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BASIC PRECAUTIONS
PRIOR TO CONDUCTING ANY DST THE BOPS AND GAS DETECTION SYSTEM WILL BE TESTED. DRILLPIPE OR TUBING CAN BE USED BUT MUST BE DESIGNED FOR ANTICIPATED CONDITIONS. ANY DOUBT ABOUT THE TEST STRINGS INTEGRITY WILL BE REFERED TO THE RIG MANAGER. DURING THE TEST THE ANNULUS PRESSURE WILL BE MONITORED TO ENSURE A LEAK DOES NOT DEVELOP IN THE TEST STRING. ALL DST WORK WILL USE A SURFACE TREE THAT ENABLES THE TEST STING TO BE CLOSED IN. WHEN WIRELINE IS TO BE USED DURING THE TEST A LUBRICATOR WILL BE INSTALLED ON SURFACE STACKS. WHEN A DST IS FINISHED, CONTENTS OF TEST STRING ARE REVERSE CIRCULATED OUT PRIOR TO RELEASE OF PACKER OR UNSTINGING FROM PERMANENT SET PACKER. SPECIAL ATTENTION SHOULD BE EMPHASISED FOR H2S DETECTION.
TEMPORARY ABANDONMENT THE BLIND RAMS WILL BE CLOSED ABOVE THE MASTER VALVE.
ENSURE ENOUGH HIGH PRESSURE FLEXIBLE LINES ARE USED TO COMPENSATE FOR MAX HEAVE.
REASONS TO DO A DRILL STEM TEST WE NEED TO KNOW : IF THERE IS A RESERVOIR WHAT DOES IT CONTAIN AT WHAT RATE WILL IT PRODUCE
KNOWLEDGE vs RISK
HIGH
RISK
LOW
+ KNOWLEDGE
PRE-DRILLING PHASE
Data Source Possible Analysis
Seismic Identify possible Accumulations Regional Information Qualitative Accumulation size and shape using assumed Velocity Profile Hydrocarbon Prospectivity
DRILLING A WELL
Data Source
Mud Log Hydrocarbon Shows Core Samples MWD Logs
Possible Analysis
Lithology Geological Profile Depositional Environment Qualitative Hydrocarbons Pressure Regime (Qualitative) Formation Characteristics at the wellbore Fluid Contacts Near-wellbore petrophysical parameters
Possible Analysis
Near-well formation characteristics Hydrocarbon Contacts Lithology Qualitative HC mobility Qualitative presence of hydrocarbons (HC) Confirm Seismic velocity profile Firm-up structure mapping Quantitative Pressure regime Qualitative HC PVT analysis
Data Source
Possible Analysis
Near-well formation characteristics Near-Well Productivity Index Additional qualitative PVT analysis
Testing operations start once the the well has its final casing/liner string in place and final logs have been run.
TESTING OPERATION
Drilling vs Testing
During conventional drilling, the mud weight is adjusted such that the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid counteracts the reservoir pressure Overbalanced situation, zero hydrocarbon flow to surface. During conventional testing, the fluid positioned above the reservoir creates a hydrostatic pressure which is less than the reservoir pressure. Underbalanced situation, reservoir fluids can now flow to surface
DST TOOLS
DRILL COLLARS
MEMORY GAUGES
PACKER
PERFORATING GUNS
DST TOOLS
Operating methods Tools are operated by String manipulation / rotation Applied pressure to the annulus Annular pressure Tubing pressure
Below packer and inside tubing - hydrocarbons Above packer in casing tubing annulus - kill weight fluid + any applied pressure
SUBSEA SYSTEMS
Function of Sub Sea Landing String On a semi-sub or drill ship the test string requires additional components for safety & operational reasons. Sub Sea Test Tree, Retainer Valve Provides the ability to isolate the tubing in the stack and disconnect without killing the well. Lubricator Valve Provides the ability to run extended length tool strings without long sections of lubricator riser at surface.
LATCH ASSEMBLY
VALVE ASSEMBLY
SLICK JOINT
SURFACE TREE
SWIVEL
LANDING STRING
RETAINER VALVE
RAMS CLOSED
SLICK JOINT
LATCHED
UNLATCHED
CHOKE MANIFOLD
Function Primary pressure drop , flow control Consists of an adjustable and a fixed choke Size of choke is usually given in 64ths of an inch, equivalent bore Adjustables used for clean-up period Fixed used once pressure has stabilised
ADJUSTABLE CHOKE TIP
DIRECTION OF FLOW
Adjustable choke
Fixed choke
HEATER
Function
To increase the temperature of the produced fluid downstream of the choke manifold Improved separation efficiency To provide a choke in a heated environment Avoidance of hydrate formation
HEATER
STEAM OUTLET
SAFETY VALVE
CHOKE BYPASS
SEPARATOR
Function
Separation of produced oil, water & gas
HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR
OIL BURNER
PREPARATION
Outline procedure Run scrapers across packer setting depth Condition drilling mud or displace to brine Run junk basket BOP test Space out run for sub-sea tree
Outline procedure
ROTARY TABLE (RKB)
Layout tools Function and pressure test Drift tools Strap lengths of tools Strap lengths of tubulars Drift tubulars Prepare running tally
RUNNING PROCEDURES
Typical Procedures on a Semi-sub Pick up and run TCP guns and DST tools Check strap length between top shot and RA tag Pressure test BHA Run tubing Pressure test tubing Perform space out / correlation Pull back to sub-sea hang off point Run subsea equipment Pick up and make up flowhead
RUNNING PROCEDURES
Typical procedures on a semi-sub Set packer Correlation run to confirm packer setting depth Pressure test landing string tools and surface tree & choke Function open tester valve and prepare to perforate well
TEST PROGRAM
Test program determined by test objectives
Typical test program Perforate - minimal flow Down hole shut in to determine initial reservoir pressure Clean-up flow Initial build up Single rate or multi rate flow period(s) Main shut-in
TESTING PROGRAM
Typical test program Sampling flow period Well kill Pull test string Validate gauge data Abandon well