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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
3D Modeler Window
Properties Window
Message Window
Progress Window
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
Toolbar: 2D Objects
Rotate around current axis Pan
Toolbar: 3D Objects
Zoom In/Out Fit selected
Dynamic zoom
Fit all
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
General Shortcuts 3D Modeller Shortcuts
Set model projection to standard isometric projections: Alt + Double Click Left Mouse Button at points on screen
Help: F1 Context help: Shift + F1 Close program: CTRL + F4 Copy: CTRL + C New project: CTRL + N Open: CTRL + O Save: CTRL + S Print: CTRL + P Paste: CTRL + V Cut: CTRL + X Redo: CTRL + Y Undo: CTRL + Z Cascade windows: CTRL + 0 Tile windows horizontally: CTRL + 1 Tile windows vertically: CTRL +2
Select face/object behind current selection: B Face select mode: F Object select mode: O Select all visible objects: CTRL + A Deselect all objects: CTRL + SHIFT + A Fit view: CTRL + D Zoom in, screen center: CTRL + E Zoom out, screen center: CTRL + F Shifts the local coordinate system temporarily: CTRL + Enter Drag: SHIFT + Left Mouse Button Rotate model: Alt + Left Mouse Button Zoom in / out: Alt + SHIFT + Left Mouse Button Switch to point entry mode (i.e. draw objects by mouse): F3 Switch to dialogue entry mode (i.e. draw object solely by entry in command and attributes box.): F4 Render model wire frame: F6 Render model smooth shaded: F7
ALT + Right Mouse Button + Double Click Left Mouse Button at points on screen: give the nine opposite projections
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
RMxprt and Maxwell are now fully integrated. All RMxprt data is exported to Maxwell 2D in version 12. This includes geometry, materials, excitations, boundaries, motion setup, solution setups, mesh operations, result plots, etc. For Maxwell 3D, this includes geometry and materials
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
Motion setup Geometry Boundaries Excitations Mesh operations Solve setup Results plots Materials
Geometry
Materials
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
(Flux can exit and re-enter the boundAnsoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
Surface Deviation is the maximum spacing, in drawing units, that the triangle surfaces may be from the true-curved geometrys surface Normal Deviation is the maximum angular difference, in degrees, that a triangle faces normal can have from the surface normal for the true geometry which it is meant to represent Aspect Ratio refers to the maximum allowed aspect ratio of all faces
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
1. To assign Torque/Force calculation in a Magnetostatic simulation: select the object (s) > right mouse click > Assign Parameters 2. A Band object is recommended in Magnetostatic simulations, but not required. The band is a dummy air/vacuum object between moving and stationary parts. 3. A Band object is required for Transient simulations with motion. 4. In a Transient simulation, moving torque is assigned by the solver automatically. 5. The moving torque calculated in a Transient simulation is the torque on all objects INSIDE the band (not including the band). For a Magnetostatic simulation, a user must manually assign the torque parameter on all objects inside the band. 6. A Force calculation can also be assigned in the Transient solver in Maxwell 2D V12. There is no limit on how many forces can be calculated. This is not the case for V11.
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
Double click
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
Parametrics: Define one or more variable sweep definitions, each specifying a series of variable values within a range. Easily view and compare the results using plot or table to determine how each design variation affects the performance of the design. Optimization: Identify the cost function and the optimization goal. Optimetrics automatically changes the design parameter(s) to meet the goal. The cost function can be based on any solution quantity that can be computed, such as field values, R,L,C force, torque, volume or weight. Sensitivity: Determine the sensitivity of the design to small changes in variables in the vicinity of a design point. Outputs include: Regression value at the current variable value, first derivative of the regression, second derivative of the regression. Tuning: Variable values are changed interactively and the performance of the design is monitored. Useful after performing an optimization in Optimetrics to fine tune the optimal variable value and see how the design results are affected. Statistical: Shows the distribution (Histogram) of a design output like force, torque or loss caused by a statistical variation (Monte Carlo) of input variables.
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
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Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12Electric Machine Design Reference
Parametric variations: 1296 Solve time, one processor: 13 hr, 15 min Solve time, distributed, 8 CPUs: 2 hr, 30 min
XY Plot 2
PMSM_CT
Curve Inf o
Bradial Setup1 : Transient Time='0ns'
1.00
0.80
0.00
0.20
0.60
0.80
1.00
Ansoft Corporation
Cogging Torque
PMSM_CT_Verify
Ansoft Corporation
3.00
Ansoft Corporation
150.00
Core Loss
PMSM_OC_EMF
XY Plot 2
PMSM_OC_EMF
Curve Info
1.20
2.2271
2.00
100.00
1.00
Y1 [NewtonMeter]
1.00
0.5877
50.00
0.00
0.1402
0.60
Y1 [V]
0.00
-1.00
0.40
-50.00
-2.00
0.20
-100.00
-3.00 0.00
-150.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 Time [ms ] 6.00 8.00 10.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
MX1: 0.6379
0.00 0.00
2.00
4.00
MX2: 5.4031
Time [ms]
6.00
8.00
10.00
P1-1
RMxprt
Basic Theory Review Example Add Unique Winding Arrangement Setup Parametric Problem Export Design to Maxwell 2D
Drive Design
Create a Machine Model Use the Model in Circuit Simulation
Notes: 1. RMxprt/Maxwell V12 or higher is required 2. Basic knowledge of electric machine is required 3. Basic understanding of Finite Element is required
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-2
Design Requirements
Size/Weight Efficiency Torque Speed Cogging/Ripple Inverter Matching Thermal Stress Manufacturability Cost
A V + Hc + v A t
if C duc =0 dt
df
di N f l dA d + R if + L f + uc = us S f a dt dt
m + = Tem + Texternal
IGBT
EMF
D2
IGBT
D3
ECELink
FM_ROT
175
IGBT
IA
A
ROT1
IB
A_PHASE_N1
+ VBC V
ROT2 B_PHASE_N1
IC
A
C_PHASE_N1
EMF
175
IGBT
IGBT
ECE
AM_IGB
ICA:
EQU
Phase Curre
1.00 500.0 0 -500.0 -1.00 0
Torqu IA IB IC
400.0
Phase Voltag
To
300.0 200.0 V_A
200.0 0
10.00m
17.27mt
-100.0 0
Drive System using System Level IGBTs and Analytical Motor Model
EMSSLink1
EMSSLink1
EMF2
175
R5
R3
R1
MASS_ROTB1
IA
E1
A
EMF2
175
R1
MASS_ROTB1
IA
A
R5
R3
RA
0.023
A_PHASE_N1
ROTB1
RA
0.023
A_PHASE_N1
ROTB1
E1
ROTB2
E5
E3
IB
RB
A
0.023
A_PHASE_N2 B_PHASE_N1
E5
E3
IB
ROTB2
RB
A
0.023
A_PHASE_N2 B_PHASE_N1
+
VBC
V
+
VBC
V
IC
A
RC 0.023
IC
A
RC 0.023
EMF1
175
R2
R6
EMF1
175
R4
VGE4
R2
A
R6
R4
VGE4
V
A
AM_IGBT
ICA:
E2
E6
E4
E2
E6
E4
AM_IGBT
ICA:
ctrl_1:=ON ctrl_6:=ON
ctrl_1:=ON ctrl_2:=ON
ctrl_1:=ON ctrl_6:=ON
ctrl_1:=ON ctrl_2:=ON
ctrl_2:=ON ctrl_3:=ON
ctrl_6:=OFF ctrl_1:=OFF
ctrl_1:=OFF ctrl_2:=OFF
ctrl_2:=OFF ctrl_3:=OFF
ctrl_6:=OFF ctrl_1:=OFF
ctrl_1:=OFF ctrl_2:=OFF
ctrl_2:=OFF ctrl_3:=OFF
ctrl_5:=OFF ctrl_6:=OFF
ctrl_4:=OFF ctrl_5:=OFF
ctrl_3:=OFF ctrl_4:=OFF
ctrl_5:=OFF ctrl_6:=OFF
ctrl_5:=ON
ctrl_4:=OFF ctrl_5:=OFF
ctrl_3:=OFF ctrl_4:=OFF
ctrl_4:=ON
ctrl_6:=ON
theta>330 OR theta<30
ctrl_5:=ON
ctrl_3:=ON ctrl_4:=ON
ctrl_5:=ON
ctrl_4:=ON
theta>330 OR theta<30
ctrl_6:=ON
ctrl_5:=ON
ctrl_3:=ON ctrl_4:=ON
Generator Mode:
Supplies an AC source for electric loads
P1-4
ASSM: Background Input voltage U is the reference phasor, let the angle I lags U be , the power factor angle
I = I
Let the angle I lags E0 be . The d- and the q-axis currents can be obtained respectively as follows:
Id sin I = = I Iq cos
= tan
Id Iq
P1-5
ASSM: Background
P1-6
= +
P = 3UI cos 1
Pfw : Frictional and Wind Loss PCua: Armature Copper Loss PFe : Iron-core Loss
Torque:
T2 =
Efficiency:
=
P2
P2 100% P1
P1-7
RMxprt: Base Project Open the RMxprt project located on your desktop by double clicking on
PM_SyncMotor.mxwl
Select Setup1 under Analysis and click the Right Mouse Button (RMB) and Choose Analyze
P1-8
RMxprt: Results Select Setup1, click the RMB and choose Performance
P1-9
RMxprt: Results Select Setup1, click the RMB and choose Performance
P1-10
RMxprt: Add New Winding Arrangement Double click on Stator > Winding Click on Whole-Coiled Select Editor
1 2
P1-11
RMxprt: Add New Winding Arrangement In the Winding Editor Panel, click the RMB and select Edit Layout
P1-12
RMxprt: Add New Winding Arrangement View the new winding arrangement by placing the mouse over one of the A phase coils in the drawing window and click the RMB selecting
P1-13
RMxprt: Performance Solve the problem by selecting Setup1 under Analysis and click the Right Mouse Button (RMB) and Choose Analyze Select Setup1, click the RMB and choose Performance
P1-14
RMxprt: Add Variables Click on Winding and in the Properties window, next to Conductors Per Slot type in CPS
1 2
Click on Stator and in the Properties window, next to Length type in
Depth
1 2
P1-15
RMxprt: Add Variables Click on Rotor and in the Properties window, next to Length type in
Depth
Select menu item RMxprt > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Parametrics
P1-16
RMxprt: Parametric Setup Click on Add and setup the two variables as follows:
1
Current > RMSLineCurrentParameter Power > OutputPowerParameter Misc. > EfficiencyParameter
Click on the Calculations Tab > Setup Calculations and add the following
P1-17
RMxprt: Parametric Solution Select ParametricSetup1 under Optimetrics, click the RMB and Analyze
Select ParametricsSetup1, click RMB and select View Analysis Results Select Table and then click on Efficiency Parameter
Efficiency increased from 89% to over 98% while maintaining output power
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-18
RMxprt: Create Maxwell Design Select Setup1, click the RMB and select Create Maxwell Design
4 1
2 deselect Choose 3
P1-19
Material Assignment
P1-20
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Excitation Select the PhaseA winding, click the RMB and select Properties Change the Type to Current with a value of zero
P1-21
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Mesh Ops Select Length_Magnet under Mesh Operations, click the RMB and select Properties
P1-22
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Mesh Ops. Select Length_Main under Mesh Operations, RMB and select Properties
P1-23
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Mesh Ops. Select SurfApprox_Mag under Mesh Operations, RMB and select
Properties
Decrease the length of the Maximum Surface Deviation to 190 nm. This yields an angular segmentation of = 0.25 deg.
D = r (1 cos( / 2))
r is the inside radius of the stator which is 81mm
P1-24
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Mesh Ops. Select SurfApprox_Main under Mesh Operations, RMB and select
Properties
P1-25
ri
ro
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Mesh Ops. Select Band in the modeler tree, RMB and select Properties
NOTE!: This small value for angular segmentation, 0.25deg, is needed only for very sensitive calculations such as Cogging Torque
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-27
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Mechanical Setup Select Motion Setup1 under Model, RMB to select Properties Select Mechanical Tab and change speed to 1 deg/sec
P1-28
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Solution Setup Change to Save Fields tab
P1-29
Maxwell 2D: Cogging torque, Results Solve the cogging torque problem by selecting Setup1 under Analysis, RMB and select Analyze: Once the problem is solved double click on
Torque
Maxwell2DDesign1
2.00
Click the RMB in the plot and select Export Data. Save the plot on the desktop. Since the speed is held constant at 1.0 deg/sec, the X-Axis represents both time and position, i.e. 10 sec = 10 deg
P1-30
0.00
-1.00
-2.00
Maxwell 2D: Cogging torque, Results Select menu item View > Set Solution Context, and choose zero seconds.
In the drawing window hit CTRL+A to select all objects, RMB to select Fields > A >
Flux_Lines
P1-31
P1-32
Maxwell 2D: Cogging torque, Results Select Flux_Lines1 under A under Field Overlays, RMB to select
Animate
P1-33
Maxwell 2D: Cogging torque, Rename Design Rename Maxwell2DDesign1 by selecting its name in the project tree, RMB and select Rename. Change the name to PMSM_CT for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Cogging Torque.
P1-34
Maxwell 2D: Cogging torque, Variables Select CreateUserDefinedPart under Mag_0 under NdFe30_N and choose Properties
2
In the Value field type in the name PoleEmbrace
P1-35
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Optimization Variables Change the field for the ThickMag to MagnetThickness and accept the default value of 7.5mm
P1-36
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Optimization Variables Change the field for the Offset to PoleOffset and accept the default value of 0mm.
1
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-37
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Optimization Variables Select CreateUserDefinedPart under InnerRegion under Vacuum and choose Properties
2
In the Value field type in the names: PoleEmbrace MagnetThickness PoleOffset
P1-38
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Optimization Variables Select CreateUserDefinedPart under Rotor under M19_26G_SF0.950 and choose Properties
1 2
In the Value field type in the names: PoleEmbrace MagnetThickness PoleOffset
P1-39
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Optimization Variables Select menu item Maxwell 2D > Design Properties and change the value of the variables just defined:
P1-40
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque, Optimization Variables Modify the variable to see the effect on the geometry
For this exercise, the range for each is: 6.5 mm < MagnetThickness < 9.5 mm 0.6 < PoleEmbrace < 0.9 0 < PoleOffset < 30 mm
PE
MT
Pole Offset
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-41
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Air Gap Arc Create an arc in the air gap to be used for post processing purposes, by selecting menu item Draw > Arc > Center Point
Using the mouse select the origin, any point in the air gap along the X axis and any point in the air gap at the 45 degree angle. Any value used if valid, it will be modified in the next step.
Double 3 click to end
1 2
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-42
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Air Gap Arc Select CreateAngularArc under CreatePolyline under Polyline1 under Lines, RMB and select Properties
Change the value for the starting point to 80.8, 0, 0. This will place the arc between the band object and the stator ID
P1-43
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Variables Select menu item Maxwell 2D > Field > Calculator Perform the following commands to calculate the radial component of the flux density in the air gap
Quantity > B Scal? > Scalar X Function > PHI Trig > cos Multiply * Quantity > B Scal? > Scalar Y Function > PHI Trig > sin Multiply * Add + -- this gives Bx*cos(PHI) + By*sin(PHI) Add > Name: Bradial -- this adds the express to the stack
P1-44
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Variables Continue to calculate the average radial component of the air gap flux density
Select Bradial under Named Expressions Copy to Stack Geometry > Line > AG_Arc Integrate Number > Scalar > Value = 1 Geometry > Line > AG_Arc Integrate Divide / -- this give the average radial flux density in the air gap Add > Name: Brad_Avg -- this adds this expression to the stack
P1-45
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Variables Continue to calculate the area of the permanent magnet
Number > Scalar > Value = 1 Geometry > Surface > Mag_0 Integrate Number > Scalar > Value = 1e6 -- this converts from m2 to mm2 Multiply * Add > Mag_Area -- this adds this expression to the stack
Select the Maxwell 2D Design PMSM_CT and in the Properties window change the variables back to their default values
Even though the design variables and thus the geometry has changed, once the design variables are set to their previous values, the solution is automatically reloaded; there is no need to solve the problem again.
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-46
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Variables Plot the radial flux density in the air gap by selecting Results, RMB to select Create Field Report > Rectangular Plot
P1-47
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Brad AG Plot B_rad on the AG_Arc
5 1 2 3 6 10 7 8 9 4
P1-48
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Brad AG Plot of B radial in air gap at time zero
Ansoft Corporation
1.20
XY Plot 2
PMSM_CT
Curve Inf o
Bradial Setup1 : Transient Time='0ns'
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
Click the RMB in the plot window and select Export Data. Save the plot on the desktop.
Bradial
0.00 -0.20
0.00
0.20
0.60
0.80
1.00
P1-49
Optimization: Solution Setup Change the Stop Time of the Simulation from 15 seconds to 3.75 sec. The cogging torque waveform is symmetric after 3.75 deg (equal to 3.75 sec) and to save simulation time we only need to solve up to this point. Select Setup1 under Analysis and RMB to select Properties
P1-50
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization, Variables Select Optimetrics and RMB to select Add > Optimization
P1-51
P1-52
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Setup Cogging Torque Peak Nominal Value* = 2.2 N-m
Maximum Value** = 5.5 N-m Optimal Goal = 0.2 N-m (subjectively chosen, we want to reduce CT by >10x) Normalize Solution Range: 1 to 10
G1 = 1 + (max(abs(Torque)) 0.2) * 9 / 5.3 Objective: G1 = 1.0
*Note:
**Note:
The maximum value of cogging torque may lay outside these parameter values, i.e somewhere else in the solution domain. These values are used just to define a range for the objective.
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-53
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Setup Nominal Bavg Value = 0.76 Tesla
Range*: 0.50 < Bavg < 0.81 Tesla Optimal Goal = 0.76 Tesla (we want to maintain the Air Gap Flux Density) Normalize Range: 1 to 10
G2 = 1 + (Brad_Avg 0.5) * 9 / 0.31 Objective: G2 = 8.55
Magnet Area
Range*: 220 < Mag_area < 510 mm2 Normalize Range: 1 to 10
G3 = 1 + (Mag_area 220) * 9 / 290 Objective: G3 = 1.0
*Note:
The Range was calculated by simulation the minimum and maximum values:
MagnetThickness 6.5 mm and 9.5 mm PoleEmbrace 0.6 and 0.9 PoleOffset .. 0 mm and 30 mm
P1-54
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Setup In the Calculation Expression field type in the function as shown below
3 4
5
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-55
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Setup Include Calculation for the average radial component of the flux density in the air gap
1 3
Type in the rest of the expression and then click on Add Calculation
5
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-56
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Setup Include calculation for Magnet Area
Type in the rest of the expression and then click on Add Calculation
4
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-57
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Setup For the calculation expressions for Brad_Avg and Mag_Area click on Calc. Range and select 0ns for time zero
3 2
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-58
Cost1 = (G1 0.2)2 * W1 Cost2 = (G2 0.75)2 * W2 Cost3 = (G3 230)2 * W3 Cost = Cost1+Cost2+Cost3
Note: The Cogging Torque and Air Gap Flux Density have equal weight, which is twice that of the magnet area
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-59
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Setup Click on the Variables tab and change the values accordingly:
This problem takes too long to solve during the class. The full solution can be downloaded from Ansofts FTP site:
ftp://ftp.ansoft.com/download/ChinaTraining/PM_SyncMotor_Opt.zip
To solve the problem, select OptimizationSetup1 under Optimetrics, RMB and select Analyze
P1-60
P1-61
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Setup Since the field solution was not saved for each variation in the optimization solution, create a second Maxwell 2D design and solve the problem with the optimized design variable values. Select the Maxwell 2D design PMSM_CT, RMB and select Copy
Select the Maxwell 2D design PMSM_CT1, RMB and select Rename, and change the design name to PMSM_CT_Verify
P1-62
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Verify Select the design PMSM_CT_Verify and in the Properties window change the design variables to the Optimized value
Increase the Stop Time to 7.5 sec and then solve the design:
P1-63
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Verify Plot the Cogging Torque
Ansoft Corporation
Cogging Torque
PMSM_CT_Verify
Curve Info Optimized Design Setup1 : Transient
1.00
2.00
3.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
P1-64
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Verify In the plot window RMB to select Import Data and pick the cogging torque plot that was exported earlier.
Ansoft Corporation
Cogging Torque
PMSM_CT_Verify
3.00
Curve Info
2.2271
2.00
Y1 [NewtonMeter]
1.00
0.5877 0.4354
In plot window, RMB and select Marker > Add X Marker Optimized Design Nominal Design
0.00
0.1402
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00 0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
MX1: 0.6379
MX2: 5.4031
P1-65
Maxwell 2D: Cogging Torque Optimization Verify Plot the air gap flux density
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_CT_Verify
1.20
1.00
0.80
Bradial
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20 0.00
0.20
0.80
1.00
P1-66
Maxwell 2D: AG Flux Density In the plot window RMB to select Import Data and pick the Air Gap flux density plot that was exported earlier.
Ansoft Corporation
PMSM_CT_Verify
1.20
1.00
0.80
Bradial
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20 0.00
0.20
0.80
1.00
P1-67
Maxwell 2D: AG Flux Density Determine the average air gap flux density.
P1-68
The area of the magnet for the nominal design was 383 mm2
P1-69
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF Select the design PMSM_CT_Verify, RMB and select Copy
Select the new design PMSM_CT_Verify1, RMB and select Rename. Change the name to PMSM_OC_EMF
P1-70
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF Select MotionSetup1 under Model, RMB to select Properties
Select the Mechanical tab and change the speed to 3600 rpm
P1-71
Calculate the core loss coefficients from multiple core loss curves
P1-72
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Core Loss Setup Select the Stator and in the Properties widow click on the material M19_26G_SF0.950 and then select View/Edit Material
1 2 3
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-73
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Core Loss Setup Add the core loss curve for 60Hz
5
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-74
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Core Loss Setup Add the core loss curve for 100Hz
5
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-75
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Core Loss Setup Continue to add the following curves:
M470-65A-200Hz.tab M470-65A-600Hz.tab M470-65A-400Hz.tab M470-65A-700Hz.tab M470-65A-1kHz.tab
P1-76
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Magnet Loss Select Mag_0 and in the Properties next to Materials click on NdFe30_N and then on View/Edit Materials.
Change the conductivity to 625000 S/m
Material properties are global quantities, the affect all designs. Thus when modifying materials that are common to various designs, the solutions to the designs become invalid.
P1-77
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Magnet Loss Select Mag_0, RMB to select Assign Excitation > Current
By assigning zero current to the magnet it is assured that total current into and out of this magnet is zero. If there were more than one magnet, each one should have a separate excitation of zero amps.
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-78
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Magnet Loss Select Excitations, RMB to select Set Eddy Effect
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Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Core Loss Select Excitations, RMB to select Set Core Loss. Add Core Loss for the Rotor and Stator
P1-80
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Solution Setup Modify the solution setup by selecting Setup1, RMB and select Properties
1
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
The frequency is 240 Hz, which gives a period of 4.2 msec. Thus 10 msec is ~2.5 cycles
P1-81
Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Results Solve the transient problem by selecting Setup1 under Analysis, RMB to select Analyze After the problem is solved, click on Results, RMB to select Create Transient Report > Rectangular Plot
1 3
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
2
P1-82
XY Plot 2
PMSM_OC_EMF
100.00
50.00
Y1 [V]
0.00
-50.00
-100.00
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Maxwell 2D: Open Circuit Back EMF, Results Click on Results, RMB to select Create Transient Report > Rectangular Plot
1 2 3
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Core Loss
PMSM_OC_EMF
1.20
1.00
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00 0.00
2.00
4.00
Time [ms]
6.00
8.00
10.00
P1-85
Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition To solve the problem for the rated condition, select the Maxwell 2D design PMSM_OC_EMF, RMB and select Copy Select the project name PM_SyncMotor, RMB and select Paste Select the Maxwell 2D design PMSM_OC_EMF1, RMB and select Rename, and change the design name to PMSM_Rated
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Maxwell 2D: New Rotor Geometry Select menu item Draw > User Defined Primitive > SysLib > RMxrpt > IPMCore. Modify the Values as shown below.
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Maxwell 2D: New Rotor Geometry Select the object IPMCore1 and then Edit > Arrange > Rotate
Select Edit > Arrange > Rotate and use -45 degrees about the Z axis Select Modeler > Boolean > Split in the XZ Plane Keeping Fragments on
the Negative Side Select Edit > Arrange > Rotate and use +45 degrees about the Z axis
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-88
Maxwell 2D: New Rotor Geometry Select IPMCore1 and in the Properties window
Name: Rotor Material: M19_26G_SF0.950
Select Rotor, RMB to select Edit > Copy In the drawing window, RMB to select Edit > Paste Select CreateUserDefinedPart under Rotor1, RMB to select Properties
Change InfoCore to 1
Select Rotor1 and then Maxwell Model > Boolean > Separate Bodies. This will create two magnets. Change the name of the magnets to Mag_0 and Mag_1 and change their color.
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Maxwell 2D: New Rotor Geometry Select Rotor, RMB to select Edit > Copy In the drawing window, RMB to select Edit > Paste Select CreateUserDefinedPart under Rotor1, RMB to select Properties
Change InfoCore to 2
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Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, PM Setup Select Mag_0 and in the Properties window click on the material M19_26G_SF0.950 and select NdFe30 and then Clone Material(s)
2 1
3
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-91
Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, PM Setup Change the name to NdFe30_NV for North Pole V Core
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Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, PM Setup The drawing tree should look like this
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Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, PM Setup A local coordinate system needs to be create for each magnet. Zoom into Mag_0. Select the Create Relative CS Icon
4
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
A local CS is create with X and Y axis as shown. Magnetization will be along the X axis
P1-94
Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, PM Setup Zoom into Mag_1. Select the Create Relative CS Icon
3 2
4
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
A local CS is create with X and Y axis as shown. Magnetization will be along the X axis
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Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, PM Setup Select Mag_0 and in the Properties Window change Orientation to
RelateiveCS1
RelateiveCS2
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Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, PM Mesh Ops. Select Mag_0 and Mag_1, RMB to assign mesh operations
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Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, Excitation Select Rotor, Mag_0, Mag_1, and Duct. Select Moving1 under Motion, RMB to select Add Selected Object
163.299 * sin(2*pi*240*time+18.2635*pi/180)
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Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, Excitation Select PhaseB and then PhaseC under Excitations, RMB to select
Properties.
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Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, Excitation Select Excitation, RMB to select Setup Y Connection
1 2 3
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Maxwell 2D: Rated Condition, Solution Setup Select MotionSetup1 under Model, RMB to select Properties and then Data to change the Initial Position, and then Mechanical to set the speed
This problem takes too long to solve during the class. The full solution can be downloaded from Ansofts FTP site:
ftp://ftp.ansoft.com/download/ChinaTraining/PM_SyncMotor_Rated.zip
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P1-101
Winding Currents
PMSM_Rated
Ansoft Corporation
600.00
PMSM_Rated
Curve Info Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient
2000.00
Curve Info Current(PhaseA) Setup1 : Transient Current(PhaseB) Setup1 : Transient Current(PhaseC) Setup1 : Transient
500.00
1000.00
400.00
Moving1.Torque [NewtonMeter]
0.00 50.00 Time [ms] 100.00
0.00 Y1 [A]
300.00
-1000.00
200.00
-2000.00
100.00
-3000.00
0.00
-4000.00
Ansoft Corporation
1.90
Core Loss
PMSM_Rated
Curve Info
CoreLoss Setup1 : Transient
1.80
1.70
1.60
CoreLoss [kW]
1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20
85.00
87.50
90.00
95.00
97.50
100.00
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2. View the text of the model: Run Simplorer V7.0.5, in SSC 7.0 Commander window, click on Programs > Editor, open the model file we just created from RMxprt (*.sml).
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P1-104
B6U
+
V
C := 1u R_Load R := 1k C1
D5
D3
D1
D6
D4
D2
RMxprtLink1
V_ROT1
50.00
R_Load.V [V]
VM1.V [V]
-50.00 0 0 20.00m Rotor Position (Deg -3.55f -100.00 RMxprtLink1.Pos 1.00k V_ROT1.OMEGA [rpm] -300.00 -362.00 0 20.00m 40.00m 0 0 20.00m 40.00m 2.00k 40.00m -94.00 0 20.00m 40.00m
-200.00
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P1-106
P1-107
P1-108
P1-109
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This completes the one day training course on permanent magnet synchronous machines using Ansofts RMxprt, Maxwell 2D and Simplorer
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Ansoft Corporation
90.00
XY Plot 2
3_FreqSweep
Curve Info Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='1' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='1.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='2' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='2.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='3' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='3.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='4' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='4.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='5.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='6' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='6.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance
Ansoft Corporation
300.00
XY Plot 1
8_DesignSweep
Ansoft Corporation
300.00
Winding Currents
6_Modified
Curve Info Current(PhaseA) Setup1 : Transient Current(PhaseB) Setup1 : Transient Current(PhaseC) Setup1 : Transient
80.00
200.00
200.00
70.00
100.00
60.00
100.00
Moving1.Torque [FootPounds] 0.00
Curve Info Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1' Stator_ID='148mm' Volt_Mag='300V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1.2' Stator_ID='148mm' Volt_Mag='300V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1' Stator_ID='148mm' Volt_Mag='315V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1.2' Stator_ID='148mm' Volt_Mag='315V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1' Stator_ID='150mm' Volt_Mag='300V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1.2' Stator_ID='150mm' Volt_Mag='300V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1' Stator_ID='150mm' Volt_Mag='315V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1.2' Stator_ID='150mm' Volt_Mag='315V'
Y1 [A]
200.00
40.00
-100.00
0.00
30.00
-200.00
20.00
-100.00
-300.00
10.00
0.00
-400.00
-200.00
P2-1
Contents
I. RMxprt
Basic Theory Main Features Open and Run an Example and View Results Modify the Design and View New Results Create a Variable-Voltage Variable-Frequency Design
Notes:
1. RMxprt/Maxwell V12 or higher is required 2. Basic knowledge of electric machine is required 3. Basic understanding of Finite Element is required
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P2-2
I. RMxprt
Basic Theory
R1 I1 X1 X2 I2
U1
RFe
Xm
R2/s
2 Pm = 3 I 2
R2 s
T2 = Tm T fw
P2 = T2 2
cos =
P1 mU 1 I 1
Tm =
Pm
P2 100% P1
Main Features
Optimization of Winding and Coil Arrangement Winding Editor Supporting Any Single- and Double-Layer Windings More than 20 Slot Shapes for Single and Double Squirrel-Cage Rotor
Pear type with round shoulder Pear type with tapered shoulder Trapezoid type with tapered shoulder Trapezoid type with round shoulder
P2-3
I. RMxprt
Open and Run an Example and Review Results
1. Menu item File > Open: \Ansoft\Maxwell12\Examples\RMxprt\indm3\yzd132-4 2. Save As to your preferred location and name, for example: IM3_Calss Change RMxprt Design name from yzd132-4 to 1_Original 3. Run simulation and view results
P2-4
I. RMxprt
Modify the Design and View New Results
1. Copy the design 1_Orginal and paste into the project, change the new design name to 2_RectWire 2. Change the stator winding slot and wire to rectangular wire
P2-5
I. RMxprt
Create a Variable-Voltage Variable-Frequency Design
1. Create three new design variables: ScaleFactor, FreqSweep and VoltSweep, click on menu item RMxprt > Design Properties
P2-6
I. RMxprt
3. Create a Parametric sweep
P2-7
I. RMxprt
4. Run parametric sweep and view results: torque vs. speed
Ansoft Corporation
90000.00
XY Plot 1
3_FreqSweep
Curve Info OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='1' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='1.5' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='2' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='2.5' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='3' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='3.5' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='4' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='4.5' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='5' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='5.5' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='6' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='6.5' OutputTorque Setup1 : Performance
80000.00
70000.00
50000.00
40000.00
30000.00
20000.00
10000.00
P2-8
I. RMxprt
5. View results: efficiency vs. speed
Ansoft Corporation
90.00
XY Plot 2
3_FreqSweep
Curve Info Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='1' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='1.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='2' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='2.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='3' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='3.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='4' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='4.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='5.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='6' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance ScaleFactor='6.5' Efficiency Setup1 : Performance
80.00
70.00
60.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
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P2-10
Geometry
Result plots
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1. Right mouse click on Setup1 under Design 1_Original > Analysis > Create Maxwell Design 2. Change design name to 5_Nominal2
P2-12
3. Change simulation time step to 0.001s 3. Change simulation time step to 0.001s
5. Run simulation
P2-13
Torque
5_Norminal2
Curve Info Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient
300.00
200.00
100.00
Moving1.Torque [FootPounds]
0.00
-100.00
-200.00
-300.00
-400.00
-500.00
Ansoft Corporation
300.00
Winding Currents
5_Norminal2
Curve Info Current(PhaseA) Setup1 : Transient Current(PhaseB) Setup1 : Transient Current(PhaseC) Setup1 : Transient
200.00
100.00
Y1 [A]
0.00
-100.00
-200.00
P2-14
10. Add Delta Marker to measure position change of each simulation time step, it is 8.7767 deg
P2-15
11. Plot mesh: CTRL+A to select all objects > right mouse click > Plot Mesh 12. Menu bar View > Grid Setting, turn Grid invisible 13. Menu bar View > Coordinate System > Hide 14. Double click on bottom left corner to change at what time step you want to view the plot
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P2-17
P2-18
P2-19
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P2-21
3. In the next few steps we will use Calculator to create Named Expression: Stator_Tooth_Flux and Stator_Yoke_Flux
P2-22
5. Quantity > B, Mag, Geometry > Line > Stator_Tooth, integration, Number, 0.25 (stator stack length in meters), * 6. Add, Stator_Tooth_Flux 7. Do the same for Stator_Yoke_Flux
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P2-24
P2-25
400Hz
P2-26
IV. Modifying Maxwell 2D Design Run Simulation and View New Results
1. Run simulation 2. View existing plots: torque, current, position vs. time, compare with results from Design 5
Ansoft Corporation
300.00
Torque
6_Modified
Curve Info Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient
Y 356.4000 364.5000
6_Modified
Curve Info Moving1.Position Setup1 : Transient
200.00
1600.00
100.00
1400.00
Moving1.Torque [FootPounds]
0.00
1200.00
-100.00
Moving1.Position [deg]
1000.00
-200.00
800.00
-300.00
600.00
Ansoft Corporation
300.00
-400.00
Winding Currents
6_Modified
Curve Info Current(PhaseA) Setup1 : Transient Current(PhaseB) Setup1 : Transient Current(PhaseC) Setup1 : Transient
400.00
m2 m1
200.00
150.00
200.00
200.00
100.00
Delta(Y) 8.1000
Slope(Y) 8.1000
InvSlope(Y) 0.1235
50.00
150.00
200.00
Y1 [A]
0.00
-100.00
-200.00
P2-27
XY Plot 1
6_Modified
Curve Info Stator_Tooth_Flux Setup1 : Transient Stator_Yoke_Flux Setup1 : Transient
0.006
3. Create Stator tooth/yoke flux density plots 4. Right mouse click on Results > Create Fields Report > Rectangular Plot
Y1
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
P2-28
Ansoft Corporation
80.00
XY Plot 3
6_Modified
Curve Info CoreLoss Setup1 : Transient
Ansoft Corporation
1000.00
Force_Bar
6_Modified
Curve Info Force_Bar.Force_mag Setup1 : Transient Force_Bar.Force_x Setup1 : Transient Force_Bar.Force_y Setup1 : Transient
70.00
60.00
500.00
50.00
CoreLoss [W]
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 Moving1.Position [deg] 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00
Y1 [newton]
40.00
0.00
30.00
-500.00
20.00
10.00
-1000.00
P2-29
1. Copy Design 6, paste and change name to 7_LockedRotor 2. Double click on MotionSetup1 and change Initial Position and Angular Velocity
P2-30
3. Change Bar Conductivity to Simulate High Temperature Effect, use cast_aluminum_75C 4. Run Simulation and View Results
Ansoft Corporation
500.00
Torque
7_LockedRotor
Curve Info Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient
400.00
300.00
Ansoft Corporation
300.00
Winding Currents
7_LockedRotor
Curve Info Current(PhaseA) Setup1 : Transient Current(PhaseB) Setup1 : Transient Current(PhaseC) Setup1 : Transient
Moving1.Torque [FootPounds]
200.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
-100.00
Y1 [A]
-200.00 -300.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 Time [ms] 150.00 200.00
0.00
-100.00
-200.00
P2-31
P2-32
3. Click menu bar Maxwell 2D > Design Settings, change Model Depth
4. Click on PhaseA and change Resistance 5. Do the same for PhaseB and PhaseC resistance
P2-33
6. Click on PhaseA and replace voltage with Volt_Mag > Enter > with default value 315V
315V
P2-34
P2-35
P2-36
Ansoft Corporation
300.00
XY Plot 1
8_DesignSweep
200.00
100.00
Moving1.Torque [FootPounds]
0.00
-100.00
-200.00
-300.00
-400.00
Curve Info Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1' Stator_ID='148mm' Volt_Mag='300V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1.2' Stator_ID='148mm' Volt_Mag='300V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1' Stator_ID='148mm' Volt_Mag='315V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1.2' Stator_ID='148mm' Volt_Mag='315V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1' Stator_ID='150mm' Volt_Mag='300V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1.2' Stator_ID='150mm' Volt_Mag='300V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1' Stator_ID='150mm' Volt_Mag='315V' Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient LengthFactor='1.2' Stator_ID='150mm' Volt_Mag='315V'
P2-37
2. View the text of the model: Run Simplorer V7.0.5, in SSC 7.0 Commander window, click on Programs > Editor, open the model file we just created from RMxprt (*.sml).
P2-38
P2-39
+ VM1
V
FM_ROT1
AM1
A
A B C
MASS_ROT1
J := 0.2 kg m %
~ ~ ~
PHI = 0
PHI = -120
PHI = -240
RMX
T
STEP1 LoadStep
THREE_PHASE1
Torque
FM_ROT1.TORQUE [Nm] STEP1.VAL
SIMPARAM1
500.00m
1.00
Phase A Current
251.00 AM1.I 1.52k 1.00k 0
Speed
No. of Iterations
25.00
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P2-45
12. Click on Simulation > Parameters, or Alt + F12, or just double mouse click on any empty space on the schematic, define simulation parameters as seen from the picture.
P2-46
14. Run the simulation and compare the results with RMxprt.
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 Training Manual
P2-47
This completes the one day training course on Three-phase Induction Machine using Ansofts RMxprt, Maxwell 2D and Simplorer
P2-48
Study of a Permanent Magnet Motor with MAXWELL 2D: Example of the 2004 Prius IPM Motor
References:
Report on Toyota/Prius Motor Torque Capability, Torque Property, No-Load Back EMF, and Mechanical Losses, J. S. Hsu, Ph.D., C. W. Ayers, C. L. Coomer, R. H. Wiles Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report on Toyota/Prius Motor Design and manufacturing Assessment J. S. Hsu, C. W. Ayers, C. L. Coomer Oak Ridge National Laboratory Evaluation of 2004 Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Drive System Interim Report C. W. Ayers, J. S. Hsu, L. D. Marlino, C. W. Miller,G. W. Ott, Jr.,C. B. Oland Oak Ridge National Laboratory
GETTING STARTED Creating the 3D Model Reducing the size of the 3D Model Material properties of the machine Applying Master/Slave Boundary Condition
STATIC ANALYSIS
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
COGGING TORQUE
Getting Started
Launching Maxwell
1.
To access Maxwell, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs>Ansoft>Maxwell 12.
SlotCore
Use the values given in the panel below to create the stator
IPMCore
Use the values given in the panel next page to create the rotor
Click on the just created object in the drawing window and in the panel on the left change its name from IPMCore1 to Rotor
Change the name of the object from Rotor1 to Magnets Change the magnets color from default to a light red.
Change the Material from vacuum to Copper Select the object LapCoil1, change its color to yellow
Select the object LapCoil1. This coil constitutes the first coil of Phase A. We now duplicate this coil to create the first coils of Phase C and B. Right Mouse click, and select the menu item Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis or use the icon.
Change the Name of objects LapCoil1_1 and LapCoil1_2 to PhaseC and PhaseB. Change the color of PhaseC to dark green and the color of PhaseB to light blue. Rename Lapcoil1 to PhaseA.
Select the objects PhaseA, PhaseB and PhaseC. Right Mouse click, and select icon. Enter 45 the menu item Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis or use the degrees and 8 for the total number. This will create all the required coils.
Depending on the solver and the motor performance data that we want to look at, we might have to add more objects (for meshing or movement setting). Save the project. Click on the Maxwell design 1_Whole_motor, right mouse click and select Copy.
Click on the project name, right mouse click and select Paste. Change the copied design to 2_Partial_motor. We can take advantage of the topology of the motor to reduce the size of the problem. This motor has 8 pair of poles. We can only use one height of the motor. This is valid because the stator has: 48 slots (8 is a divider of 48). The 3-phase winding has also a periodicity of 45 degrees. From now on, the Maxwelldesign 2_Partial_motor will be used. We have saved a copy of the whole geometry as it will be used later for other studies.
Note: During the process, a lot of messages will appear in the dialog box. These messages inform that some objects no longer exist as they entirely lie outside the remaining model. We obtain half of the motor. Maintain the objects selected, right mouse click and . Enter -45 deg for select Edit > Arrange > Rotate or select the toolbar icon the rotation around the Z axis.
Maintain the objects selected, Right mouse click and select Edit > Boolean > Split or use the toolbar icon . Select the XZ plane and keep the negative side. Maintain the objects selected, right mouse click and select Edit > Arrange > . Enter 45 deg for the rotation around the Z Rotate or select the toolbar icon axis
Rename PhaseA to PhaseA1 and PhaseA_7 to PhaseA2. Rename PhaseB, PhaseB_7, PhaseC and PhaseC_7 to PhaseB1, PhaseB2, PhaseC1 and
PhaseC2.
We can now create the Region around the motor. Most of the flux is concentrated within the motor, so we do not need to have a large Region.
Select Draw > Line 1. Using the coordinate entry field, enter the box position X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key 2. Using the coordinate entry field, enter the relative size of the box dX: 200.0, dY: 0.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key 3. Click Enter a second time to finish the drawing
Rename the Region from Polyline1 to Region. Make sure that Vacuum is the selected material. Also, you might want to modify the render of the Region by increasing the transparency.
Switch the select mode from Object to Face by clicking on the f button or by using the toolbar icon:
To create the face CS attached to this face: 1. Select the menu item 3D Modeler > Coordinate System > Create > Face CS or select the toolbar icon 2. The modeler is in draw mode. It expects the center of the face CS that has to be on the selected plane to be selected. Snap the mouse pointer to one of the corner of the face, using the snap to vertex symbol . This defines the CS center.
3.
You need to enter the direction of the X axis. Snap the mouse point at another vertex of the face as shown below
Repeat the same operation to create the face CS PM2_CS attached to PM2. Make sure to have the X axis looking toward the air gap
To enter into the material database, click on the Material button (the default material is Vacuum). The Prius magnet is not part of the default library, so click on the Add material button
Click on the Validate button before closing the window to check the material definition. Edit the attributes of the object PM2. Modify the Orientation of the object by selecting the PM2_CS coordinate system. This CS will be the reference for the magnetization direction. If the definition of PM2_CS is consistent with PM1_CS ( X axis in the direction of the air gap), you can use the same material for N36Z_20 for PM2. If it is not the case, you can clone the material N36Z_20 and change the orientation to be consistent with the PM2_CS axis.
Click on the BH curve button in the Value column. The BH curve entry window appears
H 0 22.28 25.46 31.83 47.74 63.66 79.57 159.15 318.3 477.46 636.61 795.77 1591.5 3183 4774.6 6366.1 7957.7 15915 31830 111407 190984 350138 509252 560177.2 1527756
B 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.36 0.54 0.65 0.99 1.2 1.28 1.33 1.36 1.44 1.52 1.58 1.63 1.67 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.563994494 3.779889874
Use the pull down menu to enable core loss for Electrical Steel material
The Core Loss versus Frequency menu pops up. We provide the data for several frequencies: 1. Select W/kg for the Core Loss Unit 3 2. Enter 7872 kg/m for the Mass density of the Steel 3. Enter 50 Hz in the Edit window 4. Click on Add 5. Click on Edit Dataset in the Frequency Window
P 0 0.03 0.07 0.13 0.22 0.31 0.43 0.54 0.68 0.83 1.01 1.2 1.42 1.7 2.12 2.47 2.8 3.05 3.25
Accept the setting Using the same method enter the loss curves for 100, 200, 400, 1000 Hz
100Hz B 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 P 0 0.04 0.16 0.34 0.55 0.8 1.08 1.38 1.73 2.1 2.51 2.98 3.51 4.15 4.97 5.92 200Hz B 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 P 0 0.09 0.37 0.79 1.31 1.91 2.61 3.39 4.26 5.23 6.3 7.51 8.88 10.5 12.5 14.9 400Hz B 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 P 0 0.21 0.92 1.99 3.33 4.94 6.84 9 11.4 14.2 17.3 20.9 24.9 29.5 35.4 41.8 1000Hz B 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 P 0 0.99 3.67 7.63 12.7 18.9 26.4 35.4 46 58.4 73 90.1
Accept the setting. The material definition now includes the coreloss coefficients
1.
2.
3.
4.
We first need to give the reference of the master condition. For the Master Boundary, since we haven't changed the default name, Select Master1 Select Swap direction for the u vector definition if the vector u does not have the same direction than the u vector of the Master condition. The model represents one pole out of height. Since we represent an odd number of poles, the condition at the slave surface is Slave = -Master Accept the set up
STATIC ANALYSIS
We will study the different static parameters of the motor. Save the project. Click on the Maxwell design 2_Partial_motor, right mouse click and select Copy.
Click on the project name, right mouse click and select Paste. Change the copied design to 3_Partial_motor_MS.
No Load Study
The first analysis that will be performed consists in computing the fields due to the permanent magnets. The Coils are not needed in the model since no current is defined. Select the 6 coils. Then, Uncheck the radio button Model from the property window. Note that the Name of object line is empty since we have selected several objects.
Leave the Coils selected, and Hide the coils by selecting the menu item View > Hide Selection > Active view or using the toolbar button
Restrict the length of elements to 5 mm. Rename the mesh operation Rotor Select the Stator. We want to minimize the number of elements for the curved line of the slots. Right Mouse Click and Select Assign Mesh Operation > Surface Approximation. Input 30deg for the Maximum surface deviation Select 5 for the Maximum aspect Ratio. Rename the mesh operation SA_Stator
Restrict the length of elements to 3 mm. Rename the mesh operation Magnets
Setup:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Enter 10 for the maximum number of passes Enter 0.1% for the error In the convergence panel, enter 15% for the refinement Make sure that the Non Residual is set to 0.0001%. Click Ok to record the analysis setup
Analyse
Right mouse click on the setup et select Analyze or click on the icon.
Torque value. Select the Solutions tab, the torque is given for a one meter depth motor. The torque for the full motor needs to be multiplied by 8 (symmetry factor), then by 0.082 (to account for the motor length). This gives 2.5mN.m, which sounds reasonable: the value is very small in regards to the full load operation. Different angles between the rotor and the stator would give different values.
Plot the magnetic flux strength H in the air gap. We need to draw a postprocessing line to view the field: 1. Draw an arc. Select the menu item Draw > Arc > Center Point or use the corresponding toolbar icon
2.
Accept to continue to draw a non model object. This will not invalidate the existing solution
3.
Enter the first point of the arc. This point is at the middle of the air gap on the YZ plane. Enter 80.575, 0 , 0 mm and hit enter.
5.
Enter the last point of the arc. This point lies on the plane XY, with a 45 angle with the X- axis. 80.575/ 2= 56.70996(). Enter 56.70996, 56.70996, 0 mm and hit enter.
6.
To finish the arc, move the mouse on the drawing area, right mouse click, and select the menu entry done
7.
A new folder Lines has appeared on the object tree, containing the new defined arc.
9.
Select the line airgap_arc, move the mouse on the drawing area, right mouse click, then select the menu item Fields > H > H_vector.
10.
The vector plot of H appears with the default setting. To customize the display, double click on the scale zone:
12.
You can modify the default settings in the different tabs like below:
Unhide the coils by selecting the menu item View> Show selections> All views
Apply Excitations
The coils are partially represented in the model. We need to enter the current that flows in and out inside each coil. The excitation is realized through a balanced three phase system. For instance, in our example, we apply: 1500 A to PhaseA -750 A to PhaseB -750 A to PhaseC. In the Magnetosatic solver, the sources are given in terms of currents. We do not need to model each turn at this stage; therefore we only enter the total current in each phase. The number of turns and the electrical topology are only taken into account for the inductances calculation.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Right mouse click, select the menu item Apply Excitation > Current Rename the Excitation PhaseA2 Enter 1500A As the default current direction plotted in red is good, leave Positive Validate the Excitation
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Right mouse click, select the menu item Apply Excitation > Current Rename the Excitation PhaseA1 Enter 1500A As the default current direction plotted in red is good, leave Positive Validate the Excitation
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Right mouse click, select the menu item Apply Excitation > Current Rename the Excitation PhaseC2 Enter -750A As the default current direction plotted in red is not good, choose Negative Validate the Excitation
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Right mouse click, select the menu item Apply Excitation > Current Rename the Excitation PhaseC1 Enter -750A As the default current direction plotted in red is not good, choose Negative Validate the Excitation
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Right mouse click, select the menu item Apply Excitation > Current Rename the Excitation PhaseB2 Enter -750A As the default current direction plotted in red is good, leave Positive Validate the Excitation
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Right mouse click, select the menu item Apply Excitation > Current Rename the Excitation PhaseB1 Enter -750A As the default current direction plotted in red is good, leave Positive Validate the Excitation
Matrix
Include the 6 phases in the matrix computation. The inductances are computed for 1 turn at this stage.
Select the Post Processing tab. We define in this panel the number of turns for each coil. Enter 9 for the six coils. We also want to group all the coils of the same phase. This will enable us to have the inductance of the entire winding
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator
Analyse
Right mouse click on the setup et select Analyze or click on the icon.
Inductance values. Select the Solutions tab. The inductance for each coils appears. It is assumed that each coil has only one turn.
Note: it is possible to export the inductance matrix to Simplorer using the Export Circuit button
Torque value. Select the Solutions tab, Select from the pull down menu Torque1. The torque for the full motor needs to be multiplied by 8 (symmetry factor), then multiplied by 0.083 (length of the motor). This gives around 47N.m. In this case, we have not synchronized the position of the rotor poles with the winding currents, so we are far from the optimized excitation value to obtain a maximum torque. Different angles between the rotor and the stator would give different values.
Move the mouse pointer to the drawing area, right mouse click and select the menu item Fields > H > H_vector
On the Color Map tab, uncheck the Real time mode button and change the number of colors to 50 On the Scale tab , Check the Use Limits button, then Enter 1 and 1e6 for the limits. Also, Check the Log button to have a log scale.
We obtain the following plot. The H field is stronger around phase A as the input current is higher.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
We will study the transient characteristic of the motor. Save the project. Click on the Maxwell design 2_Partial_motor, right mouse click and select Copy.
Click on the project name, right mouse click and select Paste. Change the copied design to 5_Partial_motor_TR. Select the design name from the project manager, Right mouse click and change the solution type from Magnetostatic to Transient:
The transient solver acts differently from the Magnetostatic solver mainly because: There is not adaptive meshing. Since the geometry changes at every time step, Maxwell does not re-mesh at every time step adaptively for obvious time reason. In transient analysis, we will build a good mesh valid for all the rotor positions. The sources definition is different. In Magnetostatic, we were only interested in the total current flowing into conductor. In Transient, we use stranded conductors (the exact number of conductors is required for each winding) as the current can be an arbitrary time function. We need to create dedicated coils and windings.
Create Coils
Select the 6 coils PhaseA1, PhaseA2, PhaseB1, PhaseB2, PhaseC1 and PhaseC2. Right mouse click and select the menu item Assign Excitation > Coil 1. Leave the default name as it will be automatically affected using the objects name 2. Enter 9 for the number of conductors
We need to change the orientation of the coils for PhaseC1 and PhaseC2:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Select PhaseC1, in the Project Manager Tree Right mouse click and select Properties Switch the polarity from Positive to Negative Repeat 1-3 with Coil PhaseC2
30
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator
Using the same method enter: PolePair, the number of pair of poles; its value is Poles/2
Speed_rpm, the speed of the motor in rpm; its value is 3000 Omega, the pulsation of the excitation in degrees/s; its value is 360*Speed_rpm*Polepair/60 Omega_rad the pulsation in rad/s; its value is Omega * pi / 180 Thet _deg the load angle of the motor ; for instance, we use 20 degrees in this study; enter 20 deg. Thet is load angle in radian therefore its value is Thet_deg * pi /180 Imax the peak winding current of the motor; its value is 250A.
Create Windings
The terminals are meant to define the excitation paths in and out of the model. The actual excitation is defined through the definition of windings. A winding needs to be defined for each parallel electrical excitation of the motor. The motor is excited with a balanced three phase connection. A sinusoidal excitation is applied. At each time step, the phases have a 120 degree shift. The load angle is also added.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
Enter PhaseA for the name. Select Stranded because each terminal has 9 turns Enter winding current: Imax*sin(Omega_rad*Time+Thet). Time is the internal reserved variable for the current time. Click on OK Right mouse click on the winding PhaseA from the project tree, select the menu item Add Coils
6.
Select the 2 PhaseA coils (using the Ctrl button) and click on OK
Select the steel objects: Stator, Rotor, Rotor2 and Rotor3 Accept the Setting
Note: you need to have the coreloss parameters defined in the material setup
2. 3. 4.
Use the Ctrl+V key combinaison to paste the Region. Change the name of the object from Region1 to Band Expand the history tree of the Object
Double click on the CreateLine command. The rotor radius is 80.2mm. The inner diameter of the stator 80.95mm. We pick the middle for Band object . Enter 80.575,0,0 mm instead of 200,0,0 for Point2
6. 7.
Double Click on the Sweep AroundAxis command. Change the Number of Segments from 5 to 45 so that each segment of the line covers one degree
8.
Edit the Point2: Enter 80.4, 0, 0 mm This operation resizes the object to strictly cover the rotor and the permanent magnets Rename the Band1 object to Band_in
Note: We will assign the motion after the mesh operations because we will have to add objects dedicated to the meshing in the moving part
To achieve this requirement, we create a couple of objects inside the rotor, then mesh operations will be applied to these objects in order to have a nice mesh around the ducts. Select the menu item Draw > Line or select the icon from the toolbar. 1. Enter 78.72,0 ,0 mm for the position of Point1 and hit Enter 2. Enter 80.2,0 ,0 mm for the position of Point2 and hit Enter twice 3. Name the line Rotor2
Select the Rotor2 object, right mouse click and select the menu item Edit >
Repeat the same operation to create the object Rotor3: 1. Draw a line with dimensions:
2. 3.
Sweep the rectangle around Z axis Change the material property to M19_29G
Select the permanent magnets PM1 and PM2. Right mouse click, select Assign Mesh Operations > Inside Selection > Length Based. 1. Name the operation PMs 2. Check the button Restrict Length of Elements 3. Enter 3mm 4. Uncheck the button Restrict the Number of Elements 5. Validate
Select the Rotor. Right mouse click, select Assign Mesh Operations > Inside Selection > Length Based. 1. Name the operation Rotor
2. 3. 4. 5.
Check the button Restrict Length of Elements Enter 4mm Uncheck the button Restrict the Number of Elements Validate
Select the Stator. Right mouse click, select Assign Mesh Operations > Inside Selection > Length Based. 1. Name the operation Staor 2. Check the button Restrict Length of Elements 3. Enter 4mm 4. Uncheck the button Restrict the Number of Elements 5. Validate
In the Type tab: check the Rotate motion button Make sure that the Global:Z axis is selected Select the Positive direction In the Data tab: Enter 30 deg for the initial position. The initial position of this synchronous motor is such that the A phase is opposite to the daxis. d-axis 30 A-
A+
Symmetry Multiplier
Since we model 1/8th of the motor (our model spans on 45), Enter 8. The force, torque will be rescaled to take into account the full model.
Select the Model Depth tab. Enter 83.82mm for the motor depth. All quantities will be automatically be rescaled to the correct size. Accept the setting
Maxwell checks the geometry, excitation definitions, mesh operations and so one. The model is validated but some Warning is displayed in the message box: Eddy effect are not taken into account in our design which is what we decided
Select the Analysis Setup1 in the project tree, right mouse click and select
Analyse
Torque versus Time. Select the menu item Results in the project tree, right mouse click, then select the menu item Create Quick Report
Choose Torque The Torque up to the current time is displayed. As the simulation continues, you can update the plots: right mouse click on the Torque Quick Report entry and select Update Report
5_Partial_Motor_TR
250.00
200.00 Y1 [NewtonMeter]
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
15.00
20.00
The LoadTorque (in red) is zero as we are in motor mode. We can see that there are a lot of ripples in the Torque. The ratio between the torque and the torque ripples is almost 10 percent. This is due to the unique structure of the IPM motor (Internal Permanent Magnets). To limit the ripple, some manufacturers modify slightly the rotor shape around the magnets or add a second layer of internal magnets. Also the control strategy plays a big role into preventing the ripples. The torque value is around 240 N.m. This value is compatible with measurement. The peak torque for this motor is about 400 N.m
Flux linkage versus Time. Select the menu item Results in the project tree, right mouse click, then select the menu item Create TransientReport > Rectangular Plot.
To include the flux linkage for each coil: 1. Select Winding in the Category Column 2. Select FluxLinkage(PhaseA), FluxLinkage(PhaseB), FluxLinkage(PhaseC) in the Quantity column 3. Select New Report 4. Select Close
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0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 Y1 [Wb] 0.00 -0.10 -0.20 -0.30 -0.40
XY Plot 2
5_Partial_Motor_TR
Curve Info FluxLinkage(PhaseA) Setup1 : Transient FluxLinkage(PhaseB) Setup1 : Transient FluxLinkage(PhaseC) Setup1 : Transient
0.00
5.00
Time [ms]
10.00
15.00
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500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 Y1 [V] 0.00 -100.00 -200.00 -300.00 -400.00 -500.00
XY Plot 1
5_Partial_Motor_TR
Curve Info InducedVoltage(PhaseA) Setup1 : Transient InducedVoltage(PhaseB) Setup1 : Transient InducedVoltage(PhaseC) Setup1 : Transient
0.00
5.00
Time [ms]
10.00
15.00
The curves are not really smooth. The reason is that the time step is too high. As the induced voltage is a derived quantity, Maxwell needs to derive the total flux ; the time steps is way to high to have accurate Induced Voltage. If you re run the simulation with a time steps of 50us (instead of 250 us), the Induced Voltage will have a more realistic shape:
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500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 Y1 [V] 0.00 -100.00 -200.00 -300.00 -400.00 -500.00
XY Plot 1
5_Partial_Motor_TR_small
Curve Info InducedVoltage(PhaseA) Setup1 : Transient InducedVoltage(PhaseB) Setup1 : Transient InducedVoltage(PhaseC) Setup1 : Transient
0.00
5.00
Time [ms]
10.00
15.00
Plot magnetic flux density. 1. Select the menu item View > Set Solution Context or double click on the Time=-1 icon in the modeler window
2.
4. 5. 6.
Select the Stator, Stator2, Stator3, PM1 and PM2 objects. Right mouse click and select Fields > B > Mag B Accept the Setting The B field at 0.01s is displayed. Change the scale by double clicking on the Scale aera
7. 8.
Go to the Scale Tab and enter 0 for min and 2.2 for max Close the Window
The animation is displayed once the frames are calculated. You can export the animation using the Export button from the animation button
Click on Optimetrics in the Project tree. Right mouse click and select the menu item Add > Parametric
Select Thet_deg from the pull-down menu: 1. Enter 0 deg for the first value 2. Enter 60 deg for the last value 3. Enter 15 deg for the step 4. Push the Add button Select the Table tab, the parametric rows are displayed
Select the Calculations Tab 1. Select the Setup Calculations button 2. Under the Category column, select Torque 3. Under the Quantity column, select Moving1.Torque 4. select the Range Function button. 5. Select the Specified radio button 6. Setect the Math Category 7. Select avg in the Function pull down menu 8. Click on ok 9. Click on Add Calculation 10. Click on Done
In the Options tab, you can choose to save fields and meshs for all the variations Accept the setup Run the parametric sweep. To run the sweep, select the Parametricsetup1, right mouse click and select the menu item Analyse Results. Right mouse click on Parametricsetup1, and select View Analysis Result
COGGING TORQUE
The Cogging Torque corresponds to the torque due to the shape of the teeth and the permanent magnets, when all the coils excitations are 0. The torque is a very small value in regard to the full load torque. Its computation is very sensitive to the mesh, as its value is in the same order of magnitude of the mesh noise. To compute accurately the cogging Torque, one could solve a parametric sweep in Magnetostatic (the input parameter being the angle between rotor and stator). This method will not lead to excellent results as the error due to the mesh will be different for each position (the mesh will change for every row). The preferred method is the use of the transient solver with motion: We will move the rotor at the speed of 1 deg/s The mesh will remain unchanged for all the positions thanks to the Band object : the mesh inside the Band object will rotate with the rotor Each time step will be independent of the other The adaptive mesh will not be used therefore the simulation time will be shorter Save the project. Click on the Maxwell design 5_Partial_motor_TR , right mouse click and select Copy. Click on the project name, right mouse click and select Paste. Change the copied design to 6_Partial_motor_CT
3.
Expand the history tree of Band_out and change the CreateLine command: Replace 80.4 ,0 ,0 by 80.75 ,0 ,0 mm
For the dynamic analysis, the ojects Band, Band_in had one segment every degre. In order to reduce mesh error, we reduce the span of each segment. Expand the history tree of the objects Band, Band_in and Band_out: 1. Double click on the SweepAroundAxis command of the Band object
2. 3.
Change the number of segments from 45 to 135 Repeat 1-2 for the objects Band_in, Band_out
Select the Object Band, right mouse click, and select Assign Band
Enter the following parameters for the Motion Setup In the Type Tab, for Motion Type: Rotation around Z axis Leave the Data tab unchanged In the Mechanical tab, enter 1 deg_per_sec Accept the Setting
Select the objects Rotor, Rotor2, Rotor3 and Stator. Right mouse click and select Assign Mesh Operation > Surface Approximation Name the meshing operation SA_Rotor_Stator Set the minimum normal deviation to 1 deg Ignore the other settings
Expand the analysis setup already defined and edit it: One pole pair takes 7.5 mech degrees. We will solve over 15 s in order to have two periods (remember: the speed is 1 deg/s) We set the time step to 0.125 s to have a very smooth curve. An higher time step is still valid if you want a faster result. Lower the non linear residual to 1e-4. Accept the Setting
The Torque trace appears. As expected, the cogging torque is periodical. The peak value is about 1.75 N.m.
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2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 -2.00
Cogging Torque
6_Partial_Motor_CT
Curve Info Moving1.Torque Setup1 : Transient
Moving1.Torque [NewtonMeter]
0.00
5.00
Time [s]
10.00
15.00