Ze HOW TO Pe CALCULATE PZ QUICKLY (the art of calculation) BY HENRY STICKER DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC.Copyright © 1945 by Essential Books. Copyright © 1955 by Dover Publications, Inc. All rights reserved under Pan American and International Copyright Conventions. Published in Canada by General Publishing Com- pany, Ltd,, 80 Lesmill Road, Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario. This Dover edition, first published in 1958, is an unabridged republication, with minor corrections, of the work originally published by Essential Books in 1945 under the title The Art of Calculation. It is reprinted through special arrangement with Duell, Sloan and Pearce, Inc. International Standard Book Number: 0-486-20295-X. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 563700 Manufactured in the United States‘ of America Dover Publications, Inc. 180 Varick Street ‘New York, N. ¥. 10014PREFACE Arithmetic is a science, but calculation is an art. Science is knowledge—art is skill. You have all the knowledge you could possibly need to de- termine that 57 times 25 equals 1425, but if you are asked to multiply 57 by 25 and cannot do this mentally in just about one second, you are not adept at the art of calculation. Genuine skill in the calculating art can be ac- quired by any person of ordinary intelligence, no matter what his schooling may have been. To develop such skill is the purpose of this book. Special forms of short, graded exercises, per- formed for the most part mentally, lead the stu- dent by easy steps to a point where he will pos- sess really exceptional calculating ability. For instance, if you will look at Exercise No. 371 on page 191, you will find that you are ex- pected to perform mentally such multiplications as 696 times 858, 858 times 878, etc. These are not “trick” examples—the student who system- atically performs the practice examples pre- sented in this book will be able to do many kinds of examples of this degree of difficulty by his sheer ability to hold and manipulate figures in his head. How is this skill developed? Essentially by de- veloping number sense. Number sense consists in the ability to recognize the relations that exist between numbers considered as whole quantities, and to work with the thought of their broad re- lations always uppermost. Number sense is pos- sessed by many people in all walks of life—par- ticularly by accountants, bookkeepers, estima- tors, cashiers, storekeepers and the like. On the other hand, it is absent in many who have an excellent understanding of advanced mathe-