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Fuzzy Number. Arithmetic Operations on Fuzzy Interval. Arithmetic Operations on Fuzzy number. Fuzzy Equation. Defuzzification Methods. Fuzzy Logic Controller. Applications-FLC: Washing Machine; Vacuum Cleaner Extension Principle.
FUZZY NUMBERS
Among the various types of fuzzy sets, of special significance are fuzzy sets that are defined on the set R of real numbers. Membership functions of these sets, which have the form A:R [0,1]
clearly have a quantitative meaning and may, under certain conditions, be viewed as fuzzy numbers or fuzzy intervals. To view them in this way, they should capture our intuitive conceptions of approximate numbers or intervals, such as "numbers that are close- to a given real number" or "numbers that are around a given interval of real numbers."
To qualify as a fuzzy number, a fuzzy set A on R must possess at least the following
three properties: (1) A must be a normal fuzzy set; (ii) A must be a closed interval for every a belongs to (0, 1); (iii) the support of A, 0+A, must be bounded.
Special cases of fuzzy numbers include ordinary real numbers and intervals of real numbers, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1: (a) an ordinary real number 1.3; (b) an ordinary (crisp) closed interval [1.25, L35]; (c) a fuzzy number expressing the proposition "close to 1.3;" and (d) a fuzzy number with a flat region (a fuzzy interval).
These properties enable us to define arithmetic operations on fuzzy numbers in terms of arithmetic operations on their -cuts arithmetic operations on closed intervals). Let * denote any of the four arithmetic Operations on closed intervals: addition +, subtraction , multiplication . , and division /. Then,
is a general property of all arithmetic operations on closed intervals, 'except that [a, b]/[d, e] is not defined when 0 E [d e]. That is, the result of an arithmetic operation on closed intervals is again a closed interval. The four arithmetic operations on closed intervals are defined as follows:
The following are a few examples illustrating the interval-valued arithmetic operations
Arithmetic operations on closed intervals satisfy some useful properties. To overview them, Let A =[a1 a2] B = [b1 ,b2] C = [c1 c2], 0 =[0,0] Using these symbols, the properties are formulated as follows:
Let A and B denote fuzzy numbers and let * denote any of the four basic arithmetic operations. Then, we define a fuzzy set on R, A * B, by defining its -cut, (A * B), as (A * B)= A * B (1) A * B can be expressed as
(2)
As an example of employing, consider two triangular-shape fuzzy numbers A and B defined as follows:
FUZZY EQUATIONS
One area of fuzzy set theory in which fuzzy numbers and arithmetic operations on fuzzy numbers play a fundamental role are fuzzy equations . These are equations in which coefficients and unknowns are fuzzy numbers, and formulas are constructed by operations of fuzzy arithm etic. Such equations have a great potential applicability.
Equation A + X = B
The difficulty of solving this fuzzy equation is caused by the fact that X = B A is not the solution. To see this, let us consider closed intervals, A=[a1,a2]; B= [b1;b2] which may be viewed as special fuzzy numbers. Then, B A = [b1 -a2, b2 a1]
two ordinary equations of real numbers, a1 +x1= b1 a2 +x2 =b2 whose solution is x1 = b1 a1 and x2 = b 2 a2. Since X must be an interval, it is required that x1 x2. That is, the equation has a solution 1ff b 1 a1 b2 - a2. the solution is X = [b1-a1, b2 -a2].
Defuzzification
For a given input, several IF/THEN rules could be launched at the same time. Each rule would have a different strength, because a given input may belong to more than one fuzzy set, but with different membership values. For example, an input temperature of 80 C may belong to the fuzzy subset very_high with = 0.8 and to the fuzzy subset medium with = 0.3 . Thus, when this temperature occurs two, rules will fire:
IF very_high THEN action-1 IF medium THEN action-2 If action-1 is defined by fuzzy set F1 and action-2 is defined by fuzzy set F2, then the two sets are aggregated (commonly using the UNION operation) leading to the fuzzy set F, as illustrated in Figure 2
Defuzzification is the conversion of a fuzzy quantity to a precise quantity, just as fuzzification is the conversion of a precise quantity to a fuzzy quantity. The output of a fuzzy process can be the logical union of two or more fuzzy membership functions defined on the universe of discourse of the output variable. In general, the output of the fuzzy reasoning would involve more than two fuzzy sets; therefore, one can write:
Defuzzification Methods
1. Max membership principle: Also known as the height method, this scheme is limited to peaked output functions. This method is given by the algebraic expression
2) Centroid method: This procedure (also called center of area or center of gravity) is the most prevalent and physically appealing of all the defuzzification methods (Sugeno, 1985; Lee, 1990); it is given by the algebraic expression
3) Weighted average method: The weighted average method is the most frequently used in fuzzy applications since it is one of the more computationally efficient methods. Unfortunately, it is usually restricted to symmetrical output membership functions. It is given by the algebraic expression
Where denotes the algebraic sum and where z is the centroid of each symmetric membership function. This method is shown in Figure
The weighted average method is formed by weighting each membership function in the output by its respective maximum membership value. As an example, the two functions shown in Figure would result in the following general form for the defuzzified value:
4. Mean max membership: This method (also called middle-of-maxima) is closely related to the first method, except that the locations of the maximum membership can be nonunique (i.e., the maximum membership can be a plateau rather than a single point). This method is given by the expression (Sugeno, 1985; Lee, 1990) 5. Center of sums: This is faster than many defuzzification methods that are currently in use, and the method is not restricted to symmetric membership functions. This process involves the algebraic sum of individual output fuzzy sets, say C1 and C2, instead of their union
Two drawbacks to this method are that the intersecting areas are added twice, and the method also involves finding the centroids of the individual membership functions. The defuzzified value z is given as follows:
Conti..
The objectives of analyzing a given feedback system are mainly to determine: the stability of the system and its extent the transient response the steady-state response To analyze a feedback control system one needs to: Determine a mathematical model for each of the system building units. Transfer functions are the most convenient to use for that purpose. Represent the system using a block diagram and determine its overall transfer function.
The fuzzy knowledge-base has a rule-base that maps a fuzzy input variable, E, into a fuzzy output, U. This can be expressed by a linguistic statement such as: EU (condition E implies condition U) which may be written as: IF E THEN U.
The fuzzy knowledge-base also has a database defining the variables. A fuzzy variable is defined by a fuzzy set, which in turn is defined by a membership function. Fuzzy reasoning is used to infer the output contributed from each rule. The fuzzy outputs reached from each rule are aggregated and defuzzified to generate a crisp output.
The essence of a fuzzy logic controller is thus based on a linguistic model (rulebase and the defined membership functions) as opposed to a mathematical model, as is the case with a PID controller. Fuzzy logic controllers are used to reduce the development time or to improve the performance of an existing PID controller. In the case of highly complex systems, fuzzy logic could be the only solution.
Identify the input and output variables of the process to be controlled (the plant). For example: speed, temperature, humidity, etc. Define subsets that cover the universe of discourse of each variable and assign a linguistic label to each one. For example, the linguistic variable speed may be defined as three fuzzy subsets: slow, medium, and fast. Form a rule-base by assigning relationships between inputs and outputs. Determine a fuzzification method. Determine a defuzzification method to be used to generate a crisp output from the fuzzy outputs generated from the rule-base.
ApplContd
The design of a machine to meet such specifications could be a demanding task. It is obvious that there is no simple mathematical model that could be of practical use to relate the inputs to the outputs, but a knowledgeable operator could do the task manually. This is where fuzzy logic comes in. A rule-base could be created based on the knowledge of the operator to control the process.
ApplWashing Machine
Consider, for simplicity, a machine with two inputs and one output, the inputs being: The dirtiness of the load as measured by the opacity of the washing water using an optical sensor system. The weight of the laundry load as measured by a pressure sensor system. The output is the amount of detergent dispensed.
ApplWashing Machine
The dirtiness is defined in the range from 0 to 100, by defined fuzzy subsets: Almost_Clean, Dirty, Soiled, and Filthy as shown in Figure a. The weight of the laundry is defined in the range from 0 to 100 by fuzzy sets: Very_Light, Light, Heavy, and Very_Heavy as shown in Figure b
Table: Control Rules The diagrams for this example were generated using Fuzzy Logic Designer software developed by Byte Dynamics, Inc.
FLC Application
One can define fuzzy subsets for the Surface such as : Wood, Curtain, and Carpet, and for Dirtiness as: Almost_Clean, Dirty, Soiled, and Filthy. The strength of vacuuming could be defined by the fuzzy subsets: Very_Weak, Weak, Normal, Strong, and Very_Strong. Rules relating the inputs and the output could be as summarized in Table
2)Vacuum cleaner
Extension Principle
We say that a crisp function f :X Y is fuzzified when it is extended to act on fuzzy sets defined on X and Y. That is, the fuzzified function, for which the same symbol f is usually used, has the form f:F(X)F(Y) and its inverse function, f-1, has the form f-1:F(Y)F(x) A principle for fuzzifying crisp functions (or, possibly, crisp relations) is called an extension principle.
Any given function f: X Y induces two functions f:F(X)F(Y), f-1:F(Y)F(x) which are defined by
E-sources
Tuning of Fuzzy PID Controllerswww.iau.dtu.dk/~jj/pubs/fpid.pdf Fuzzy Logic in Embedded Microcomputers and Control Systems -www.bytecraft.com/fuzlogic.pdf Fuzzy Control of a DC Motor http://alds.stts.edu/APPNOTE/Fuzzy/2359.PDF Vacuum Cleaner Refernce Platform http://ewww.motorola.com/brdata/PDFDB/docs/AN1843.p df LG Electronics Fuzzy Washing Machine www.dreamlg.com/en/lgewasher/index.jsp