88-329: Analog Communications

Solved Problems:
Carlson (4.3-1),(4.3-5),(4.3-6),(4.4-2),(4.4-6),(5.1-1),(5.1-5),(5.1-8),
(5.1-11),(5.1-15),(5.2-6),(5.2-10),(5.2-13).

Problem 4.3-1:

2 2 2
1 2 2 1
1
desired term
2
1
1
2
(a) ( ) ( ) cos 1 ( ) cos
Select a filter centered at =10 kHz with a bandwidth of 2 2 120 240 Hz.
2
(b) 1 ( ) cos 1
out c c
c
c c
a
v a x t a x t a t a x t t
a
f W
a
a x t t A
a

(
= + + + +
(

= =
(
+ = +
(

[ ]
2
1 2
1
1
( ) cos 10 1 ( ) cos
2
2 1 5
10
2 2
c c
x t t x t t
a
a a
a

(
= +
(

= = =


Problem 4.3-5:

( ) ( )
0
3 2 2 3
1 0 3 0 0 0
3 2
1 3 3 1 3 3 0 3 0 3
Take cos , where ( ), so
cos 3 cos 3 cos cos
3 3 3 1
3 cos cos 2 cos3
2 4 2 4
in
out
v y t y Kx t
v a y t a y y t y t t
a a y a y a a a y t a y t a

= + =
= + + + + +
| | | |
= + + + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
0
t





0 0 0
3
3
Take 2 where 2 2 so 6
3 3
( ) ( ) cos 1 ( ) cos
2 2
c c
c c c c
c
f f f W f W f W
a K
c
x t a Kx t A t A x t
A

= + < >
(
(
= + = +
(
(


t









Problem 4.3-6:
2 3
1 2 3
2 3
1 2 3
2 3
1 1 1
Let cos cos cos
2 2 2
1 1 1
cos cos cos
2 2 2
1 1 3
Expanding using cos cos 2 , cos cos
2 2 4
out c c c c c c
out c c c c c c
c c c c
v a A t x a A t x a A t x
v b A t x b A t x b A t x
t t t t



+

=
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
+ +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= + = +
( ) ( )
2
1 3 1 3 2 2 3 3
nd
1
cos3
4
Since BPFs reject components outside ,
( )
3 3
cos 2 ( ) cos 3 ( ) cos
4 4
so there's unsuppressed carrier and 2 harmonic distor
c
c c
c out out
BPF BPF
c c
t
f W f f W
x t v v
a a b b t a b x t t a b x t

+
< < +
=
| |
= + + + +
|
\ .
tion
c
t



Problem 4.4-2:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( { }
1 1
( ) cos
2 2
1

sin and ( ) sgn ( ) so

2
1 1
( ) sin sgn sgn
2 2
Thus, ( ) 1 sgn 1 sgn
4
c c
c c c
j t j t
c
c c c c c
c
c c c c
x t t X f f X f f
t e e X f j f X f
j
x t t f f X f f f f X f f
A
)
c
X f f f X f f f f X

+ +
= =
+ + +
= + + + ( (

f f


Problem 4.4-6:
1 1
2 1
2 1 2
2 400 0.01 40 kHz
0.01 2 400 80.4 kHz
8.04 MHz and 8.08 MHz
c
f f
f f
f f f f
=
+
= +







2

Problem 5.1-1:

PM FM





Problem 5.1-5:

max max
2
2
2
2
Type
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Phase-integral 2 2
2
( )
PM ( )
2
FM 2 ( ) ( )
Phase-accel. 2 ( ) ( )
2 2
c
m c
c c
t
c c
m
t t
c c
m m
f
f t t
dx t K d x t
K f
K f f K f dt dt
dx t
m
m
x t f f
dt
f
f x d f f x t f f
f
K K
K x d d f K x d f
f
f f

+
+
+ +
+ +
(
+ +
(

Problem 5.1-8:

for PM, / for FM
m m m
A A f f

= =

(a) Line spacing remains fixed, while line amplitudes change in the same way since is
proportional to .
m
A
(b) Line spacing changes in the same way but FM line amplitudes also change while PM
line amplitudes remain fixed.
(c) Line spacing changes in the same way but PM line amplitudes also change while FM
line amplitudes remain fixed.



3

Problem 5.1-11:

0 9.4 2 .3 10
m
t A = = + = = 0

( )
2
2
2.4 2
9.4 2.4 2 9.99 arctan 0.347 rad
4 9
0.5 rad sin 0.356 rad
4
m
t A

= = + = = =
=
.4



( ) ( )
2 2 2 2.4
9.4 .6 2 2.4 10.02 arctan 0.499 rad
2 9.4 .6
0.5 rad sin 0.5 rad
2
m
t A

= = + = = =

=


Problem 5.1-15:
0
Want plus 3 harmonics select 1.0
Generate FM signal with 24, 300 243, 000 to meet fractional bandwidth
requirements since 6 405 2, 430 Hz. Apply BPF to select carrier plus
3 sidebands. Use fr
c
T
f
f
B
=
< <
= =
0
equency converter at .
LO c
f f f =


4




Problem 5.2-6:
For CD: 2(5 2)15 210 kHz
For talk show: 2(5 2)5 70 kHz
Since station must broadcast at CD bandwidth, the fraction of the available
bandwidth used during the talk show is
used talk
available
T
T
T T
T T
B
B
B B
B B
= + =
= + =
=
70
100 33.3%
210
CD
= =




Problem 5.2-10:

( )
( )
2
2 2
0 2 0 2
2
0
2
( ) ( ) 2 ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
2
( ) ( ) ( )
4
1
where ( ) and ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
with ( ) 2 ( ), ( ) 2 ( )
( ) Re
p p p p
p p p
j t j t j t
p c c
c c
K
Y f K K f X f K X f j f X f
j f
K
y t K x t x t
j
x t A e x t A t e j t e
t f x t t f x t
y t A

( = =

= +
( = = +

= =
=

[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
( ) ( ) 2 2
0
2
2 2 2 2 2
0
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
0 2
( ) ( )
4
4 ( ) cos ( ) 2 ( ) sin ( )
4 4
so ( ) ( ) ( )
2
c c
j t t j t t
c c
c
K
K e j t t e
K K
A K f x t t t f x t t t
K f
A t A K K f x t x t

+ +

( +
`

)
(
= + +
`
(
)

(
( = +
`
(


)

c









5
Problem 5.2-13:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 3
3 1
2 1 , 2 3 1 since 3 ( ) 2 3
We want 3 2 1 3 1 4 2
2 2
hence
2
t
c c c
c
B D W B D W t f x d
B B
f f f D W D W f
f W
f

+ + =
> + > + + + = +

<

W







6