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Using Chemistry

Fuels

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A fuel is something that can be burned to release heat and light energy. The main examples are:

Although these fuels look different, they all contain CARBON and HYDROGEN

Lots of oxygen:

H H

Burning Fuels
O O O O O

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C
H

O O

H
H

Methane
H

Oxygen
O
O O

Carbon dioxide
C
O O

Water
H
H H H
O O O O

H
C H

H H H H

Some oxygen:

H
H C

H H

C
O

Methane

Oxygen

Little oxygen:

H H

Carbon monoxide
C

Water
H H
O O

H H

C
H

Methane

Oxygen

Carbon

Water

Burning Hydrogen
Recall the test for hydrogen:
POP

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The reaction:
H H H H
O

H
O

O O

H H

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Water

Notice that no carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide is produced!

Energy from Displacement Reactions

In previous work we considered the reactivity series:
Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium

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We also looked at displacement reactions, where a more reactive metal will displace a less reactive one from one of its compounds.

Carbon
Zinc Iron Lead Copper Silver Gold

Energy from Displacement Reactions

Example 1 Magnesium and copper sulphate
O Mg O O

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Lots of energy
O

Cu

S
O

Cu

Mg

S
O

Magnesium +

Copper sulphate

Copper

Magnesium sulphate

Example 2 Zinc and copper sulphate

O Zn O O

Some energy
O

Cu

S
O

Cu

Zn

S
O

Zinc

Copper sulphate

Copper

Zinc sulphate

Electrical energy from differences in reactivity

The bigger the difference in reactivity, the bigger the voltage

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Filter paper soaked in potassium nitrate Zinc rod

Copper rod

Zinc sulphate

Copper sulphate

Conservation of mass in reactions

In any reaction the total mass of products is the same as the total mass of the reactants

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Example 1 Magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid

H Mg

Cl Cl Cl Mg Cl H

O H

1 x magnesium, 1 x oxygen, 2 x hydrogen and 2 x chlorine atoms

Also 1 x magnesium, 1 x oxygen, 2 x hydrogen and 2 x chlorine atoms

Example 2 Burning methane

H H C H H
O O O O O

H H

O O

H H