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Chng II: Chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA

CHNG II: CHUYN GIAO TRONG H THNG 3G WCDMA

2.1 Tng quan v chuyn giao trong mng di ng

Trong mng di ng cc thu bao c th truy nhp dch v khi ang di chuyn hay ni cch khc mng di ng cung cp tnh t do cho thu bao trong mt phm di ng nht nh. Tuy nhin, tnh t do ny mang n s khng chc chn trong h thng di ng. Tnh di ng ca cc thu bao l nguyn nhn dn n nhng bin ng trong c cht lng ng dn v mc nhiu, i khi i hi rng mt thu bao c th phi thay i trm gc dch v ca n. V thao tc ny c gi l chuyn giao (Handover:HO). Chuyn giao l mt thnh phn thit yu i ph vi tnh di ng ca thu bao. N m bo tnh lin tc ca cc dch v khng dy khi thu bao di ng di chuyn qua cc ranh gii t bo. Trong h thng di ng t bo th h th nht nh AMPS, chuyn giao l tng i n gin. Trong h thng di ng th h th 2 nh GSM v PACS th chuyn giao c a ln mt mc cao hn nhiu hnh thc bao gm cc gii thut c s dng. Phc tp hn, cc th tc quyt nh chuyn giao v x l tn hiu c tch hp trong nhng h thng ny v s tr hon quyt nh chuyn giao cng c gim thiu ng k. T lc cng ngh CDMA c gii thiu, mt tng khc c xut ci tin qu trnh chuyn giao, l chuyn giao mm v y l cng vic trng tm trong lun n ny. 2.1.1 Cc kiu chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA C 4 kiu chuyn giao khc nhau trong mng di ng WCDMA. l: Chuyn giao trong cng mt h thng ( Intra-system HO ) Chuyn giao trong cng h thng c th c chia thnh chuyn giao cng tn s v chuyn giao khc tn s. Chuyn giao cng tn s xut hin gia cc cell thuc cng sng mang WCDMA. Chuyn giao khc tn s xut hin gia cc cell hot ng trn cc tn s sng mang khc nhau. Chuyn giao ngoi h thng ( Inter-system HO ) Chuyn giao ngoi h thng xut hin gia cc Cell thuc 2 cng ngh truy xut v tuyn (RAT) khc nhau hoc cc ch truy xut khc nhau. Trng hp c mong i thng gp nht trong kiu th nht l gia h thng WCDMA v GSM/EDGE. Chuyn giao gia cc h thng CDMA khc nhau cng thuc kiu chuyn giao ny. Ly mt v d v chuyn giao gia cc ch truy xut khc nhau l gia UTRA FDD v UTRA TDD. Chuyn giao cng ( Hard Handover:HHO )

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Chuyn giao cng l mt th loi ca cc th tc chuyn giao, trong tt c cc kt ni c ca mt trm di ng c gii phng trc khi mt kt ni mi c thit lp. i vi cc knh yu cu thi gian thc th n c ngha l ngt mt kt ni ngn ca knh, cn i vi cc knh khng yu cu thi gian thc th HHO c ngha l khng tn hao. Chuyn giao cng c th t trong kiu chuyn giao cng tn s hoc khc tn s. Chuyn giao mm ( SHO ) v chuyn giao mm hn ( Softer HO ) Chuyn giao mm l chuyn giao gia hai BS khc nhau, cn chuyn giao mm hn l chuyn giao gia t nht 2 sector ca cng mt BS. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao mm, MS giao tip mt cch tc th vi hai (chuyn giao hai ng) hoc nhiu cell ca cc BS khc nhau thuc cng RNC (Intra-RNC) hoc cc RNC khc nhau (Inter-RNC). Trn ng xung my di ng nhn hai tn hiu vi t s kt hp ln nht; ng ln, knh m ho di ng c pht hin bi c hai BS (chuyn giao hai ng), v c gi n RNC cho vic la chn kt hp. Hai vng iu khin cng sut tch cc tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn giao mm, mi vng cho mt BS. Trong trng hp chuyn giao mm hn, MS c iu khin t nht bi hai sector ca cng BS, do RNC khng c tham gia v ch c mt vng iu khin cng sut tch cc. Chuyn giao mm v mm hn ch s dng mt sng mang, do chng l cc qu trnh chuyn giao trong cng mt tn s. Hnh II.1 cho thy mt vi vin cnh ca cc loi chuyn khc nhau.

Hnh II.1 Cc vin cnh ca cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau 2.1.2 Cc mc tiu ca chuyn giao Chuyn giao c th c bt u trong 3 cch khc nhau l: bt u t thu bao di ng, bt u t mng v h tr thu bao. SVTH: L Trung Hiu Lp 05VTA1 Trang 26

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Chng II: Chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA

Bt u t thu bao: thu bao thc hin cc php o v cht lng, la chn trm gc tt nht, v chuyn mch, vi s iu phi ca mng. Kiu chuyn giao ny thng c kch hot bi cc lin kt km cht lng c o t thu bao. Bt u t mng: Trm gc thc hin cc php o v bo co v RNC quyt nh c nn chuyn giao hay khng. Ngoi iu khin ng dn v tuyn, chuyn giao bt u t mng cn c thc hin bi nhng l do khc hn, v d nh iu khin s phn phi lu lng gia cc Cell. Chng hn nh chuyn giao v l do lu lng c iu khin bi trm gc (TRHO). Nu ti ca Cell ngun vt qu mc cho php, v ti ca mt Cell ln cn thp hn mt mc cho php khc, th khi Cell ngun s thu hp vng ph sng ca n, chuyn giao mt s lu lng n Cell ln cn. V vy, t l chn tng th c th gim, dn n vic s dng ti nguyn Cell tt hn. H tr thu bao: y mng v thu bao u thc hin cc php o. Thu bao bo co cc kt qu o lng t nhng trm gc gn v mng s thc hin quyt nh c nn chuyn giao hay khng. m bo tnh lin tc ca cc dch v khng dy khi cc thu bao di ng di chuyn qua cc ranh gii ca Cell. Gi QoS c yu cu Gim ti a mc nhiu ca ton h thng Chuyn vng gia cc mng khc nhau Phn phi ti t cc khu vc im nng.(Cn bng ti)

Cc mc tiu ca chuyn giao c th c tm tt nh sau:

Cc yu t c th c s dng khi xng qu trnh chuyn giao c l: cht lng ng dn (hng ln hoc hng xung), s thay i dch v, thay i tc , v cc l do lu lng hoc s can thip ca O&M (Operation and Maintenance). 2.1.3 Cc th tc v php o chuyn giao Th tc chuyn giao c th c chia thnh ba giai on: o lng, quyt nh v thc hin, c minh ho trong hnh II.2. Trong giai on o lng chuyn giao, cc thng tin cn thit thc hin quyt nh chuyn giao c o. hng xung, trm di ng thc hin cc php o o t s Ec/I0 ca knh hoa tiu chung (CPICH: Common Pilot Channel) ca Cell dch v ca n v cc Cell ln cn. i vi mt s loi chuyn giao no , cc php o khc l ht sc cn thit. Ly v d trong mng bt ng b nh UTRA FDD (WCDMA), thng tin nh thi tng i gia cc Cell cn c o iu chnh nh thi truyn trong chuyn giao mm cho php 1 s kt hp cht ch my thu SVTH: L Trung Hiu Lp 05VTA1 Trang 27

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Rake. Tuy nhin, vic truyn dn t cc trm gc khc nhau s rt kh kt hp v c bit l hot ng iu khin cng sut trong chuyn giao mm s b tr hon thm.

o lng thng tin cn thit quyt nh chuyn giao.(vd: Ec/I0 ca knh CPICH ca Cell dch v v cc Cell ln cn,thng tin nh thi tng i gia cc Cell.

Giai on o lng

No
Tho tiu chun chuyn giao

Giai on quyt nh

Yes
Hon thnh qu trnh chuyn giao. Cp nht cc thng s lin quan.

Giai on thc hin

Hnh II.2 Cc th tc chuyn giao Trong giai on quyt nh chuyn giao, cc kt qu o lng c so snh vi ngng c xc nh trc v sau n quyt nh c bt u thc hin chuyn giao hay khng. Cc gii thut chuyn giao khc nhau s c cc iu kin kch hot khc nhau. Trong giai on thc hin, qu trnh chuyn giao c hon thnh v cc thng s lin quan cng c thay i tu theo cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau. V d, trong giai on thc hin ca chuyn giao mm, khi trm di ng vo hoc ri b trng thi chuyn giao mm th mt trm gc mi s c a vo hoc gii phng, cc ci t tch cc c cp nht v cng sut ca mi knh tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn giao mm c iu chnh. 2.2 Chuyn giao mm (SHO) Chuyn giao mm c gii thiu bi cng ngh CDMA. So vi tiu chun chuyn giao cng th chuyn giao mm c mt s u im li th hn. Tuy nhin, n cng c nhng nhc im nh s phc tp v s tiu th ngun ti nguyn b sung. Vic quy hoch tng ph Chuyn giao mm (soft handover overhead) l mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn ca vic quy hoch v ti u ho mng v tuyn. Trong phn ny s trnh by cc nguyn l c bn ca chuyn giao mm.

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2.2.1 Nguyn l ca chuyn giao mm Chuyn giao mm khc vi qu trnh chuyn giao cng truyn thng. Vi chuyn giao cng, mt quyt nh xc nh c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng chuyn giao v trm di ng ch truyn thng vi mt trm gc ti thi gian . Cn vi chuyn giao mm, mt quyt nh c iu kin c thc hin quyt nh c chuyn giao hay l khng. Tu thuc vo nhng thay i ca cng tn hiu knh hoa tiu t 2 hoc nhiu trm gc tham gia vo qu trnh, mt quyt nh tt nht cui cng s c thc hin truyn thng vi mt v ch mt trm gc m thi. V iu ny thng xy ra sau khi chc chn rng tn hiu n t trm gc c chn mnh hn tn hiu n t cc trm gc khc. Trong chu k chuyn tip ca qu trnh chuyn giao mm, trm di ng truyn thng ng thi vi tt c trm gc ang kt ni vi n. S khc nhau gia chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm ging nh s khc nhau gia cc cuc thi bi tip sc v chy tip sc. Chuyn giao cng xy ra ti mt im thi gian, trong khi chuyn giao mm ko di trong mt chu k thi gian. Hnh II.3 a ra qu trnh c bn ca chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm (trng hp 2 ng). Gi s c mt u cui di ng bn trong chic xe hi di chuyn t Cell 1 n Cell 2, BS1 l trm gc ban u ca trm di ng. Trong khi di chuyn, trm di ng o ng thi cng tn hiu knh hoa tiu nhn c t cc trm gc ln cn. Vi chuyn giao cng a ra hnh II.3(a), vic kch hot c m t n gin nh sau:

If (pilot_Ec/I0)2 (pilot_Ec/I0)1 > D v BS1 l BS dch v Handover to BS2 Else Do not handover end

Trong (pilot_Ec/I0)1 v (pilot_ Ec/I0)2 ln lt l t s Ec/I0 knh hoa tiu nhn c t BS1 v BS2; D l s d tr tr.

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Hnh II.3 S so snh gia chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm L do gii thiu s d tr tr D trong gii thut chuyn giao cng l trnh tc ng ca hin tng ping-pong , l hin tng m khi trm di ng di chuyn trong v ngoi bin gii ca Cell, th qu trnh chuyn giao cng thng xut hin. Ngoi tnh di ng ca thu bao, hin tng fading ca knh v tuyn cng lm cho tc ng ping-pong cng tr nn nghim trng hn. Bng vic gii thiu s d tr tr D, tc ng ca ping-pong s gim nh hn bi khi trm di ng s khng chuyn giao ngay n trm gc tt hn. S d tr cng ln th tc ng ca hin tng ping-pong cng gim. Tuy nhin, nu s d tr ln th iu cng ng ngha vi tr hon tng. Hn na, trm di ng cng gy thm nhiu i vi cc Cell ln cn do cc kt ni cht lng km sut trong thi gian tr hon. Do , i vi chuyn giao cng th s d tr tr D l kh quan trng. Khi qu trnh chuyn giao cng xut hin, kt ni lu lng ban u vi BS1 s b rt trc khi thit lp mt kt ni mi vi BS2 v cng v l do m ta ni chuyn giao cng l mt qu trnh Break before make c ngha l ngt trc khi ni. Trong trng hp chuyn giao mm, c a ra hnh II.3(b), trc khi (pilot_ Ec/I0)2 vt qu (pilot_Ec/I0)1,ch cn iu kin kch hot chuyn giao mm c tho mn th trm di ng s vo trng thi chuyn giao mm v mt kt ni mi c thit lp. Trc khi BS1 b rt (iu kin rt chuyn giao c tho mn) th trm di ng s truyn thng ng thi vi c BS1 v BS2. V vy, khng ging nh chuyn giao cng, chuyn giao mm l mt qu trnh ni trc ngt sau hay ngi ta cn gi l make before break. Cho n nay, mt s thut ton c xut SVTH: L Trung Hiu Lp 05VTA1 Trang 30

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h tr chuyn giao mm v cc tiu chun khc nhau c s dng trong cc thut ton khc nhau. Qu trnh chuyn giao mm l khng ging nhau trong cc hng truyn khc nhau. Hnh II.4 minh ho cho iu . hng ln, trm di ng truyn tn hiu n khng gian thng qua ngten ng hng ca n. Hai trm gc ang kt ni vi n c th nhn c tn hiu mt cch ng thi bi h s ti s dng tn s ca mt trong nhng h thng CDMA. Sau , nhng tn hiu ny s c truyn thng ti RNC thc hin kt hp la chn. Khung no tt hn s c chn v khung kia s b b i. Do , hng ln, khng c knh b sung cn thit h tr cho qu trnh chuyn giao mm.

Hnh II.4 Nguyn l chuyn giao mm (trng hp 2 ng) hng xung, c 2 BS s cng truyn cc tn hiu ging nhau n trm di ng, v khi trm di ng nhn thy chng th n c th kt hp mt cch d dng cc tn hiu ny. Thng thng, chin lc kt hp t l ti a s c s dng cung cp mt li ch b sung c gi l phn tp a dng. Tuy nhin, h tr cho qu trnh chuyn giao hng xung th cn t nht mt knh hng xung b sung (SHO 2 ng). Knh hng xung b sung ny tc ng n cc User khc ging nh nhiu b sung trong giao tip khng gian. V vy, h tr cho qu trnh chuyn giao mm hng xung th yu cu phi c thm ti nguyn. V kt qu l, hng xung, hiu sut ca qu trnh chuyn giao mm ph thuc vo s cn bng gia li phn tp a dng (macrodiversity) v s tiu th ngun ti nguyn b sung. 2.2.2 Thut ton chuyn giao mm Thut ton c mt tm nh hng ln n hiu sut ca qu trnh chuyn giao mm. Hnh II.5 a ra thut ton chuyn giao mm ca IS-95A (cng cn c gi l thut ton CDMAone c bn) SVTH: L Trung Hiu Lp 05VTA1 Trang 31

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Chng II: Chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA

Hnh II.5 Thut ton chuyn giao mm ca IS-95A Trong hnh: The Active set (Tp tch cc): l danh sch cc Cell m hin ang kt ni vi trm di ng. The Candidate set (Tp ng c): l danh sch cc Cell m hin khng c s dng trong kt ni chuyn giao mm, nhng cc gi tr Ec/I0 knh pilot ca chng l mnh c b sung vo tp tch cc. The neighbouring set ( Tp ln cn): l danh sch cc Cell m tram di ng o lng lin tc, nhng cc gi tr Ec/I0 knh pilot ca chng khng mnh b sung vo tp tch cc.

Trong IS-95A, ngng chuyn giao l mt gi tr Ec/I0 c nh nhn c t knh hoa tiu. N rt d thc hin, nhng li gp nhiu kh khn khi phi i mt vi nhng thay i ti ng. Da trn thut ton IS-95A, nhiu bin i ca thut ton cdmaOne vi tnh nng ng hn ngng c nh c xut cho h thng IS95B v cdma2000. Trong WCDMA s dng cc thut ton phc tp hn, c minh ho nh trn hnh II.6 SVTH: L Trung Hiu Lp 05VTA1 Trang 32

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Chng II: Chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA

Hnh II.6 Thut ton chuyn giao mm WCDMA Thut ton chuyn giao mm WCDMA c th c m t nh sau: Lc u. Ch c 1 v 2 nm trong tp tch cc Ti s kin A. (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3 > (Ec/I0)P-CPICH1 - (R1a-H1a/2) trong (Ec/I0)P-CPICH1 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca 1 mnh nht, (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca 3 nm ngoi tp tch cc v R1a l hng s di bo co (do RNC thit lp, H1a/2 l thng s tr v (R1a-H1a/2) l ca s kt np cho s kin 1a. Nu bt ng thc ny tn ti trong khong thi gian T th 3 c kt np vo tp tch cc Ti s kin C. (Ec/I0)P-CPICH4 > (Ec/I0)P-CPICH2 +H1c/2, trong (Ec/I0)PCPICH4 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 4 nm ngoi tp tch cc v (Ec/I0)PCPICH2 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 2 ti nht trong tp tch cc, H1C l thng s tr. Nu quan h ny tn ti trong thi gian T v tp tch cc y th 2 b loi ra khi tp tch cc v 4 s th ch ca n trong tp tch cc Ti s kin B. (Ec/I0)P-CPICH1 < (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3- (R1b+H1b/2) trong (Ec/I0)P-CPICH1 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu knh hoa tiu ca 1 yu nht trong tp tch cc, (Ec/I0)P-CPICH3 l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca 3 mnh nht trong tp tch cc, R1b hng s di bo co (do RNC thit lp), H1b/2 l thng s tr v (R1b+H1b/2) l ca s loi cho Lp 05VTA1 Trang 33

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Chng II: Chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA

s kin 1B. Nu quan h ny tn ti trong khong thi gian T th 3 b loi ra khi tp tch cc Trong thut ton WCDMA, ngi ta s dng ngng tng i ch khng s dng ngng tuyt i. So vi IS-95A, li ch ln nht ca gii thut ny l s biu din tham s mt cch d dng, v nh c cc gi tr ngng tng i nn khng yu cu bt k mt s thay i tham s no i vi cc khu vc c nhiu cao v thp. Hu ht cng vic trong lun n ny u da trn thut ton chuyn giao mm WCMDA. 2.2.3 c im ca chuyn giao mm So vi chuyn giao cng truyn thng th chuyn giao mm cho thy nhng u im r rng hn, v d nh l loi b hin tng ping pong v lm cho ng truyn dn lin tc hn, khng b gy khc. Khng c hin tng ping pong c ngha l s lng ti trn mng bo hiu thp hn v vi chuyn giao mm cng s khng b mt d liu do s ph v truyn dn tm thi (xy ra trong chuyn giao cng). Ngoi l do x l tnh di ng ca thu bao, cn c mt l do khc na thc hin chuyn giao mm trong CDMA; l s dng n nh mt c ch gim nhiu (c thc hin cng vi iu khin cng sut). Hnh II.7 a ra 2 vin cnh. vin cnh th nht (hnh a), iu khin cng sut c s dng. vin cnh th 2 (hnh b), iu khin cng sut v chuyn giao mm u c h tr. Gi s rng trm di ng ang di chuyn t BS1 n BS2. Ti v tr ang xt, tn hiu nhn c t BS2 mnh hn t BS1 iu ny c ngha l BS2 tt hn BS1.

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Hnh II.7 Gim nhiu hng ln bng cch s dng SHO hnh (a), vng iu khin cng sut lm tng cng sut truyn ca trm di ng m bo QoS hng ln khi trm di ng di chuyn ra xa trm gc dch v ca n (BS1). hnh (b), trm di ng ang trong trng thi chuyn giao mm v c 2 trm gc truyn thng mt cch ng thi vi trm di ng, cc tn hiu thu c sau c trm gc truyn thng ti RNC thc hin kt hp. hng ln, vic kt hp la chn c s dng trong chuyn giao mm, khung no mnh nht s c chn v khung yu hn s b xo b i. Bi v BS2 tt hn BS1 nn t c cng mt QoS mong mun th yu cu cng sut truyn ca trm di ng hnh (b) phi nh hn so vi hnh (a). V vy, nhiu gp vo h thng bi trm di ng hng ln s thp hn bi qu trnh chuyn giao mm lun lun gi cho trm di ng lin kt vi BS tt nht. hng xung th c v phc tp hn, mc d t l kt hp ti a ra mt li v phn tp a dng nhng cng cn thit phi h tr thm knh hng xung b sung vo qu trnh chuyn giao mm. C th tm tt cc c im chnh ca chuyn giao mm nh sau: u im

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Chng II: Chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA

Truyn dn lin tc, khng xy ra gin on sut trong qu trnh chuyn giao mm. Khng c s d tr tr, dn ti tr hon thp hn. Gim nhiu hng ln, dn n: cht lng truyn thng tt hn cho mt s lng ngi dng nht nh ng thi tng s lng ngi dng vi cng mt Qos yu cu. Cc rng buc v thi gian trn mng t hn, iu ny c ngha l thi gian xp hng c c mt knh mi t BS mong mun s di hn, gip cho xc sut chn v rt cuc gi gim i. Phc tp hn trong vic thc hin qu trnh chuyn giao cng Cn phi b sung thm ngun ti nguyn mng hng xung ( ti nguyn v m v cng sut )

Nhc im

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