Capitolul IX

&$5$&7(5,=$5($ 67$7,67,& $&7,9,7 $ (),&,(1 (,

,, (&2120,&(

#52'%6' )'0'4#.'

&UHWHUHD

HFRQRPLF

VH

UHDOL]HD]

VXE

DF LXQHD

XQRU

IDFWRUL

GH

QDWXU

FDQWLWDWLY

FDOLWDWLY  ,Q SULPD FDWHJRULH DYHP vQ YHGHUH GLPHQVLXQHD IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH UHVSHFWLY YROXPXO UHVXUVHORU QDWXUDOH DOH FDSLWDOXOXL L SRWHQ LDOXOXL XPDQ DWUDVH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD HFRQRPLF  LDU vQ FHO

de-DO GRLOHD FD] DYHP vQ YHGHUH HILFLHQ D IRORVLULL DFHVWRUD vQ SURGXF LH Q FRQGL LLOH FDUDFWHUXOXL WRW mai limitat al resuUVHORU FDUH SRW IL DWUDVH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD HFRQRPLF  FUHWH LPSRUWDQ D HILFLHQ HL
XWLOL] ULL IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD FUHWHULL HFRQRPLFH (VHQ D HILFLHQ HL HFRQRPLFH FRQVW vQ RE LQHUHD GH HIHFWH XWLOH UH]XOWDWH PD[LPH OD XQ

anumit niveO GH FRQVXP GH UHVXUVH minim de consum de resurse (efort).

'DWRULW FRPSOH[LW LL

HIRUW VDX DFHOHDL HIHFWH XWLOH UH]XOWDWH OD XQ DQXPLW QLYHO D HILFLHQ HL HFRQRPLFH FXDQWLILFDUHD L DQDOL]D VD VXQW

GHRVHELWH

SRVLELOH QXPDL vQ FRQGL LLOH XQXL VLVWHP G DFFHSWDW vQ OLWHUDWXUD HFRQRPLF  1X H[LVW FRPSOH[ HILFLHQ D HFRQRPLF 

e indicatori; acesta este un principiu aproape unanim

XQ VLQJXU LQGLFDWRU FDUH V FDUDFWHUL]H]H FRPSOHW L FXSULQG  LQGLFDWRUL GH

3RUQLQG GH OD FRQ LQXWXO HILFLHQ HL VLVWHPXO GH LQGLFDWRUL WUHEXLH V

UH]XOWDWH LQGLFDWRUL GH HIRUW LQGLFDWRUL GH UHOD LL GLQWUH UH]XOWDWH L HIRUWXUL L DQXPH UHOD LL GH

forma: "rezultate/efort; efort/rezultate"; rezultate/rezultate"; "efort/efort".

/D GHWHUPLQDUHD HILFLHQ HL WUHEXLH UHDOL]DW SHQWUX RE LQHUHD VD LDU XQXL HIRUW V R FRUHVSRQGHQ vQ WLPS L VSD LX D LQGLFDWRDUHORU GH HIHFW FX FHL GH HIRUW $FHDVWD SUHVXSXQH FD XQXL DQXPLW HIHFW V

-i fie atribuit tot efortul depus -L ILH DWULEXLW QXPDL HIHFWXO RE LQXW SULQ XWLOL]DUHD VD
HIHFWXO XWLO FX HIRUWXO LQWHJUDO GHSXV SHQWUX RE LQHUHD VD VH HIHFWXO XWLO FX DQXPLWH HOHPHQWH GH HIRUW VH RE LQ LQGLFDWRUL FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F VH DWULEXLH XQ HIHFW RE LQXW SULQ DF LXQHD HIHFWXO 

n condL LLOH
SDU LDOL GH HILFLHQ FRQMXJDW

vQ FDUH VH FRPSDU

RE LQH XQ LQGLFDWRU JOREDO GH HILFLHQ  D F URU GHILFLHQ

Q FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH VH FRPSDU

D HOHPHQWHORU GH HIRUW XQXL VLQJXU HOHPHQW GH HIRUW FRQVLGHUkQGX VH DUELWUDU F

s-DU RE LQH QXPDL FX HOHPHQWXO UHVSHFWLY GH HIRUW Efectul VH H[SULP  GH RELFHL FX DMXWRUXO
HFRQRPLFL SURGXF LD EUXW  FLIUD GH DIDFHUL

LQGLFDWRULORU GH UH]XOWDWH OD QLYHOXO DJHQ LORU DG XJDW EUXW VDX QHW  H[FHGHQWXO GH

YDORDUHD

exploatare, profitul etc.

Q FHHD FH SULYHWH GH SURGXF LH PXQF  FDSLWDO

efortul vQ SULPXO UkQG VXEOLQLHP F QDWXU  SXWkQGX-VH GHWHUPLQD

DYHP vQ YHGHUH L IDSWXO F H[SULP HIRUWXULOH LQL LDOH

HO VH VWUXFWXUHD] HILFLHQ D

SH SULQFLSDOLL IDFWRUL ILHF UXL IDFWRU GH HIRUWXO DF LRQHD] RFXSDWH QXP UXO

IRORVLULL

SURGXF LH vQ SDUWH 7UHEXLH V vQ WLPS L VSD LX L VH SUH]LQW 0 ULPLOH GH VWRF

HOHPHQWHOH FDUH H[SULP UHVSHFWLY UHVXUVHOH

FD P ULPL GH VWRF L P ULPL GH IOX[ PD[LP GLVSRQLELO PLMORDFHOH IL[H PLMORDFHOH FLUFXODQWH FRQVXPXO FXUHQW DO UHVXUVHORU SHQWUX IRU D GH PXQF  VDX WLPS GH PXQF HIHFWLY

VDODULD LORU IRQGXO GH WLPS GH PXQF 0 ULPLOH GH IOX[ H[SULP RFXSDWH UHVSHFWLY IRQGXO GH

HIRUWXULOH FXUHQWH FDUH HYLGHQ LD]

VDODUL]DUH

DPRUWL] ULOH SHQWUX PLMORDFHOH IL[H FRQVXPXULOH GH PDWHULDOH SHQWUX PLMORDFHOH FLUFXODQWH HWF

CRUHVSXQ]

WRU ILHF UHL HOHPHQW FDUH LQWU

vQ FRPSRQHQ D HIRUWXULORU LQL LDOH VDX HIRUWXULOH FXUHQWH VH LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG PRGXO GH XWLOL]DUH D

SRW FDOFXOD LQGLFDWRUL SDU LDOL GH HILFLHQ

 LQGLFDWRUL FDUH RIHU

componentelor respective.

Q WHRULD L SUDFWLFD HFRQRPLF  HILFLHQ D HFRQRPLF $VWIHO GDF OX P vQ FRQVLGHUDUH QXPDL IDFWRULL PXQF

VH H[SULP  vQ VSHFLDO SULQ UHOD LL GH UXL IDFWRU L FDSLWDO L QRW P

forma "efect/efort", determinndu-VH DVWIHO SURGXFWLYLWDWHD ILHF Y - efectul economic (produc LD K - factorul capital L - IDFWRUXO PXQF putem determina: - productivittea capitalului (WK ):

WK =

Y K

(9.1)

- productivitatea muncii (WL ):

WM =

Y L

(9.2)
SH XQLWDWHD GH HIRUW SURGXFWLYLWDWHD VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD L FD SURGXFWLYLWDWH PDUJLQDO  D FDSLWDOXOXL

$VWIHO GH UHOD LL FRQGXF OD GHWHUPLQDUHD HIHFWXOXL SURGXF LHL RE LQXW 6XEOLQLHP IDSWXO F

- SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PDUJLQDO

(WMK )

WMK =

Y K

(9.3)

UHVSHFWLY VSRUXO SURGXF LHL RE LQXW SULQ VSRULUHD FX R XQLWDWH D IDFWRUXOXL FDSLWDO FHLODO L

factori de SURGXF LH VXQW FRQVLGHUD L FRQVWDQ L - SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PDUJLQDO D PXQFLL (WML )

WML =

Y L

(9.4)
FHLODO L

UHVSHFWLY VSRUXO GH SURGXF LH RE LQXW SULQ FUHWHUHD FX D XQLWDWH D IDFWRUXOXL PXQF IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH VXQW FRQVLGHUD L FRQVWDQ L

n analizele HFRQRPLFH SHQWUX H[SULPDUHD HILFLHQ HL HFRQRPLFH VH XWLOL]HD] L UHOD LL GH forma "efort/efort", determinndu-VH DVWIHO LQGLFDWRUL DL QHFHVDUXOXL  $FHWL LQGLFDWRUL HYLGHQ LD] necesarul dintr-XQ IDFWRU GH SURGXF LH HIRUW SHQWUX RE LQHUHD XQHL XQLW L GH SURGXF LH HIHFW
3HQWUX GH]YROWDUHD DQDOL]HL HFRQRPLFH VH HOHPHQW SRW XWLOL]D L LQGLFDWRUL LQWU vQ FRPSRQHQ D GH WLS HIHFWHIHFW RFXSDWH L VDX

"efort/efort".
'HFL FRUHVSRQGHQ D ILHF UXL FDUH UHVXUVHORU FRQVXPDWH VH SRW FDOFXOD LQGLFDWRUL SDU LDOL GH HILFLHQ  LQGLFDWRUL FDUH RIHU LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG PRGXO GH XWLOL]DUH D FRPSRQHQWHORU UHVSHFWLYH $FHWL LQGLFDWRUL VXQW FRQWUDGLFWRULL L SRW GHQDWXUD UHDOLWDWHD SULQ DWULEXLUHD VXFFHVLY  D HIHFWXOXL LQWHJUDO ILHF UHL UHVXUVH OXDWH vQ SDUWH )DSWXO F HOHPHQWHOH SHQWUX FDUH VH FDOFXOHD] QHFHVLW UHXQLUHD WXWXURU LQGLFDWRULL SDU LDOL GH HILFLHQ vQWU XQ QX DF LRQHD] HIRUW FDUH V LQGHSHQGHQW VWHD OD ED]D FRPSRQHQWHORU VLQJXU  LQGLFDWRU GH

GHWHUPLQ ULL XQXL LQGLFDWRU VLQWHWLF JOREDO GH HILFLHQ Q OLWHUDWXUD HFRQRPLF D IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH

VH SURSXQ R VHULH GH LQGLFDWRUL JOREDOL GLQWUH FDUH DPLQWLP

- HILFLHQ
Y K +L

D JOREDO

(9.5)

respectiv
Y CF +CC+L

(9.6)

n care: CF - capital fix, CC - capital circulant. Elementele de efRUW VXQW H[SULPDWH

J VL L FRHILFLHQ L GH WUDQVIRUPDUH FDUH V IDF

vQ XQLW

L GH P VXU

GLIHULWH XQLW

L PRQHWDUH SHQWUX

FDSLWDO QXP U GH SHUVRDQH SHQWUX IDFWRULORU PXQF  3HQWUX XWLOL]DUHD UHOD LLORU  VDX  WUHEXLH vQVXPDELOH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH GH PXQF  H[SULP SULQ IRQGXO GH VDODULL HILFLHQ D FRQVXPXOXL FXUHQW GH IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH FRQVXPXO GH PLMORDFH FLUFXODQWH

(FS):

&0& FRQVXPXO GH FDSLWDO IL[ $P L FRQVXPXO GH IRU

Y CMC+Am+F S

(9.7)
FX GHWHUPLQDUHD HIRUWXOXL JOREDO WRWDO YRP SUH]HQWD SULQFLSDOHOH SUREOHPH SULYLQG FDOFXOXO L DQDOL]D HILFLHQ HL L FDSLWDO SUHFXP L PRGDOLW LOH GH HYLGHQ LHUH D UHQWDELOLW LL XQXL DJHQW

Q FD]XO DFHVWHL UHOD LL HOHPHQWHOH GH HIRUW VXQW H[SULPDWH YDORULF L QX VH SXQ SUREOHPH GHRVHELWH vQ OHJ WXU Q FRQWLQXDUH

XWLOL] ULL IDFWRULORU PXQF

economic.
 +0&+%#614++ 5+06'6+%+ #+ '(+%+'0 (14 '+ &' /70%
L FDUDFWHUL]DW HILFLHQ D XWLOL] ULL IRU HL HVWH H[SULPDW PXQF GLQDPLFLL FX

'+ 76+.+<4++

,QGLFDWRULL VWDWLVWLFL FX DMXWRUXO F URUD HVWH P VXUDW GH PXQF DMXWRUXO FRQVWLWXLH R FRPSRQHQW SURGXFWLYLW XQRU LL PXQFLL SULQFLSDO (ILFLHQ D HFRQRPLF FDOFXODUHD LQGLFDWRUL FX FDUH HVWH FKHOWXLW &DUDFWHUL]DUHD FDUH V VWDWLVWLFL

D VLVWHPXOXL GH LQGLFDWRUL DL HILFLHQ HL HFRQRPLFH R DQXPLW HILFLHQ HL FDQWLWDWH GH PXQF XWLOL] ULL IRU HL GH L QLYHOXOXL SUHVXSXQ

DVLJXUH

FXQRDWHUHD

DFHVWHLD

SUHFXP L P VXUDUHD FX DMXWRUXO XQRU PHWRGH VWDWLVWLFH DGHFYDWH D FRQWULEX LHL IDFWRULORU FDUH DX GHWHUPLQDW PRGLILF ULOH vQ WLPS L vQ VSD LX DOH DFHVWHL

a.
GH HILFLHQ  3ULQFLSDOD DWULEXLH UH]XOWDWXO WRWDO FDUH D IRVW RE LQXW

Cum s-D
GHILFLHQ

DU WDW SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL HVWH XQ LQGLFDWRU SDU LDO vQ IDSWXO F

D DFHVWXL WLS GH LQGLFDWRU FRQVW

SULQ DF LXQHD FRQMXJDW

D IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH XQXL HIRUW SDU LDO XQ VLQJXU IDFWRU GH SURGXF LHvQ

DFHVW FD] IDFWRUXO PXQF 

Teoretic, productivitatea muncii se poate calcula ca: - productivitate medie1:

W=

Y L
GH PXQF

(9.8)
FRQVXPDW  VDX

UHVSHFWLY SURGXF LD SH XQLWDWHD GH IRU

t=
FRQVXPDW

L Y

l W

(9.9)
UDWD PXQF SURGXF LH H[SULPkQG FDQWLWDWHD GH IRU GH PXQF

5HOD LD  HVWH QXPLW

- SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PDUJLQDO (WL ):

SH XQLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH

WL =
PXQF

Y L

(9.10)
SULQ FUHWHUHD FX R XQLWDWH D IDFWRUXOXL GH SURGXF LH

UHVSHFWLY FUHWHUHD SURGXF LHL RE LQXW

FHLODO L IDFWRUL VXQW FRQVLGHUD L FD U PkQkQG QHPRGLILFD L

n continuare vom simboliza cu W productivitatea muncii.

0 VXUDUHD

H[SULPDUHD

SURGXFWLYLW vQ XQLW

LL

PXQFLL

HVWH

GHWHUPLQDW

GH

PRGDOLW

LOH

GH

H[SULPDUH D SURGXF LHL L IRU HL GH PXQF  3URGXF LD SRDWH IL H[SULPDW GH PXQF HVWH H[SULPDW L QDWXU

ale, natural-FRQYHQ LRQDOH

QXP U

XQLWDWH YDORULFH Q QXP U PHGLX GH

FD]XO LQGLFDWRULORU YDORULFL SHQWUX DQDOL]D GH GLQDPLF FX DMXWRUXO LQGLFDWRULORU

WUHEXLH IRORVLWH SUH XULOH FRPSHQVDELOH )RU D PHGLX GH VDODULD L

muncitori, timp efectiv lucrat, exprimat n zile sau ore.

$VWIHO GDF QLYHOXO SURGXFWLYLW FRQVLGHU P LQGLFDWRUXO FLIUD GH DIDFHUL &$ L QXP UXO PHGLX GH VDODULD L 7 LL YD IL

W=

CA T

(9.11)
LL LORU LQGLYLGXDOH

Q FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH LQIRUPD LLOH VXQW GDWH SH YHULJL RUJDQL]DWRULFH QLYHOXO SURGXFWLYLW PXQFLL VH SRDWH H[SULPD FD PHGLH D SURGXFWLYLW

W=

Wi T I Ti

=  Wi gT i


(9.12)

n care:

gT = i

Ti Ti

HVWH VWUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU SH YHULJL RUJDQL]DWRULFH FX DMXWRUXO LQGLFLORU

'LQDPLFD VH H[SULP

IW =

W1 W0

I CA IT
SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL

(9.13)

Deci, pentru crHWHUHD

DFWLYLW GRX LL V

GHYDQVH]H GLQDPLFD QXP

(I W > 1) este necesar ca dinamica rezultatelor ( CA > I T ). UXOXL GH VDODULD L I

LL PXQFLL VH XWLOL]HD] FD L DQDOL]D VWRFKDVWLF  SH PHWRGD LQGLFLORU SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL VH H[SULP

3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FRQWULEX LHL IDFWRULORU OD PRGLILFDUHD SURGXFWLYLW F L SULQFLSDOH DQDOL]D GHWHUPLQLVW $QDOL]D GHWHUPLQLVW SXQH vQ HYLGHQ DJHQWXOXL VH ED]HD]

XQ SURGXV GH IDFWRUL L XWLOL]kQG XQD GLQ PHWRGHOH GH GHVFRPSXQHUH ED]DWH SH PHWRGD LQGLFLORU VH LQIOXHQ D ILHF UXL IDFWRU LL OD QLYHOXO XQHL YHULJL SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PHGLH LQ IXQF LH GH SURGXFWLYLWDWHD OD QLYHOXO $VWIHO XWLOL]kQG UHOD LD  VH SRDWH GHVFRPSXQH PRGLILFDUHD SURGXFWLYLW HFRQRPLF RUJDQL]DWRULFH VHF LH IDEULF HWF L GH VWUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU SH YHULJL RUJDQL]DWRULFH

W1gT 1 T  W0g0


W1gT 1 T  W0g1


W0gT 1 W0gT 0

(9.14)

modificarea LQIOXHQ D LQIOXHQ D productivi- producti- structurii

W LL PXQFLL YLW LL VDODULD LORU

individuale
8Q DOW PRGHO GH DQDOL] SXQH vQ OHJ WXU SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL FX HILFLHQ D XWLOL] ULL

mLMORDFHORU IL[H ()) L vQ]HVWUDUHD PXQFLL FX PLMORDFH IL[H =

Wi = EF F i Z i
n care:

(9.15)

EF F i =

CAi MF i

Zi =
salariat).

MF i Ti

- HILFLHQ D PLMORDFHORU IL[H FLIUD GH DIDFHUL OD  OHL 0) - nzestrarea muncii cu mijloace fixe (valoarea mijloacelor fixe care revin la un

8WLOL]kQG UHOD LD  SXWHP VFULH

W GLQ UHOD LD  vQ IXQF LH GH WUHL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ

W =  EF F i Z i gT i
8Q ORF LPSRUWDQW vQ DQDOL]D SURGXFWLYLW WLPSXOXL GH OXFUX DVXSUD QLYHOXOXL L GLQD LL PXQFLL vO RFXS

(9.16)
HYLGHQ LHUHD LQIOXHQ HL XWLOL] ULL

micii acesteia. Pentru aceasta putem utiliza modul (9.17)

Wl = Wh DZ DL
n care: Wl - SURGXFWLYLWDWHD OXQDU  Wh - SURGXFWLYLWDWHD RUDU  DZ - durata medie a zilei de lucru; DL - durata medie a lunii de lucru.

(9.17)

3HQWUX PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH LQIOXHQ HOH VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH vQ IHOXO XUP WRU

- PRGLILFDUHD SURGXFWLYLW

LL OXQDUH

Wl = Wh1 DZ 1 DL 1 Wh0 DZ 0 DL 0
- LQIOXHQ D SURGXFWLYLW
LL RUDUH

(9.18)

Wl (Wh) = (Wh1 Wh0 ) DZ 1 DL 1

- LQIOXHQ D GXUDWHL PHGLL D ]LOHL GH OXFUX

(9.19)

Wl (DZ ) = (DZ 1 DZ 0 ) Wh0 DL 1

- LQIOXHQ D GXUDWHL PHGLL D OXQLL GH OXFUX

(9.20)

Wl (DL ) = (DL 1 DL 0 ) Wh0 DZ 0

3HQWUX LQIOXHQ HOH DVWIHO GHWHUPLQDWH DYHP UHOD LD

(9.21)

Wl = Wl (Wh) + Wl (DZ ) + Wl (DL )

$QDOL]D PXQFLL FD VWRFKDVWLF VH ED]HD] HVWH SH PHWRGD FRUHOD LHL vQ IXQF LH L YDULDELO GHWHUPLQLVW H[SULPDW

(9.22)
UHJUHVLHL XQD vQ FDUH PDL SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXOWH YDULDELOH GH VDX

independente.
 +0&+%#614++ 5+06'6+%+ #+ '(+%+'0 %#2+6#.7.7+ (+: '+ 76+.+<4++

(ILFLHQ D

HFRQRPLF

PLMORDFHORU

IL[H

GHWHUPLQDW

FRQIRUP

UHOD LHL

(IHFW(IRUW

VDX XQXO

(IRUW(IHFW HVWH XQ LQGLFDWRU SDU LDO GH HILFLHQ GLQ LQGLFDWRULL GH UH]XOWDWH DL DFWLYLW

 3HQWUX H[SULPDUHD

(IHFWXOXL

VH XWLOL]HD]

LL HFRQRPLFH LDU HIRUWXO VH H[SULP

SULQ YDORDUHD PHGLH D vQWUHJXO

mijloacelor fixe.
&DUDFWHUXO GH LQGLFDWRU SDU LDO GH HILFLHQ UH]XOWDW DO DFWLYLW DO DFHVWXL LQGLFDWRU HVWH GDW GH IDSWXO F LL HFRQRPLFH RE LQXW SULQ XWLOL]DUHD FRPELQDW D GLIHUL LORU IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH

HVWH DWULEXLW

QXPDL

PLMORDFHORU

IL[H

FHHD FH vQVHDPQ LQGLFDWRUXO H[SULP LQGLFDWRUXO

DFFHSWDUHD LSRWH]HL SURGXF LD RE LQXW QHFHVDUXO GH

SURGXF LD

-ar fi

RE LQXW QXPDL SULQ XWLOL]DUHD DFHVWXL IDFWRU GH SURGXF LH

Calculat n forma Efect/EIRUW

PLMORDFH IL[H vQ IRUPD (IRUW(IHFW RE LQHUHD XQHL XQLW ,QGLFDWRULL FDUH H[SULP LQGLFDWRUL GH IOX[ L VH H[SULP

OD  OHX VDX  OHL PLMORDFH IL[H SHQWUX

HYLGHQ LD]

L  OHX VDX  OHL SURGXF LH HIHFWHOH XWLOH L HIRUWXULOH WUHEXLH V ILH FRPSDUDELOL GLQ SXQFW GH L DO SUH XULORU vQ FDUH VH H[SULP  ,QGLFDWRULL GH UH]XOWDWH VXQW FD

YHGHUH DO WLPSXOXL OD FDUH VH UHIHU

vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH LDU SHQWUX FDUDFWHUL]DUHD GLQDPLFLL VH UHFDOFXOHD]

vQ SUH XULOH FRPSDUDELOH &D XUPDUH PLMORDFHOH IL[H WUHEXLH FXSULQVH vQ FDOFXOHOH GH HILFLHQ YDORDUH PHGLH DQXDO  H[SULPDWH vQ DFHOHDL SUH XUL FD LQGLFDWRULL SURGXF LHL

$QDOL]D HILFLHQ HL PLMORDFHORU IL[H DUH FD RELHFWLY SULQFLSDO GHWHUPLQDUHD P ULPLL GLQDPLFLL L LQIOXHQ HL IDFWRULORU DVXSUD PRGLILF ULL DFHVWHLD 1LYHOXO HILFLHQ HL GHWHUPLQDW vQ IRUPD (IHFW(IRUW VH GHWHUPLQ FX UHOD LD

EF F =

CA F

(9.23)
XWLOL]kQG LQIRUPD LLOH OD QLYHO GH

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH HILFLHQ D PLMORDFHORU IL[H VH GHWHUPLQ

verigi organizatorice, acesta are caracter de medie:

EF F =

EF F iF i Fi

=  EF F i gF i

(9.24)

n care: Fi gF = F i


- structura mijloacelor fixe pe verigi organizatorice; EF F i - HILFLHQ D PLMORDFHORU IL[H OD QLYHO GH YHULJ RUJDQL]DWRULF
i
FX DMXWRUXO LQGLFLORU

'LQDPLFD HILFLHQ HL PLMORDFHORU IL[H VH FDOFXOHD]

I EF F =

EF F 1 EF F 0

I CA IF

(9.25)

&UHWHUHD HILFLHQ HL XWLOL] ULL PLMORDFHORU IL[H IL[H VH XWLOL]HD]

(I E F F > 1) presupune ca I CA > I F .

3HQWUX P VXUDUHD LQIOXHQ HL IDFWRULORU DVXSUD QLYHOXOXL L GLQDPLFLL HILFLHQ HL PLMORDFHORU PHWRGH GHWHUPLQLVWH L PHWRGH VWRFKDVWLFH

Dintre cele mai utilizate modele utilizate n cazul analizei deterministe subliniem:

EF F =  EF F i gF i
8WLOL]DUHD UHOD LHL  G YHULJL RUJDQL]DWRULFH VHF LH IDEULF DVXSUD HILFLHQ HL OD QLYHOXO

(9.26)
SRVLELOLWDWHD P VXU ULL LQIOXHQ HL HILFLHQ HL PLMORDFHORU IL[H SH HWF L D VWUXFWXULL PLMORDFHORU IL[H SH YHULJL RUJDQL]DWRULFH HFRQRPLF &UHWHUHD SRQGHULL PLMORDFHORU IL[H vQ YHULJLOH FUHWHUHD HILFLHQ HL PLMORDFHORU IL[H OD

DJHQWXOXL

organizatorice FX HILFLHQ PDUH D PLMORDFHORU IL[H GHWHUPLQ nivelul agentului economic.

2 FRPSRQHQW FDUH IRUPHD] LPSRUWDQW PLMORDFHOH IL[H DFWLYH ,PSO

D PLMORDFHORU IL[H R FRQVWLWXLH PDLQLOH XWLODMHOH LQVWDOD LLOH HWF

icnd n analiza aceste mijloace fixe vom avea: (9.27)

EF F i = EF F Ai gF A i

n care: EF F Ai - HILFLHQ D PLMORDFHORU IL[H DFWLYH SURGXF LD OD  OHL PLMORDFH IL[H DFWLYH FA gF A = F i i - ponderea mijloacelor fixe active n total mijloace fixe. i

5HOD LD  SXQH vQ HYLGHQ

IDSWXO F

 FX FkW HVWH PDL PDUH HILFLHQ D PLMORDFHORU IL[H

DFWLYH L FX FkW DFHVWHD DX R SRQGHUH PDL PDUH vQ WRWDO PLMORDFH IL[H FX DWkW SURGXF LD OD  OHL

mijloace fixe va fi mai mare.

1LYHOXO SURGXF LHL OD  OHL PLMORDFH IL[H DFWLYH HVWH GHWHUPLQ LQWHQVLY L H[WHQVLY D DFHVWRUD

at de modul de utilizare

EF F i = ! i tui

(9.28)

n care: ! i - randamentul mediu orar al utilajelor; tui - timpul de lucru al utilajelor la 1 leu mijloace fixe active.
6LQWHWL]kQG UHOD LLOH  L  HILFLHQ D PLMORDFHORU IL[H DFWLYH SRDWH IL H[SULPDW IXQF LH GH WUHL IDFWRUL UDQGDPHQWXO PHGLX RUDU JUDGXO GH XWLOL]DUH H[WHQVLY DFWLYH L SRQGHUHD PLMORDFHORU IL[H DFWLYH vQ WRWDO PLMORDFH IL[H vQ D PLMORDFHORU IL[H

EF F i = ! i tui gF A i
0RGXO  SRDWH IL FRPSOHWDW RE

(9.29) inndu-se: (9.30)

EF F =  ! i tui gF A gF i i
5HOD LD  G SDWUX IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ 

SRVLELOLWDWHD GHVFRPSXQHULL PRGLILF ULL HILFLHQ HL PLMORDFHORU IL[H SH FHL

Q DQDOL]HOH HFRQRPLFH vQ VSHFLDO SHQWUX IXQGDPHQWDUHD SURJUDPXOXL GH SURGXF LH XQ ORF

important l ocuS

LQGLFDWRULL GH HILFLHQ

DL PLMORDFHORU IL[H FDOFXOD L FRQIRUP UHOD LHL (IRUW(IHFW

6H GHWHUPLQ

DVWIHO QHFHVDUXO GH PLMORDFH IL[H SHQWUX D RE LQH  OHX  OHL SURGXF LH

NF =

F CA
LQIRUPD LLOH VXQW GLVSRQLELOH SH YHULJL RUJDQL]D

(9.31) torice: (9.32)

VDX GDF

NF =

NF i CAi CAi

=  NF i gCA i

n care: gCA - structura cifrei de afaceri pe verigi organizatorice. i

&UHWHUHD HILFLHQ HL XWLOL] ULL PLMORDFHORU IL[H HVWH H[SULPDW vQ DFHVW FD] SULQ LQHJDOLWDWHD

NF 1 < NF 0
respectiv

(9.33)

I NF < 1
Indicatorul "necHVDU
HFRQRPLF  GH PLMORDFH IL[H DUH R ODUJ

(9.34)
XWLOL]DUH vQ PRGHOHOH GH SUHYL]LXQH

 +0&+%#614++ '(+%+'0

'+ (1.15+4++ /+,.1#%'.14

/#6'4+#.' %+4%7.#06'

&DUDFWHUL]DUHD VWDWLVWLF vQ UDSRUW FX SURGXF LD

D HILFLHQ HL IRORVLULL PLMORDFHORU PDWHULDOH FLUFXODQWH VH ED]HD] QLYHOXO VWRFXULORU FRPSDUDWLY FX SURGXF LD RE LQXW 

SH

indicaWRULL VLQWHWLFL L DQDOLWLFL FDUH SXQ vQ HYLGHQ

RE LQXW  'LQWUH LQGLFDWRULL FDUH SXQ vQ HYLGHQ FDUH H[SULP SURGXF LH LQGLFDWRUXO GH WLSXO (IRUW(IHFW

DVSHFWH SULYLQG QLYHOXO FRQVXPXOXL GH PDWHULDOH QLYHOXO

consumurilor de materiale efective n raport cu normativele de consum etc.

DFHVWH DVSHFWH XQ ORF LPSRUWDQW vO RFXS LQGLFDWRUXO YROXPXO YDORULF DO PLMORDFHORU PDWHULDOH FLUFXODQWH FRQVXPDWH SHQWUX D RE LQH  OHL

cmmc =

MMC CA 1000

(9.35)

n care: c mmc - FRQVXPXO GH PLMORDFH PDWHULDOH SHQWUX D RE LQH R XQLWDWH SURGXF LH MMC - consumul total de mijloace materiale circulante, sau, n cazul n care analiza are n
YHGHUH LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG DFHWL LQGLFDWRUL SH YHULJL RUJDQL]DWRULFH

cmmc =
FDUDFWHUL]DW

cmmci CA i CA i

cmmci giCA

(9.36)
L GH SURGXF LH HVWH

'LQDPLFD FRQVXPXOXL GH PLMORDFH PDWHULDOH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD XQHL XQLW FX DMXWRUXO LQGLFLORU

I cmmc =
&UHWHUHD

cmmc 1 cmmc 0

I
FD]

MMC

CA
HVWH SXV vQ HYLGHQ

(9.37)
GH QLYHOXO VXEXQLWDU DO LQGLFHOXL

(I cmmc < 1) respectiv I MMC < I CA.

IDFWRUL DVXSUD VF GHUHD

HILFLHQ HL

vQ DFHVW

0RGHOXO GDW GH UHOD LD  SRDWH IL IRORVLW SHQWUX SXQHUHD vQ HYLGHQ PRGLILF ULL

c mmc .

c mmc 

D LQIOXHQ HL FHORU GRL

&UHWHUHD SRQGHULL SURGXF LHL RE LQXWH FX

c mmc mic duce la

L DO L

Q DQDOL]D HILFLHQ HL XWLOL] ULL PLMORDFHORU PDWHULDOH FLUFXODQWH XQ URO LPSRUWDQW vO RFXS FDUH H[SULP SHULRDG VDX YLWH]D GH URWD LH D PLMORDFHORU FLUFXODQWH

LQGLFDWRUL FXP VXQW FRQVXPXULOH VSHFLILFH SH FDWHJRULL GH PDWHULL SULPH L PDWHULDOH SUHFXP L FHL 9LWH]D GH URWD LH D PLMORDFHORU FLUFXODQWH VH H[SULP SULQ GXUDWD XQHL URWD LL UXO GH URWD LL 105 VH FDOFXOHD] UDSRUWkQG SURGXF LD UHDOL]DW 4 OD VWRFXO PHGLX SULQ QXP UXO GH URWD LL vQWU R DQXPLW

1XP

de mijloace circulante (SM):

NMR =
&UHWHUHD

Q SM

(9.38)
FH UHYLQH OD  OHX PLMORDFH FLUFXODQWH QXP UXOXL PHGLX GH URWD LL GH URWD LH HVWH H[SULPDW SULQ FUHWHUHD

Indicatorul (9.38) exprima de faSW SURGXF LD UHDOL]DW

(NMR 1 > NMR 0 ).

YLWH]HL

'XUDWD vQ ]LOH D XQHL URWD LL '5 VH FDOFXOHD]

FD UDSRUW vQWUH GXUDWD vQ ]LOH D SHULRDGHL

analizate ('=3 L QXP

UXO PHGLX GH URWD LH

DR =

DZP NMR

(9.39)
FkWH ]LOH D DYXW vQ PHGLH R URWD LH FUHWHUHD YLWH]HL GH URWD LH GHUH D GXUDWHL XQHL URWD LL

,QGLFDWRUXO  H[SULP

exprimndu-se n acest caz printr-R VF

'LQ UHOD LD  SXWHP VFULH

(DR 1 < DR 0 ).

Q = NMR SM
FHHD FH HYLGHQ LD] IDSWXO F

(9.40)
YROXPXO SURGXF LHL HVWH GLUHFW SURSRU LRQDO FX YLWH]D GH URWD LH

9ROXPXO SURGXF LHL UHDOL]DW vQ SOXV PLQXV FD XUPDUH D PRGLILF ULL YLWH]HL GH URWD LH D PLMORDFHORU FLUFXODQWH SRDWH IL GHWHUPLQDW FX UHOD LD

Q(NMR) = (NMR 1 NMR 0 )SM1

(9.41)
++
241(+6#$+.+6 ++

 #0#.+<# 4'06#$+.+6

5HQWDELOLWDWHD R IRUP

VLQWHWLF

GH FDUDFWHUL]DUH D HILFLHQ HL HFRQRPLFH GH SRDWH H[SULPD LL FDUH H[SULP HVWH QHFHVDU V

DWkW vQ PRG DEVROXW SULQ P ULPHD SURILWXOXL FkW L UHODWLY SULQ UDWD UHQWDELOLW

gradul n care capitalul sau folosirea resurselor agentului economic aduc profit.
3HQWUX D SUH]HQWD PRGHOHOH XWLOL]DWH vQ FDUDFWHUL]DUHD UDWHL UHQWDELOLW LL GHILQLP R VHULH GH LQGLFDWRUL FDUH H[SULP 5H]XOWDWXO H[SORDW P ULPHD SURILWXOXL FD GLIHUHQ vQWUH YHQLWXULOH GH H[SORDWDUH L FKHOWXLHOLOH ULL VH GHWHUPLQ

GH H[SORDWDUH 9HQLWXULOH GH H[SORDWDUH FXSULQG FLIUD GH DIDFHUL YHQLWXUL GLQ SURGXF LD VWRFDW  YHQLWXUL DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL LPRELOL]DWH L DOWH YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH &KHOWXLHOL SURGXF LH FkW L FHOH GHWHUPLQDWH GH DFWLYLWDWHD GH FRPHUFLDOL]DUH D P UILL

le de exploatare
LL GH vQWUH YHQLWXULOH vQWUH

LQFOXG WRDWH FKHOWXLHOLOH FLFOXOXL GH H[SORDWDUH DWkW FHOH GHWHUPLQDWH GH GHVI XUDUHD DFWLYLW VH FDOFXOHD] FD GLIHUHQ

Rezultatul financiar (profit sau pierderi)

ILQDQFLDUH L FKHOWXLHOLOH ILQDQFLDUH 5H]XOWDWXO FXUHQW DO H[HUFL LXOXL

SURILW VDX SLHUGHUL VH GHWHUPLQ

FD GLIHUHQ

YHQLWXULOH FXUHQWH YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH L FHOH ILQDQFLDUH L FKHOWXLHOLOH FXUHQWH FKHOWXLHO H[SORDWDUH L FHOH ILQDQFLDUH 5H]XOWDWXO H[FHS LRQDO vQWkPSO WRU VH GHWHUPLQ FD DO H[HUFL LXOXL SURILW VDX SLHUGHUH vQWUH YHQLWXULOH H[FHS LRQDOH

ile de

) este un rezultat cu caracter

L FKHOWXLHOLOH H[FHS LRQDOH

GLIHUHQ

$FHVWHD FXSULQG YHQLWXUL L FKHOWXLHOL OHJDWH GH FDSLWDO FHGDUH GH DFWLY L DIHUHQWH RSHUD LXQLORU GH JHVWLXQH DPHQ]L SHQDOL] UL GRQD LL HWF 5H]XOWDWXO GHWHUPLQ FD H[HUFL LXOXL vQWUH vQDLQWH YHQLWXULOH GH LPSR]LWDUH GH SURILW EUXW WRWDO VDX L SLHUGHUH

se
L

GLIHUHQ

WRWDOH

H[SORDWDUH

ILQDQFLDUH

H[FHS LRQDOH

FKHOWXLHOLOH WRWDOH GH H[SORDWDUH ILQDQFLDUH L H[FHS LRQDOH 5H]XOWDWXO H[HUFL LXOXL GXS LPSR]LWDUH SURILW QHW VH GHWHUPLQ GXS FH VH HOLPLQ

impozitul pe profit din indicatorul precedent. Principalele PRGDOLW L SHQWUX H[SULPDUHD UDWHL UHQWDELOLW LL VXQW UDWD UHQWDELOLW LL HFRQRPLFH 5( - GHILQLW FD UDSRUW vQWUH UH]XOWDWXO H[HUFL LXOXL vQDLQWH
GH GHGXFHUHD VDUFLQLORU ILQDQFLDUH GREkQ]L L LPSR]LWH L FDSLWDOXO SHUPDQHQW SURSULX L

mprumutat):

RE =

PT B KP

100
SURILWXO H[HUFL LXOXL vQDLQWH GH

(9.42)

n care: PT B - UH]XOWDWXO impozitelor;

GHGXFHUHD

VDUFLQLORU

ILQDQFLDUH

KP - capitalul permanent.
5DWD UHQWDELOLW LL HFRQRPLFH VH PDL SRDWH FDOFXOD L FX UHOD LD

RE =

PE AE

100

(9.43)

n care: PE - re]XOWDWXO SURILWXO H[SORDW ULL AE - DFWLYHOH HFRQRPLFH DIHUHQWH H[SORDW

$FHWL LQGLFDWRUL UHIOHFW

ULL

SHUIRUPDQ D vQWUHSULQGHULL LQGHSHQGHQW GH PRGXO GH ILQDQ DUH L GH

sistemul fiscal.
UDWD UHQWDELOLW
LL ILQDQFLDUH 5) VH GHWHUPLQ FD UDSRUW vQWUH SURILW QHW L FDSLWDOXO

propriu:

RF =

PN KPR 100

(9.44)

n care: PN - profit net; KPR - capitalul propriu.

UDWD UHQWDELOLW
LL UHVXUVHORU FRQVXPDWH VH GHWHUPLQ FD UDSRUW vQWUH SURILWXO DIHUHQW FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL D ILUPHL L FRVWXO SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH

UDWD UHQWDELOLW

LL FDSLWDOXOXL DYDQVDW VDX RFXSDW 5$ VH GHWHUPLQ

FD UDSRUW vQWUH

UH]XOWDWXO FXUHQW DO H[HUFL LXOXL L FDSLWDOXO DYDQVDW

RA =

RC AF +AC 100

(9.45)

n care: RC - UH]XOWDWXO FXUHQW DO H[HUFL LXOXL AF - active fixe; AC - active circulante. Acest LQGLFDWRU UHIOHFW SHUIRUPDQ D HFRQRPLF
UDWD UHQWDELOLW
DIDFHUL L FLIUD GH DIDFHUL HYDOXDW

D ILUPHL ILLQG IRDUWH XWLO SHQWUX LQYHVWLWRUL FD UDSRUW vQWUH SURILWXO DIHUHQW FLIUHL GH

LL FRPHUFLDOH 5& VH GHWHUPLQ

vQ SUH XUL GH YkQ]DUH H[FOXVLY 79$

UDWD UHQWDELOLW

LL UHVXUVHORU DYDQVDWH RFXSDWH L FRQVXPDWH 5$&

n care:

PM AF +AC

UHSUH]LQW

SURGXF LD FH VH RE LQH OD  OHX  OHL FDSLWDO DYDQVDW GHFL HILFLHQ

HFRQRPLF

CA PM
Pr CA

D UHVXUVHORU DYDQVDWH JUDGXO GH UHDOL]DUH D SURGXF LHL PDUI IDEULFDW  SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DFHVWXL

UHSUH]LQW

UDSRUW VH SXQH vQ HYLGHQ

LQIOXHQ D VWRFXULORU GH SURGXVH QHYkQGXWH

- UDWD UHQWDELOLW

LL FRPHUFLDOH LPSRUWDQ SHQWUX DQDOL]HOH HFRQRPLFH GHRDUHFH SXQH vQ OHJ WXU

5HOD LD  SUH]LQW XWLOL] U

ea capitaOXOXL

DYDQVDW RFXSDW FX JUDGXO GH UHDOL]DUH D SURGXF LHL IDEULFDWH L D VWRFXULORU L  SRW IL IRORVLWH SHQWUX D FXDQWLILFD LQIOXHQ D LL SH SURGXV 'H

FX UDWD UHQWDELOLW

LL FRPHUFLDOH

0RGHOHOH SUH]HQWDWH vQ UHOD LLOH  GLIHUL LORU IDFWRUL DVXSUD UDWHL UHQWDELOLW $QDOL]D UHQWDELOLW DVHPHQHD HVWH QHFHVDU LL LL WUHEXLH DGkQFLW

FX GHWHUPLQDUHD L DQDOL]D UHQWDELOLW

GHWHUPLQDUHD SUDJXOXL GH UHQWDELOLWDWH DWkW SH SURGXVH FkW L SH vQWUHDJD

activitate a agentului economic.

064'$4+ &' %10641.

&RPHQWD L GLIHUHQ HOH

vQWUH

LQGLFDWRULL GH

HILFLHQ

FDOFXOD L VXE IRUPD HIHFWHIRUW L FHL

FDOFXOD L VXE IRUPD HIRUWHIHFW $QDOL]D L SRVLELOLWDWHD FRQVWUXLULL XQXL LQGLFDWRU FDUH V IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH $U WD L GHILFLHQ HOH LQGLFDWRULORU SDU LDOL GH HILFLHQ  QLYHOXO L GLQDPLFD HILFLHQ HL LL LL PHGLL SH LL LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FRQVXPXO WXWXURU

3UH]HQWD L PRGXO vQ FDUH VWUXFWXUD IRQGXULORU IL[H LQIOXHQ HD] $QDOL]D L FRPSDUDWLY GLIHULWHOH PRGDOLW 6H FXQRVF GDWHOH FUHWHUHD SURGXFWLYLW VHDPD SURGXFWLYLW LL LQGLYLGXDOH 

L GH FDOFXO D UDWHL SURILWDELOLW LL PHGLL 

 LQGLFHOH SURGXFWLYLW

 ,QGLFHOH LQIOXHQ HL VWUXFWXULL DVXSUD SURGXFWLYLW

medii este. a) 100%; b) 91,7%, c) 132%; d) 110%, e) 85%. n decursul unei perioade productivitatea muncii a crescuW
PXQFLL D FUHVFXW FX 

FX 

 LDU vQ]HVWUDUHD WHKQLF

 (ILFLHQ D XWLOL] ULL PLMORDFHORU IL[H

a) a crescut cu 1,2%, b) a crescut cu 23,2%; c) D VF ]XW FX   d) D VF ]XW FX   e) a crescut cu 1,8%.

'DF VWUXFWXUD SH UDPXUL D 3URGXVXOXL ,QWHUQ %UXW VH PRGLILF vQ IDYRDUHD UDPXULORU FX QHFHVDUXO GH PLMORDFH IL[H SHQWUX RE LQHUHD XQHL XQLW L GH SURGXF LH PDL PLF GHFkW QLYHOXO PHGLX DO DFHVWXL LQGLFDWRU DWXQFL FD XUPDUH D PRGLILF ULL IDFWRUXOXL VWUXFWXUDO HILFLHQ D XWLOL] ULL PLMORDFHORU IL[H OD QLYHOXO HFRQRPLHL QD LRQDOH

a) FUHWH b) scade; c) U PkQH QHPRGLILFDW  d) QX VH SRDWH SUHFL]D VHQVXO PRGLILF e) SRDWH V VFDG 
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH

ULL

Ramuri economice Industrie

$JULFXOWXU 

'LQDPLFD 9$% ID

de 1999 (%) 95,0 101,4 78,2 88,8

Structura VAB pe ramuri (%) 36,8 20,8 7,9 34,5

GH  D IRVW GH

SilvLFXOWXU
&RQVWUXF LL

Servicii
'LQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLW

0RGLILFDUHD SRSXOD LHL RFXSDWH vQ  ID

2%.
FX

LL VRFLDOH D PXQFLL  D IRVW HJDO

a) b) c) d) e)

94,76%; 102,51%; 104,76; 2,51%; 194,76%. ele:

&RQVLGHU P GDW

Ramura 1 2

9DORDUHD DG

XJDW

EUXW

(ILFLHQ D PLMORDFHORU

(mld. lei) 3000 1000

fixe 0,5 0.8

(ILFLHQ D PLMORDFHORU IL[H SH WRWDO D IRVW

a) b) c) d) e)

0,5751; 0,6500; 0,5517;

QX SRDWH IL FDOFXODW 

1,3.
VH GHWHUPLQ FX UHOD LD

(ILFLHQ D IRQGXULORU IL[H QRL

a) eFN = b) eFN = c) eFN = d) eFN = e) eFN = unde:

3,%

3,%


)1

3,%


)I

eFN HILFLHQ D IRQGXULORU IL[H QRL PIB produsul intern brut, I =   Q inde[XO SHULRDGHORU GH UHIHULQ Ffi fondurile fixe n anul i; FNi fondurile fixe noi; D PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW D LQGLFDWRULORU
SRSXOD LD RFXSDW SRSXOD LD DFWLY  SRSXOD LD RFXSDW SRSXOD LD RFXSDW SRSXOD LD RFXSDW WRWDO 

Q FDOFXOXO SURGXFWLYLW

a) b) c) d) e)

RUJDQL]D LLORU SROLWLFH L REWHWL WRWDO  GLPLQXDW FX VDODULD LL RUJDQL]D LLORU SROLWLFH L REWHWL

)I

3,%

)1

3,%

)1

LL VRFLDOH D PXQFLL VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH

WRWDO  GLQ FDUH VH VFDGH SRSXOD LD GLQ DUPDW  WRWDO  GLPLQXDW FX SRSXOD LD RFXSDW vQ DUPDW L FX VDODULD LL