VCE Biology 2013

Unit 1: Unity and Diversity

Mrs. Stepniewski

Area Of Study 1: Cells in Action

Cell structure: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells at light and electron microscope levels; cellular organisation. Cell functioning: specialised cells and their functions; biochemical processes including photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of inputs and outputs; general role of enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells: major groups of organic and inorganic substances including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, water, minerals and vitamins; their general role in cell structure and function Internal and external environments of cells; plasma membranes; material transport including diffusion, osmosis, active transport & surface area to volume ratio Cell replication: purposes of cell replication (mitosis, meiosis and cytokinesis); cell growth, cell size and cell division.

Requirements

Note Book loose leaf in folder or binder book. Question Book loose leaf in folder or binder book. Textbook Nelson Biology Unit 1 & 2
Needs to be brought to every class for questions, reference and class work.

Chapter Glossary will be distributed at the start of a unit. Weekly Homework collected every Tuesday.

Unit One Outcomes

Outcome 1: A student designed and/or adapted and/or extended practical investigation. AND Outcome 2: At least 3 of the following. Practical activity Multimedia or web page presentation Response to a media article Oral Presentation Annotated poster Data analysis Problem solving Test, multiple choice and/or short answer.

Year 11 Biology
Chapter 1: Cells in Action

Cell Theory
The

cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism. theory is in 3 main parts

Cell 1.

All living organisms are made up of cells and their products

2.

All cells come from the division of preexisting cells

The cell is the smallest living organisational unit.
Cell Theory Rap The Wacky History of the Cell Theory

3.

Cell Types
There

are 2 main types of cells:

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes.

All

cell types have specialised features that enable them to fulfil their functions efficiently.

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Are small in size Lack membrane bound organelles

Do not have a distinct nucleus

Contain a circular DNA chromosome The cytoplasm contains ribosomes but no other organelles (the presence of the ribosomes allows prokaryotes to synthesise proteins). Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and cyanobacteria. At one time cyanobacteria were called blue-green algae and were included with the algae. However, like bacteria and unlike algae, cyanobacteria are prokaryotes, meaning that they do not have a nucleus.

Eukaryotic Cells
o Are larger in size o Have membrane bound organelles o DNA is present as linear chromosomes in a membrane
bound nucleus

o Contain a variety of organelles in the cytoplasm each

with a particular function.

o Eukaryotic cells include animal, plant, fungi and

protista cells.

o To make it easier we think in terms of typicalcells

(although none really are). We also split eukaryotic cells into 2 smaller groups plant cells and animal cells.

How do you Tell the Difference Between Plant and Animal Cells?

Cells are observed using a microscope

Plant Cells Have a large central vacuole

Have a thick cellulose cell wall outside the plasma membrane.

Lack centrioles

Have chloroplasts in cells where photosynthesis occurs (not all plant cells have chloroplasts)

How do you Tell the Difference Between Plant and Animal Cells?

Cells are observed using a microscope

Animal cells Have smaller vacuoles (usually referred to as vesicles) Lack a cell wall outside the plasma membrane Have centrioles

Do not have chloroplasts

Organelles

Organelles are smaller structures within cells all of which have structural and/or functional roles in the cells. Specialised cells have different types (and numbers) of organelles depending upon their purpose

e.g. a photosynthetic cell has many chloroplasts, a cell lining the digestive tract has villi a mature red blood cell lacks mitochondria

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/

THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE v THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Feature Electromagnetic Spectrum used Light Microscope Electron Microscope

Visible light Electrons 760nm (red) 390nm App. 4nm Colours visible monochrome x1000 Halogen lamp X500,000 High voltage tungsten lamp

Maximum magnification Radiation source

Lenses
Interior Focussing Screen

Glass
Air-filled Human eye (retina)

Magnets
vacuum Fluorescent (TV) screen

Non-Cellular Organisms
Viruses and prions are non cellular organisms, which are unable to replicate outside a host. For this reason they are not considered to be living nor are they classed as cells. Viruses have a protein coat called a capsid, prions are unenclosed proteins.

Cellular Environment

The cellular environment of unicellular organisms is the external environment. They have little (if any) control over this environment and either tolerate the conditions, adapt, move away or die.

The cellular environment of most multicellular organisms is the liquid inside the organism that surrounds the cells. Multicellular organisms are able to control and regulate this extracellular (interstitial) fluid with the most important conditions being pH (acidity), temperature, salt concentration, ion concentration and the level of nutrients and wastes present.
If cells cannot withstand the environmental conditions they tend to die off (called apoptosis or programmed cell death). In some cases a cell will commit suicide and die as a defence mechanism to prevent itself from being taken over by a virus.

Revision

http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/04700 03790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm http://www.quia.com/mc/65947.html

http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/cellquiz/ce llquiz1.html http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/garla nd_PDFs/Panel_1.03b.pdf http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceop ticsu/virtual/magnifying/index.html

Cellular Respiration
Mitochondria

and the cytoplasm are sites of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that involves a reaction How Cells between glucose and oxygen to Obtain Energy produce carbon dioxide, water and energy
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Photosynthesis
Plants produce their own simple sugars through the chemical reactions that make up photosynthesis. The energy needed to power photosynthesis comes from the sun. Chlorophyll which is a green pigment found in chloroplasts absorbs light energy and makes it available for use in photosynthesis which occurs in the stroma and thylakoid system of the chloroplast.

Photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + water

glucose + oxygen + water

6CO2 + 12H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Plant Transport System

Complex, multicellular plants have two transport systems: XYLEM transport of water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves. Xylem tissue is made up of two main types of cells, the tracheids and the vessels.

1.

2.

PHLOEM transports sugars in solution through the plant. Phloem tissue consists of sieve cells and companion cells.
Water Transport in a Plant

Plant Transport System

Homework Questions

Cells
Prokaryotic

cells: cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. eg bacteria are prokaryotic cells. cells: a cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. eg animal and plant cells.

Eukaryotic

CELL ANATOMY