Eddy

Lecture 07
LES: Large Eddy Simulation g y

x
J.D. Lavers
Electrical & Computer Engineering
U i it f T t University of Toronto
J.D. LAVERS - Padua Intensive Course
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Lecture 07, Slide 1
Motivation
Previous Lectures - During the past several lectures:
The Navier-Stokes equations (conservation of mass The Navier Stokes equations (conservation of mass,
conservation of momentum) were introduced for low Reynolds
number laminar flow (Lecture 04).
Basic concepts related to turbulence and time averaging were Basic concepts related to turbulence and time averaging were
outlined (Lecture 05).
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) transport equation
models of turbulence were reviewed (Lecture 06).
x
models of turbulence were reviewed (Lecture 06).
Limitations of RANS modeling:
The Reynolds averaged approach only yields time averaged
l iti velocities.
Time averaging may eliminate important characteristics of the
actual turbulent flow, particularly for mixing.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Lecture 07, Slide 2
Objectives in Lecture 07
Introduce an important computational tool to explore time
aspects of turbulence: aspects of turbulence:
The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Method.
Currently, of significant research interest.
Th fl f LES There are many flavors of LES.
The method can be mathematically intense.
Primary Objective: To provide an overview of LES:
x
Primary Objective: To provide an overview of LES:
The key concepts.
A typical formulation.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Lecture 07, Slide 3
Presentation Outline
Motivation, Objectives and References
Large Eddy Simulation An Overview Large Eddy Simulation An Overview
Examples of State of the Art; RANS and LES Compared
Fundamental Concepts
The Energy Spectrum, Convolution and the Fourier Transform
An Introduction to LES
The Role of Filtering and Space Averaging
x
The Role of Filtering and Space Averaging
LES details
Closure, Reynolds Stress and Eddy Viscosity (sub-grid models)
A specific LES model
Summary
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Lecture 07, Slide 4
References I
Two texts providing a fully detailed mathematical
treatment are: treatment are:
P. Sagaut, Large Eddy Simulation of Incompressible Flows An
Introduction, 3
rd
ed., Berlin: Springer, 2004.
V John Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Incompressible V. John, Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Incompressible
Flows, Berlin: Springer, 2004.
Excellent reviews of the (relatively) current state-of-the-
t f t b l d li
x
art for turbulence modeling:
J.P.A.J. van Beeck, C. Benocci (eds.), Introduction to Turbulence
Modeling: March 22-26, 2004, Rhode Saint Genese: Von
Karman institute of Fluid Dynamics, 2004.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Lecture 07, Slide 5
References II
Additional reference texts on LES:
M. Lesieur, O. Mtais, Pi. Comte, Large Eddy Simulations of
T b l C b id C b id U i it P 2005 Turbulence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
F.F. Grinstein, L.G. Margolin, W.J. Rider, Implicit Large Eddy
Simulation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
X. Jiang, C.-H. Lai, Numerical Techniques for Direct and Large
Eddy Simulations, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2009.
The state of the art of EM coupled to LES is:
x
p
K. Takatani, Mathematical Modeling of Incompressible MHD
Flows with Free Surface, ISIJ Int., 47(4), pp. 545-551, 2007.
K. Takatani, Effects of Electromagnetic Brake and Meniscus K. Takatani, Effects of Electromagnetic Brake and Meniscus
Electromagnetic Stirrer on Transient Molten Steel Flow at
Meniscus in a Continuous Casting Mold, ISIJ Int., 43(6), pp.
915-922, 2003.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Lecture 07, Slide 6
References III
Also see:
B G Thomas R Chaudhary State of the Art in Electromagnetic B.G. Thomas, R. Chaudhary, State of the Art in Electromagnetic
Flo Control in Continuous Casting of Steel Slabs: Modeling and
Plant Validation, Proc. 6
th
Int. Conf. on EPM, pp. 9-14, Dresden,
Germany, Oct. 19-23, 2009. y, ,
Prof. Thomas is probably the leading expert on modeling slab
casting systems, mostly in the absence of EM fields.
Also Umbrashko et al, referred to in Lecture 05, Slide 16
x
Also Umbrashko et al, referred to in Lecture 05, Slide 16
Excellent summary of features available in commercial
code:
Fluent Reference Manual.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Lecture 07, Slide 7
LES: Large Eddy Simulation LES: Large Eddy Simulation
x
Examples of the State of the Art
An Overview
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Lecture 07, Slide 8
Takatani 2003: Slab Casting I
x
In the 2003 paper, Takatani described an electromagnetic model p p , g
that was fully coupled to a LES simulation of the turbulent flow,
including temperature effects and meniscus shape.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Lecture 07, Slide 9
Takatani 2003: Slab Casting II
x
Instantaneous vs time averaging
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Lecture 07, Slide 10
Instantaneous vs. time averaging
Takatani 2003: Slab Casting III
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Takatani 2007: Free Surface Shape
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Takatani 2007: Free Surface & EM Fields
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
LES: Large Eddy Simulation LES: Large Eddy Simulation
x
Examples of the State of the Art
An Overview
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Large Eddy Simulation Methods I
Turbulent flow is characterized by wide range of length
and time scales.
Large eddies: comparable to characteristic length scale of mean Large eddies: comparable to characteristic length scale of mean
flow.
Small eddies:dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy.
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS): solution of problem Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS): solution of problem
in time domain for full spectrum of length & time scales.
In principle possible, but prohibitive in expense.
R ti f l t ll l ti l t R
3/4
x
Ratio of large to small energy scales proportional to R
et
3/4
.
Ret is turbulent Reynolds number.
3D mesh size proportional to R
et
9/4
.
Conventional approach to turbulence modeling is
Reynolds averaging Navier Stokes (RANS) plus
transport for turbulence parameters.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Large Eddy Simulation Methods II
Large Eddy Simulation (LES) represents compromise
between (RANS) and (DNS).
Large eddies are resolved directly in (LES).
Small eddies are otherwise modeled.
Rational for (LES) is: Rational for (LES) is:
Momentum, mass, energy transported largely by large eddies.
Large eddies are problem dependent; i.e. functions of geometry
and boundary conditions
x
and boundary conditions.
Small eddies less dependent on global geometry, and thus can be
captured by a suitable universal model.
M h d ti l i (LES) d f it d Mesh and time scales in (LES) are an order of magnitude
or more less restrictive than in (DNS).
But fine meshes still required.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
q
Hybrid Methods
Detached Eddy Simulation (DES):
Ref.: P R Spalart Detached-Eddy Simulation Annual Review Ref.: P.R. Spalart, Detached Eddy Simulation , Annual Review
of Fluid Mechanics, 41, pp. 181-202, 2009.
Uses RANS near solid boundaries.
Turbulent stresses modeled using standard RANS models of Turbulent stresses modeled using standard RANS models of
turbulence (Lecture 06).
Does not provide information on dynamic structures near
walls
x
walls.
Used LES (far) away from solid boundaries.
One weakness is that the DES methods, to date, may be quite
iti t th id d sensitive to the grid used.
Finer grids may not necessarily be better: see Spalart 2009.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Key Difference: RANS vs. LES I
Averaging is at the heart of both approaches.
In RANS:
The velocity component u
i
is assumed to have two components:
The NS equations are averaged in effect with respect to time
' u u u
i i i
+ =
The NS equations are averaged, in effect, with respect to time
and solved for the average velocities (the u
i
bar term).
The u
i
prime terms are the
fl t ti b t th
x
fluctuations about the mean
and contribute to the Reynolds
stresses:
j i ij
u u = t
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Key Difference: RANS vs. LES II
In LES:
Averaging is also Averaging is also
performed to
separate the
low frequency q y
variations from
those at higher.
Filtering in time
x
g
is illustrated in
the figure to the
right.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Key Difference: RANS vs. LES III
Further, in LES:
The key issue is how to represent the low and high frequency
fluctuations.
The NS equations are averaged, in effect, with respect to space, and
solved in time.
The averaging process is basically that of filtering in the Fourier
Transform sense.
The averaging captures the low frequency variations.
x
g g p q y
The key to this process will be to work in the spatial frequency domain.
Averaging also gives rise to terms that are similar to the Reynolds
stresses in RANS.
These stresses will be represented by a model that, in effect, attempts to
capture the high frequency variations.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Key Difference: RANS vs. LES IV
LES: Attempts to capture aspects of the large structures in
time; the small structures are modeled.
RANS: Average velocity; large + small structures modeled.
Instantaneous
velocity distribution.
x
Average distribution w.r.t.
Vertical position.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Fundamental Concepts Fundamental Concepts
x
Energy Spectrum of Turbulence
Convolution and the Fourier Transform
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Energy Spectrum of Turbulence I
Turbulence can be characterized in time and space:
Time: frequency associated with a particular velocity time Time: frequency associated with a particular velocity time
variation or scale.
Space: frequencies associated with an eddy dimension
t t = e / 2
Space: frequencies associated with an eddy dimension .
The energy associated with the spatial scales of
t t = e / 2 A t = k / 2
x
turbulence is E().
Energy is generated at low values of (large values of ).
Energy is dissipated at large values of (low values of ) Energy is dissipated at large values of (low values of ).
A representative spectrum is shown on the next slide.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Energy Spectrum of Turbulence II
Kolmogorov postulates that:
3 / 5 3 / 2
C ) ( E

C
K
is the Kolmogorov constant (in range 1.4 2.2).
: rate of energy dissipation.
3 / 5 3 / 2
K
C ) ( E k c = k
E() is central to the discussion of LES methods.
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Fundamental Concepts Fundamental Concepts
x
Energy Spectrum of Turbulence
Convolution and the Fourier Transform
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Review: Convolution, Fourier Transform I
Convolution and the Fourier Transform play key roles in
LES modeling. LES modeling.
Both are briefly reviewed before discussing LES in more
detail.
Note that convolution and the Fourier transform may be
applied either in time or space.
Convolution In 1D for simplicity and using conventional
x
Convolution - In 1D, for simplicity and using conventional
notation from time domain signal processing:
) t ( h * ) t ( d ) t ( h ) ( ) (
}
) t ( h * ) t ( x d ) t ( h ) ( x ) x ( y = t t t =
}

Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Review: Convolution, Fourier Transform II
Fourier Transform In 1D time domain, the Fourier
Transform pair is: Transform pair is:
} }

e

e
= e e e
t
= dt e ) t ( x ) j ( X d e ) j ( X
2
1
) t ( x
t j t j
The FT of a pulse in time becomes a sinc function in the
frequency domain.
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Review: Convolution, Fourier Transform III
Convolution under a Fourier Transform: Convolution of
two signals in the time domain corresponds to the two signals in the time domain corresponds to the
multiplication of the corresponding Fourier Transforms in
the frequency domain.
) j ( X ) j ( H ) j ( Y ) ( * ) ( h ) (
This explicitly shows the filtering effect in the frequency
domain when H(j) is bandwidth limited
) j ( X ) j ( H ) j ( Y ) t ( x * ) t ( h ) t ( y e e = e =
x
domain when H(j) is bandwidth limited.
The Fourier Transform for three typical filters used with
LES are shown in the following figures.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Fourier Transform Ideal Bandpass
x
2 / | | f / 1 ) ( G A A
2 / k
) 2 / k sin(
) k ( G
A
A
= A
otherwise 0
2 / | x | for / 1 ) x ( G
=
A s A =
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Fourier Transform Gaussian Filter
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Fourier Transform Sinc Function
The sync filter function in time results in a sharp cutoff in the
frequency domain.
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
An Introduction to LES An Introduction to LES
x
The Role of Filtering
A Reminder of the N-S Equations
S A i th N S E ti Space Averaging the N-S Equations
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Large Eddy Simulation Filtering I
Filtering is a key component of (LES).
Essentially a manipulation of the N-S Equations to remove y p q
eddies smaller than a given size.
Creates additional terms that must be eliminated by a suitable
closure scheme (as with Reynolds stresses).
Filtering may be on the basis of (I) the eddy wave number or (ii)
the grid characteristics.
Eddies smaller than a limiting wave number or grid spacing are
filtered out
x
filtered out.
The filtered value of the parameter | is defined by:
) x ( * ) x ( G x d ) x x ( G ) x ( ) x ( | =
' '
'
| = |
}
This is simply the convolution of two signals in a 1D space,
where G(x,x) is the filter function.
) x ( ) x ( G x d ) x x ( G ) x ( ) x (
D
| = | = |
}
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Large Eddy Simulation - Filtering II
In the filter expression:
D is the fluid domain
G( ) i th filt f ti th t d t i th l f th G(x,x') is the filter function that determines the scale of the
resolved eddies.
NOTE: The FV discretization implicitly provides a filtering
ti operation:
where AV is the volume of the computational cell.
V x x d
V
1
x x
V
A e
' '
A
'
| =
'
|
}
A
, ) ( ) (
x
p
V x 0 ) x ( G
V x , V / 1 ) x ( G
A e =
A e A =
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Large Eddy Simulation - Filtering III
Resolved: captured directly by
solving N-S equations.
Subgrid: incorporated via a turbu Subgrid: incorporated via a turbu-
lence model; e.g. Reynolds stress.
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Reminder: Forms of the N-S Eq
n
s. I
Prior to developing the space averaged N-S equations, it
is useful to recall the basic N-S forms that have been is useful to recall the basic N S forms that have been
previously developed:
0 u
c
= V
f ) u ( p
u D
f u p u ) u (
t
u
2
+ V V + V =
+ V + V = V +
c
c
x
f p ) u u (
t
u
f ) u ( p
Dt
+ t V + V = V +
c
c
+ V V + V =
The latter form follows from:
t c
0 u u ) u ( u ) u ( u ) u ( ) u u ( = V V = V + V = V


Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
Reminder: Forms of the N-S Eq
n
s. II
To simplify notation, it is convenient to use the N-S
equations in component form: equations in component form:
i
j
i
j j j
j i
i
f
x
u
x x
p
x
) u u (
t
) u (
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
. \
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Space Averaged Navier-Stokes Eq
n
s. I
The core of the LES formulation is to develop space
averaged forms of the equations.
Recall RANS was based on an ensemble, or time-averaged, for
of the equations.
Space averaging filtering of u and p (velocity and Space averaging filtering of u and p (velocity and
pressure).
Filtered values are , u bar and p bar.
A l fil N S i b i b
) p , u (
i
x
Apply same filter to N-S equations to obtain system to be
solved for u bar and p bar.
Necessary assumptions in derivation: Necessary assumptions in derivation:
Differentiation and averaging commute.
Reynolds stress term can be modeled.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
n
s. II
Let the velocity components and pressure be
decomposed into large scale (space averaged) and decomposed into large scale (space averaged) and
subgrid scale (turbulent) terms:
' p p p ' u u u
i i i
+ = + =
bar denotes the space averaged large scale component.
prime denotes the subgrid component that incorporates small
scale turbulence.
x
When filtering is applied to the velocity and pressure (i.e.
to the N-S equations), it is assumed that:
The filter is linear: The filter is linear:
b a b a + = +
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
n
s. III
Derivatives and averages commute:
i
i
u u c c
The averaging denoted in this equation, in LES, is generally
convolution with a suitable low pass filter
j
i
j
i
u
u
u
u
c
c
=
c
c
convolution with a suitable low pass filter.
Applying the filtering (i.e. averaging) process to the N-S
equations, yields:
x
f
x
u
x x
p
) u u (
x
) u (
t
i
j
i
j j
j i
j
i
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
0
x
u
j
i
=
c
c
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
n
s. IV
Note that unlike RANS, the time derivative is not averaged
to zero.
Note also the term . . This term will provide coupling
between the large scale and the subgrid scale
components of velocity.
j i
u u
components of velocity.
Term 1: Convection of large eddies driven by themselves.
' u ' u u ' u ' u u u u u u
j i
j
i j
i j i
j i
+ + + =
x
Term 2, Term 3: Interaction of large scale and subgrid scale
components.
Term 4: Subgrid scale describing the extraction of energy by the
small eddies.
These terms represent the so-called Closure Problem as it relates
to LES.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
LES Detailed Considerations LES Detailed Considerations
x
Bounded vs. Unbounded Domains
The Closure Problem
R ld St d Edd Vi it Reynolds Stress and Eddy Viscosity
(Model of the Sub-Grid Term)
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Unbounded vs. Bounded Domains
The previously derived space averaged equation strictly
only applied for unbounded domains. only applied for unbounded domains.
Only in such domains does the commutative property apply.
In bounded domains, commutation gives rise to an extra
tterm.
Neglecting this term Commutation Error.
See Paul (2004) for discussion of this error.
x
( )
Compensation for the Commutation Error can be achieved by
using special wall models.
Sagaut (2004) discusses this issue Sagaut (2004) discusses this issue.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Closure Problem
The closure problem requires that models be derived for
the terms, modeling them in terms of the space
j i
u u
, g p
averaged velocity components and pressure.
An excellent review of various approaches to closure is
given in John (2004) Chapter 4
j i
given in John (2004), Chapter 4.
Two basic approaches are found in the literature:
Use of an eddy viscosity model to approximate a Reynolds stress
x
y y pp y
term that models .
Approximate in the Fourier Transform (i.e. wave number)
space.
j i
u u
j i
u u
p
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
LES Detailed Considerations LES Detailed Considerations
x
Bounded vs. Unbounded Domains
The Closure Problem
R ld St d Edd Vi it Reynolds Stress and Eddy Viscosity
(Model for the Sub-Grid Term)
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Reynolds Stress - Eddy Viscosity in LES I
In the eddy viscosity approach, the space averaged N-S
equation is written as: equation is written as:
i
j
ij
j
i
j i
j i
j
i
f
x x
u
x x
p
) u u (
x
) u (
t
+
c
t c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
Here, t
ij
is the sub-grid scale Reynolds stress:
In effect the Reynolds stresses incorporate the subgrid
j i
j i ij
u u u u t
x
In effect, the Reynolds stresses incorporate the subgrid
scale stresses.
The Reynolds stress term, in this form, cannot be directly used.
The various eddy viscosity approaches in LES differ in terms of
the model used to represent the Reynolds stress terms.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Reynolds Stress - Eddy Viscosity in LES II
The majority of the eddy viscosity models of the form:
S 2
1
o

t
is the sub-grid scale turbulent viscosity, and
ij
ij kk ij
S 2
3
t
= o t t
b d t i d i f l d l (S i k
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
2
1
S
x

t
can be determined using one of several models (Smagorinsky
- Lilly, RNG).
Ref: (1) J. Smagorinsky, General Circulation Experiments with the
Primitive Equations: I The Basic Equations, Month. Weath. Rev., 91, Primitive Equations: I The Basic Equations , Month. Weath. Rev., 91,
pp. 99-164, 1963. (2) D.K. Lilly, On the Application of the Eddy
Viscosity Concept in the Inertial Subrange of Turbulence, NCAR
Manuscript 123, 1966.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Smagorinsky-Lilly Model
In this model:
S L
2
s t
=
s t

ij ij
S S 2 S =
L
s
is the mixing length for subgrid scales:
where k is the von Karman constant, d is the distance to the
( )
3 1
s s
V C d L
/
, min k =
x
,
closest wall, V is the volume and C
s
is the Smagorinsky constant
(value depends on the nature of the flow).
This is one of the models included in the LES version This is one of the models included in the LES version
found in Fluent.
Other options are possible - see Paul (2004).
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Renormalization Group (RNG) Model
Ref: A. Yakhot, S.A. Orszag, V. Yakhot, M. Israeli, Renormalization Group
Formulation of Large Eddy Simulation, J. Sci. Comp., 4, pp, 139-159, 1989.
The effective sub grid viscisity is given by:
| | x H 1
3 1
t eff
) (
/
+ = + =
0 x 0
0 x x x H
ff
2
,
, ) (

s =
> =
x
157 0 C where S S 2 V C
100 C typically where C x
rng ij ij
3 1
rng s
3
eff s
. ) (
/
= =
=

=
For highly turbulent flows, the RNG model reduces to the
Smagorinsky-Lilly with a different constant.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
A Specific LES Model A Specific LES Model
x
Fourier Transform Space Modeling
The Filter Approximation
Th I T f The Inverse Transform
Model for the Sub-Grid Term
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Fourier Transform Space Modeling I
Again, consider in terms of its components:
j i
u u
' u ' u u ' u ' u u u u u u
j i
j
i j
i j i
j i
+ + + =
Essentially, the same procedure is applied to each of the
four terms.
N t th t th 4
th
t (th b l d t t ) i
u u u u u u u u u u
j i
j
i j
i j i
j i
+ + +
Note that the 4
th
term (the subscale product term) requires
special treatment and will be covered in a separate subsection.
Two common filters used are the ideal low pass and the
x
Gaussian filters (discussed previously).
Noting that the filtering is simply convolution, with G(x)
denoting a suitable filter characteristic: denoting a suitable filter characteristic:
) t , x ( u * ) x ( G ) t , x ( u
i
i
=
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Fourier Transform Space Modeling II
The large scale and the cross terms (Terms 1 3) are all
treated in the same fashion: treated in the same fashion:
Determine the Fourier Transforms .
Approximate the transform of u
i
by a transform of , if
necessary
i
u
necessary.
Approximate the Fourier Transform of the filter, if necessary.
Neglect higher order terms, if using a Gaussian filter.
x
Perform the inverse transform.
Recall the convolution multiplication duality in time and
frequency: frequency:
) v ( * ) u ( ) y ( ) x ( v ) x ( u ) x ( y
) u ( ) G ( ) y ( ) x ( u * ) x ( G ) x ( y
= =
= =
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Fourier Transform Space Modeling III
To illustrate, consider the Fourier Transform of the large
scale term. Working in terms of Fourier Transforms, scale term. Working in terms of Fourier Transforms,
recall the definition of the large scale average:
) u ( ) G ( ) u ( ) t , x ( u * ) x ( G ) t , x ( u
i
i
i
i
= =
In Fourier transform space, the large scale average
product term is:
)] ( * ) ( )[ G ( ) ( ) G ( ) (
x
Similarly:
)] u ( * ) u ( )[ G ( ) u u ( ) G ( ) u u (
j i j i j i
= =
)] ' u ( * ) u ( )[ G ( ) ' u u ( ) G ( ) ' u u (
j
i
j
i
j
i
= =
)] u ( * ) ' u ( )[ G ( ) u ' u ( ) G ( ) u ' u (
)] u ( ) u ( )[ G ( ) u u ( ) G ( ) u u (
j
i
j
i j i
j
i
j
i
j
i
= =

Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Fourier Transform Space Modeling IV
It is necessary to obtain an expression for subgrid scale
transforms in terms of the large scale variations. Note: transforms in terms of the large scale variations. Note:
By definition:
) G (
) u (
) u (
) G (
) G (
) u (
i
i i
=
Consequently:
) ' u ( ) u ( ) u ( ' u u u
i
i
i i
i
i
+ = + =
) u ( 1
1
) ' u (
(
(
=
x
This is the desired transform of the subgrid variations, as
expressed in terns of the transform of the large scale
) u ( 1
) G (
) u (
i
i

(
=
expressed in terns of the transform of the large scale
averages.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Fourier Transform Space Modeling V
Finally, the transform of the cross product terms can be
written as:
(
| |
written as:
(
(

|
|
|
|

(
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
) ( * ) ( 1
1
) G ( ) ' (
) u ( 1
) G (
1
* ) u ( ) G ( ) ' u u (
j i
j
i
In order for these results to be useful, they must be
i t f d
(

|
|
.
= ) u ( * ) u ( 1
) G (
) G ( ) u ' u (
j i j
i
x
inverse transformed.
The inverse transform requires that the filter
characteristic and transform be approximated. characteristic and transform be approximated.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Filter Approximation I
Paul (2004), Section 4.2, provides
an excellent description of how an
1D Gaussian filter for = 1.0
and = 0.5
approximate model is developed for
the large scale and interaction
terms.
The case of a Gaussian filter is
used where, for 1D:
|
|
|

|
|
|

2
2 / 1
e p ) ( G
x
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
=
|
.
\
o
|
.
\
to
=
2
2
2
2 2
k
4
exp ) G (
x exp ) x ( G
is a constant that is normally set
equal to 6.
. \
4
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Filter Approximation II
A key step in taking the inverse transform of the large
l d i t ti t i t i t th filt scale and interaction terms is to approximate the filter
function.
To illustrate, consider the 1D Gaussian filter and expand To illustrate, consider the 1D Gaussian filter and expand
in a Taylor series:
) ( O
4
1 ) G (
4 2
2
o + o
k
=
x
) ( O
4
1
) G (
1
4
4 2
2
o + o
k
+ =
Taking the first two terms provides a simple algebraic

approximation. (See next slide).
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Filter Approximation III
Taylor series approximation to the Gaussian filter and its
transform for =1.
The limitations are obvious. Note: y in figure in these notes.
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Filter Approximation IV
The Taylor series approx-
imation was simple, but
Rational fraction approximation
to the Gaussian filter.
inaccurate expect for small y.
Using a rational approximation
to the exponential in the
Note: y in figure in these
notes.
Gaussian filter:
) x a ( O
ax 1
1
e
2 2 ax
+
+
=
x
) ( O
4
y
1
1
) G (
4
2
2
o +
o
+
=
) ( O
4
y
1
) G (
1
4 2
2
o + o
+ =

Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Inverse Transform I
In obtaining the inverse transform for the large scale and
cross coupling terms, the following FT result is used:
To simplify, consider the Taylor series approximation to
the filter transform
)) ( ' ' f ( )) ( f ( )) ( ' f ( j )) ( f (
2
k = k k k = k k
the filter transform.
It follows from previous results that:
|
|
|
|
k
o
) ( 1 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
u u u u G u u
x
|
|
|
|
c
c
o
+ =
|
|
.
\
k
= =
) (
4
) ( ) (
) (
4
1 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 2
2
j i j i j i
j i j i j i
u u u u u u
u u u u G u u
|
.
\
c
) (
4
) ( ) (
2
j
j
j j
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Inverse Transform II
In compact vector form, where bold denotes a vector:
)) u u ( ( ) u u ( ) u u (
2
2
V
o
+
In a similar fashion, the cross coupling terms become:
)) u u ( (
4
) u u ( ) u u ( V
+ =
(
(
|
|
|
|
k
o
|
|
|
|
k
o
) ( * ) ( 1 ) ' (
2
2
2
2
u u u u
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
k
o
|
|
.
|
\
|
k
o
=
(
|
|
.
\
k
|
|
.
\
k
=
) ( * ) (
4 4
1 ) ' (
) (
4
* ) (
4
1 ) ' (
2
2
2
2
u u u u
u u u u
x
These can be simplified by:
N l i i
4
hi h
(
|
.
\

|
.
\

) ( ) (
4 4
) (
Neglecting terms in
4
or higher.
Noting that the equality between the convolution of two
transforms and the transform of the product.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Inverse Transform III
Therefore:
) ) (( ) ' ( )) ( ( ) ' (
2
2
2
2
u u u u u u u u V
o
V
o
)) ( (
4
) ( ) (
) ) ((
4
) ' ( )) ( (
4
) ' (
2
2
u u u u u u
u u u u u u u u
V
o
+ =
V
= V
=
Taking the inverse transform:

u u u u u u u u u u u u u u ) ( ' ) ( ' ) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
V
o
= V
o
= V
o
+ =
x
In each case, the result is in term of the large scale average, plus
factors that relate to the filter (and grid) width.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u ) (
4
) (
4
) (
4
V
+
( g )
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Inverse Transform IV
Note that:
) 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
u u u u u u u u V V = V V V

Therefore, the three terms (large eddy, cross coupling)
become:
) ) ( ) ( ) (
2
Paul (2004) provides details on using other filter
i ti (2
nd
d 4
th
d ti l f ti )
u u u u u u u u u u V V
o
+ ~ + +

2
' '
2
x
approximations (2
nd
and 4
th
order rational functions).
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
x
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Model for the Subgrid Term I
The FT can also be used to approximate the subgrid
term; i.e. .
' ' u u
This terms is very important since it represents:
The turbulence scales that are not directly resolved directly in the
LES formulation.
The eddy dissipation.
Paul (2004), Section 4.3 shows that this term presents
serious problems if a FT approach is used to
x
serious problems if a FT approach is used to
approximate it:
Using a 2
nd
order approximation to , it is found that is 4
th
) (G ' ' u u
order in . Consequently, .
Boundary condition issues arise when higher order
approximations are used.
0 ' ' ~ u u
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Model for the Subgrid Term II
The Smagorinsky model does not provide a solution.
It is 2
nd
order in contradicting the FT results for the first 3 It is 2 order in , contradicting the FT results for the first 3
terms, which are also 2
nd
order in .
Paul (2004) describes the Iliescu-Layton approach which
is 3
rd
order is 3
rd
order.
Basis of model is that turbulent diffusion parameter (turbulent
viscosity for subgrid features) should be based on mean kinetic
f ll ddi
x
energy of small eddies.
It is suggested, using some FT results, that the turbulence
parameter for subgrid scale phenomena is:
|| u || C
2
3
S T
V
o
=
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009
Summary and Conclusions
This lecture has provided an overview of the LES
approach to turbulence modeling. approach to turbulence modeling.
The key concepts of space averaging and sub-grid
modeling were reviewed.
Space averaging and filtering is used to capture the time
influence of large eddies.
Sub-grid modeling is used to capture small eddy influences in
x
terms of an effective viscosity.
A specific implementation of LES, based on the Fourier
Transform and filtering was described Transform and filtering, was described.
Oct. 26 Nov. 13, 2009

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Lecture 07

LES: Large Eddy Simulation g y

J.D. LAVERS - Padua Intensive Course

Taking the first two terms provides a simple algebraic

J.D. LAVERS - Padua Intensive Course

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