Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
If you want to review a certain subject, please select the subject in the table of contents, which is linked to the corresponding heading in the document.
How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples........................................................................1 Create analysis model.......................................................................................................................3 Set member analysis properties ......................................................................................................5 Setting load properties......................................................................................................................7 Add intermediate nodes to a member ...........................................................................................10 Analysing composite beams ..........................................................................................................11 Analysis of haunch connection......................................................................................................18 Analysis of plate girders .................................................................................................................19 Support displacement loading .......................................................................................................20 Temperature difference load for the whole building ....................................................................21 Check which members are loaded.................................................................................................23 Setting optimisation section groups .............................................................................................24 Draw analysis model in Tekla Structures ......................................................................................27 Enable or disable rigid links ...........................................................................................................29 Find STAAD.Pro element in TS model...........................................................................................31 Find STAAD.Pro node in TS model................................................................................................34 Find TS member in STAAD.Pro model ..........................................................................................36 Modelling curved beams.................................................................................................................38 Setting beam unsupported length for design check ....................................................................40 Setting column buckling length for design check........................................................................42 Rigid diaphragms (rigid floors) ......................................................................................................44 Creating a report in STAAD.Pro .....................................................................................................48 Checking calculated displacements in STAAD.Pro......................................................................49 Viewing calculated member forces in STAAD.Pro .......................................................................52
2006-02-10
Viewing STAAD.Pro output file in STAAD.Pro ..............................................................................54 Beam not connected because of gap ............................................................................................57 Bracing members modelled incorrectly ........................................................................................59 Bracing members are not connected to beam..............................................................................60 Column skewed in the analysis model ..........................................................................................61 Duplicate members .........................................................................................................................64 Analysis run failed...........................................................................................................................65 Material error in analysis ................................................................................................................66 Analysis takes a long time, extra members included...................................................................67 Design tab is empty.........................................................................................................................68 No design check is done.................................................................................................................69 How to check instability problems.................................................................................................70 Basic modelling errors causing instability....................................................................................71 Invalid load spanning direction......................................................................................................74 Load is missing because bounding box is too small...................................................................75 Self weight load of model members ..............................................................................................76 Wind loads created at incorrect height .........................................................................................77 Member results are in member local coordinate system .............................................................78 Stability problems may cause completely incorrect results........................................................80 Slab/wall not connected to beam ...................................................................................................81 Wall not connected to columns......................................................................................................83 Dense element mesh created for slab or wall ...............................................................................85 Supports for wall or slab.................................................................................................................88 Beam should not be connected to slab .........................................................................................89
2006-02-10
Full model: All parts of the model will be included, except those which the analysis type has been set as Ignore (on the analysis tab of part dialog). Any existing select filter may also be connected to filter out parts. Parts created by macros will not be included in the full model (exceptions where parts are created by the truss and concrete slab macros, as these macros set the analysis properties for the parts they create). By selected parts and loads: Selected parts and loads will only be included. Any connection part may also be included. Parts and loads may later be added or removed by Analysis->Add members, Analysis->Remove members. Select either Force to centric connection or Use rigid links:
Extended clash check should be used, for more accurate analysis model creation. Option Use rigid links is used if more accurate modelling of eccentricities in the model is required:
2006-02-10
See also case Enable or disable rigid links in specific places. Both of the following are possible: Analysis model is set to Force to centric connection. Generally rigid links are not used, but it is possible to force rigid link at a specific place. Analysis model is set to Use rigid links. Generally rigid links are used, but it is possible to disable rigid link at a specific location.
2006-02-10
Member analysis type: Truss for braced members Otherwise Normal. Member axis location Columns: Typically Neutral axis, or alternatively Reference axis Beams and bracings: Typically Reference axis, or alternatively Neutral axis Analysis offsets: These are used to introduce longitudinal offsets, to model the conditions more accurately. One example is the connection between a precast concrete beam and column where the load from the beam is eccentric on the column:
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
To make sure the correct members are loaded use the Part names filter. To guarantee that the load will be applied to the required members, ensure that the bounding box is large enough. Generally, it should be no problem if the bounding box is over-sized. Load panel properties Set spanning to single/double and primary spanning direction. If double spanning and Automatic primary axis weight is set to Yes it makes no difference as to which of the two spanning directions is selected as the primary direction.
Only in double spanning case, automatic primary axis weight and the weight value affect the proportions of the load which is applied to the primary axis and to the perpendicular axis. If automatic primary axis weight is set to Yes, the proportions will be in shared to the third power of the span lengths in these two directions, i.e. the shorter the span, the larger the proportion of the load. The weight value does not matter. If automatic primary axis weight is set to No, the given factor is used to divide the load, see diagrams below. The settings are applicable to point load, line load and uniform/area load (although this issue is not relevant to uniform/area load if they cover the whole panel area).
2006-02-10
Setting create fixed support conditions automatically is related to load distribution on continuous structures (setting is actually renamed to Use continuous structure load distribution in version 11.1). When uniform load Q is applied on a continuous beam with span lengths L, the load on the leftmost span is not divided equally to the supports, but instead the support loads will be 0.375QL and 0.625QL. Enabling this setting means that this effect is included in the load distribution.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
To model composite beam the user can either give composite beam properties directly to the beam or use the Automatic Composite Beam option. On the later condition Tekla Structures recognizes the concrete deck above the beam and takes composite properties directly from the deck properties. Decks can be modelled as flat slab or as a composite deck. Concrete thickness material is taken from the deck and also rib height and width if the composite deck used. Deck properties are defined in the profile catalog. If beam has shear studs defined the analysis uses information directly from them.
2006-02-10
12 (90) How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples If deck or shear studs are not modelled these design properties are defined on the beams composite and design tab pages.
Beam settings
To analyse beams as composite beams, then modify the beam properties on the Analysis tab.
1. Select: Composite beam: modify composite beam properties manually Automatic composite beam: Tekla Structures automatically recognizes the composite beams, and calculates the effective slab width. 2. When you have modified the properties, run analysis and Tekla Structures calculates the effective slab width. 1/8 of beam span, center-to-center, of support Effective width may not be more than half of the distance to the nearest composite beam. The effective width may not be more than the maximum distance to the next beam: With Composite beam option, the slab width is zero if there is no beam on the left or right.
2006-02-10
13 (90) How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples With Automatic composite beam Tekla Structures can calculate the width even if there is no beam on either side. Design tab: The track attribute affects to level of detail for composite design. Set that to 2 Print the output at the maximum level.
Design tab page contains composite beam properties if deck or shear studs are not modelled.
Inquiring effective width When analysis model is active inquire function displays composite beam properties
2006-02-10
Interface to STAAD.Pro
These values are taken to account when designing the beam and number of studs required. STAAD.Pro takes following arguments into account during the design.
2006-02-10
STAAD.Pro Output
STAAD.PRO.PRO CODE CHECKING - (AISC 9TH EDITION) ******************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------------| MEM= Pass | 7 Section = CM W27X84 1.00 Load = 103 Ratio = 0.054 Status :
| Critical Condition : Steel stress after concrete hardens: I2 | | UNITS - POUN | FEET = 0.1214E+6
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
STAAD.PRO model:
2006-02-10
If the plate girder is modelled using custom parts, then the values can be filled in automatically. Optimisation recommends the new equivalent profile. The user can also define a special optimisation group for the plate profile with optimization group UDA. See case Define optimisation groups.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
In versions 10.2 and 11.0: Separate temperature load has to be inserted at each floor level, for beams, i.e. using part name filter BEAM etc. Then, for columns, the work plane has to be changed so that X is vertical. One temperature load is then inserted at each grid line of the building with the part name filter set to COLUMN etc.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
So, for HEA300 the default choices are HEA100, HEA120, ..., HEA1000, and the optimisation result could be:
2006-02-10
However, in this case the alternatives to HEA300 maybe required to be: HEA100, HEA200, HEA300, HEAA300, HEA400, HEA500, HEA600, HEA700. This group is named A1 and can be defined by modifying each of these profiles in the profile catalog:
NOTE: After modifying the profile catalog, the analysis must be rerun, before optimisation can be performed according to the modified settings. In addition, as this group contains one section (HEAA300) from another profile tree branch, the advanced option needs to be modified:
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
Beams are drawn in red, rigid links in dark blue and slab/wall edges in light blue. Also nodes will be drawn. Model parts maybe hidden through the display properties:
2006-02-10
The analysis model cannot be drawn until the analysis has been run, or Analysis->Create model has been used. Create model is useful especially when the STAAD.Pro analysis takes a considerable time, as only the analysis model and STAAD.Pro model are created and no actual analysis is made. Analysis model can then be checked in TS, and also using STAAD.Pro post-processor.
2006-02-10
Example 1. Analysis model is Force to centric connection. If Rigid link attribute is not set, there will be no rigid link. Rigid links can be created with the following attribute values:
2006-02-10
Example 2. Analysis model is Use rigid links. If Rigid link attribute is not set, there will be rigid link. To disable the rigid link, it is enough to set the attribute for only one beam:
2006-02-10
Highlight the element in STAAD.Pro. Select beam mode on the left side of STAAD.Pro post processor. The location in TS model may then be found visually, and Inquire->Part may be used to check the STAAD.Pro elements of a given TS member.
2006-02-10
Open STAAD.Pro input file (.std), locate GROUP section. The ID of the TS member can be found there.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
Highlight the node in STAAD.Pro. Select node mode on the left side of STAAD.Pro post processor. Select node in table, check which member is connected to this node and then use guide Find STAAD.Pro element in TS model.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
In STAAD.Pro, switch to beam mode, click the element in the table and the element is highlighted.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
In version 10.2, in certain cases even setting these attribute values is not enough, the curvature must be removed and curved beams split manually into several straight beams.
In version 11.1, curved beams are modelled using straight segments by default, using approximation accuracy of 25 mm. In special cases these settings may be changed using the advanced options:
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
Intermediate supports at every 1200 mm. UNF is now 0, UNL = 1200 mm.
2006-02-10
NOTE: To control the level of detail reported by STAAD.Pro in the design check, use design parameter TRACK, either in analysis model properties (Design-Steel, Design-Concrete) or part properties.
2006-02-10
In above diagram indicates a three storey condition each with a 5 metre. The buckling length could be specified as 1.2 * 5m = 6 m, in the case of a non-sway building condition.
2006-02-10
Tekla Structures 11.2 also allows you to define buckling lengths for column segments, which represent the building levels. Tekla Structures automatically divides columns into segments at the point where there is a support in the buckling direction, or where the column profile changes. NOTE: To control the level of detail reported by STAAD.Pro in the design check, use design parameter TRACK, either in analysis model properties (Design-Steel, Design-Concrete) or part properties.
2006-02-10
To use rigid diaphragm instead, the type of the slab is changed to rigid diaphragm.
2006-02-10
All nodes within the rigid diaphragm are tied laterally, meaning their distances in XY-plane remain unchanged, but the whole rigid diaphragm may rotate. The displacements of the nodes in Z direction remain independent.
Rigid diaphragm can also be visualised in STAAD.Pro (right click on graphics window, select Labels..., enable Show Master/Slave on Labels tab).
2006-02-10
Following issues exist with rigid diaphragms: Adjacent rigid diaphragms are merged since version 11.1. In previous versions, there could only be one rigid diaphragm at each level of the building. If the floor was divided into several slabs, they had to be ignored in the analysis and a separate slab, which covered the whole floor, had to be inserted as a rigid diaphragm. Version 11.1 includes a new Rigid diaphragm filter. Only nodes which belong to a part matching the filter will be connected. For example, you can use column_filter to only connect column nodes to rigid diaphragms. Before version 11.1 there was no filter to select which nodes are tied and which not. In very large models rigid diaphragms may increase the analysis time considerably (compared to the case with no slabs or rigid diaphragms at all). In this case the rigid diaphragm effect can be modelled using truss beam members, which tie all relevant nodes laterally, see the diagram on the next page below.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
In case the node displacements table is not visible, use View->Tables to make it visible.
2006-02-10
To change the displacement scale, right-click on the graphics area and select Labels...
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
In case tables Beam End Forces/Beam Force Detail are not visible, use View->Tables to make them visible.
2006-02-10
To change the displacement scale, right-click on the graphics area and select Labels...
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
There are two ways to solve this: Change the tolerance which is used in the member clash check. The default is 1 mm, this could be changed to 30 mm for example, with no probable side-effects.
Force connection at this specific location, using user defined attribute. The ID of the smaller beam is inquired, and this ID is set as the value of Connect to for the larger beam. Several IDs may be entered, separated by spaces.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
Duplicate members
Problem: Error message about duplicate members (in TS analysis log WARNING- MEMBERS MEMBER 5(Id: 151) AND MEMBER 4(Id: 146) BETWEEN SAME JOINTS) The reason for this can be one of the following: There really are overlapping members in the TS model (check by clash check) There are twin profiles which are not supported by STAAD.Pro. In this case the warning should just be ignored.
There is a problem in the analysis model creation, which results in short overlapping members (see case Column skewed)
2006-02-10
This might be caused by an installation problem, especially if STAAD.Pro analysis dialog is not displayed at all:
The cause of the problem may be found in the log files: Tools->Display log file->Log file... Tools->Display log file->Analysis log file... If possible, open STAAD.Pro (View results), and check the STAAD.Pro output file
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
How to solve problem: Activate the analysis model. If no analysis model exists, one must be created and made active.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
NOTE: Instability problems must always be fixed, as they can cause completely erroneous calculation results. Instability problems can also be checked in the STAAD.Pro output file (see STAAD.Pro, view output file).
2006-02-10
If a member with pinned end conditions is split, there must not be any releases at the split location for either split member.
2006-02-10
If member with pinned end conditions is split, torsional rotation must be suppressed at either end, because suppression is not done automatically (it will be automatically done in case of single member).
Rotation at column bottom cannot be done if there is no corresponding lateral support at column top.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
Update for version 11.1: There is an option to generate self weight loads automatically, whether the slab is included in the analysis model or not.
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
The orientation of members can be displayed in STAAD.Pro, by right clicking on the graphics window and selecting Labels...
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
In case none of the options top/middle/bottom plane is suitable, analysis offset user defined attributes can be used to modify the position of the slab in the analysis model.
2006-02-10
The situation can be corrected by applying analysis offsets to the wall, using the user defined attributes of the wall.
2006-02-10
Note: Analysis offset user defined attributes can also be used for beams, to modify the position of the beam in the analysis model.
2006-02-10
Workaround 1: Move other beam/column so that locations match (analysis offset in user defined attributes).
2006-02-10
86 (90) How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples o Workaround 2: Consider if all beams/columns must be connected to the slab, if not see
Short cantilever
2006-02-10
o o
Workaround 1: Move beam to slab edge position (use analysis offset UDAs of beam) Workaround 2: Ignore slab in the analysis, replace with a smaller slab just for the analysis.
This problem has been addressed in version 11.1: Default cantilever length is now set to 300 mm, cantilevers shorter than this are removed from the analysis model. To change this limit, use the userdefined attribute: attribute("AD_plate_min_cant", "j_AD_plate_min_cant", dimension,"%. 3f", no, none, "0.0", "0.0") { value("", 0) }
Other workarounds: Possibly slabs could be replaced by rigid diaphragms? (see How to use rigid diaphragms) Sometimes meshing at the connection between two slabs/walls is improved if the element sizes are slightly modified either increased or decreased (100 mm steps for example).
2006-02-10
2006-02-10
Connection can be disabled using the user defined attributes of the beam.
2006-02-10
Tekla is either a registered trademark or a trademark of Tekla Corporation in the European Union, the United States, and other countries.
2006-02-10