Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Marries accounting and finance Exploits accounting as a system for measuring value added Exposes good (and bad) accounting from a valuation perspective
1-3
Litigants
Disputes over value in the firm
Debt Investors
Probability of default Determination of lending rates Covenant violations
Customers
Security of supply
Governments
Policy making Regulation Taxation Government contracting
Management
Strategic planning Investment in operations Evaluation of subordinates
Competitors
Employees
Security and remuneration
Investment Styles
Intuitive Investing
1-6
Fundamental analysis:
-Requires work !
Prudence requires analysis: a defense against paying the wrong price (or selling at the wrong price)
-The Defensive Investor
1-7
1-8
What is a normal return for risk? A technology for pricing risk (asset pricing model) is needed
Premium for risk = Risk premium on risk factors sensitivity to risk factors
______________________________________________________________________________
*
**
Source: Stocks bonds Bills and Inflation 1998 Yearbook, (Chicago: Ibbotson Associates, 1998).
Summary of Annual Returns on Stocks, Bonds, Treasury Bills and Changes in the Consumer Price Index, 1926-1995
1-10
Fundamental Risk and Price Risk Fundamental risk is the risk that results from business operations Price risk is the risk of trading at the wrong price
Paying too much
1-11
Google went public in 2004 and received a very high valuation in its IPO.
How would analysts translate its business plans and strategies into a valuation? Was the IPO price appropriate, or was the market over-excited?
1-12
Investing in a Business
Operating Activities
Financing Activities
Investing Activities
Business investment and the firm: Value is surrendered by investors to the firm. The firm adds or loses value, and value is returned to investors. Financial statements inform about the investments. Investors trade in capital markets on the basis of information on financial statements.
1-13
Business Activities
Financing Activities: Raising cash from investors and returning cash to investors Investing Activities: Investing cash raised from investors in operational assets Operating Activities: Utilizing investments to produce and sell products
1-14
The Business of Analysis: The Professional Analyst The outside analyst understands the firms value in order to advise outside investors
Equity analyst Credit analyst
The inside analyst evaluates plans to invest within the firm to generate value The outside analyst values the firm. The inside analyst values strategies for the firm
1-16
Value-Based Management
Test strategic ideas to see if they generate value:
1. Develop strategic ideas and plans 2. Forecast payoffs from the strategy 3. Calculate value from forecasted payoffs
Applications:
Corporate strategy Mergers & acquisitions Buyouts & spinoffs Restructurings Capital budgeting
Manage implemented strategies under a value-added criterion Reward managers based on value added
1-17
1-18
The Analysis of Business Understanding the business is a necessary prerequisite to carrying out a valuation Understand the business model (strategy) Master the details The financial statements are a lens on the business Financial statement analysis focuses the lens
1-19
On price?
On quality?
Brand name association of the product Patent protection for the product
1-20
Marketing Process
Distribution Channels Supplier Network Cost Structure Economies of Scale
1-21
Knowing the Business: Know the Management What is managements track record? Is management entrepreneurial? Does management focus on shareholders or their own interests? Do stock compensation plans serve shareholders interests? What is the ethical charter under which the firm operates? How strong are the corporate governance mechanisms?
1-24
Knowing the Business: Know the Political, Legal and Regulatory Environment
The firms political influence Legal constraints on the firm including the antitrust law, consumer law, labor law and environment law Regulatory constraints on the firm including product and price regulations Taxation of the business
1-25
1-26
Valuation Technologies: Methods that do not Involve Forecasting (Chapter 3) Method of Comparables Multiple Screening
Asset-Based Valuation
1-27
1-28
1-29
Order information in terms of how concrete it is: Separate concrete information from speculative information.
1-30
Anchoring Valuation in the Financial Statements Value = Anchor + Extra Value For example,
1-31
1-32
Exercises
There are two types of exercises at the end of each chapter:
Drill Exercises Short exercises on hypothetical data that apply the ideas in the chapter in a simple way. Applications Exercises involving real-world companies.
1-33
1-34
Sneak Preview
Dividend Capitalization:
P0
d1
d2
2 E
d3
3 E
....
Accounting:
Bt Bt 1 earnt dt
2 E
...
1-35
0
180.00%
Forecast Period
4 Years
160.00%
140.00%
120.00%
100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
Dividends
Cash Flows
Residual Earnings
Dividends
Cash Flows
Residual Earnings
1-36
0
180.00%
Forecast Period
176.20%
4 Years
160.00%
140.00%
120.00%
100.00%
80.00%
63.30%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
10.30%
0.00%
Dividends
Cash Flows
Residual Earnings
Dividends
Cash Flows
Residual Earnings
1-37
0
180.00%
Forecast Period
176.20%
4 Years
160.00%
140.00%
120.00%
100.00%
80.00%
63.30%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
10.30%
0.00%
Dividends
Cash Flows
Residual Earnings
Dividends
Cash Flows
Residual Earnings
1-38
0
180.00%
Forecast Period
176.20%
4 Years
160.00%
140.00%
120.00%
100.00%
80.00%
63.30%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
10.30%
0.00%
Dividends
Cash Flows
Residual Earnings
Dividends
Cash Flows
Residual Earnings
1-39
0
180.00%
Forecast Period
176.20%
4 Years
160.00%
140.00%
120.00%
100.00%
66.30%
80.00%
76.50%
60.00%
40.00%
16.70%
20.00%
10.30%
6.10%
0.00%
Dividends
Cash Flows
Residual Earnings
Dividends
Cash Flows
Residual Earnings
1-40
CURRENT AND PAST FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (analysis of information, trends, comparisons, etc.)
1-41
Cost of Capital
Cost of Capital
1-42
Course Materials
Text Book:
Financial Statement Analysis and Security Valuation Fifth Edition by Stephen Penman)
Accounting Clinics
on website
1-43
A text on US GAAP:
Keiso, Weygandt, and Warfield, Intermediate Accounting, Wiley, 14th Edition, 2012.
1-44