1.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Long answer type questions
01*. What are the postulates of Bohrs model of hydrogen atom? Discuss the importance of this model to
explain various series of line spectra in hydrogen atom.
02. Explain the salient features of quantum mechanical model of an atom.
03. What are the evidence in favour of dual behavior of electron?
04*. How are the quantum numbers n. 1 and m
1
arrived at ? Explain the significance of these quantum
numbers.
05. Explain the dueal behavior of matter. Discuss its significance to microscopic par ticles like electrons.
Short answer type questions
01*. Show that the circumference of the Bohr ortbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of the de
Broglie wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.
02. What is a nodal plane? How many nodal planes are possible for 2p- and 3d- orbitals?
03*. Explain the difference between emission and absorption spectra.
04. Explain the difference between orbit and orbital.
05*. Explain photoelectric effect.
06*. Explain briefly the Planks quantum theory.
07. What is the wavelenth of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes transition from an
energy level with n = 5 to an energy level with n = 3 ?
08. If the position of the electron is measured within an accurancy of

0.002 nm. Calculate the uncertainity

in the momentum of the electron.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Long answer type questions
01*. Write an essay on s,p,d and f block elements.
02*. What is a periodic property? How the following properties vary in a group and in a period?
Explain a) IE , b) EN
03*. Define IE
1
and IE
2
. Why is IE
2
> IE
1
for a given atom? Discuss the factors that effect IE of an element.
04. How do the following properties change in group-1 and in the third period? Explain with example.
a) Atomic radius b) IE c) EA d) Nature of oxides
Short answer type questions
01. Give the outer orbit general electronic configuration of
a) Noble gases b) Representative elements
c) Transition elements d) Inner transition elements
02*. Give any four characteristic properties of transition elements.
03. What is the basic deference between the electron gain enthalpy and electropositivity?
04. What is valency of element? How does it vary with respect to hydrogen in the third period?
05*. What is diagonal relationship? Give a pair of elements having diagonal relationship.Why do they show
this relation?
SUB: CHEMISTRY
INTER FIRST YEAR CHEMISTRY
Chapter wise imp. Questions
Designed by SriGayatri
Jr.Inter Chemistry 2
06*. What is lanthanide contraction? What are its consequences?
07. Write a note on a) Atomic radius b) Metalic radius c) Covalent radius
3. CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Long answer type questions :
1. Explain the formation of Ionic Bond with a suitable example.
2. Explain the factors favourable for the formation of Ionic Compounds.
3. Give an account of VSEPR Theory, and its applications.
4*. What do you understand by Hybridisation ? Explain different types of hybridization involvings and p
orbitals.
5*. Give the Molecular Orbital Energy diagram of (a) N
2
and (b) O
2
. Calculate the respective bond order.
Write the magnetic nature of N
2
and O
2
molecules.
Short answer type questions :
01. State Fajans rules and give suitable examples.
02. Write the resonance structures for NO
2
, and
3
NO
-
03*. Define Dipole moment. Write its applications.
04. Explain why BeF
2
, molecule has zero dipole moment although the Be-F bonds are polar.
05. Even though nitrogen in ammonia is in sp
3
hybridization, the bond angle deviate from109
0
06*. Explain the hybridization involved in PCl
5
molecule.
07*. Explain the hybridization involved in SF
6
molecule.
08*. Explain the formation of Coordinate Covalent bond with one example.
09*. What is Hydrogen bond? Explain the different types of Hydrogen bonds with ex amples.
10**. What is meant by the term Bond order? Calculate the bond orders in the following
a)
2
N b)
2
O c)
2
O
+
d)
2
O
-
11. How do you explain the geometry of the molecules on the basis of Valence bond Theory ?
12. How do you predict the shapes of the following molecules making use of VSEPR Theory ?
4. STATES OF MATTER : GASES AND LIQUIDS
Long answer type questions
1. Derive the van der waals equation of state. Explain the importance of vander waals gas equation.
Short answer type questions :
1*. Derive Ideal gas equation.
2*. State and explain Grahams law Diffusion.
3*. State and explain Daltons law of Partial pressures.
4*. Deduce (a) Boyles law and (b) Charles law from kinetic gas equation.
5*. Deduce (a) Grahams law and (b) Daltons law from kinetic gas equation.
6*. Derive an expression for kinetic Energy of gas molecules.
7*. Define (a) rms (b) average and (c) most probable speeds of gas molecules. Give their interrela tionship.
8*. Write the postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases.
9. Explain the principle underlying the liquefaction of Gases.
10. What is surface tension of liquids ? Explain the effect of temperature on the surface tension of liquids.
Jr.Inter Chemistry 3
5. STOICHIOMETRY
Short answer type questions :
1*. Chemical analysis of a carbon compounds gave the folowing percentage copmposition by weight of the
elements present, carbon = 10.06%, hydrogen = 0.84% chlorine = 89.10%,Calculate the empirical
formula of the compound.
2*. A carbon compound on analysis gave the following percentage composistion, carbon 14.5%, hydrogen
1.8%, chlorine 64.46%, oxygen 19.24%. Chlorine 64.46%, oxygen 19.24% Calculate the empirical
formula of the compound.
3*. Calculate the empirical formula of a compound having percentage composition postassium (k) = 26.57.
chromium (cr) = 35.36; oxygen (O) 38.07. (Give the atomic weights of K, cr and O as 39; 52 and 16
respectively)
4*. A carbon compound contains 12.8% carbon, 2.1% hydrogen, 85.1% bromine. The molecular weight
of the compound is 187.9. Calculate the molecular formula.
5*. Balance the following redox reactions by ion - electron method :
(a) ( )
4 2
( ) ( ) MnO aq I aq MnO S

+ (in basic medium)
(b)
4 ( ) aq
MnO
2
2 ( ) ( ) 4 ( ) g a q a q
S O M n H S O
+
+ + (in acidic solution)
(c)
2 3
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) H O aq Fe aq Fe aq H O
+ +
+ + (in acidic solution)
(d)
2 3 2
2 7 2 4
( ) ( ) Cr O SO g Cr aq SO
+
+ + (in acidic solution)
6*. Balancce the following equations in basic medium by ion-electron method and oxidation number meth-
ods and identify the oxidising agent and the redusing agent.
(a)
4 3 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) P s OH aq PH g HPO aq

+ +
(b)
2 4( ) 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) l aq g g
N H ClO NO Cl

+ +
(c)
2 7 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Cl O g H O aq ClO aq O g H
+
+ + +
6. THERMODYNAMICS
Long answer type questions :
1. Explain the spontaneity of a reaction interms of enthalpy change, entropy change and Gibbs energy
change.
Short answer type questions :
1. What are open, closed and isolated systems? Give one example for each.
2. Define the state function and state variables. Give examples
3. Internal energy is a state function. Expalin.
4. Derive the equation for
rev
W in isothermal reversible process.
5. Explain the state function enthalpy,H. What is the relationship between
U
and
H
?
6. Explain extensive and intensive properties.
7. Define heat capacity. What are
P
C and
V
C ? Show that
P V
C C R - = .
8*. State and explain the Hesss law of constant Heat summation.
9. Explain the spontaneity of a process?
Jr.Inter Chemistry 4
10*. What is entropy? Explain with examples.
11*. State the second law of thermodynamics and explain it.
12*. State the third law of thermodynamics. What do you understand by it ?
13. Explain spontaneity of a process in terms of Gibbs energy.
7. CHEMICAL AND IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
Long answer type questions :
1*. What is Lechatliers principle? Discuss briefly the factor s which can influence the equilibrium.
2*. Discuss the application of Lechateliers principle for the industrial synthesis of Ammonia and sulphur
trioxide.
3*. Explain the concept of Bronsted acids and Bronsted bases, Illustrate the answer with suitable examples.
4*. Explain Lewis acid-base theory with suitable example. Classify the following species into Lewis acids
and Lewis bases and show these act as Lews acid / base.
a)
OH
-
b)
-
F
c)
H
+
d)
3
Bcl
5*. Define pH.. what is buffer solution ? Derive Henderson - Hasselbalch equation for Calculating the pH
of an acid buffer solution.
6*. Explain the term Hydrolysis of salts with examples.Discuss the pH of the follow ing types of salt
solutions. i) Salts of weak and strong base. ii) Salts of strong acid and weak base.
Short answer type questions :
1. Write expression for the equilibrium constant,
c
K , for each of the following reactions.
(i)
2( )
2 2
g g g
NOCI NO CI

2. How does the value of equilibrium constant predict the extent of reaction ?
3. Explian the terms :
i) extent of ionization and on what factors it depends.ii) dissociation iii) ionization
4*. Explain the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases.
5*. What is conjugate acid-base pair ? Illustrate with examples.
6. Write equation that shows
2 4
H PO
-
acting both as an acid and as a base.
7. Write the conjugate acid and conjugate base of each of the following :
a)
OH
-
b)
2
H O (c)
3
HCO
-
(d)
2 2
H O
8*. Define ionic product of water. What is its value at room temperature ?
9*. What is common ion effect ? Illustrate.
10*. Define solubility product ? Write solubility product expressions for the following :
i)
2 2 7
Ag Cr O ii)
3 4 4
( ) Zr PO
11*. Give the classification of salts. What type of salts undergo hydrolysis ?
12*. Aqueous solution of
4
NH CI is acidic. Explain.
13*. Aqueous solution of
3
CH COONa is basic explain.Long answer questions
8. HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Short answer type questions
1*. Explain the terms hard water and soft water. Write a note on the
i) ion-exchange method and ii) Calgon method for the removal of hardness of water
Jr.Inter Chemistry 5
2*. Write the chemical reaction to justify that hydrogen peroxide can function as on oxidizing as well as
reducing agent.
3*. Write a note on heavy water.
4*. Discuss the principle and the method of softening of hard water by synthetic, ion- exchange resins.
5. In how many ways can you express the strength of H
2
O
2
? Calculate the strength of 15 volume solution
of H
2
O
2
in g/l. Express this strength in normality and molarity.
9. THE S-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Long answer type questions :
1. Discuss the preparation of sodium carbonate.
2.* Explain the significance of sodium, postassium, magnesium and calcium in biologi cal fluids.
3*. Write a few lines about cement.
Short answer type questions :
1*. What do you know about Castner-Kellner process? Write the principle involved in it.
2. Write a note on the anomalous behavior of Beryllium.
3*. What is plaster of Paris?Write a short note on it.
4. How do you obtain pure sodium chloride from a crude sample ?
5. When an alkali metal dissolves in liquid ammonia the solution can acquire different
colours. Explain the reasons for this type of colour change.
10. THE P-BLOCK ELEMENTS - GROUP 13
Long answer type questions :
1*. Write any two methods of preperation of diborane. How does it react with
a) Carbon monoxide and b) Ammonia ?
Short answer type questions :
1*. Explain borax bead test with a suitable example.
2*. Explain the structure of diborane.
3. Explain the reactions of aluminium with acids.
4*. Give two methods of preparation of diborane.
5*. How does diborane react with a)
2
H O b) CO c)
3 3
( ) N CH ?
11. THE P-BLOCK ELEMENTS - GROUP 14
Long answer type questions :
1*. Write note on the allotropy of carbon.
Short answer type questions :
1*. Explain the difference in properties of diamond and graphite on the basis of their structure.
2*. Write a short note Zeolites.
3. Write a short note silicates.
4*. What are silicones? How are they obtained?
5. Write a short notes on fullerene.
6*. Why is diamond hard?
7. What happens when a)
2
CO is passed through slaked lime b)
2
CaC is heated with
2
N .
Jr.Inter Chemistry 6
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1. Calculate the charge of one mole of electrons.
Ans : One electron has charge -
19
1.602 10

coloumbs
one mole of electrons has charge
23 19
6.023 10 1.602 10

4
9.648846 10 96488.5 = =
coloumbs
2. Calculate the mass of one mole of electrons.
Ans : Mass of electron = ( )
31 28
9.1 10 kg or 9.1 10 gms.


One moel of electrons has mass
23 31
6.023 10 9.1 10

8 7
54.8 10 5.48 10 kg

= = .
3. How many p electrons are present in sulphur atom ?
Ans : Sulphur has electronic configuration
2 2 6 2 4
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

Sulphur has 10 'p' electrons.

4. What are the values of principal quantum number (n) and azimuthal quantum number (l) for a 3d
electron ?
Ans : For a 3d - electron principal quantum number (n) = 3 and Azimuthal quantum number (l) = 2.
5. What is the completer symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and atomic mass
(A) ? i) Z = 4, A= 9 : ii) Z = 17, A = 35 : iii) Z = 92, A = 233.
Ans : i ) Z = 4, A = 9 Complete symbol is
9
4
Be
ii) Z = 17,A = 35 Complete symbol is
35
17
Cl
iii) Z = 92,A = 233 Complete symbol is
233
92
U
6. What is the frequency of radiation of wavelength 600 nm ?
Ans : Formulae
c

=
8
7
3 10
6 10

15
1
10
2
=
15 14 1
0.5 10 5 10 sec

= =
9 7
600 600 10 6 10 nm m m

= = =
8
3 10 / sec C m =
7. What is Zeeman effect ?
Ans : The splitting up of spectral lines in presence of strong exetrnal magnetic field is called as Zeeman effect .
8. What is Stark effect ?
Ans : The splitting of spectral lines in presence of strong electric field is called as Stark effect.
Jr.Inter Chemistry 7
9. Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to radition of
wavelength 4000
0
A
. What is the threshold frequency (v
0
) ?
Ans : Formulae
2
0
1
2
hv hv mv = +

( )
2
0
1
2
hv hv m o = +
0
hv hv =
0
= 4000
3 10 7
4 10 10 4 10 m.

= =
0 =
, C = 3 x 10
8
m/sec.
0
v v =
8
15
7
3 10 3
10
4 10 4
c
v

= = =

15
0.75 10 =

14 1
7.5 10 sec .

=
10. Which of the following orbitals are possible ? 2s,1p,3f,2p.
Ans : 2s,2p orbitals are possible among 2s,1p,3f,2p and 1p, 3f orbitals ar not possible.
11. How many electrons in an atom may have n = 4 and m = +1/2 ?
Ans : For n = l values are 0,1,2,3
0 l =
s contains are electron with m
s
= +1/2
1 l =
p contains 3 electron with m
s
= +1/2
2 l =
d contains 5 electron with m
s
= +1/2
3 l =
f contains 7 electron with m
s
= +1/2

Total no.of electrons with m

s
= +1/2 for n = 4
1 3 5 7 16. = + + + =
2. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
1. What is the difference in the approach between the Mendeleev's periodic law and the modern
periodic law ?
Ans : According to Mendeleev the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of
their atomic weights.
According to modern periodic law physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions
of their atomic numbers.
2. In terms of period and group, where would you locate the element with Z = 114 ?
Ans : Element Z = 114 is present in 17
th
period and IVA group (Group - 14)
3. Write the atomic number of the element, present in the third period and seventeenth group of
the periodic table.
Ans : The Element present in 3
rd
period and Group - 17 (VIIA group) is chlorine (Cl) It's atomic
number is 17.
4. Which element do you think would have been named by
a) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Jr.Inter Chemistry 8
b) Seaborg's group
Ans : a) Lawrence Berkeley (Laboratory-Lanthanide)
b) Seaborg's group - Actinide (Transuranic element )
5. What are representative elements ? Give their valence shell configuration.
Ans : Representative elements are s and p-block elements except zero group.
These have general electronic configuration ns
1-2
np
1-5
6. Give the outer shells configuration of d-block and f-block elements.
Ans : The outer shell electronic configuration of d-block- elements is ns
1-2
(n-1)d
1-10
The outer shell electronic configuration of f-block - elements is ns
1-2
(n-1)d
0 (or) 1
(n-2) f
1-14
7. Name the anomalous pairs of elements in the Mendaleev's periodic table.
Ans : In Mendelleev's periodic table anamalous pairs are the elements whose atomic weights
increasing order is reversed.
Eg : 1)
Te I
127.6 126.9
2)
Co Ni
58.93 58.69
8. Among
-3 -2 - + +2 +3
N ,O ,F ,Na ,Mg and Al
a. What is common in them ? b. Arrange them in the increasing ionic radii.
Ans : Given ions are
-3 -2 - + +2 +3
N ,O ,F ,Na ,Mg and Al .
a) The above ions have same number of electrons (All have 10 electrons ). So these are called
iso electronic species.
b) The increasing order of ionic radii among above ions is
+3 +2 + - -2 -3
Al <Mg <Na <F <O <N
Reason : In case of iso electronic species as the nuclear charge increases ionic radii decreases.
9. Ionization enthalpy, (IE
1
) of O is less than that of N - explain.
Ans : Oxygen has electronic configuration
2 2 4
1s 2s 2p
Nitrogen has electronic configuration
2 2 3
1s 2s 2p
Nitrogen has half filled shell and is stable so more amount of energy is required to
remove an electron , than in oxygen Hence IE, of 'O' is lessthan that of 'N'.
10. Which in each pair of elements has a more negative electron gain enthalpy ?
Ans : a. O or F b. F or Cl
a)
( ) 328 / KJ Mole
Fluorine

14 2 43
has more negative electron gain enthalpy than , that of
( ) 141.2 / KJ Mole
Oxygen

14 2 43
Jr.Inter Chemistry 9
b)
( ) 349 / KJ Mole
Clorine

14 2 43
has more negative electron gain enthalpy than that of
( ) 328 / KJ Mole
Fluorine

14 2 43
11. Write the increasing order of the metallic character among the elements B,Al, Mg and K.
Ans : Given elements are B,Al, Mg and K
The increasing order of metallic character is
B Al Mg K < < <
Group - ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) III III II I
12. Write the correct increasing order of non-metallic character for B,C,N F and Si.
Ans : Given elements are B,C,N,F and Si The increasing order of non-metallic character is
Si < B < C < N < F
Group - (IV) (III) (IV) (V) (VII)
13. Write the correct increasing order of chemical reactivity in terms of oxidizing property for N,
O, F and Cl
Ans : The correct increasing order of chemical reactivity interms of oxidizing property for
N,O,F and Cl is F > O > Cl > N
14. What is the valency possible to Arsenic with respect oxygen and hydrogen ?
Ans : The valency of Arsenic with respect to hydrogen is '3'
Eg : AsH
3

The valency of Arsenic with respect to oxygen is 'S'

Eg : As
2
O
5
15. Name the most electronegative element. Is it also having the highest electron gain enthalpy ?
Why or Why not ?
Ans : The most electronegative element is fluorine (F).
It doesnot have high electron gain enthalpy.
Reasons : -
Due to small size
Due to high inter electronic repulsions.
* Chlorine has high electron gain enthalpy.
16. How does the nature of oxides vary in the third period ?
Ans : In 3
rd
period from left to right the oxide nature varies from high basic nature to high acidic nature.
Basic nature gradually decreases and acidic nature gradually increases.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3 2 2 5 3 2 7
Na O< Mgo Al O SiO PO SO Cl O
basic basic amphoteric acidic acidic acidic acidic
< < < < < <
17. What is lanthanide contraction ? Give one of its consequences.
Ans : Lanthanide contraction : Decrease in the size of the atoms or ions among the lanthanides
is known as lanthanide contraction.Consequence due to lanthanide contraction :
1) Due to lanthanide contraction, the crystall structure and other properties of the leements
become very closely similar.
2) Due to this, it becomes difficult to separate lanthanides from a mixture.
Jr.Inter Chemistry 10
18. Why are zero group elements called noble gases or inert gases ?
Ans : Zero group elements has general outer electronic configuration
2 6
ns np (except for He)
These contains stable octet configuration. So these are stable and chemically inert.
Hence these are called inert gases.
These elements neither lose nor gain electrons. Hence these are called 'noble gases'.
19. Electron affinity of chlorine is more than that of fluorine - explain.
Ans : Chlorine (-349 KJ / Mole) has high electronegative gain enthalpy than fluorine (-328KJ/mole)
because 'F' has small size and more inter electronic repulsions.
20. Which in each has higher electron affinity ?
a. F or
-
Cl
b. O or
O

c. Na
+
or F d. F or F
Ans : a) Fluorine has high electron affinity than Cl
-
ion because of inert gas configuration of Cl
-
ion.
b) Oxygen has high electron affinity than O
-
because O has positive of 2nd electron
affinity.
c) F has high electron affinity than Na
+
because Na
+
has inert gas configuration.
d) F has high electron affinity than
-
F
because
-
F
has inert gas configuration.
21. Arrange the following in order of increasing ionic radius :
a.
3 2
, , , Cl p s F

b.
2 2
3, , , , Al Mg Na O F
+ + +
c.
2
, , Na Mg K
+ + +
Ans : a) The increasing order of ionic radius is
2 3
F Cl S P

< < <
b) The increasing order of ionic radius is
3 2 2
Al Mg Na F O
+ + +
< < < <
c) The increasing order of ionic radius is
2
Mg Na K
+ + +
< <
22. Mg
+2
is smaller than O
-2
in size, though both have same electronic configuration explain.
Ans :
2
Mg
+
and
2
O

ions are iso electronic species. In case of iso electronic species nuclear charge
increases size of ion decreases. So
2
Mg
+
has small size than
2
O

23. What is diagonal relation ? Give one pair of elements, that have this relation.
Ans : The similarity in properties of 2nd period first element and 3rd period second element of
the next group is known as diagonal relation. Diagonal relation is due to same polarizing
power.
Be and Al show this relationship
3. CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
1. Write Lewis dot structures for S and S
2-
Ans : Lewis dot structure for 's' is [ ]
2 2 6 2 4
16
1 2 2 2 3 3
Z
Electronic configuration s s p s p
=

Lewis dot structure for s

-2
is (or)
-2
2 2 2 6 2 6
1 2 2 2 3 3 Electronic configurationof s s s p s p

Jr.Inter Chemistry 11
2. Predict the change, if any, in hybridization of Al atom in the following reaction
3 4
AlCl Cl AlCl

+
Ans : In
3
AlCl Aluminium undergoes sp
2
hybridisation
In
4
AlCl

Aluminium undergoes sp
3
hybridisation
3 4
2 3
| |
AlCl Cl AlCl
sp hybridisation sp hybridisation

+
3. Is there any change in the hybridization of Boron and Nitrogen atoms as a result of the follwing
reaction ?
3 3 3 3
BF +NH F BNH
Ans :a) Ammonia-Boron trifluoride formation ( )
3 3
H N BF :
Ammonia molecule contains Nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons (in sp
3
orbital).
BF
3
has 'B' atom with an incomplete octet (with a vacant p
z
orbital). Therefore, nitrogen of
ammonia donates sp
3
orbital of nitrogen having a lone pair overlaps the vacant 'p' orbital
of Boron. Theequation corresponding to the reaction is written as follows :
[ ]
2 3 3 3
H N: :
Donor Acceptor Ammonia Borontrifluoride
BF H N BF

+
b) Change in hybridised states N and B during
[ ]
3 3
: H N BF
formation
Boron in
3
BF (sp
2
hybridization with one vacant unhybrid 'p' orbital. This orbital also
undergoes)hybridization in presence of NH
3
so that the hybridised state of 'B' changes
from sp
2
to sp
3
.This vacant hybrid orbital is bonded to NH
3
through dative bond. During
this process there is no change in the hybridized state of Nitrogen in NH
3
.
4. If A and B are two different atoms when does AB molecule become Covalent ?
Ans : 1) If the difference in electronegativity values between A and B is less than 1.7, then
covalent compound formation is possible
2) If A and B are sharing one or more electron pairs mutually then AB will be a covalent
compound
5. What is meant by localized orbitals ?
Ans : The molecular orbital with bonded electron cloud localised between the two nuclei of
bonded atoms is called localized orbital. (or) The orbitals which are involved in bond
formation arelocalized orbitals.
6.
Cl

has greater stability than chlorine atom. Why ?

A. It has [Ar] configuration . Hence it is stable but Cl atom has one electron short to nearest [Ar] configu-
ration. Hence it is unstable.
Jr.Inter Chemistry 12
7. Why argon is not represented by
2
Ar ?
A. Since Ar atom has only paired electrons with stable octet configuration, it cant share its electrons with
another Ar atom and cannot form di atomic molecule.
8. What is sigma bond ? How many sigma and Pi bonds are present in Acetylene, Benzene and
Ethylene molecules ?
A. Chemical bond formed by the head - on overlapping of atomic orbitals is called sigmabond.
( )
2 2
C H Acetylene 3 and 2
( )
2 4
C H Ethylene 5 and 1
( )
6 6
C H Benzene 12 and 3
9. Why the boiling point of
2
H O is greater than HF ?
A. In HF molecule, hydrogen bond is present in both vapour state and liquid state where as in water only
in liquid state. Hence for HF, there is no need to break the hydrogen bonds during evaporation. In
2
H O molecule, double no.of hydrogen bonds are seen than in HF,
therefore, the boiling point of H
2
O is greater than HF.
10. What type of hybridisation is seen in phosphorous in
5
PCl and sulphur in
6
SF molecules ?
A. In
5
PCl , P shows
3
sp d hybridization and in
6
SF molecule, s shows
3 2
sp d hybridisation.
11. What is octet rule ?
A. The demand of an atom to have 8 electrons in its valence shell to get extra stability is known as octet rule.
4. STATES OF MATTER GASES AND LIQUIDS
1. Name the different intermolecular forces experienced by the molecules of a gas.
Ans : The different inter molecular forces experienced by the molecules of a gas are ondon (or) dispersion
forces, Dipole - Dipole forces, Dipole - induced dipole forces, hydrogen bond.
2. State Boyle's law. Give its mathematical expression.
Ans : At constant temperature, the pressure of a given mass (fixed amount) of gas varies inversely with it's
volume. This is Boyle's law.
mathematically it can be written as
1
p
v

(At constant T and no.of moles (n)

p
k
v
=
pv k = (constant)
3. State Charle's law. Give its mathematical expression.
Ans : At constant pressure the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to it's
absolutetemperature. This is charle's law.
Mathematically it can be written as
V T
(At constant P and no.of moles (n)
V kT =

k
V
T
=
(constant)
Jr.Inter Chemistry 13
4. What are Isotherms ?
Ans : At constant temperature the curves which the relationship between variation of volume of
a given mass of gas and pressure are called isotherms.
5. What is Absolute Temperature ?
Ans : It is also called thermodynamic temperature (or) kelvin temperature. It is a temperature
on the absolute (or) Kelvin scale in which zero at -273.16
0
C.
( )
0
T= t C+273.16 K
6. What are Isobars ?
Ans : The curves (or) graphs that can be drawn at constant pressure are called Isobars.
Eg : Graphs drawn between volume and temperature.
7. What is Absolute Zero ?
Ans : It is the lowest temperature theoritically possible at which volume of perfect gas is zero.
8. State Avogadro's law.
Ans : Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contains
equal number of molecules
( ) v n mathematically
v kn =
9. What are Isochores ?
Ans : At constant volume a line on a graph showing the variation of temperature of a gas with its pressure is
called Isochores.
10. What are STP Conditions ?
Ans : STP means Standard Temperature and Pressure conditions.
Standard temperature is 0
0
C = 273 K
Standard pressure is 1 atmosphere = 76 cm = 760 mm. of Hg.
11. What is Gram molar volume ?
Ans : The volume occupied by one gram molecular weight (or) one gram mole of an element
(or) compound in the gaseous state is called gram molar volume.
(or)
At STP one mole of any gas occupy 22.4 lit. of volume
This is known as gram molar volume.
12. What is an ideal gas ?
Ans : A gas which obeys gas laws i.e. Boyle's law, Charle's law and Avagadrols law exactly at all
temperatures is called an ideal gas
13. Give the values of gas constant in different units.
Ans : R = 0.0821 lit. atm. k
-1
mol
1 1
8.314 . J K mol

=
( )
1 1
1.987 2 . or cal K mol

=
7 -1 -1
=8.31410 ergs. k mol
14. How are the density and molar mass of a gas related ?
Ans : Pv = n RT
Pv
w
RT
m
=
Jr.Inter Chemistry 14
p
w RT
v M
=
| |
|
\
Molar mass
( ) M
dRT w
density d
p v
=
(

(

P = Pressure of gas R = Universal gas constant
T = Temperature of gas in kelvins scale.
15. State Graham's law of diffusion.
Ans : The rate of diffusion of a given mass of gas at a given pressure and temperature is inversely
proportional to the square root of its density.
rate of diffusion
1
r
d

16. Which of the gases diffuses faster among

2 2 4
N ,O and CH ? Why ?
Ans :
4
CH gas diffuse faster among
2 2 4
N ,O and CH
Reason :
4
CH gas (16) has low molecular weight than
2
N (28) and
2
O (32).
17. How many times methane diffuse faster than sulphurdioxide ?
Ans : According to Graham's law of diffusion.
4 2
2 4
64 4
2
16 1
CH SO
SO CH
r M
r M
= = = =
Hence methane gas diffuses 2 times faster than SO
2
.
18. State Dalton's law of partial pressures.
Ans : The total pressure exerted by a mixture of chemically non-reacting gases at given
temperature and volume, is equal to the sum of partial pressures of the component gases.
19. Give the relation between the partial pressure of a gas and its mole fraction.
Ans : Partial pressure of a gas = mole fraction of the gas

Total pressue of the mixture of gases

Eg : Consider A and B in a container which are chemically non reaction.

Partial pressure of ( )
A A T
A P X P =
partial pressure of ( )
B B T
B P X P = ,
,
A B
A B
A B A B
X
n n
X
n n n n
= =
+ +
A
X ,
B
X are mole fractions
P
T
= Total pressure.
20. What is Boltzman's constant ? Give its value.
Ans : Boltzman's constant is the gas constant per molecule.
Boltzman's constant
K=
R
N
16
1.38 10 / , erg k molecule

=
Jr.Inter Chemistry 15
23
1.38 10 / , J k molecule

= .
21. What is RMS velocity ?
Ans : The square root of mean of the squares of the speeds of all molecules of a gas is known
as RMS velocity (U
RMS
)
2 2 2
1 2
rms
1 2
U
......
........
N
U U U
n n
+ + +
=
+ +
22. What is Average velocity ?
Ans : The arithematic mean of speeds of gas molecules is known as average velocity ( )
av
U
1 2
1 2
......
.......
n
average
U
U U U
n n
+ + +
=
+ +
23. What is Most probable velocity ?
Ans : The speed velocity possessed by the maximum number of molecules of the gas is known
probable velocity ( )
mp
U
24. Give the ratio of RMS average and most probabale velocities of gas molecules.
Ans :
2 8 3
: : : : 1:1.128:1.224
mp av rms
RT RT RT
U U U
M M M
= =

25. What is Compressibility factor ?

Ans : The ratio of the actual molar volume of a gas to the molar volume of a perfect gas under
the same conditions is called compressibility factor.
Compressibility factor
Z
PV
nRT
=
For a perfect Z = 1.
26. What is Boyle Temperature ?
Ans : The temperatue at which a real gas exibits ideal behaviour for a considerable range of
pressure is called Boyle's temperature.
27. What is critical temperature ? Give its value for CO
2
.
Ans : The temperature above which no gas can be liquified how ever high the pressure may be
applied is called critical temperature. Critical temperature of
2
CO gas is 31.98
0
C.
28. What is critical Volume ?
Ans : The volume occupied by one mole of gas at critical temperature and critical pressure is
known as critical volume.
29. What is critical pressure ?
Ans : The pressure required to liquify a gas at critical temperature is known as critical pressure.
30. What are critical constants ?
Ans : Critical temperatue (T
c
), Critical volume (V
c
) and critical pressure (P
c
) are called as
critical constants.
31. What is surface tension ?
Ans : The force acting at right angles to the surface of the liquid along unit length of surface is
called surface tension. Unit : dynes/cm.
Jr.Inter Chemistry 16
32. What is laminar flow of a liquid ?
Ans : In liquids a regular gradation of velocity for layers in passing from one layer to the next observed.
This flow of liquid is called Laminar flow.
33. What is coefficient of Viscosity ? Give its units.
Ans : The force of friction required to maintain velocity difference of 1cm. sec
-1
between two
parallel layers of a liquid 1 cm. apart and each layer having an area 1cm
2
is called coefficient
of viscosity.
It is denoted by

F= A
du
dx
Units : Poise : in CGS system 1 poise = 1g. cm
-1
sec
-1
.
34. Find the RMS speed of CO
2
gas at 27C temperature.
A. RMS velocity =
3RT
M
Given temperature T = 273 + 27 = 300 K
Molecular weight of CO
2
= 44 g
Molar gas constant R = 8.314 x 10
7
ergs K
1
mol
1

RMS velocity
7
3 8.314 10 300
44

= 4.123 x 10
4
cm/s
35. Calculate the kinetic energy of 2 moles of CO
2
gas at 27C in Cals.
K.E. =
3
2
nRT
Given n = 2, R = 2 cals, T = 273 + 27 = 300 K
3
2 2 300 1800
2
=
cals
5. STOICHIOMETRY
1. The empirical formula of a compound is
2
CH O. Its molecular weight is 90. Calculate the molecular
formula of the compound.
Molecular formula = n (Emperical formula)Given

90
3
30
n
Molecular wt
Emperical wt
= =
Molecular wt = 90

Molecular formula ( )
2 3 6 3
3 CH O C H O = = Empericla formula =
2
CH O

Emperical wt = 30
2. Balance the following equation by the oxidation number method
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
3 3
2 3 s s aq aq
Cr Pb NO Cr NO Pb + +
.
Jr.Inter Chemistry 17
Ans :
So the balanced equation is 2Cr+3pb(NO
3
)
2

2Cr(NO
3
)
3
+ 3Pb
3. Calculate the volume of O
2
at STP requied to completely burn 100 ml of acetylene.
Ans : Balanced chemical equation for combustion of acetylene is
2 2 2 2 2
2 5 4 2 C H O CO H O + +
2 moles of
2 2
C H require 5 moles of
2
O for complete combustion at STP
2 22400ml of
2 2
C H require ____ ?
100 5 22400 500
250
2 22440 2
ml

= =

4. What volume of
2
CO is obtained at STP by heating 4g of CaCO
3
?
Ans : Chemical Equation is
3 2
CaCO CaO CO

+
1 mole
3
CaCO

1 mole CO
2
at STP
100 gms of CaCO
3

22.4 lit of CO
2
at STP
4 gms OF CaCO
3

?
4 22.4
0.896
100

=
lit
5. How many significant figures are present in the following ?
i) 0.0025 ii) 208 iii) 5005 iv) 126,000 v) 500.0 vi) 2.0034
Ans : i) 0.0025 has 2 significant figures ii) 208 has 3 significant figures
iii) 5005 has 4 significant figures iv) 126000 has 3 significant figures
v) 500.0 has 4 significant figures vi) 2.0034 has 5 significant figures
6. Round up the following upto three significant figures :
i) 34.216 ii) 10.4107 iii) 0.04597 iv) 2808
Ans : i) 34.216 becomes 34.2 ii) 10.4107 becomes 10.4
iii) 0.04597 becomes 0.046 iv) 2808 becomes 281
7. Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species :
a)
2 4
NaH PO b)
4
NaHSO c)
2 4 7
H P O d)
2 4
k MnO
e)
2
CaO f)
4
NaBH g)
2 2 7
H S O h) ( )
4 2
2
Kal SO .12H O
Ans : a )
4
2
NaH PO

1 2 8 0 x + + =
Jr.Inter Chemistry 18
5 0 x =
,x = +5
Oxidation no.of 'p' in
2 4
5 NaH PO = +
b)
4
NaH O S
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 4 2 0 x + + + + + =

1 1 8 0 x + + =
,
6 x = +
Oxidation no. of 'S' in
4
6 NaHSO = +
c)
2 4 7
H P O
( ) ( ) 4 1 2 7 2 0 x + + + =
2 10 0 x = 5 x = +
Oxidation no.of 'P' in
4 2 7
H P O is +5
d)
2 4
K MnO
( ) ( ) 2 1 4 2 0 x + + + =
2 8 0 x + = x = +6
Oxidation no of Mn is
2 4
K MnO =+6
e)
2
CaO
+2+2x = 0, 2x = -2
x = -1
Oxidation no. of oxygen in
2
CaO 1 =
f)
4
NaBH
( ) ( ) 1 1 4 1 0 x + + + =
1 4 0 x + =

3 x = +
Oxidation no. of 'B' in NaBH
4
= +3
But 'B' most probably exhibis - 3 oxidation state.
g)
2 2 7
H S O
( ) ( ) 2 1 1 7 2 0 X + + =
2+2X-14=0
2 12 0 x = x = +6
Oxidation state of 'S' in
2 2 7
H S O = + 6
h) ( )
4 2
2
k Al SO 12H O :
General formula of above compound is
( )
2 4 2 4 2
3
24 k SO Al SO H O(Potash alum)
Consider ( )
2 4
3
Al SO
Consider ( )
2 4
3
Al SO from the above double salt
Jr.Inter Chemistry 19
( ) 2 3 2 0 x + =
2 6 0 x =

3 x = +
8. What are the oxidation number of the underlined elements in each of the following and
how do you rationalise your results ?
a)
3
KI b)
4 2 6
H S O c)
3 4
Fe O
Ans :
3
KI
It is formed by the combining
2
KI,I

Oxidation no. of 'I' in KI = -1

[ 1+ x = 0 , In I
2
oxidation no. of I = 0
b)
2 4 6
H S O
According to
2 4 6
H S O structure
( ) ( ) 2 1 4 6 2 0 4 10 0 X X + + = =
'S' average Ox. No = 2.5 x = 2.5
c)
3 4
Fe O
( ) 3 4 2 0 x + =
3x-8 = 0
8
3
x =
In general
3 4
Fe O obtained by FeO + Fe
2
O
3
[ ] In FeO x=+2 2 0 2 x x = = +
In [ ]
2 3
3 2 6 0 3 Fe O x x x = + = = +
c) i,
3 2
CH CH -OH
2 6
C H O
( ) ( ) 2 6 1 2 0 X + + =
2 6 2 0 X + =
x = -2
d)
3
H C COOH
2 4 2
C H O
( ) ( ) 2 4 1 2 2 0 x + + + =
2x + 4- 4 = 0
x = 0
Jr.Inter Chemistry 20
9. Calculate the oxidation number of sulphur, chromium and nitrogen in
2
2 5 2 7
, H SO Cr O

and
3
NO

.
Suggest structure of these compounds.
Ans : a)
2 5
H SO Structure :
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 2 1 3 2 0 x + + + = (One peroxy linkage )
2 2 6 0 x + = x = + 6
b)
2
2 7
Cr O

Structure :
( ) ( ) 2 7 2 2 x + =
2 14 2 x = 6 x = +
c)
3
NO

( ) 3 2 1 x + =
x-6=-1

x = +5
10. How many number of moles of glucose are present in 540gm of glucose.
A: No.of moles =
Given weight
Grammolecular weight
540
3
180
= = moles
11. Calculate the weight of 0.1 moles of sodium carbonate.
A: No.of moles
Given weight
Grammolecular weight
=
Jr.Inter Chemistry 21
Weight = No.of moles x Gram mol. weight = 0.1 x 106 = 10.6gm
12. How many molecules of Glucose are present in 5.23 gm of Glucose?
A: No.of molecules = No.of moles x N.
23
5.23
6.023 10
180
=
= 1. 75 x 10
22
molecules
13. Calculate the number of molecules. Present in 1.12 x 10
7
c.c of a gas of S.T.P
A: 1 mole = 6 .023 x 10
23
molecules = 22,400 c.c at S.T.P
?
1.12 x 10
7
c.c.
7
23 12
1.12 10
6.023 10 3.01 10
22400
molecules

=
6. THERMODYNAMICS
1. Define a system. Give an example.
Ans : System : A small part of the universe chosen for thermodynamic study is called system.
2. What is the workdone in the free expansion of an ideal gas in reversible and irreversible
processes ?
Ans : In case of free expansion of an ideal gas pressure becomes zero. (into vaccum)

No workdone during free expansion of an ideal gas in case to reversible as well as irreversible process.
3. What are intensive and extensive properties ?
Ans : Measurable (or) macroscopic properties such as mass, pressure, volume, temperature,
surface tension, viscosity etc, can be subdivided into two categories as below :
i) Extensive properties : The properties whose magnitude depends upon the quantity of
matter present in the system are called extensive properties. Examplels of such properties
are mass, volume, heat capacity, internal energy, entropy, heat content , gibbs free energy
etc. These properties change with quantity of matter present in the system. These properties
are additivein nature.
4. Give the equation that gives the relationship btween U and H .
Ans : The equation that gives the relationship between U and H
U H nRT = +
H
= Change in Enthalpy
U = Change in Internal energy
,
P R
n n n R = = Universal gas constant
T = Temperature
5. What is the relationship between
P V
C and C ?
Ans :
p V
C C R = ,
p
C = Heat capacity at constant pressure
V
C = Heat capacity at constant volume
R = Universal gas constnat.