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Generations of Computer
The First generation The Second Generation The Third Generation The Fourth Generation The Fifth Generation
Vacuum Tube
Heat Burnout
Storage
Punched cards Tape (1957)
Machine language Characteristics of 1st Generation Computers Computers big and clumsy Electricity consumption is high Electric failure occurred regularly - computers not very reliable Large air conditioners was necessary because the computers generated heat Batch processing
Storage
Programming languages
1964 Real-time reservation system IBM developed a real-time computerised ticket reservation system for American Airways.
It was smaller than SAGE and was called SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment).
Computers smaller, faster and more reliable Power consumption lower High-level languages appeared
Burroughs used integrated circuits in parts of two computers - the B2500 and the B3500. Control Data and NCR made two computers using only integrated circuits - the CDC 7600 and the Century series respectively.
1969, IBM System/370 replaced their System/360 with the System/370 that only used integrated circuits.
Digital watches Pocket calculators Personal computers Cars Copy machines Television sets
Integrated circuits, smaller and faster Micro computer series such as IBM and APPLE developed Portable computers developed Great development in data communication Different types of secondary memory with high storage capacity and fast access developed
Niklaus Wirth - a Swedish computer scientist - developed the Pascal language in 1971. This language was specifically designed to teach the concepts of structured programming. Pascal remains the most popular language for learning the basic principles of good programming.
1972, 8008
Intel released the 8008 - an 8 bit processor powerful enough to be used as the CPU of a minicomputer
MARK-8 Johnathan Titus (a chemist with an interest in electronics) ordered an 8008 processor from Intel.
He built a computer with six(6) circuit boards which had 256 bytes RAM.
1974
8080 Microprocessor, was released - it made the development of the microcomputer possible.
the 6800. which could perform all the functions of the 8080.
Mechanics published an article which announced the development of a true personal computer Developed by MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems). It used the 8-bit Intel 8080 microprocessor and was made available in a complete kit, including all components and assembly instructions. 256 bytes of RAM was available. 16 slots were left open to include more RAM when necessary.
Apple- Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs founded the Apple Company . They built a microcomputer motherboard that used a 8-bit processor. The motherboard was a single circuit board and held 4 Kb RAM. 1976, MOS 6502 processor MOS technologies announced the development of the 6502 processor, an 8-bit processor with very few registers and 16-bit address bus. It was used in the design of the Apple II
1978 Intels 8086 processor that contained 16-bit registers and used segmented memory addressing.
All x86 processors had to be compatible with the set of instructions, first used in this processor. 1979, Motorolas 68000 processor which was used in the Apple Lisa and Macintosh computers.
WordStar
1981, IBM PCIBM announced it's first Personal Computer the IBM PC - an Intel 8088 processor 1982, Intels 286 processor. Intel announced the 80286 microprocessor.
4th Generation
1983, Apples Lisa
Apple announced the Lisa, a computer that used a mouse to move a cursor on the screen in order to select commands. The Lisa was the first commercial computer to use a Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Technology). Memory was expanded to 640 Kb and it featured: 4,77 MHz processor speed Double floppy disks MS DOS version 3.3 Later versions also had 10 or 20 Mb hard disk drives available.
Intelligent robots that could see their environment (visual input - e.g. a video camera) and could be programmed to carry out certain tasks and should be able to decide for itself how the task should be accomplished, based on the observations it made of its environment. Intelligent systems that could control the route of a missile and defence-systems that could fend off attacks. Word processors that could be controlled by means of speech recognition. Programs that could translate documents from one language to another.
5th Generation
Some technological developments that could make the development of fifth-generation computers possible, include:
Parallel-processing - many processors are grouped to function as
one large group processor. Superconductors - a superconductor is a conductor through which electricity can travel without any resistance resulting in faster transfer of information between the components of a computer. Expert Systems helps doctors to reach a diagnosis by following the logical steps of problem solving just as if the doctor would have done it himself. Speech recognition systems, capable of recognising dictation and entering the text into a word processor, are already available.
A well-defined problem can be described by: 1. Initial state 2. Operator or successor function - for any state x returns s(x), the set of states reachable from x with one action 3. State space - all states reachable from initial by any sequence of actions 4. Path - sequence through state space 5. Path cost - function that assigns a cost to a path. Cost of a path is the sum of costs of individual actions along the path 6. Goal test - test to determine if at goal state
The Fifth Generation Expert Systems Software used with an extensive set of organized data that presents the computer as an expert on a particular topic
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