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cac trng hp chu yeu khi co xay ra cham ien trc tiep.
IEC va cac tieu chuan quoc gia thng phan biet cac mc o bao ve: - toan bo (boc cach ien , ong kn ... );
V du cua ngan nga cham ien bang cach vo kim loai c noi at.
Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Kinh nghiem van hanh cho thay oi khi van co the cham ien trc tiep do nhieu
nguyen nhan nh sau: - thieu s bao tr thch hp; - s bat can, vo y;
- rach cho boc cach ien, v du s tray xc va gay do b gap lai cua cac au noi;
- nhng cham ien do vo tnh; - b nhan chm trong nc, ay la tnh trang neu keo dai th chang bao lau cach ien se khong con hu hieu na.
Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Mot bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong nhng nguy hiem do cham ien trc tiep la s dung cac thiet b lam viec vi dong ro, cac thiet b nay lam viec 30mA hoac thap hn nh loai RCD vi o nhay cao.
RCD la thiet b cat nhanh, co o nhay cao, da tren viec kiem tra dong ro oi vi
Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
IEC 60364 e ngh s dung 30 mA RCDs e bao ve Giai phap: Dung 30 mA RCDs bao ve mach ien
Ni de tiep xuc cap, day dan Mach en hoac mach o cam Tat ca cac thiet b noi vi mach ien
Lap at trong tu phan phoi ien 30 mA RCDs cung cap 2 loai bao ve chong :
e nang cao tnh lien tuc cung cap ien: toi a 5 en 10 10 o cam hoac en cho moi 30 mA RCD Xem xet dong ien ro t nhien cua moi phu tai (ex: cho phep 3,5 mA dong ien ro cua bo loc EMC trong thiet b ien t)
Nguy c tiep xuc trc tiep trong ieu kien bnh thng
30 mA
30 mA
5 en 10 en toi a
5 en 10 o cam toi a
Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Nhng quy nh ve mang ien cua IEC bat buoc s dung cac RCD tren cac mach cap ien cho o cam ngoai at cac v tr ac biet co the nguy hiem hoac c dung cho cac muc ch ac biet. Mot vai quoc gia co cac qui nh bat buoc s dung RCD tren tat ca cac mach co o cam ngoai.
Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Nhng thiet b RCD lam viec da tren nguyen tac o dong sai lech. Dong nay xuat hien khi co s khac biet gia dong vao va ra khoi mot mach ien. Dong ro phai la dong chay vao at (oi vi he thong co trung tnh noi at) qua cho cach ien b choc thung hoac qua cho tiep xuc vi vat the noi at (v du ngi) vi day pha.
Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Cac thiet b bao ve dong ro chuan v du RCD co dong tac ong nh mc la 30mA, thch hp va u nhay e bao ve chong cham trc tiep. Cac tieu chuan IEC khac oi vi rle RCD co o nhay cao hn co dong tac ong 10mA va 6mA (thng c s dung cho bao ve dung cu rieng le).
Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Cac bao ve phu them nay la bat buoc mot vai quoc gia oi vi mang ien co o cam ngoai len ti 32A va cao hn, neu chung c at cho am t va hoac mang tnh tam thi (v du nh cong trng).
Cac bien phap bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep, gian tiep khong can cat mach
ien ap cc thap c ap dung nhng ni co mc nguy hiem cao, v du: be bi, en ieu khien o sang bang tay, nhng thiet b cam tay dung ngoai tri v.v.
Mang SELV c cung cap vi mc ien ap cc thap lay t th cap cua may bien
ap cach ly. May bien ap cach ly nay c thiet ke ac biet theo tieu chuan quoc gia hoac theo tieu chuan quoc te (IEC 742).
Mc cach ien xung gia cuon s va th cap cua may bien ap nay rat cao, oi khi
co the s dung mot man kim loai co noi at at gia 2 cuon day. Gia tr hieu dung cua ien ap pha th cap khong bao gi ln hn 50V.
- tat ca cac day mang ien cua mach SELV va cac phan cua mach co ap cao hn phai
c cach ly bang mot khoang cach t nhat tng ng vi khoang cach gia cuon s va th cua may bien ap cach ly.
Chu y:Trong ieu kien thong thng, khi mang SELV co U<25V, khong can bao ve
chong cham ien trc tiep .
S dung bao ve bang mang ien ap cc thap PELV (Protection by Extra Low Voltage)
Mang nay thng c dung ni can cap ien ap thap, hoac thch hp vi ly do an toan, hoac ni nguy hiem khac vi nhng ni a e cap tren. Cac quan iem thiet ke giong vi mang SELV ch khac cho mach pha th cap co noi at tai mot iem . Bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep thng can phai c lap at tr khi thiet b c at vung co noi ang the hoac mc ien ap nh mc khong vt qua 25V (tr hieu dung) va thiet b c at ni kho rao, khong co kha nang tiep xuc vi c the con ngi tren pham vi rong.
S dung bao ve bang mang ien ap cc thap PELV (Protection by Extra Low Voltage)
ien ap thap c lay t may bien ap cach ly an toan nh a nh
ngha trong IEC742.
- cap va cac thiet b trong mach phai co mc ien tr cach ien cao luon c duy tr.
(*) Theo IEC 364-4-41, tch ien ap nh mc li (V) va chieu dai (m) cua he thong day khong vt qua 100000, ong thi chieu dai ln nhat phai nho hn 500m.
Nhng thiet b nay cung c xem nh co hai lan cach ien v cac thiet b cach ien cap II, mot lp cach ien phu c them vao lp cach ien chnh, khong can noi phan dan ien nao cua thiet b vi day bao ve:
- ieu quan trong la phai bao tr can than oi vi thiet b cach ien cap II va
kiem tra nh ky e tranh trng hp h hong cach ien v du hong lp vo boc,v.v. cac thiet b ien t, radio, vo tuyen truyen hnh (TV) co mc cach ien tng ng cap II. V du n gian nh viec i cap trong ong PVC.
cach
ien
toan
bo
tng
ng
cach
ien
cap
II;
vai loai cap co vo boc c coi nh tng ng cach ien cap II oi vi tieu chuan cua mot vai quoc gia.
- ien tr c o bang dung cu loai MEGGER (may phat ien ieu khien bang tay hoac
kieu ien t van hanh bang pin). ien tr nay c o gia ien cc c at tren san hoac tng vi at (co ngha la vi day noi at bao ve gan nhat ).
Trong s o nay, tat ca cac phan vo dan ien cua thiet b, bao gom ca san nha c noi
vi nhau bang cac day dan co kch c u ln. Nh vay , khi xay ra s co h hong cach ien gia day ang co ien va vo kim loai cua thiet b se khien cho can phong giong nh mot cai long mang ien ap bang U pha so vi at . Tuy nhien se khong co dong s co chay qua at . Trong tnh trang nay neu co mot ngi t ngoai bc vao phong, ho co the b nguy hiem (v ho co the ang bc len san co ien).
Ket li ang the cac vo thiet b co the tiep can ong thi