1

dy
dx

(x 0 , y 0 )

d 2x
dt

+c

dx
+ kx = f (t )
dt

ds
= v (t
dt

v (t )

) s

t
1.1

(Differential equations and their classification)

1.1.1

dy
d2y
dy
= cos x , 2 3 10 y = 0
dx
dx
dx
2
v v
u 2u

= v, 2 + 2 = 0
s t
x
y

2
2
1. (Ordinary differential equation)

2

d2y
dy
d 2 y dy
d3y
dy
+
= 2x + 5, 2 +
+ 2 y = 0 , 3 + 2
= cos x

dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx

2. (Partial differential equation)

v v
2u 2u
2 u u

= v, 2 + 2 = 0, 2 +
=x
y
s t
x
y
x

(Order of differential equation)

(Degree of differential equation)

dy
+y =3
dx

1
d 2y
dx

d 3y
x
3
dx

d 2y
dx

d 2y

dx 2

yx

dy
+ 2y = 0
dx
2

2
+ d y

dx 2

dy
= 1+

dx

2 1

+ 4 y = xy

3 2

= 1 + dy

dx

d 2y
dx

dy
+ 1+

dx
3

2 2
4

2 3

3
(Linear differential equation)
1.
1
2. /

3.

(Nonlinear differential equation)

x

d3y

dx 3

d3y
dx 3

d2y
dx 2

d2y

dx 2

+ 4 y = xy

+ xy

dy
= x2
dx

a0 (x )

dny
dx n

+ a1 ( x )

d n1 y
dx n 1

+ ... + a n 1 ( x )

a 0 (x ), a 1 (x ),..., a n 1 (x ), a n (x

dy
+ an (x )y = f (x )
dx

) f (x ) x

(Solution of differential equation)

y = sin x + 3 cos x
y=e

2x

+e

y 3 + 2 xy x 2 = 0

u ( x, y ) = ln x 2 + y 2

d2y
+y=0
dx
d2y
dx

dy
2y = 0
dx

dy
2x 2 y
= 2
dx 3 y + 2 x

2u
x 2

2u
y 2

=0

4
1 y = sin x + 3 cos x
d2y
dx 2

+y=0

y = sin x + 3 cos x

dy
= cos x 3 sin x
dx

d2y

dx 2
y

= sin x 3 cos x
d2y
dx 2

d2y
dx 2

d2y
dx 2

+y=0

+ y = ( sin x 3 cos x ) + (sin x + 3 cos x ) = 0

y = sin x + 3 cos x

d2y
dx 2

+y=0

dy
d 2y
dny
(
n)
x y y = , y = 2 , ... , y = n

dx
dx
dx
n x y y 12 y = 0

F (x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0 F x, y, y , y ,..., y (n )

n + 2
F ( x, y, y , y ) = 0

d2y

dy
2y = x2
dx
dx
F ( x, y, y , y ) = y y 2 y x 2

F (x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0 n y = f (x )
(Explicit solution) F (x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0
y = f (x ) F (x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0

5
g (x, y ) = 0 (Implicit solution)
F (x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0
1. y = f1 (x )
g (x, y ) = 0 y = f1 (x )

F x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) = 0

2. g (x , y ) = 0 F (x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0

y =e

g ( x, y ) = x 2 y 2 + 4

dy
y =0
dx

d2y
dx 2

=0

F (x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0 n
(General solution) F (x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0
(Arbitary constant) n c

d2y
dx 2

+y=0

y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x c1 c2

(Particular solution) F (x , y , y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0

n
n
y = sin x + cos x y = sin x + 3 cos x y = sin x 3 cos x

d2y
dx 2

+y=0

dy
d2y
dny
= y , 2 = y ,..., n = y (n )
dx
dx
dx

6
2 y = c1e 4 x + c2 e 3 x
y y 12 y = 0

y = c1e 4 x + c2 e 3 x
y = 4c1e 4 x 3c2 e 3 x
y = 16c1e 4 x + 9c2 e 3 x

y, y y y y 12 y = 0

) (

y y 12 y = 16c1e 4 x + 9c2 e 3 x 4c1e 4 x 3c2 e 3 x

12 c1e 4 x + c 2 e 3 x

=0

y = c1e 4 x + c2 e 3 x y y 12 y = 0
3 y = e x + 2 x 2 + 6 x + 7
y 3 y + 2 y = 4 x 2

y = e x + 2 x 2 + 6 x + 7
y = e x + 4x + 6
y = e x + 4

y, y y

(
= (e

) (
+ 4 ) 3(e

) (
+ 4 x + 6 ) + 2(e

y 3 y + 2 y = 4 x 2

)
+ 6 x + 7)

y 3 y + 2 y = e x + 4 3 e x + 4 x + 6 + 2 e x + 2 x 2 + 6 x + 7
x

+ 2x 2

= e x + 4 3e x 12 x 18 + 2e x + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 14

y = e x + 2 x 2 + 6 x + 7
y 3 y + 2 y = 4 x 2

7
(Initial value problem) n
n F (x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0
n
y ( x0 ) = c0 , y ( x0 ) = c1 , y ( x0 ) = c 2 ,..., y (n1) ( x0 ) = c n 1

c0 , c1 , c2 ,..., cn1

d 2y
dx

dy
+ 2y = 0
dx

y (1 ) = 1 y (1 ) = 2

(Boundary value problem) n

n F (x, y, y , y ,..., y (n ) ) = 0
n y / y
x 2

y (2 ) = 3

d 3y
dx

+4

d 2y
dx
d 2y
dx

+
+4

dy
+ 2y = 0
dx

y (1 ) = 1 y (2 ) = 0

dy
y =1+x
dx

y (0 ) = 1 y (1 ) = 2

4 2 c 1 c 2
y (0 ) = 5 y (0 ) = 6
y = c1e 4 x + c2 e 3 x
y y 12 y = 0 y (0 ) = 5
x = 0 , y = 5

= 0, y = 5

y = c1e 4 x + c2 e 3 x

c1 +c 2 = 5

.......... ....... (1 )

y (0 ) = 6 x
y x = 0 6
y = c1e 4 x + c2 e 3 x
x

y = 4c1e 4 x 3c2 e 3 x
= 0 , y = 6 y = 4c1e 4 x 3c2 e 3 x
4c 1 3c 2 = 6

.......... ....... (2 )

=0

8
(1 ) (2 )

(1) 3

.................(3)

3c1 + 3c 2 = 15

(2) + (3)

7c1 = 21

c1 = 3

c1 = 3 (1)

c 1

3 + c2 = 5

c 2

=3

c 2 = 3

=2

5 c y = e cx
d3y
dx

d2y
dx

dy
+ 12 y = 0
dx

y = e cx
dy
d2y
d3y
cx
2 cx
= ce ,
=c e ,
= c 3 e cx
3
2
dx
dx
dx

d3y
dx

d2y
dx

dy
+ 12 y = 0
dx

c 3e cx 3c 2 e cx 4ce cx + 12e cx = 0

e cx c 3 3c 2 4c + 12 = 0

e cx 0

( e cx )

c 3 3c 2 4c + 12 = 0
c 2 (c 3) 4(c 3) = 0

(c 3)(c 2 4) = 0
(c 3)(c 2)(c + 2) = 0

c = 2,2,3

9
6 m y = x m
x3

d3y
dx 3

+ 2x 2

d2y
dx 2

dy
8y = 0
dx

10 x

y = x m
dy
= mx m 1
dx

d2y
dx

d3y
dx

= m(m 1)x m 2
= m(m 1)(m 2 )x m 3

d3y
dx

+ 2x

d2y
dx

10 x

dy
8y = 0
dx

x 3 m(m 1)(m 2 )x m 3 + 2 x 2 m(m 1)x m 2 10 x mx m 1 8 x m = 0

m(m 1)(m 2 )x m + 2m(m 1)x m 10mx m 8 x m = 0
x m (m(m 1)(m 2 ) + 2m(m 1) 10m 8) = 0

( x m )

xm 0

m(m 1)(m 2 ) + 2m(m 1) 10m 8 = 0

(m

m (m 2 ) + 2m 2 2m 10m 8 = 0

m 3 2m 2 m 2 + 2m + 2m 2 2m 10m 8 = 0
m 3 3m 2 + 2m + 2m 2 2m 10m 8 = 0
m 3 m 2 10m 8 = 0

(m + 1)(m + 2)(m 4) = 0

m = 1,2,4

10

(eliminate) (c )
n n
7 y

d 2y
dx

(2 ) 3

(3 ) + (4 )

d 2y

3 x

y = c 1 + c 2e
dy
= 3c 2 e
dx

d 2y
dx

+3

3 x

.......... ..... (1 )

3 x

.......... ..... (2 )

3 x

.......... ..... (3 )

dy
= 9c 2 e
dx

dx
+3

= 9c 2 e

= c 1 + c 2e

3 x

.......... ..... (4 )

dy
=0
dx

dy
= 0
dx

(1 ) (2 )

y = c 1 sin x

y = c 1 sin x

.......... ..... (1 )

dy
= c 1 cos x
dx

.......... ..... (2 )

c sin x
y
= 1
dy
c 2 cos x
dx

y
= tan x
dy
dx
y = tan x

y = tan x

dy
dx

dy
dx

11

1
1 - 10

1.

y = 2x + y

2.

d 3y
dx

+4

dx

3. (y )2
4.
5.
6.
7.

2u
x

d 4y
4

dx

=u

v
y

d 2y
+ 3
2
dx

4u
x 2 y

dy
+ 3 y = sin x
dx

3x
4y
2u

2u
x

d 2y

2u
x

2u
y

8.

d 6y

9.

dy
dy

=
+1
dx
dx

dx

d 2y

+ 5y = 0

dx

+y =x

10. (y ) 3

+u = 0

= (1 + y ) 2

11 - 16 y (x )
11.

y + y tan x = 0 ; y = c cos x

12.

y 7 y + 12 y = 0 ; y = c 1e 3 x + c 2 e

13.

d 2y

14.

y + 25 y = 0 ; y = c 1 cos 5 x + c 2 sin 5 x

15.

d 2y

dx

dx

dy
+ 2y = 0 ; y = e
dx

+ 2x

4x

+ 6x + 7

dy
+ 13 y = 0 ; y = c 1e 3 x cos 2 x
dx

12
16.

d 2y

2x

dx

dy
+ 2y = 0 ; y = 2 x 3x
dx

17 - 26
17. (1 x )y 4 x y + 5 y
18.
19.
20.

=0

2
x 2 y + 2 (y ) + y = 0

dy
+ 2y = 1 x
dx

d 2y
dx

+ 9 y = cos y

dx

21. (cos x ) d

+ sin x

22.

(1 + y )dx

23.

y +

24.

dy
= y (1 + 4 x
dx

25.

x 2 dy + 2 xydx = 0

26.

dy
=
dx

dy
+y =0
dx

+ xdy = 0

1
y = sin x
x

x
y

27. c
d 2y
dx

28.2

dy
4y = 0
dx

28. m
28.1

y = e cx

d 2y
2

6x

dx
x 2 y y = 0

y =x

dy
+ 4y = 0
dx

29.

y = c 1e

30.

y = c 1e 2 x + c 2 xe

+ c 2e

3 x

2x

13

1
1. 1 1
2. 3 1
3. 1 2
4. 2 1
5. 2 3
6. 4 1
7. 4 1
8. 6 1
9. 1 6
10. 2 2
17.
18.

dy

dx

19. y 2 y
20. cos y
21.
22. (1 + y 2 )
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

c = 1, 4

28. (28.1)
29.
30.

x
y

d 2y
2

dx
d 2y
dx

(28.2)

m = 2 ,3
+4

dy
+ 3y = 0
dx

dy
+ 4y = 0
dx

m =

1 5
2