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Works Cited Primary Sources Albert Einstein Talks with U.S. Navy Officers. 1943. LC.

American History Online. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=AHI1528&SingleRecord =True>. The picture shows that Einstein was involved with the Manhattan project. The information is placed in the sub-page 'Einstein' under the 'Scientists' page. This connects to the theme because Einstein was originally the person who recommended the Manhattan Project and informed the president of the possibility of creating an atomic bomb. Bruno, Leonardo C. "Letter, Franklin D. Roosevelt Wrote to J. Robert Oppenheimer 29 June 1943." American Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/>. This is a picture of the letter president Roosevelt wrote to Dr. Oppenheimer. It was used on the 'How it Started' page. It is important to the topic, because without Oppenheimer nuclear weapons would probably not have played a factor into World War II. "Effects of World War II." With Friendship. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://withfriendship.com/user/neeraj/effects-of-world-war-ii.php>. This is a photo of the rubble left in Japan after the bombing. This shows the destructiveness of nuclear weapons, and how truly dangerous they are. This image is placed on the 'Effects' page. It connects to the theme because it left a scar to people who experienced the bombing of Japan and people today are still scared from the bombings. "Effects of World War II 2." With Friendship. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://withfriendship.com/user/neeraj/effects-of-world-war-ii.php>. This is an image of

a destroyed Japan. This shows how truly devastating the bombs were. This picture is placed on the 'Effects' page of the website. It connects to the theme because people today are still scared, mentally and physically, because of the destruction the bombs caused. Einstein, Albert. Letter. N.d. Franklin D. Roosevelt Lib. American History Online. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=E09640&SingleRecord= True>. The entire letter was used in our project. The transcript of the letter is placed in the 'How it Started' page of the website. The letter connects to this year's theme because it is what led to the initiation of the Manhattan Project. "Fat Man." The National Security Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/index.htm>. This is an image of the bomb "Fat Man." Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki Japan. We used this picture on the 'Ending the War' page. This relates to the theme because Fat Man ultimately made the Japanese surrender,and won the U.S. World War II. Fermi, Enrico. N.d. National Archives and Records Administration. American History Online. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=AHI1482&SingleRecord =True>. This picture shows the physicist Enrico Fermi. He was one of the known scientists who worked on the Manhattan project. This picture is put in the 'Scientists' page of the project. It connects to this year's theme because he directed the first controlled nuclear chain reaction with uranium. "General Leslie Groves in Conversation with Manhattan Project Scientists with Sir James Chadwick and Dr. Richard Tolman." Espionage Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct.

2012. <http://www.faqs.org/espionage/Lo-Mo/Manhattan-Project.html#b>. This is a photo of scientists that worked on the Manhattan Project. We used this photo on the 'Scientists' page. This correlates with the theme, because without the scientist the Manhattan Project would of never happened. "Harry S. Truman." SLDN. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. <http://www.sldn.org/blog/archives/truman-did-the-right-thing-and-so-should-we/>. This is a photo of Harry S. Truman. We used this photo on the 'Ending the War' page. This correlates with the theme because Harry S. Truman called the shots that ultimately ended World War II. "J. Robert Oppenheimer." David Gruben Productions. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. <http://grubin.com/filmography/biography/oppenheimer/>. This is a photo of Robert J. Oppenheimer. We used this photo on the 'Oppenheimer' page. This relates to the theme because Oppenheimer was the head scientist on the Manhattan Project. Keylin, Arleen, and Jonathan Cohen, eds. The Forties. New York: Arno, 1980. Print. The information used from this source is how people reacted to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the critical response of what has happened. This is used in the 'Ending the War' page and the 'Public Views' page of the project. It supports this year's theme because soon afterwards, people worldwide knew about the existence of nuclear weapons. Khrushchev, Nikita. Letter. N.d. LC. Library of Congress. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/x3jfk.gif>. This letter was written from Nikita Khrushchev to President Kennedy. The letter was foreshadowing into the Cuban Missile Crisis which culminated the superpower tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

This is placed in 'The Cuban Missile Crisis' page of the project. It connects to the theme because it is the moment during the Cold War when it was at it's closest in turning into a nuclear conflict. "Little Boy." The National Security Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/index.htm>. This is an image of 'Little Boy'. We used this on the 'Ending the War' page. This is important to the theme, because Little Boy was the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, and eventually led to the Japanese surrendering in World War II. "The Manhattan Project." Paducah Vision. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. <http://www.paducahvision.com/manhattan-project>. This is a photo of workers who helped on the Manhattan Project in front of a nuclear reactor. We used this photo on the 'Manhattan Project' page. This supports the theme because it shows that not only talented scientists worked on the project. Manhattan Project Notebook. N.d. National Archives and Records Administration. American History Online. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=AHI2722&SingleRecord =True>. This picture shows one page of one of the many notebooks used to record data from a reactor during the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction. This image is placed in 'The Manhattan Project' page of the website. It supports this year's theme because after the chain reaction was successful, it made it possible to create atomic bombs and nuclear bombs. "The Men Who Dropped the Bombs." Time Incorporated 9 Aug. 2005: 46-48. Rpt. in Global Issues: History. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. Vol. 166 of SIRS Enduring Issues 2006. The

information used from this source was the personal perspective of how the men who were in the planes that dropped the bomb felt when they released the atomic bombs onto Japan. The information is used in the 'How It Ended' page of the website. This connects to the theme because being the men who dropped the bombs, it must have felt as though the world opened up to them and the rest of the world because the bombing of Japan not only led to the end of the Second World War, but also to the beginning of a new era of warfare. "Mushroom Cloud Rising over Hiroshima, Japan." The Atomic Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.atomicarchive.com/Photos/Hiroshima/image1.shtml>. This is a photo of the mushroom cloud from the explosion of a nuclear weapon rising over Hiroshima, Japan. We used this photo on the 'Ending the War' page. This supports the theme because the United States developed nuclear weapons in a time of war, and in order to end the war the U.S. had to employ the use of one of the most dangerous weapons known to man. This caused controversy all over the world, and was a day no one would forget. This makes the U.S. the only country ever to employ the use of nuclear weapons. "Nevis Cyclotron." The New York Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/science/30manh.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>. This is a photo of a factory where the reactors were made. This picture is on the 'Manhattan Project' page of the website. This relates to the topic because reactors and bombs were being created all over the country, and here was one place. Oppenheimer, J. Robert. N.d. Look Magazine Photograph Collection. American History Online. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=AHI0218&SingleRecord

=True>. This picture shows the physicist Robert J. Oppenheimer, the leading scientist on the Manhattan Project. This is placed in the sub-page 'Oppenheimer' under the main page 'Scientists'. The source connects to the theme because Oppenheimer is the scientist known for creating the atomic bomb and was nicknamed 'Father of the Atomic Bomb'. Roosevelt, Franklin D. Letter. 29 June 1943. American Memory. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. The information used from this letter is that President Roosevelt did not just forget and leave the scientists to work on the bombs, but occasionally wrote letters to team leaders to check up on them. The letter is placed in 'The Manhattan Project' page of the website. It connects to this years theme because by writing to the scientists, President Roosevelt boosted their morale and made sure that they stayed on task. Because of this, the scientists were able to create an atomic bomb without leaking information. "Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)." International Conventions and Legal Agreements. Print. This source was important beccause it is one of the first big steps in prevention of nuclear warefare. This treaty is placed in the sub-page 'A Nuclear World' under the page 'Post-World War II'. It connects to the theme because the treaty states that any country signing the treaty agrees to not build any nuclear weapons and without it, every country would have nuclear weapons creating tension between everyone. Trinity Nuclear Test. N.d. National Archives and Records Administration. Special Media Archives Services Div. American History Online. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/LowerFrame.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=AHI2503& SingleRecord=True>. The Trinity Nuclear test is the first successful atomic bomb testing that led to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It is placed in the sub-page 'Los

Alamos' under 'The Manhattan Project' page. It connects to the theme because it paved the way to the bombings on Japan. After the test, there came the decision of whether or not the bombs should be used. Uranbome Type II. N.d. PBS NOVA. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/img/nazis-and-the-bomb/image-01-small.jpg>. This image shows the anatomy of a German uranium based bomb. This is placed in the 'How it Started' page of the project. It connects to the theme because it shows that not only the United States was trying to create an atomic bomb. In fact, the United states were racing against time to create an atomic bomb before Germany did, thus creating the Manhattan Project. Secondary Sources "The Atomic Bomb." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/atomic_bomb.htm>. The information used from this source is what were 'Fat Man' and 'Little Boy'. This information is used in the 'Ending the War' page of the website. It supports the theme because they played a key role in ending World War Two. "The Bomb That Changed the World." The Finer Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.thefinertimes.com/WW-II-Air/the-bomb-that-changed-the-world.html>. This website had information about how the bombs were created. It relates to the theme because the bombs, Little Boy and Fat Man, were the bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end World War II. This information was used on the 'Manhattan Project' page and the 'Ending the War' page.

"Building the Bomb." Smithsonian Magazine Aug. 2005: 88-96. Rpt. in Global Issues: History. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Vol. 36 of SIRS Enduring Issues 2006. The information used from this article are the public views of the atomic bomb and the actual testing of the bomb. Half of the information is placed in the sub-page 'Los Alamos' under 'The Manhattan Project' and the other half of information is placed in the 'Public Views' page. The information supports the theme because the public views show the social aspect of the mission and the success of the test bomb led to a new age of warfare. "The Cold War." History.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war>. This website was on the Cold War. We used this information on the 'Cold War' page. It relates back to the topic, because it is a direct result of the invention of nuclear weapons. "The Costs of the Manhattan Project." Brookings. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2012. <http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/archive/nucweapons/manhattan>. This website showed how much money the Manhattan Project cost. We used this information on the 'economics' page. This correlates with the theme, because without the money that went into the Manhattan Project there wouldn't of been nuclear weapons. "The Destroyer of Worlds." Decade of Triumph: The 40s. Ed. Time-Life Books. Richmond: Time Life Education, 1999. N. pag. Print. Our American Century. The information we used from this book was on the beginning of the war, the first nuclear bomb to be tested, and the aftermath of World War II. We used the information on the beginning of the war on the 'How it Started' page. We used the information on the test bomb on the 'Los Alamos' page. We used the information on the aftermath on the 'Ending the War' page.

This information correlates with the theme because all three events stand as milestones of the Manhattan Project. Flynn, Matthew. "Arms Race, PostWorld War II." Encyclopedia of American History: Postwar United States, 1946 to 1968. Ed. Allan M. Winkler and Gary B. Nash. Rev. ed. Vol. IX. New York: Facts on File, 2010. Encyclopedia of American History. American History Online. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=EAHIX013&SingleReco rd=True>. The information used from this source is the 'Arms Race, PostWorld War II' section of the book. The information is in 'The Arms Race' page of thewebsite. It connects to the theme because it tells what has happened after the atomic bombings on Japan. Gonzales, Doreen. The Secret of the Manhattan Project. N.p.: Enslow, 2012. Print. Stories in American History. All information of the source is used. The information is distributed throughout the entire project. The source supports the theme because it is a run-down of what our topic is and how it affects society today. "Health Effects." Atomic Bomb Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2012. <http://atomicbombmuseum.org/3_health.shtml>. The information used from this source is how the bomb physically affected the people of Japan and how it affected their health. This is used in the sub-page 'The Effects' subpage of the 'Ending the War' page of the website. It connects to this year's theme because some of the physical problems that affected people back then affect people today. Larsen, Rebecca. Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb. United States: Rebecca Larsen, 1988. Print. The information we used from this book was on Oppenheimer's life and career. We

used this information on the 'Oppenheimer' page. This relates to the theme because Oppenheimer was the main scientist to work on the Manhattan Project. "Living with the Bomb." National Geographic Society Aug. 2005: 98-113. Rpt. in Global Issues: History. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. Vol. 208 of SIRS Enduring Issues 2006. The information used from this article is how nuclear weapons affect us now. This is used in the 'A Nuclear World' page. The information supports the theme because even though the creation of nuclear weapons was approximately 60 years ago, it still affects us today. "Los Alamos." Encyclopedia of the Atomic Age. N.p.: Facts on File, 2001. American History Online. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=atomic00287&SingleRe cord=True>. Information of Los Alamos being the official site where the scientists working on the bomb could design it is used in the project. The information is placed in the sub-page 'Los Alamos' under 'The Manhattan Project' page. The information supports this year's theme because it led to the atomic bomb creation, eventually becoming a threat to the world. "Manhattan Project." Nuclear Files. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/pre-coldwar/manhattan-project/index.htm>. This source had information about the facilities in which nuclear weapons and research were executed in, and it had information on how Little Boy and Fat Man were created and used. This information was used on the 'How it started', 'Manhattan Project', and 'Ending the War' pages. This supports the theme because without the places where the research was executed we would not have nuclear weapons.

"The Manhattan Project." Oracle Think Queat. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. <http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/timeline/manhattan.html>. This source contained a lot of information on the start of the Manhattan Project. We used this information on the 'How it Started' page. This supports the theme because the source went into detail about the people involved, and without the people and scientists the Manhattan Project would not have existed. "The Manhattan Project." United States History. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.u-shistory.com/pages/h1644.html>. This source goes into detail about the letter Roosevelt received, and what he did after receiving this letter. We used this information on the 'How it Started' page. This relates to the theme because without this letter Roosevelt would of never signed the contract to create a nuclear weapon. "Manhattan Project (19421945)." Encyclopedia of American History: The Great Depression and World War II, 1929 to 1945. Ed. Gary B. Nash. Rev. ed. Vol. VIII. N.p.: Facts on File, 2010. Encyclopedia of American History. American History Online. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=EAHVIII179&SingleRe cord=True>. Information on what the Manhattan Project was and how it was involved in World War II is included in the project. The information is placed in 'The Manhattan Project' page of the website. It supports the theme because the mission produced the atomic bomb, which caused the destruction of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan and leaving a mark in history as one of the most unforgettable topics in history. "Nuclear and Atomic Weapons." Encyclopedia of American Military History. Ed. Spencer Tucker. N.p.: Facts on File, 2003. American History Online. Web. 10 Oct. 2012.

<http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=EMHII0340&SingleRec ord=True>. The information used in the project is an explanation of fission and fusion used for atomic and nuclear bombs and information of how nuclear weapons were involved throughout history. The information is placed throughout the sub-pages under the main page 'Post-World War II'. The information ties into this year's theme because by knowing what happened throughout history that involves nuclear weapons indicates that the creation of nuclear weapons was revolutionary. "Post Manhattan Project Whereabouts of Uncle Sams Nukes." American Diplomacy. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2004_0103/book/book_norris_postman.html>. This source explains a lot of what happened after the Manhattan Project, and the bombs being dropped. This information was used on the 'Post World War II' page, and its sub-pages. This relates to the theme because it shows that nuclear weapons were a threat even after the war, and still is today. Sherrow, Victoria. "Albert Einstein." Great Scientists. New York: Facts on File, 1992. American Profiles. American History Online. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=ffapgrsc0002&SingleRe cord=True>. The information used from the source is a brief history of Einstein's early life and accomplishments and his contributions to the Manhattan project. This information is placed in the sub-page titled 'Einstein' under the page 'Scientists'. This information supports this year's theme because Einstein originally started the Manhattan project by writing a letter to the president talking of creating an atomic bomb. Learning of Einstein helps us understand how he was as a person and how he is considered one of the greatest minds in history.

Toropov, Brandon. "Atomic Bomb." Encyclopedia of Cold War Politics. N.p.: Facts on File, 2000. American History Online. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE52&iPin=ECWP017&SingleRecor d=True>. The information used from this source is what the atomic bomb was. This is placed in 'The Manhattan Project' and the 'Ending the War' page of the project. This information supports the theme of this year because the atomic bomb was the start of new warfare and how war was fought. It changed peoples lives and views of possibility of nuclear war. "Why They Called It the Manhattan Project." The New York Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/science/30manh.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>. This source contained information about why the Manhattan Project was called the Manhattan Project. This information was used in the 'Manhattan Project' page. It relates to the theme because it shows how secretive it was, and that even though it was taking place all over the U.S. a lot of it happened in Manhattan. Woods, Jeff. "Cuban Missile Crisis." Disasters, Accidents, and Crises in American History. By Ballard Campbell. New York: Facts on File, 2008. American History Online. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? ItemID=WE52&iPin=DACH0151&SingleRecord=True>. The information used from this source is what the Cuban missile crisis was and how it relates to nuclear weapons. The information is placed in the 'Cuban Missile Crisis' page of the website. It connects to this year's History Day theme because it is generally known as the moment in the Cold War that came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict.

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