpuponolrloouu l{oq (10.2), xq rloe'6}',onou 0c pnogoriocpe lqrplponofioorpeonorabrfiore vc dlr)'n. To A )'61ercldrirroE r4EtckirwrooqEo ro E cqllxri priro4. v6 q erlrclwol rnE drrlrlg cqpovr,xtig H toliqrc xcl xi,up4E 6[vowcL arO g ox6ottE u=4=-aAsinfutt+E), ot u=4=-rte" dt ( a t + q ' 1: - r z * .

yra exxi,vrpqg) O 1g6vog p,ioJr)"{Qn toldvrtrlorl(enloreocp1 oqpeio oro ovopd[exar regio6oE Olveror rI oxtol: xcl 0:16

I I
I
Iv6rrFa: evd) o aQ[0FdErrrw rc],cl.rrirsov oq povd8c ror lprdvou ovopd(etcl ou-

T I
)r1v neq(,nr<oo4 e)'c.r4g(,olorc0epdE k ror; oro dxqo rol 6xel pd(a m, rl x>

oroi,a UroQeivc tc),,cw<ivercl oe l,t[,o oer.L6wlo srfte8o (01,. l0.l), I i,oX. o(l)on xlvnonEelvor
)2,.

"1+a'x=0.
dt' tnipa lO.l 6nclu a =r[k / n.

pri)r1v reqlnrrooq xor or[].o1ipc0r;pcrlxoriexngeporig .ytrwicur6zluo4g 0 eivar pr,xgrl xoug0 (Fl. dX. 10.2), 6rcv q (6rov 6q)"cbrl va srrd = 9) 1oupe: UrloQorip yQduoupr d29+ary=0,
dt2

6not:a ={!-J g.
zxiqa t0.2
Kuvrpr,xrlev6Bye curl,oricqpovr,xou rcl"cwon]: r,c

TAAAT\,raEEIZ

225

Auvcplxr; eveyra drl,ot oQpovr,roli roluq\Torn:

O]'D{l vdQYta:

(og M6onrtvnrDfli xor p6on6tlvou.r"xri ev6qyerc nqoEro XQovo):

puorxri aagep6E OI. oX. 10.3), 6nlc6n orbpc,rr,Ebr,cotcoelg Ecv 1oupe

rou onololJbev uroeouFvo oyvonooup, aexn n pcE xlvnbr,aqQnorK meorpoQprls 6[vel E(o(l)on rnq ( l0.l ), povonou r6pc o4E noQoForc rl]v [E

...V - - - "fmEF1
6rou I I Qorrnabeavlogrox o6poroq (l)EtrQogrov riEovc neer,orQo<prig D q cn6oraoq rou K.M. rott O, L o6poroE C cl6 rov trlov<rt[QtorQoerlE, = I/mb rc prixog. rooOrlvcpo )rqv negirwooq rol ctgoqrxori rxxqrpodE (p1,. ivc oX. 10.4),nou onole)'elrcl c:r6 plc per<r)"l,uxr1 OC. epqcvl(ercr gor1 urcvcqopcE; t=-D0, 'Erot 6nou D q orcoegc rou orpoglxori lrxepous. rtiea I tEiourol rnE x[qo45 yBcgrrcr

txi\q t0.3

zxipa t0.4

1{e = _ oa,
dt'

o4 OC. 6no1, eor[i cdq<iveuaE nqogrov clovc neelmeorpnq 1n (an6opro4) rqE Orivcptl rQL$rlE avd],o1rl rcxuAv orov rol,owtrlrrienr,6pc ns(evrrq poeqrl: r4rcE,r6te n eE[otoon xivnonE rIE .dt'=dt2

kr- )'dx=
dt

(r0.6)
oxtou ao='(k /m , i o ouvrelueoniE cwiorcoqExo;y=Mmo 0r6opeolg. Auo4rqE( 10.6) ivar I ouwl,eonig

(10.7)
6nou rc A6lcr, q ufiol.oTi(olTal dr6 ug mn0{xeg rot rqoB},,(parog, ev6

o='[a77.
A = AO rYI ,

(10.8)

To rrldroE xTlE ro.lrdvrorqgnou neprlBdgerclcnd rnv (10.7)e[vor (10.9)

Eq)'c6rlpleriwercr pe ro 1qr6vo, cur6 l,6ge6rr eloupe q0ivouoc tckiwolo4. yr,' Av orov rqJdv[trlr{ entiqd eftrxeqlx,rl6rivop4 61oqr"e elcvcyxcopivrl tclriwroorl E<nor 6r[ rl6wapn elvcr 116poqrprlE = Fo cosat. T6at.nc(,qvorpe: F

(r0.r0)
pr },ton rtE poQq{E

(10.r l)
OJIoU

(r0.12)

(r0. r3)

B. TIAPAAEITMATA Tl Xorpcri6rc gllaE n = 2 kgr iaL\eilsLndvo orov d{ova row x xan,tXrercl r[eos rlv oQxli O on6 p|,(ratvcpq f =8xN. fr,o t = 0, x0=20 m,,,,flL uo= 0 $eei:,,td) xqv 8raeoerxri Eloooq rr15xi,vqong,B) q 06oqltor, rqv rclrlt1rc rou orrrp.crrS(,otl olvcgl{oer,E Tou Xqovou,y) ro n}drog xot rW Jleocv

TAAAN,TaEEIz

227

Fr= alivapl afiool]ong e(o6o rng rolovloonE.6) Av oxo oot-toI(Etoet[t6Qd oxtblom rqv x(t). ra 4u (N),6fiou ul xaxurqro, PQE[re x(t) xcll u(t) xar v6pog rou Newton A6oq: a) O 6eutegoE

^!:+=_F,
dt' 6tver,T,c ro nqoB)'1pti Pcg 2 dt* =-8*=dzx *4v=g, dt2 df bnlc6riar=2s-r. B) Tn l,rlonrng (10.14)rqv ro[,evo!|r orrl poQQn x = Acos (ot + E ), 0r[6r u = - Aasin (ot + {P), olvouv xar rl,0 t = 0or (10.15) (10.16) Acosq=20 | ' 1+ -Aosine=ol AQ0 x = 20 cos2(t t nir) m, u = - 40 sin2(t I nfi) m/s. (10.17)6xoup to nirdtoE tfuat A = 20 m. Elli.n1g 6rr y) ,4:161r.5 -_2n _2Jt --" 'A=20n E=x2rtt, 6 n o un c x 6 g c t o g . (10.17) (10.16) (10.15) (10.14)

a-

l-""'

v6poErou Newton6ivel: 6) lr,q rqv neg[nrooq currl o aeureqoE

, d'* = - F - F.- 4! * z dx + 4x= o.

t1t2 dt2 dt

y ouptptovc rnv ( 10.6) = 1 s - t xu[ a6 = I 5- t. EnopcvroE ul 0c efiorrrory elvcl11 },rq rry 8rrcpogr,xrlg rot >ripqovaprrE(10.7) (10.81
x = Ae-t cos (1Jt + q),

onou tu = ,G-

={J s -,.

f[0 rrlv rdxtTqrordlQvoulre: (at , = dl = - 4s-tlcos(at+ E)+ asin + E)) .

dt

lla t= 0 Feioxoupe:

228

NAPAAEITMATA

I t- A (cosE+ o sin?)= 0 ) Enopfvrogrel.lxc x = 23.t e-t cos ('B t - n t a) m,

A cosq=2o

A=

10 ,=23.tm, c6ln/6 )

q=-1t/6.

( u = - 2 i . t e . l c o s r Et - n / 6 \ + , [ i s i n ( t l s t - r / 6 ) f m /s .

zviuq t0.5 H owdQrnon x(t) rloQrmdvralmo oxipa 10.5. T2 Xrlv n),crcp6qpcpri(cg M, rou ivo'rxqepcopv4 oro dxgo el,crrpiou orcoeEig ,k (B}| o1. 10.6)rrqxer dr6 uUoE h orblra pd(cg m lcl xo],,l,ri& rov(r) xlE. Yfio)'oylore ro n].drog rov rc]'cw6osow Tou ouorriprcrrog. .yuQ0J pro Airoq: Eavorxdrdvoqr6 n(l)Ero o{orqpc 0c rc}.cwc0vero.l dr6 rclvotero 06oq looqqon[,cg raoucn6xsr xs oJa6 rtl06o1 or1v onoi,c pq(oneTar I rl.arq6epa nplv xo).?,{oel ndvo rqg ro o6pc m. E(,var euxo}.a xaravonr6 6x[ xn=48
K

ft,a irp rc)"dwtoonyuerD 0116 v6c e6o1loogqonicg rq Ocr n rEloool x['w1o1g eivcr: (M+ m)" i+kx=0, dt pexux)'lxrl oulv6rrpc \ M+m q Eropvtrrg prror6nrol xol n rcxtTnro 0o olvowor

,=^Fk

txipa 10-6

TAAANtaEEIz

229

0J[6r[5 ox6or5:

x = Asin(at + qI u = Aacos (at + (p),

ar[6 drou Pgi,oxoupe (10.18)

AQ)r[ ],ou[6vyla xdfio|,ox vc pqe0ei u, on6relno].o'y((srcrxo A. ro vd EfQoup x0. AQX|, urrol.oyiooupr ua,6qtrcbr1 rcrrtltu nou ro ro r1v 6xern ntrcrg6epc pxo o6pa p6),r,E cqli(er, va xrve i,rcr,. p To o6pa, ),[yo nqlv ql lQroriorl rrry nlarq6epa, 61e rclurr;ro u nou r, nrol"oyi(ercr, rqv oQxri cn6 Dlcrjqrprg rqg ev6qye r,cg: =,[Uh. u Atro rnv aexrlb[drnenolErr1g oapiE ]rew ]rcr perdrrp xB,orio4: mu=(M+m)uo 0e[oroupe ,, - ' -_n tr2gh M*m' Awlxcoror<ilwag x6xci upo[!v (10.18) rc oQioxoups
,m2 k
.L

''

(M-.)c
T3 Auo orpcrgl8lc apre],r1rrov 6rumuoeu:v. pr. paltE m 1 xat m2 owlmolxc, o.qlvowo.l oe buo 6r,cqoqetr,xd onpia A rdr B xu)'r,v6elxnE nr,qdvorcE axrivaE R (0),. ox. 10.7)610rd)oro vc lvcr arc(CA) = 3 arc(CB) 6rou C ro Bqe[,re noro xcr6reBrooqpe(,o. oe

2kh

>npa 10.7

olpelo 0c cruvcvrleouv.>e tleir[r(l)orlfio1n | = m2= m nrBlygrirpre xi m rrp vqorirougeeir:qrbwcE xpouoerE (CA)<< R. rr,g ],aorD{E. i,ore @eroBe arc A6o4 av yaol,outrr4v cgpi blcrrierpnErng oreoeoeprigolErreogro ylc xdwgoO 0c 6Xoup ro orpcr.pi6m m1:
Rmt
,l2a

. r + m t t s i n 9= 0 ,

(r0.r9)

230

NAPAAEITMATA

6fio! gn ytrlvla proErlrlE su0si,oE ro O reog ro oqdLeibroxor rIE OC. cr[6 Ileoqdv6E, eret,bl1 orpc4(,6ro to xcreBclver0c r,olrie l: e< a r c( C A ) < < t. R

6n)'c66n ytrrvi,c elvcr fiol.{ FrxQ1 I xdr Uroeorlpvc lqdrpoupesin9 = 0.'16yedqrar: re n ( 10.19)

49*s=0.
dt2 R

Aurn 6ptrr5e(,vcr, eliooro1 afi)'{E dQpovrxnE rddlrrooqg, or4v oroic Eev treel6xol.rcrolJrxo m,, orirs ro alc(CA). Aprc0c lo1rlerxor yro ro m?. Kol oflE 6uo rerJrr6ot5n rQi,o6o5 e(,vcr, xcr, (,oqpe: i,6r,c T,=f,=2n1[E' O XedvoE rou 0o xdvel xd0e oopcrl6lo vc rpOdoeu C e[vor T/4. Enooro p6vrrrg ouvcw4Oouv exe 0c. l. Xrrp neq(,nror4 'fio:U r = m2 xclr o[ ltQouotE m TouEivcl ].ooTtr6E 6ea Enop6vrrrgl-r.ro on6 Xoup xoro rn\, reoliol] oro C avrol,Ioyi TdXUTriT(l)\,. xdg xeouon ec <cwcl.tiooouv>>xor rc r6Eo rol 0c blclqricpor-rv.H x(vr1or] TorE 0(r Jraeop6velrdvrd dr[].n ogpovr,xr]ro.].c.woo1. T4 Mrre6 oedr"Qi8ro dpelnrf(l)v 6r,cordoeov ol,roodlvroe xul.Lvbpuxrl eJrlgdvrdACB, orlv oroic ro t6lo AC 61elc.xrlvc xcp:ru]"6rqrcEr, evt'iro r6Eo CB exrR (p),,. 10.8). oX. OeoEbwcg 6rr rc r6la rrou ro oqorQ[8ro 610yQoqet [vat tlo]rd lultQ,o(o0 otrr?elon pe r[S oxx[vsE)l3r]eirea) qv reqio8o rqg roldfi<rronE ror 0) ro ),61o rtr.rvpa/[orow r6q0rv aQ[cr[Qo 6e[uc c:lo xor rq 06oqrooeQorr[0E C. AuoT: o) Onr4 axpfriE oro nBoqyoupevo naqc6ellpc proqoripe vo TQd{DUps ellorir14 oergxlv4oqg6elld xcl cqloreq<iror C:

t9*&o=0.
dt2 R d 2 E* g r=g. dt2 r C ,Xipa lO.8 dnou 0 xcr g or,lttrvirE.rou nrprlqdgow rrg 0wroTorxE )irvnorE. Ol )udoe rov 6n9oqrx<irv ef lorboeov 0<r 6

TAAAI,TT9,'EI'

231

aaxuq qiol 0): eivar (av o(oetlooulr 0 = qocosaf, E = q)ocos@2t, 6ttou06xanqofi fiLd-TI. 0c ILa rlE ,reQr66ouE 61o4,:

T=znlf'
r,=hG.
q ea Erop6vroE owolrD0ifieeloooE ivol,

r = 1 0 , + r ," t = n l ^ l E * " 8t1l . \l

2' \Yt 0) loi rod'nogTd r6Eo rio! ro otopcri6lo alcygdqel 6elud tl cBtoteqd rou C odv owdetnon tou lqovou 0c etvct: s; =fio= Rqgcosolt' s2=rq=rQgcoso2t' O[ av[lororxeE roxtlrlreE: u, =!
OI

= - P6o't sinatt '

&i2 = u2= rEoa2 sina2t ' 'dt 6r,crrpei,tot, oto oI!.eto C, 6not 0a fxoupe p6vo ]in'tlElrer8i I ev6pryer,c u:di ev6p,yec,elre ro o<r4.lcribro6qletcr ot6 6eld, e(re 0Jt6 aQtoreQd,au1tl Ocr np6:rer vc (vot [6td. @c lQ6:rel 6r|Ic6ti

=!rr,q6ri !nR'zz|a?2 - - - = fu =^l!( . qo vt 2

vqyer,cg 61oupe: 0c flIv 2orTe6ro6,{116 aql4 atarlarprE fllE 6uvapl'ctts - cosEd. = ngR (1 - casqa) mgx(1 pnoQotp lglotporottiooupe rlv vc ol eivcr,pr,xq6g Enelii 6pcog 'yrwi,eg

neoo6T'yuon:
cofi =
1-L A2

EroptvoE

=Id,+ fu= Ret

Eo

232 fm ra Fyrmar)drl 6xoups: s6 = R06, Eropv(l)E

NAPAAEIMATA

= s2o rEo-

s t o= R o o= Szo r Eo perctu buo cr6porv voEpoQiT5 H Olvcpuxrlev6p1er,c c)')lq1.eni6Bao4g proqel vo nqooeyyloOei. x\ axia\ U(r) = ou yrd pro neqrolf evrqleui.rv ctxr6 k(r - rd 2/ 2 , onou r q a:r6oro.oq peralu rrov p,oq(,rrrv, n cn6orcoq nou <r19 wrmoryei mq Ooqlooqqoniog, k yvroori Oerm{ orc0eed. Oetopro$pr rc orr, cropc lurogouv va nrv4Oorivxcrc pfxoE TTIS eu0elcrE nou rc ow66r, ev6 To K.M. rr0eauvr 0,xi,vnxo. a) Beir11 6uvo.pq o.vtigeoo. poqrc. mc fedw xrlv eEi,orDort xivrpns rou ouorrlpcroE xar, ololuuiore rqv. 0) y) Yro)'oylor r1v xrx]'uai ou4v6rpc rar xrry rlse[,o6oqg xirnpqg rtov dTop(l)v. Auoqr o) An6 rn ox6on (0)'. xq. IV) ylc r1v cxrlvlxr; ouvror6oc rnE b{vaplg Jroievoupe I

F=-d9= kt-rol ,
or 'EXorevd 4 c[rporOrcxr] ouvlmciro e(,vor $nb6v. pe 6ql"cbq xewqlxf 6uvqrq, q onoic ei,vcl cvri)'oYn rnq aJl6o10orl5. (0)'. oX. 10.9) 0) Eivol,neoqav6grr(l)E

r= rtz = rt-rzl , =l F =l Ft2l F2tl . zxipa t0.9

(10.20)

Eortrr 6Tr ra dTolro 61ouv gi(eg mt xaL m2. Torr lljloeoup yrc lo xc0' 6va va lqdpoupe rlg E[o6ors xlqolE ncipvovrcg u:l' 6Vq 6r[, en|,6{ K.M. flgi,oxercloe xcto tdorcoq 4Bep(,c5, eEorreelx6g buvdperg un<rq1ow: 6ev

( r0.2 r)
E6Qoup 6F(J)E F e = - Fzt . Enop6vtrrg rtE ( 10.21) ort ar6 nulqvoupe :

d2r, d:L=( t + t lF,,_ _ '

dt2 dt2 \rlt r IItz |

TAAANmDEI2

233 d2(r, - r) 2 =fr, + frz F,, + d2rtz= Ftz . lrtr lttz ' p dP

6groE rp*oL Fp ei,votmryyQcpptxd. 6tu 6nou p I avrryUvlpd[c. E6qoqre ptlv rdQoup,e lrour6vr6qa vc tc MnoQodu. urt6vn U.aE cvt],qr.crc.Erou gr q Xe{ol xcr r<rw(10.20) FQ[,ottouUe:

p#=-k(r-il,

(1O.22)

ocv ooll.lorl.6to 6llo0ri rceornQotp rog ro orioqpo oupneeq6qercu $ pd(c loq pe rqv cvqyp6vn, onoio ooxe(rorEuvclrl avdloyn qE dropdoro H 6[vel: xeworiErou ar6 rrt e6o{ rooQeor[iaE. (10.22) d 2 r :+ k r . = o , d(p ( | 0.23)

6no1J = r - ro, q onolc eivcneliorool a:t]'rlEcgpovrxlEtaldwooqE. r' y) A116 (10.23) rnv efxo]"opeioxougt:

.=nl L. Yu

T=2niL. Yk
oto T6 ltouadilo olr.lo0aiver, totrrrecxrivcg fi rul'lvfulxriE eirurpdvelog elx6 puxq6g rc)lawdlcgltovt}{6E exre)',tirwo,g oe6. E6qoupr6u n Dtvcptl fiou coxel n en[edverqoro oolr.ct(5o {et tlv e].dxlorl tiprl N rcarrq peyr,oqN + d. Yfiol'oy{,ote q p4r,orn aloFdxQtrvo4 rot orol.rctrS{,ou 11 06oquoogqorlcg. cn6 Arror1 lro pr,c tulcto 06oqrou otopctrbiou (Bi'. ox. 10.t0) proqotlp.w yad{.,olru qv xewqoud}'o8filapn: yra ^,2 F - macos9 '.::-Y. -R =

2xipa lO.lO

qv Ira vo uaoloylooupt tlv tcfnqto u lqqolgonorotlpte aQX{6roriQlpf1unl alopdxgwoq rou otoylc oqgrqE ev6qryeng tnv tulcl,c 06onrul rtl I onoi,ccwototlel oeyowl.c00: Uort,6aor, ! . + nG + ngR(t -cos?) = mSR(1- cos9d i = 2gR(cos1 coseo)

NAPAAEITMATA

EnoufvtoE Bgloxoupe: '' 22R(cos?-cos9d = 3mpcos| zmpcosu^. t = m S c o s a + m- - R Erlxotrcxarc)'cflcivoupe6u 1 F nci4vel rq pe1torl rlprl'ylc 0 = 0: Fro^=N+A=3mg-2m$oseo 'ywr xcr,np, el"dluovq 0 = 0o:
F.i,=N=mgs956t' flW Erer.6ri or, rc)'cwtiroelS ei,vcr,ptxq65 UnoQoliuva ?(Qrplu.onol,looupe nQoo{Tr,ol cos1o= I - 0f/ 2, on6rc nalgvolpre to oriorlpo:

+ m e ( t o i ) = i v +a ,

*(,-$l=*
ro, Auvo"rroE peloxoupe .\, 2A " 3N+d To p6'yloro16lo 0c elvct
Reo= R sz,ax=

paLaE otp<ttpc T7 )ro cxeo vripcroq prlxotg t xcu pc(cg m elvcu6epev1 zard ro a:r6rrryoqorp{ exrqfnoupe Mxcl cxrivcg R. To vipo rou xq6percl rns xrlv putq{ yorvlc.a) Fadue rry E(o(t)on 1(wrprE,[i) fJaare fieQlobo tnq << U . y) rnv rc)'dwrrror15. EEerdor tleQi'rroonm ) 0 rl'0'lR
Arioq: Ilpogclrirg Cxoupeva xcvoupe pe guotxo $ra6edv[dg rou (l)ErrQogro oqxep68.o) To[o I q Q,orni pelo ovdetnor5 x.ot D I a]r6moon rox K.M. C ar6 ro O (PI. oI. l0.l l). T6r ar6 W oaxi btcriQnong rqE orQogoqp{E Otr61oupe: IA2a

= _(M + m) gbsinq.

dt2

ytc prxe65 ytrwieE d nci.gvoupe rrp eEiotrlEnopfv<og oq rns llvnolE 4 2 6, ( M + m l g b u _ n txipa tO.t t
d(t

TAAAN/"ozEI'

235

rou e[vc[ [o(Do1aeuol'uolE ro]dvroolE. M6vrr6Qa !q rnroiroyiooqerc Dxcr,L rou E To vti|ra Inoet ,t,qoeoaflpeledF6og. roull,oE 1 Qomla6QdwtdE o5 aqrog O 0c e[vor,: ro

t*=!r(.
H Oorli a6edvidg oeaaeaE nqogto O dvcr: rIE toE h=2 tm2 + u(n +0\2. AQ,s o).txtl qorri cdQdver,JE eivcr.: n I = L m -0 2+ 2 u n 2 + u ( n + 0 \ 2 . -'
I 5 \

Elr'co).a enior6 6rl PAlo(outr.

n l / 2 + M ( R+ t )
b=

M+m

Telruxd i'omov

t4 *t .df

n2/2 + M(R +2)

+ m g 2 l s + z M R 2 / 5 + M ( R0 l '

------r-;0a =

p) H fieQio8og lvol 0a
'....|t--------T-N.

I .!'ts*zunrs+u(n+A)'z /z eLnt +u\n +A)l V

2 Rrs +(R+t)

y) frdm r 0 pQtorioutl,s

T* 2x I ev6yraR <<0,Oti'aAri +R-t:

r= 2,t!;_.
ErouJvrrE u{nrotrc ruralc$civoqr.e no6 6vc eaqeptE, 6no5 cr,r6 nou ro rleryQd{rap ndvo, progel etwolc vc 0t<rryPelotd!6, qQDi[ vt{ud vc rlro (apelry6a), evdrq oxrlva qS oQdiQaE eivol no],ri vc elel rolrri puxE{pdlc plre6reen ofi6 ro pri,{oE ulparoE. torl

fo

I I

236

NAPAAEIfMATA

T8 )teqe6 otrtpc pc(cE m xgpercl cn6 opr,[6vrlo o.fova lor_r 5r,6pXerar, ofi6 olpsi,o fiou clrxl 5 cmo xo K.M. Tou o{iparo5. Eotro I. q eorn o6eovrrcE rou o6poxog,(,)E lrQoE K.M. O(oQotFs rqf6g cpelqr6eE. ro rr,g Bes(,ro 14 blc<poqlxfefloooq rqE xir.,qoqg rqv negiobo rtrlv pl,xe6v rc].cvr6oexcl trlv oo.v owdQTTlorl rou S xol ofio8i.Er orr: a) urldexouv 6uo rlp6g rou S (S1xcr, 52) nou c.l'rrolorlouv o' curn rlv fieQi,o5o,0) firQioooEUroeLvo n ./ro ygcqe(,xcr, pe q poqqri f = zo rfis, * s, V e. Beri,T fioLo rrpri rou s I neBi,o6og[,vcr, e e],aXloq xcr :lor,cei,vcr, rlpr] rqE. 4 Arioq: Av O ei,vcr, rilovcg rore 0c loltel q eEi,otrloTl: o 16:l=-5n1gsi'6, n oroi,c yrc plxpa 01grirpera.r, d20 *mgS g=6. Io dl 6xot: Io = I" + m52, q qolrl a6qrnvenErou odporoE rrlg nqoE tov rilovc O. Agc 1 neqlo8oErrrrv plnBd;v rol,cr..rrboeirrv e[,vcr,: ea.
A2a

r=zrnfi.R'
V

rng S

(ro.24)

o) YlrrbvouFexn,t (10.24)oro rerpclovo xcu l,rivoupre nqoE S rq 6eutog reBo$cepr"c el(,oroo1 lol lreoxuJrrer l5'=t'^+
^oT2rl8n' 5z fl 5+:t=0=! m 4n2 I ^T2

l5.r=5'-8n' \ 0) Euxol,cpqi.oroupe:
^-r2 -+T=2t 5 r + 5 r-= 5 ' 4n2

El,vor reoqov6E n<r4 Tltverar,e]"ri1r,or4, .1i,ve 6tcv I e].axrmn rooorn1 n ro rou ei,\,o.r gi.(corqv (10.24). ropevog oq E nciqvoupe:

Um '

TAAANTQ2EI'

dr6 prixouE ralcvt<inrerru xQeUaoFJvI oQrt6vrrcdEovanou L T9 PdSooS aqoqfi6 pdqo, loq U.e pdLtt qg qdS6ou' rq rrQ,vdsr to dxQotqg. >qF@tcli qv neQi'oEo wdvor o<rep6Eeror, trlE o or6otcoq h o:16rov dEovo'a) BQelte Tslucvr6oeovrou olorlpctog oov mrvdQrrlon l, }ta[ L' P)llotc eivct tov r<rrv eivct,t6on, 6ol ritcv 6rcv 6evunrlqrye n rlprl tou i yr,cury onoic 1 leqto6og n ne6o0etnU.dEo; rqE A6o4: c) H Qornic6Qdver,cE qdp6ouog nqog dtovc nou neqvdel qg s('va[ I = mL2n, evtir n o]tlxrt Qo'ti aoQdvttog cn6 ro dxqo Io=m&2n+h2). a:r6 nQoobtoQlEercr, xn olon: H e6orlrou K.M. tou ouorriUctoE . b=mLZjmh =L +-2h 0): xlvrplg eivct,(yto po{Q65 Yowls Efiop6voE eEiooon I *ztty(!+2h)=o=o _ aro. -" hd20 = _2me.bsin, dp lm(t2fi + n2) dt, xcrl11 reglo6og T = 2tr rl:qonE xal 1 ov't[fllv 0) Itd rI adF6oX(I)AIE ttQ6o0eqpdEqn eEiotrron e{,vot neQto8oE oror,Xq d2o 39 o=0. + df 2L T6=21 1lT ' \ 38, rQsrel Irc vc eivcr T = ToOct L2 + 3h2 =y. L+2h rou 6[vel H ItoI qg {iotoolg U.<rE 6rio rrUf,E h: h=0,

n=2L.
3 ct6 T10 Acxtu?"i6u Lr:tr6 o$qpctciucw6l'erat YfQo olt6 oq46vtt'o dEo(Fi'' o neqi.nraro4 Govcg eivcr olo rrlne8o rou 6c1ru]'rStori oX' vc. Xrq pr<r

NAPAAEITMATA

10.12o) orrlvoi''lq rdorog rrin8o (B]". 10.120). BBe0e[el[rar q oro aX. Nc oool xnExlvloqg xcr,n nee[o6os rc].dwrrroqg 6Io nepmrdroslE. orr,E noms e[,vo.r, ],6yoE o rrrrvneBl66<ov;

o
l)

Ariorl: Kcr, orlE 6ro neqr,nrriloe6 do lovcg cn61el R a:r6 to K.M. rou baxru?.r,6rorJ. Enop6vrrrg E[ooonxivnoqE eo n ei,vnr,: d20
dt" +

msR ,, "
t

tt=u

txrtpa lO.12

x(r[ n JrQ[obo6
1'-)n

^T'T ' U*sR

AQX{ i'or,n6vv0 xno},oylooljp rn Qorrl a0QaviaE. )rqv nqtilrq negllrrooq uro].oyiloup cg1,xd rq eofi{ obQdvloq 6dxru],,[6rot rou rllg rreos rov c[ova y (B],.oX. 10.13). e[Oo voL:

Ir= OoI >xius t0.t3

[^o

x2ds,

lo

6nou p 4 nwvor4rc. on braroprl ougrou porog )ror dscnetpoord puie6 ToEo rou an61elx cro rov c.lovoy. neoqavosOtr61oupe:
ds=RdE,
0Q0

x=Rcosq.

It" = l,= po R3 | cos2EdE figoP3 =!

l"

mR2

AQa to5rleo6 tov dlovc rcldvroons eo olvar L' = L m R 2 + m R 2 = ! m R 2 . 22 (oE flo rq btxsel nepfurr<ooq, rrQ'osrov trlovc xdoero oro balru)'(,6r, fiou b[6Qxerar 016 ro K.M., TlQorniobQavlag rlvor ed = mR2. lc

TAAANmzEIz sv6 0E nQoEro\' (Eova raldvloolE 12=mR2+mR2=2mR2. Agc or negloOor, elvcr: 0c

239

,,=lE, r " = n l E
'vE

ncu, MyoEroug o

T,=ET22

>Xfin 10.14

T11 To orqogut6exxqep6E oxriporoE rot 10.14 qfiorl,i,rar djr6 o{quo !s ora0eOd orqhlrqsD, 6i oro pdtcE M xol',wnhro5 R x L4 ILu4lt:E V&f4 m fiou ellnr roro0er4r.6veE oupUreDd otrp tegq6qerc ror 6[oxou. Errqbroqle ro 6(oxo ar!6 q 06oI rooQQorrlog orQ6eovrdE ,iqrd,yovt,laEo. >s rov 16oo lqdvo 0c encvdi,eel orqv cglurf rou 060I;

A6oq: Elvcr,xcrcvorp6 rorg o 6[oo9 0c strel,-6oer rcldvro)o1 U.rrleio60 T. E toFJvoE0c 'mv6lr,0er orqv oqr(ud tou 06('I oe ?(a6rc T/4. Aqr('.,t )'our6vvc pporlpe reglo6o qE ro?dwcoolg. up H eEtoroorl xiqolE yrc ro orQopnd E''oiQeU,6E 6[vr: 14=_Dp. 6nou / n QolnlqSEivurg rou eivcr, =(M/2+4r/,lR2. I =L MR2+ 4mR2 Aqa
d2q D * s=g dP (M/2+4mlR2' (M/2 + 4m)R'z

T=2n

Brop6vrrS 6ioog 0c e.rrn'6lr0eu oqllxri ror 0eor1 1q6vo o oqv oe ,-T -n 42 (M/2 + 4nl R2

240

NAPAAEITMATA

T12 Mlc xgepdorgc xcrcoxeuoop6vq dr6 LJtrd ougpcrc 61elq poQe{ toooxetrotE rer,ydryou 0trons d xdr uuoxE ,. H xqspdorQa exxge;rnoqei vc ee<ogq0el a0Y p6Eror exrel,el prxeeg dQpovrx6g tclcwtiro t,Eav rrlv tmpa 10.15 priooqr.e p.e3 bncpoperlxBe xoug rp6noug (0)'. oX. 10.15a, 0, 1). IaaarnQoupe 6tl xct or[5 3 rQulr6Yfioi'o1i,orsrI 060l rou K.M. xsl eivct rc1,<iw<oor1g 1 i,6r,c. oelg l neBio6oE (to oriQpcrrc pdolg 6ry e[vcl ulcQ<rirfic i,6to rr;v neglo6orqg rc]"dwarqg pe ro oriqpc rov n)'zuqrdrv, onoieg6poE tivct [6tEproErlrouE). ol

=avi

Av, Ariorl: H xpepriorB,ap:ropei vc 0errrqqOel Quotxo ezxQepeE. orn Ycvtq or6maoq rou dfovc 0116 K.M., rors n Qor1 aro xrl neBirrool, s e(var, Io bBdvercg(oEfiQoEtov dlovc ec eL\taL = lc + ms2 xat' I eEloroonrlg xi,vqolE; dz| + mgs 0=0. dt2 I" + ms2 0o Enopvrog neg(o6oE 6(verqrcn6 rq o16o1: 1

r=zonf '.1 tt' . v mts

An6 eb<il nciqvoupe:

, z - "-! T \ 2 s a Im g . ,= \2Tl
ro currl, eneu6n T ivct 10 ibto, H eEi.o<rron rerer vc |,xcvonorcl xot rtE 3 tlQltn(i)ottg. 6pog 61el2 lfotrq. Erop)ov 6eureoo0<i0plc o), v0JE, l,rd Ir,s r[QUrr6o[E 0) roL Y) o[ acv noortioelg rou dlovc clo ro x6wqropti(cE ei.bto oI. 10.16), vcu ulrlmoryr sd, st xcr, sy (01.. cn' crn6E npi:rel vc eivct ioeg percf{i touE. vc Ilq6:rel 6prrrg uoXutt:
sa=SB' Sy=

,Xrtpq 10.16

H pdvn r[elrwoorl vc ouppcivow 6]'c arnri rcrnolpova eivct ytc rl5 rl;rig

TAAANTA'E1'

24t

s,r=st=h2,

tr=t'ftt;ll .

xot Av r6Qo lgqoLpo:ror,rloolpe ro ot[or6]'o[to rou raqa6eilpcrro5T8 0elo]roul.t

txiltq 10.l7

ofio T13 A[3cqg p4 extcto vtlptnnou JtQvo xcl m rqolcl.i,a p<r!,cg xot oxri,vog R, oro xl).uvbBlxr1 pe ouv8ebep6vo pd[o m, evdloto d].6va oxQoei,vcL qag /'. ro olTolotlvdt oTfQfur).o pr r),ur4gto oruHr pvo (ptr. oX. 10.17). Aqlr,xd ro ouotlp.a r,ooBBo:rei'. TgcBope l[1o nQog ro xoro] tt1 1.tc[cm, exrB:ro r1 tooqqoli<rg.Na unol.olto0ei, vrcE r1v cno tq Ooq ort negi,o8og rtrlv pllQ6v tc].cvttiroeov. OerrlQoLiltt ornv rQoxoi"io. ro vrlpc bev ol.lo0<rtver ro! Arioq: Ag1r,xc,nctd t1v tooQQolti,o ouorrl 0c 1eu exrc0e(xctd xp. Er,nolc Forog,ro e),trrrlBuo ([]I. l3Bi,oxoupe oX. 10.18): (10.25) mg=T = kx}= xo= mtft. -ro orioqpo. xrveitct, ot buvdpLq naqlorcOrnv vovr0l oro oxnp0 10.19. f lc to otbpo r,oluel: rn lL = ms dt2 f r.orrlv rgolcl.icr: ( 7 , - T ' 'l R = 1 " "
Fr,c ro eLcrlqlo:
s2p )2.

txipa 10.18

1,.

(10.26)

(10.27)

dt2

Tt=k(x+xd.

(10.28)

E:rer"brl vripo 6v ol.lo0c[vet ornv rQolotrlo, ro 0a 1olpe: x=R0. t txipa 10.9

d t *= n t P
dt2 dt2

(10.29)

NAPAAETfMATA

(10.25) (10.29) ,4116 oxforE rrE euxo).o xoro]"{youp sEi,ooort: orlv ( m n+ I \ d ' o + k R o = 0 .
\ Rt dt2 H po:r{ cSgdver,oq rqo1<r},i<rg r1E ivdL1= mR22.'Erat 11 retrlxrl poqrp4 t1g eli,oroor6 xlv1oqg eivcl:

d t g* 2 * o = o
dt2 3m

Xd[ n reercdoE

^T3i u2k
T14 Kulrv8qoE cxrlvcE r xlli,erc.l oro eoolreglxooqcr,BlxrjE srLqovsroE trllTlvoER xcl elrel.el rcl.cvr6oelE WQ<rl oJr6ro o4peio O (n),.oX. 10.20). ytuvirEE flc prxQeE rou xu].i,v6Bou lgdpre qv eElooontnq x(,vnon5 qv nsBi,o6o rry rc]dvro:orig xo.r ufio},ol[,or
TOU.

>Xipq lO.2O

Ario4: Or,buvaper,E rlou ooxorvrdl, orov xrlplc rulalc Xgovr,xl orrypn raerordvoi,,r,vEgo wo.r oro oX. 10.21.H buvofLl'l rQrpTlE iFr vor, ouni rox r!o.opo),i,Ee[Tnv xu],tol Tou xui',f,vEqol, e(vcLpercBl,rprlxal 6ev p:roqel vc u:ro),oyroHri dgsoo oov ro .1rvo;levu rou our,'lIeorrlrqt,|3r1E r1v xa0eq 6{vcp1 en[ (0I. xeqa)"aroIX). f uc rqv x(vqo4 rou K.M. tou ru),lvbqou 0c roXfel:
)2^ T - F 1 = r n g s i n q- F r = m u r .

(10.30)

dt'

Zxnpa| 0.21

onou s to 6r,a.on1ptc 8ldvust ro K.M. fiou rou xu).rv69ou. AJro ro oxnFo ft].rnouge6rr ( A O ' ) = R - r . A e c I ( 1 0 . 3 0y q r i p e r m : ) m$inE Fr=-m(R-r)dt'

(1 0 . 3 1 )

TAAANfezED

243

To pclov or1 oX6oI(10.31)ro BdLcpe erer6rl,w6 qoupe 6lcpcilE crfrp ol rou s, Xoup p-eior4ror g. H Udq 6liaopnftou nqrolcL"e{, ,Ecel,oleoqli 'tu}ulvforou rrp rou i,votI FT. E rolrw<rayut rTryfieetorQrogucrl xlvlon tou nu],[v6qrou yue(r)oro ro K.M. rou 0n r,o26rieu

rrr= r#;=l^r#,

(r0.32)

6rou I' q yovic aegr,orqoqriE xrl,[v6qou. Ener,6r] rol 6pa6 1orpexril,r,orl 0c r,opiel: e,= s/r = (R _ r) a/r. trol I oX6oI(10.32) yedeerdr:

rr =-!m{n-4

*49.

(10.33)

Koi e66 ro U[ov6)(r [6|0 \,oluo 6r[oEonry (10.31). ro ArrOrK (10.31) (10.33) r{ar fui,otouprrlv qbool rqE r[vrp4E1rc pr.lq6Ey<rnleE 9: dtq *2 _E_, = 6 dt'z 3R-r' xor qv neqio6o: T=2tr

f. A>KH:EI: 10.1 2gcuqi6roqpl,qrdarv 6r,cordoeow cgrivercr,oro cooreglxd nul,rv6qrx{g errgdver,og cltlvcg R (F}r.oX. IO.ZZ).LetExe ov cnipcxquvoei 6rr,, l,(yo on6 rn Odo1 tooeQoni,cg, exrel,elzivrprl 6o6rivcpn pe ourrl rtou 0c 0c r6xcve, {rcv 8epivoan6 ro O Uapaads xrar6 v|lpa p{xouER, cv pq X(l)e[E vo.rndqlel 1 rrlur,v8qrxrl enlqdver,o. 10.2 )e o<ol.rJvc o1lipatogU neqdlercu p&la M u_ yQoli yv(l)or{SrnnvdtlrcE p. O o(l)ltvaE 61el xdluv_ 6guxrl6loroprl oxrivoE r. Avcxlvoliu To oallfvc sror 6ore ro uyqo v' cv6l,0el)t[yo mo 6vc ox6],,oq Av rou.

Zpipa 10.22

244

A>KH2EI2

0e<oBr{oolpe rqr,B6E 16 cpelrpfeg, arobiEr6r[ ro uyed ea ndver, cl],,ri aBpovLxrl rcldvr<oo1xcr,ppei,re nepio66r4g. trp pri(cg m xat blaroprig S erml.6[6r,crqgrirwcrg xtr10.3 Kutrlv8qoE rqv rcx6quql 6mi10wo4 6o1eiope ulqo nrnwdqrcEg. Tov orlQdxvoup oe 6ro[, 6ort vd Pu0[ore[ ],i,yo neqroo6reqo u'y96. mo Anobetfre ea.exrr]"66rr, oel <rn)',r1 cqpovlxri rcldvroroqxcr,Bge r1v leq(,o66 Lre rqE.
10,4 )tbpc pd(qE m rolJ $gi,oxercr,oe oplldwrc ulrebo ouv66ertn pe 6uo el,crrlBlc rou 61orw orcoeqig k 1xu k2 6r.ag ma a:/:ipara 10.23 xcr, B. Bqeirerr,gJrQrd6ouE cr ralowu)orlg rou m ytd rrE buo JrQnr6or.E. Tgfdg bevlncqlow. 10.5 Xrrrpcrl6ro pdgaE m ei,vcl 6ep6vo oro dreo )'Jrro{ c{3cqorigpq exrcrori uipcToEpnxouEU nou xBfpercr cn6 r1v oprog1 p xcr mo dxpro oq(6wlou el"cxnp(,ouora0e'Orcv txipa l0.2i ro v{pc. eivcr, adE k (fjt. aX. 10.24). nctcx6qrpo ro e)"cr{glo 1elro cpuorxd rou priltoE.ExrQ6roupe l.(1o ro orrrpcr[buo arr6 rq e6ol rooe611 a:rln rc]"ceott[oE.Atto6(Ere 0a exre]u6oeu cepovr,xrl 1'[o]orlxcr pqelrerqv neqlo6or1E. 10.6 2rnv ooxr1on10.5 avrncOlorolpe ro lonielo !r l.dmlxo JTou6X[rnv [6lc mcoepd k. Beel,rrqv fieio6o rlE ralovroo1E. >xittd 10.24 10.7 2rnv noela an].ou rxxqepoug[rlxou5 0 rceeptoilopo nou oplgcri,(eLgrxq{ yu:vlo.E pr r4v flctr).'ercL xcrox6eugo (0i,. oX. 10.25). Ano;rcxquvolpe ro oropcri,bro 6101 60r ro vnpo vc oxnport(el ytrlv(d. > q p r4v I xc'rcxdquqo xo.r,ro ag{voupe It0eo. Bqeire r4v rteTq rou o(l)l-rclreiobo rlg xlv4oqg ortr-rqtinrag xeouorE 6i,ou pe ro roi,lco;rc rl,aorw6g. l0.E Ie oltr6 exxQspdg 0 FrJxouE xcr, oe aloorcoq H 1H < 01 cn6 ro onpslo cvcgrrpqE O ronoOerotpexcq<pi,

zxipa 10.25

TAAAtffatEI'

fior 6ev etllrefrr oro vritto.vo. Jrsedol(Pl. oX. 10.26). Be[rxnv rleao6o raldwooqs. rqE 10.9 Anld exxqtpdggrptoug 61eL dxgo rou ogcL0 oro 'Ol,o nuxvdrrpcE po. ro orimqpc ro Buei.(orpe oe 9(,6ro pe.ydlo 6o1ei,,o u'ye6 mnvftnraE pu. Aqivoupr ro oripe oqFo vc xrnrl pr,xpdgrn),cwtiroer,g'ytq<odJ16q 06<n;r,oogqoni,cg. O(l)edmag rlv ovr(,mcon ror urlqot qrel,qr6c Bqei,re negf,obo rqv rcldwoo1E. Alewim. O orl!'uqE cwi,mcolg rou ulqou 8a per6oer rl 0d no)'olrop6E cuEioel rrry neelo6o;

>Xiua t 0.26

- t 1 I r i I n ) = > mrFA

10.10 >c e)rculqr,o eivcr, rou rcrcx6gurpoxcl oregeorlr6vo orq 14 toro0erelrcl nl,crg6ppc pri(cg m on6re ro e)'crfgto ouore4xirwrcl narri 5. An6 upog S rdr<rr orlv nlcrg6epa (9L.aX.lO.Z7) xolldr o'aun|. rr6qrsr o6pa [onSpcLcE xor Bqei,re brcrpoelxri rq eEi,ooon x[vnong q ],rlo! rn5. rng xcl

10.11 Aionogpc rn Foneenptxovtopou exre),.ei xcrcxop.eyo)'ou roluowool G)'. oX. 10.28) n?'riroug eugq cepovr.xri pe neBiobo TI orrypnt = 0, 6T,wo 6i,oxog L neqvdcnd rrl >xfus 1027 b6o4iooqgorlcg ovqtdivowo.s, ncvo rou denvrarodpd pdEcE Xe nolc e6ot ro o6pc ec elzcm. rcl,elrperylc trQ(l)tr goQaro 6[oxo; I]on t l-U-I -Tlfirypll Xeovrxrl |

tl

m{
,xiud tO.28

10.12 Mlc oer,E6wra ocvibc exre},e[ ur)'r| cqpovr,xri x6 rc]',riwrooq nluirouE xcr,

w.Lt"xt\g oulvdrrpcg rooro oql(dwrc en[re6o. lldvto orq oovlbc Bgi,oxercl o<ilpo. Bpelrerov sldxroro mrwe]'eouirOt8{g percEt oripcrog xcr, ocvi6cE,riorr ro otfpc nor6 vc prryolrrooclver. prixou5 exre)'r[ 10.13 ,4l],,6exxerpE 0 ro}dvrtoo1. otyprl fiou firQvd Tn cnd rq 06oquooeeoninE e),,crrdlvoqre ptxos rou, v6 rn orlyprl nou ro ro n)',<irog yiveror pryloro ro culrivoupe.@c<ruEneei ec per,o$e[ ntrcrol ro { ro5; peloxercu 10.14 >e leic oqr,!,6wr,c erlcpdvelc xcq6rol pd(oEM, ndv,o

246

A2KH'EI2

cu[Io xxQpE mo oJroto i,vo[ Tono0srnu.vo FrlBBelrerqv :reroug 0 xor pri(cg m 1p1.. 10.29). oX. qio6o rc)dvroo4g rou ouorfpcrog. 10.15 Av yto xnv aoxnon 10.14E6QorJlrs xo 6rr rou etgoE r4E rc}.rivru-roqE oJr).ourxxqrpoug rlvar x0, rvd) rou xc.qotoloriy0, vo ufiol"oyro0siI U6yrxor ot4 rclur4ro rou rxxgrgouE rou xoqororori. txipq 10.29 10.16 Bcqi xcg6ror rcvo oro oro(o u:rcqlel pnxouE0 rcrel3oiveL exxQeFcg o.noxex)"r,pvo eni,ne6o yrovl<rgE pe enlrdlwol a (gL. aX. 10.30). BQ0ix wegi,o6o rrp r<rl.cwooqErol exxpepo{E. 10.17 Pcp6oEronoeereirtn ouppsxQllrd rav(l) or 2 6ioxouE,Td x6weo rorv onoi,rrrv cndXow 2a. OL 6i,oxolleplorpcpovrcrpe rqv lblc lrrrvral{ll rcx{rrpc xcr, cw(,oeregqoq6g (0)". oX. perclt rqfrlg o)"[o0r1oqg 10.3'l).O orvre]"sorriE 6f,oxrovxcl qoBbou eivcl p. Xnqrillvoupe )"(,1o ri rn Qd06o6eEud aeloreQd.Ano8ei,lre 6110c i,re elrel.ioe l crlrri cqpovr,r.lr] rcl,cwrrrorl xcr, pBe ttlv nee[o66rng.

txittd 10.30

10.18 )ro <ixqodlovc nou ufioerl vd nororqqerol pe lcovr"cxrlTdXtTrFa ro xgfpercl vr1t<-za------'t po tlrixouE 0 oro ritrlo dxqo ror.r oJrolou uJrceraluXrontrsroxrl pc(c. Av orboolpr yrrrvr,oxrl ,Xrtpry t0.31 (0tr. rrpc ro nulqvolpe ro xorvlx6 exxeepE oX. 10.32). Bei.ro ole6ldore nororlxd r4 lrovi,c xcr, ouv(IQrnol To! (,. E Oov qol36oE prirouE0 gnogel vc 10,19 Mr,c l,mri opoyr4iE tc].cvr6vercl yfetrr on6 oer.L6vrto alovc, o onoloE ei,vcr, xdoerog oe xdnom olpe[o rnE Qn06otr. Belre xnv fiea) e[o6o rqE rcidvrtooqg, cv I ofiomoon pflaEu K.M. rng gcBSorr clovc eivar b. [3)Irc rorc rrpri rou D r; negloucr, y) rou toobuEoE1[,vercr, e].tr1tor4; YJro].oylorro pryxog

,Xipo tO.32

TAAANTazEI'

247 vo[ox xxelroug 6) Beeirrnv Jieei.obo l. orov D = a. 10.20 KrnrlrLxoE bioxog cxrlvcg R rc]'c"lttilvetcl "1uqr'r orlo oQlqovrroaEovoxoosro oro t)i.oxonou reqvcroe mroor<ro1r <1116 dEovd ror. Bqelre rnv eElooorl'rIE x(vqrov onExor r1v nrqlobo rlE ra]"crttoo1g. fro rot(r llFrl rou r rlvcr e].d1ror1; l nrpi,obog

I ' {
txi\d 10.33

mt

c10.21 <Drrolxo exxqrpE cnorr}.ei.rcl cro bclrrr},i,br, xrlvo.E =t/4 xcl pc(cE m nou rivcr orrgcruptvo gtiR ot 0 Jm. ll\o prlxrruE xct 1-ui(cg To ouornpo rcl.cwrirvrrcl yti pto cno rov clovn O (13),. 10.33).Bqci.rerqv e[[orlo1 rlE oX. yLc xi,vrp4g xnl rqv neqlo6o 116 r<r]"<rvronqg plxqtE 1rovi,rE. Yrol,oyi,or rrlv r[rrcxuvon rou olpei.txr A oov ouvoerlon rns y(l)v[agA

10,22 2lc crxQctrenrnsao0boupdEosM ncr, prlxolE I elvcr tonoOerlpvc buo otrrpcrlbra pe palrE my xoL m2 (m2 > m/). H adpboEtclcwrirvrtnl 'yuqo c:r6 ogr.!6r.rn dEovo O xdgero mo ldoov rqg ([.]I. oX. 10.34).Bpei,re t1v Elo(oolrnE m2 xlvloqE xcr qv neqi,oborqE ra]"cvtruor6 'ylc plxq65 yrovi,eg rqE pc(cE m2 oav ouvderlol rng zxipa 10.34 xcOrbgxar tqv enutaXuvoq y(,)vi,oE 0. 10.23 Pdfbog lrd(cE m xcr. $itxorE 2L, norl eivcr ouvbrdepiv4 pe crg0qoo41rcxcrcxogurl,rr Toi,xo, oul'l{Qarrerclornv oqt(owLc odoqpe e)'uArouoxerlvournero mo0eos k (PL.oX. 10.35). Aro!m tri,yo14 eo0boafio q 0do4looQeofiiaE. bei,fre orr, 0n exrel.coelsrlrn cQpovlrcrlr<rl.awrrrol, yeorirrsrq bLccpoplx( sE(otrton r'fioloyi.xol
oT TlV JTTQT,OOO.

txitto 10.35

txipa 10.36

10.24 2ro xvrqo bcxru)"(oupLcfcE xcr, cxti,vcE R m pe q l3o{0erai"arrdw apaqdv cxt(vrov tono0etei,rc.r, oupc(cE 2m. To oumqp<r lmcyiE ogciqc o:x-(fuo.;R2 xcL rc]"al'rdwernl ppro cno oer!,6wro c[ovc O ([jL. o1. 10.36). BQfTs eli,oroo4 xivlo4g xcl rqv:regi,obo rlv r1E trlE tcl.crttoolE.

248

A2KH2EIz

10.25 lo6r),euenreryovtrn r)'rixc pd(as m xcr n),.euqrtrEra)'cwtilveL 'yuqodr[o oel(olrro rifov<r tcr, nou 6r.6g1ercl pxr xoQugrl eivcr, cno xcl xd0eroE en[ne66 BBe r1v eEi,ooon xi,v!oro rng. i,re rIS or;E rlv negio6o rtridltrooqg. xo.r rlg 10.26 H r)'dxa rry rioxrpry 10.25 ra]"aw6vercr, yiqcocn6 pt0 ni"eugo (pI. oX. 10.37). Beeir rnS rrtv eEiorllon xlr"4oqg rng xcl trp reqi.o6o rcldvrooqE q xcr.'uro),.oy[,ore 'ytrrvrcx{ mlrdluvoq ocv owdqrq0. on rI5 YtrrvicE
10.27 Acpul,i6l cxrivuE R e[vcr megecrlp6vo qdl36o oe cpel.rptaEpdEaE ox. 10.38).H or6oraon rou revreolj 01,. rou Ocxrul.r8rorl dn6 ro olplo avdQrrylg O eivcr, 2R. qE xlvrplE, r1v nep[o6o qE ta].dBge(re qv eEioroon xar w(l)olE yro [rxQriEytDvi,E rrl yeoul-lrxl rdxuqra rou onpslou A ocv ouvcqqoq Tou tt]'cToxE 00 ro.r rou Xe6vou.
zxnpa ru.J6

txiua t0.37

10.28 Kwlrxog bioxogoro-

relircr ond 2 rg4pcrc 1B]". (e ox?ipa 10.39).To 6vc ef,vcr, dr6 dQyi,Lro = 2.5 gr/cm3) xat ro dIIo cn6 p6trul36o(p = 10 gr/cm3). Bge(re ro tr6yo rtlv neqr.66rov xcrd rrry rc],,avrtooq rou 8loxou yriqo ar6 ra olpela A xor B. 10.29 Mur.gogl,err6E 6i,oxog oxrlvcg t xcl paLcg m elvct. oreqeoprivoEorrp urugdvelc c]'l.ol oioxou Uri(cg M wt o,xti",togR, drol <ilme ro x6vrQo xou plxqot vc Bgloxercl orqv neqrqdBen rou peydl.ou (0I. oX. 10.40).O peydlog 6loxog p:ropei,va rc)'cvrrilvercl 'yugtrrcno opr.(6vrlo d!ovc O. Enrpf:rougero oumqpc xcrd prxq{ ytrllc 0 ur6 q 06oq looqonicg xcl ro crpfvoupe.Bge[re c) rqv rcluqrc rou x6r.[Qourou prxQoubloxou xcgtbg nepvdelar6 q 06on 6oQQon[oE, rnv 0) qE x(vqoqE rdr qv nep(o6oqg rc]rnvror[[oroor; OTIE. 10.30 Mercll,lxo oreqavr pa(cg M xot axr,l

zxipa tO.39

zxipa lO.4O

TAAAN"Ta2EI'

249 vaE R i,va[rolllpdvo oro orlrrserx6 d].Lou perc].].r"pri(cg xcr oxri,vog2R. To ouxou orqcvrou trlg i,brcE orlpc i.vcr rono0er4pvooe oprlowlo srlinsbo (13L. oX. 10.41). ftproei1 rliooo4 rlE xivlo4E xor rl ]Tr Nc pi,o6oE rc)',cvror4g. rry 10.31 >e 6n1rltrt6l dxrivas R rar FdEaEM rrou p:roBeivc xrrtrei. yuetooro oerL6vr[odTol.aw6oer,g O rono0eroripe6uo oqpelaxfE gileg rn 1p1,. o1. lovc (t)E (n l(l)via q W(l)10.42) oupl.rrrerrd rreoErov oEova orrl). BQsiTe rnv rQlobo rqE rcl.cvroor;E xcL ro Loobrivcpo pr;xog. 10.32 Kuxl.r,x6gropfoE oxri,vogR, yovi,oE2q xoL pc(cE M (0I. oX. 10.43)rcl.cwrlvetcL lugto cno tov opr(6wlo clovc O xd0sro oro n[.fi66 Tou. >ro olO, A xcL B rono0eroupstrlxQS m. U.s(a tLdEeS BQirs ni,vqor1E r1v negiobornE rol.ovrrrlrqv eli.otoo4 r1E x<u, o45. 10.33 Opelev6gorpcrqrxovepl.orpc,cnopovtrrpvo oro btcorlpo, neqlorq6qetcr yuetr;on6 tov c[ovri rou p fielobo Ta. A6'yrrrpTcpolrj6qE oegpoxqcoloE To ve],rDpo oupnuxvtbverclxcr"o 6yxog rol 1i,\Erol ro ll21 tou cgllxori. Bqei.re v6c negi,obo 11 neprmpo<prlgT. 10.34 >e xr).lv6glx1 rQoxol.lo palug M xcl cxri,vcE R rivo.r. ruLrlgevo vnpa oTo dxqo rotr onoiou xerperol pri(c m. Xrrlv wegr,rp6ger,c rpoXcl.lcg ri,var" r;E orQ0op6vo o(')pcr(8roA. (fli,. oX. 10.44). ouorqtta To looeQ'onsl drcv 1 cxrlvc CA olqpcrllel yovic q pe rqv xcrcxoqug4. Anopcxgrrvoupreq 1rd!,am tri.1ocno rn 06on looeeoriog lror,ro ouorqpa cplt(eu vc r<r],<rfi6vero.r,. Tp!36E6rv unapXouv. Bpe rrlv le B[obo ire rtov pr,xgriv ra.)!0'wdjoeov.

>Xipd 10.41 O

, MI

,.8,E' I

txitlq 10.42

&
RIM

txipa 10.43

ZXry"a 10.44 10.35 Opolev4 aof]boE lroEoqm, rou xqdpertr oe 2 p1xouE0 tpl. o1. 10.45). orprqollv xord [rxeli ytuvi,aluptu i,oc v1pctc rrl

250

A'KH'EIz

0n6 xoTcxoeugo c(ovc, nou nepvo.er cn6 To xvrQo rnE C. Tor rtt v{po.rc anoxllvouv drro TIV xaT0.xoQu9rl 0or1 xo.ra lcovic q. T1 gc}i[ fl6o t1v arp{vouvleu0Qq duri xIe).e[ pnrQ6s rd].avr6oeLE.Yno),oylor c) rIV r[eio6orol 13) Inv v6Qye[a rtov rcl,cvrtboerr;v. 10.36 >rlpc pc[cE m :rou l3qiolercl oe ),elo oqL(6vrlo enke8o olvbercr p (t|3dQE vnpa p6oroonrtE oro enlrebo pe o6pc pcqag M nou xqpercr xctcxopucpc(ptr. oZ. 10.46).To m rLve [ro.l SLclqnqowcE xux).rx{ tqoXrc cxrivcg R. a) 1160[ rQrr vc. e[vcr q tzipa 10.46 T0xtrmd. Tou m d)ors ro M vo nQpi,i AnoSi,qre cv ro M percronlooei, 6rl l,(,yoornv vd0rn 6Lst0) 0uvon 0a xrel.6oer d]rl4 cgpovlxrl rdl.dvr(l)onxdr 0Q[r0 y(ovrari ouxvofll T1r0 ournErltE ra),cvrooqg. 10.37 Arlo cn)d. ei,,xqep1 cro vrlpcrc lrixolig Lt xcrL12 orroretroupvo xcr, ocpcigcE i5roE gc(aE rono0erouvrcrUr rarolo rgoro tiore or oqoiQrE rouE vc ecpcnrovrar 1rio p rnv c],],n xevrBlxd..H pfo afi6 rLEorpo.[qeg en q fiQlo6oE prxQ1yrovi,c. Nc xrQfrrror xoro xcl ccp{vero.u }.u0een. flqeOei. rcl.dvr(oolg rou oumllU.drog, or ]rQotoLE eo.v i,vdreLdorrxes. q 10.38 Na p-oe0ei o16oqfiou ouv66er rqv td.o1 rou vrlporoErou ontrou ox)lQpouE To lfilxouEl- raL pdEdEm oo.vouvdQrnol rou XQ6vou. exxqrgE p ro],owdvror oulrcp(ovd r! ox6onQ>cpncosaL