Sputnik:

A Turning Point in Space Exploration and Technology

Annotated Bibliography

http://12604126.nhd.weebly.com

Drew Anderson Sarah Fuller

 An Account of the Cold War. Glenn County School System. State of Georgia. http://www.glynn.k12.ga.us/BHS/academics/junior/hunt/2005/annap346 77f.htm This web page documents the interview between a student and Mr. John Blake. Blake was an electrician of a US missile ship when the Cold War was occurring. This source contains much information on a first person account during the Cold War. It tells of experiences that John Blake went through as a component of the Cold War. Atlas Manned Lab. Digital Image. 2011. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/outpost.htm#more This image shows an animated spacecraft with an astronaut floating outside of it. It promotes the idea that the United States was getting a man into space. This photo was used on the social and political effects of the website. Atkins, Rob. Man on the Moon. Photograph. 1969. http://science.howstuffworks.com/nasa-space-race.htm This is a photograph of Neil Armstrong on the moon. It was a major achievement for the United States when he landed; they became the first country to ever have a man take step on the moon. It was used in the banner on the home page. American and Soviet Flag. Digital Image. 2011. http://vaughanrockets.typepad.com/christy_garvin/2012/01/the-cold-war- and-space-race.html This image shows half of the United States flag and half of the Soviet Unions flag. After the launch of Sputnik, it was an intense rivalry between the two superpowers to reach space. The image was used in the banner on the home page. Cold War Alliances Map. Digital Image. 2008. http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/russia/review.php This map shows the countries of the world and who their alliance was towards during the Cold War. The Soviet Union contained all of Russia, and some countries in the Middle East and Europe. The United States contained most of the western European countries, North America, South America, and Australia. This photo was used in the maps page of the website.

Primary Sources

 Contemporary Pioneers: Investing in Space, The Innovation Race. Photograph. 2012. http://pioneersfestival.com/contemporary-space-pioneers/ This photo shows an astronaut with earth and the sun in the background. The astronaut has an American flag on his shoulder. This leads the reader to believe that the United States is advanced in space technology. It was used on the visuals page of the website. Curan, Peter. Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie. Photograph. 1949. http://www.nuclearweaponsarchive.org This photo shows an atomic bomb explosion. This picture was taken shortly after the United States realized that the Soviet Union had been testing nuclear weapons. It was used on the military expansion page of the website. DARPA. DARPA Logo. Digital Image. January 2009. http://www.darpa.mil This image shows the DARPA, or the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agencys logo. DARPA was founded in nineteen fifty-eight after the launch of Sputnik to prevent technological surprises from other countries, but to also develop new technologies for the United States. Dryden, Hugh L. "NASA Mission and Long-Range Plan." NASA-Industry Program Plans Conference, July 28-29, 1960. Washington, 1960, pp. 6-9. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/report59.html This web documentation is the exact copy of The NASA Long Range Plan. It states the long term national objectives of the United States aeronautical and space activities. It has a timeline of targeted mission dates starting at 1960 and continuing on past 1970. The Long Range Plan encourages the use of technology and expansion of the human mind. Garber, Steve. Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age. Sputnik: The Fiftieth Anniversary. NASA. http://www.history.nasa.gov/sputnik/ This web page from NASA talks about the very beginning of the space age and the launch of the famous shuttle Sputnik. It mainly focuses on Sputnik and its impact on the space program and history. It also includes information on future shuttle launches that NASA has introduced to the world.

 Getty Images. Laika inside Spunik II. Photograph. November 1957. http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2011/10/sputnik-space-rac/ This photo shows Laika, the first animal to be launched into space, inside of Sputnik II. It was the follow up of Sputnik I launched by the USSR in October of nineteen fifty-seven. It was used in the timeline section of the website. Glennan, T. Recollection of NASAs Early Years, The Birth of NASA, (1960): 1-30. Accessed October 28, 2012. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4105/sp4105.htm The Birth of NASA is the diary of T. Keith Glennan, also known as the first administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This book was published in 1993 by the history office of NASA. It tells the story of the formation of the space agency and the critical months that helped establish NASA. Gunter, Katarina. Personal interview. Interview by Sarah Fuller. March 16, 2013. This interview with Mrs. Gunter provided us with a strong understanding of a Russian opinion after the launch of Sputnik. There were fewer articles published about how they were feeling than how America felt, so it was a vital piece to the project. She discusses how she felt after the launch and supplied us with her basic knowledge of the event. Harry, Rosenthal. "It's Easy to Forget: Space Travel is a Risky business." Pensacola News Journal, Morning Ed. January 29, 1986. In this morning edition of the Pensacola News Journal, there is a large amount of information on the dangerous and risky elements of traveling in space. It specifically talks about the Challenger shuttle and the tragedy that had happened. This focuses on how traveling in space is very unpredictable and precarious. Hicks, Mark. Sputnik. Digital Image. 2011. http://school.discoveryeducation.com/clipart/clip/sputnik.html This image shows a sketch of Sputnik. Sputnik was much different than the common day satellite; it was simply a sphere with antennas. It was used on the timeline page of the website. History Wiz, "CIA Summaries 1948-1949." Last modified 1949. Accessed October 7, 2012. http://www.historywiz.com/primarysources/ciasummaries.html. This web page features an article that documents the Central Intelligence Agencys weekly summaries from 1948 to 1949, during the Berlin Blockade. This provides much insight into the Cold War and what was going on over a long period of time. Because it is directly from the CIA, it is a great source of information.

 Hoffman, David. The Fever of 57. Video. 2007. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHaJDuq6tBM This video clip from the movie The Fever of 57 shows the launch of Sputnik, orbiting of Sputnik, and the reactions from the people. It was used on the home page of the website. Hoppers, Marcia. Sputnik. Photograph. 2007. http://www.physics4thecool.com/2012/10/usa-science-engineering- festival.html This photo shows Sputnik in orbit with earth in the background. Sputnik orbited over earth one thousand four hundred and forty times before falling. This photo was used in the banner on the main page of the website. Hubbard, Scott. Sputnik: The Little Metal Ball that Fueled the Cold War. SFGate. San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Sputnik- The-little-metal-ball-that-fueled-the-2536655.php This article is centered around both Sputnik and the Cold War. It talks about how the launch of the well-known satellite sparked the beginning of the Cold War. It speaks about how the commencement of the first manmade satellite set off an entirely new age for the world and its citizens. Hudson, Christopher. Sputnik taking off. Photograph. October 5 2007. https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images? q=tbn:ANd9GcTAvFKaP1atjz2HwjY2vcFbAVnz64zGAliFX70-SfGfN4kXfO-g. This picture depicts the Russian satellite Sputnik lifting off into space with the assistance of a rocket. It shows the first step that began the Space Age itself. It was used on the technological innovations page of the website. "John F. Kennedy "Landing a man on the Moon" Address to Congress - May 25, 1961." Posted July 1 2010. Youtube. May 25 1961. compact disc, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUXuV7XbZvU. President John F. Kennedy delivered this speech, "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs," on May 25, 1961 before a joint session of Congress. In this speech, JFK stated that the United States should set as a goal the "landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth" by the end of the decade. Acknowledging that the Soviets had a head start in their space program, JFK urged the U.S. to work diligently to lead the achievements of space travel. Jordan, William. "Soviet Fires Earth Satellite Into Space; It is Circling the Globe at 18,000 mph; Sphere Tracked In 4 Crossings Over US." The New York Times,

Morning Ed. edition, sec. Front Page, October 5, 1957. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1004.html

This website features a newspaper article published by the New York Times in 1957. The article talks about when Sputnik was officially launched into space by the Soviet Union. It documents any information that you could possibly need about the satellite itself. It includes the speed, size, and research that has gone into the production of Sputnik. Karimov, Karim. Baku, Azerbaijan. By Betty Blair. AzerBaijaa International, Autumn 1995. http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/33_folder/33_articles/3 3_sovietaero.html This article, written by Betty Blair, contains an interview with General Karimov, who was involved with the Soviet Union and the space race. He also has published a book, The Way to Space: The Notes of the Chairman of the State Commission for further reading into his experiences. Karimov describes how the Soviet Union got involved with aerospace, and some of their first failed attempts. He describes the United States and the USSR as tight rivals, and that more advanced space technology marked the superior nation. This article was intended to be read by the general public. Krieger, F.J., The Announcement of the First Satellite, Pravada, October 5, 1957, Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Division. This announcement to Washington DC in nineteen fifty-seven stated what the USSR had achieved when Sputnik was first launched. The United States had a media frenzy, and citizens began to worry that the USSR would have an advantage on us in the Cold War. It described the dimensions, its purpose, and the USSRs future plan for satellites. Launius, Roger. Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age. NASA History. NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/sputorig.html This web page, written by Roger D. Launius talks about Sputnik and how the space age originated. Not only does it include the Americans response to the launch of Sputnik, but it also discusses the birth of NASA. Another item this article focuses on is the relationship between the United States and Russia during the Cold War. Luce, Henry. "A FULL 'COLD WAR' IS URGED BY LUCE; Editor Asks Official Policy -- He Concedes a Risk of Provoking 'Hot War'." The New York Times, Morning Ed. edition, sec. The Week in Review, June 29, 1960. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70815FE3B551A7A93CB AB178DD85F448685F9

 In this article, Luce proposes that the United States do whatever it takes to win the Cold War. It is a passionate declaration of the need to succeed in this endeavor. There is an obvious bias towards the United States. Modarelli, James. NASA Insignia. Digital Image. 1959. http://www.logodesignlove.com/nasa-logo This photo shows meatball version, which is the most known, of the NASA insignia. It was created by James Modarelli, who was asked to design a logo used for less formal purposes. It was used in the timeline section of the website. The sphere represents a planet, the stars represent space, the red chevron is a wing, and there is an orbiting spacecraft going around the wing. NASA. Explorer I. Digital Image. 1958. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/13654 This photo shows Explorer I, the United States first successful satellite. There were many months in between the USSRs satellite launch and the United States, which showed the extreme technological superiority. It was used in the timeline section of the website. NASA. First Man on the Moon. Photograph. July 20, 1969. http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/08/25/neil-armstrong-first-man-on-the- moon-1930-2012/ This photo shows Neil Armstrong next to the American flag on the moon. The flag marks the United States major achievement during the Space Race, defeating the Soviet Union to the moon. It was used in the timeline section of the website. NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C., " Statement by James C. Hagerty, The White House, July 29, 1955." Last modified 1955. Accessed October 7, 2012. http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/17.html. Hagertys statement in nineteen fifty-five announced the creation of a satellite program in the United States to keep up with the USSRs advancements. When word reached the US that the USSR had been experimenting with satellite technology, the United States government immediately wanted to start research. NASA, "National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958." Last modified 1958. Accessed October 7, 2012. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.html. This article found in the archives of NASAs website is the exact un- amended version of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958. This act is what

created NASA. It was established after the Soviet Unions launch of Sputnik. It was signed by President Eisenhower on July 29th, 1958 and drafted by the United States House Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration. NASA. Man on the Moon. Photograph. 1969. http://www.schillerinstitute.org/educ/hist/eiw_this_week/v1n20_jul22_19 69.html This photo shows the first astronaut to ever step foot on the moon, Neil Armstrong, standing next to the American flag and the space shuttle. It was used on the political effects section of the website. NASA. Sputnik 1. Photograph. 1957. http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_924.html This photo shows a scientist working on Sputnik before it was launched. Sputnik was the first human-made object put into space. It was used on the technological innovations section of the website. NASA. The Decision to Go to the Moon. Photograph. May 25, 1961. http://history.nasa.gov/moondec.html This photograph shows John F. Kennedy giving a speech about putting a man on the moon before the end of the decade. It was used on the political effects of the website. "Neil Armstrong's 2005 Interview: First Man." Posted August 25 2012. CBS News. August 25 2012. compact disc, http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7419306n. This interview with Neil Armstrong, the first man to step foot on the moon, contains original footage from the Apollo 11 launch. There is some background information on the shuttle, Armstrongs crew, and Armstrongs life. He described what it felt like to be launched into space, and his feelings throughout the entire process. Novosti. Sputnik: The Little Ball that Fueled the Cold War. Photograph. Oct 4, 1957. This photo shows the Sputnik satellite as it was being prepped to launch. Sputnik orbited the earth every ninety-eight minutes, and weighed about two hundred pounds. It was launched from Baikonur, USSR on October 4th, 1957. Photographs are excellent sources, viewers are able to see what the event looked like with their own eyes. PBS. Fall of the Soviet Union. Photograph. November 11, 1989.

In this photo, a man is breaking down the Berlin Wall. This event marked the end of the Soviet Unions reign. This photo was used on the timeline section of the website. Presse, Agence. New Missile Defense System. Digital Image. 2012. http://www.defencetalk.com/israel-reports-success-in-new-missile- defence-test-45668/ In this image, a missile defense system is shown. DARPA, one of the main military expansions caused by the launch of Sputnik, developed new missile defense systems in case of attack from the Soviet Union. This photo was used in the military expansion section of the website. Radio and Television Address to the American People on Science in National Security. Presidential Address. Washington D.C. November 7, 1957. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=10946&st=&st1= In this radio broadcast to the United States, Eisenhower discusses the Sputnik launch and his plan to catch up to the USSR. Eisenhowers purpose was to calm the media frenzy, the people in the US, and to inform the general public of the USSRs achievement. His main worry was the USSR passing the United States in satellite technology, although he assured the public that these satellites have no effect on the nations security. However, earth satellites were a stepping stone towards more advanced military weapons. Eisenhower concludes with stating that he wanted to have peace with the USSR more than delving deeper into outer space. Runelvi. Nato and the Warsaw Pact. Digital Image. April 12, 2010. http://runelvisglobalhistory.blogspot.com/2010/04/nato-and-warsaw- pact.html This map shows the countries in NATO versus the Soviet Union. NATO had many more countries involved, but most of the Middle East and part of Europe joined the Soviet Union. This photo was used on the maps section of the website. Sagdeev, Roald and Susan Eisenhower. "United States-Soviet Space Cooperation during the Cold War." May 28, 2008. http://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/coldWarCoOp.htm This article, written by the former head of the Russian Space Research Institute, recaps the entire story from the initial launch of Sputnik up until the Soviet Unions separation in nineteen ninety-one. His approach at the entire situation is uncommon, there are not many sources that see the space race from the USSRs side. He also does not have a bias towards either side, which makes this article even more

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/beslan-seige-of-school- 1/photo-essay-the-conflict-in-chechnya/393/attachment/photo14/

priceless. Most of his information was from personal memory, but there was some information from government document and other interviews conducted. There are many pictures throughout the article, such as the satellites as they improved throughout the years. No other article compares to the information offered by Sagdeev, he discusses everything that occurred. Snyder, Dorothy. Personal Interview. Interview by Drew Anderson. March 17, 2013. In this interview, Ms. Snyder shares her ideas about the launch of Sputnik. Her answers had a bias towards the United States, but it was needed in order to receive the American perspective. She provides many answers that were vital to understand the thoughts going through many American minds after the launch. Sputnik 1. Digital Image. 1998. http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/CosmosNotes/sputnik.htm This image shows Sputnik on top of the Soviet flag. Sputnik was a great achievement for the Soviet Union, proving their technological lead above the United States. It was used on the military expansion page of the website. Sputnik on the Launch Pad. Photograph. October 4th, 1957. http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/q0179.shtml This is a photograph of Sputnik on the launch pad. This event was groundbreaking; no country ever launched a man made utility into space. It was used on the technological innovations section of the website. Time Incorporated. Behind the Iron Curtain: Sputnik. Digital Image. October 21, 1957. http://kcmeesha.com/2011/10/03/behind-the-iron-curtain-sputnik/ This is a photo of the cover of Time magazine from October 21st, 1957. It discussed why the Soviets sent a satellite into the United States, and what Americas plan was to catch up. It was used on the military expansion page of the website. Time Magazine. Race for the Moon. Digital Image. December 6, 1968. http://heatherjoyjohnson.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/space-race.png This photo shows the Time magazine cover from December 6th, 1968. It shows two astronauts running towards the moon, demonstrating the Soviet Union and the United States racing to reach space. It was used on the social effects page of the website. The Economist. Sputnik Moment. Digital Image. 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/17964348

 This image shows the emotions of the United States citizens after the launch of Sputnik. It demonstrates Sputnik as a flaming dragon orbiting around the United States. It was used on the political effects page of the website. Neo-USSR Map. Digital Image. November 20, 2010. http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/File:Neo-Ussr_Map.png This photo shows the amount of land that the USSR contained during their reign. The USSR owned very much land, but some of it is inhabited due to harsh temperatures. It was used under the visuals section of the website. Wasser, Alan. LBJs Space Race: what we didnt know then. Photograph. June 20 2005.https://encryptedtbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSBR4mnnjP1D3jg fQ0bP34dybBlUvRUyrMWEDHvY1MRna8oat_k5A. In this photo, it shows the influence that Lynden B. Johnson had on NASA and how he contributed to the Space Race. It was used on the technological innovations page of the website. Yuri Gagarin. Photograph. April 12, 1961. http://www.inyourpocket.com/russia/Moscow/Yuri-Gagarin_72055f This is a photograph of the first man to ever explore space, Yuri Gagarin. His launched marked a key point in world history, and showed the United States that they were falling behind technologically.

Secondary Sources

Barry, Bill. A Chronology of Defining Events in NASA history, 1958-1998. NASA History Division. NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/40thann/define.htm This timeline created by NASA historians is a great resource for a basic information on events throughout NASAs history. The historians most likely retrieved their facts from official NASA documents, picking out most of the important events. Each event has a few sentences written about it, varying with importance. There is not a bias. The timeline does not provide lengthy explanatations, but it quickly familiarizes readers with NASAs history. Brzezinski, Mark. Red Moon Rising. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2007. In this book, Mark Brzezinski, a former Moscow correspondent for The Wall Street Journal, recounts the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union after the launch of Sputnik. Taking from original interviews, Brzezinski describes the space race during the Cold War with great detail. His book was written so that

readers could understand the lesser-known sides of the Cold War, and there is not a bias towards either direction. Cadbury, Deborah. Space Race. London: Harper Perennial, 2007. In this book, Cadbury describes the race between the United States and the Soviet Union to reach space. Every other chapter the point of view changes between the two sides, making comparisons and contrasts very simple. The best part about Cadburys book is her non-bias approach. She does not reside in America or the Soviet Union and does not choose one side over another. It is mostly text, with no visual aid such as pictures or maps. There are not any interviews or bibliography excerpts in the book. Events are described through a first person view. Overall, Cadbury describes the tension between the United States and the Soviet Union with great detail. Dick, Steven. Why We Explore. Beyond Earth. NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/whyweexplore/Why_We_29.html In this article, Steven recaps why NASA was founded. He is one of NASAs chief historians, and he has written many other articles for the NASA History division. The purpose was to delve deeper into the reasons for a US space exploration program. Steven does not seem to have a bias, and his information was obtained through NASA documents and personal diaries. He concludes that the United States began the space program in order to keep up with the Soviet Union. Dickson, Paul. Sputniks Impact on America. NOVA Education. PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/sputnik- impact-on-america.html In this article, Paul Dickson writes about Sputnik and its impact in America. Dickson is a major contributor to space related documents, and he is very knowledgeable in his field. Sputnik, the worlds reaction to it, post Sputnik launch information, and the space race are all described in this article. There are many pictures. Dickson concludes with the many devastating effects the launch of Sputnik had on America. Garber, Steve. Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age. Sputnik: The Fiftieth Anniversary. NASA. http://www.history.nasa.gov/sputnik/ This web page from NASA talks about the beginning of the space age and the launch of the famous shuttle Sputnik. It mainly focuses on Sputnik and its impact on the space program and history. It also includes information on future shuttle launches that NASA has introduced to the world. Henrich, Natalie. "NASA Insignia and NASA Seal." GRC Publishing. Publishing Services. http://grcpublishing.grc.nasa.gov/GRAPHICS/meatball.cfm

 This article describes the parts and meanings of the NASA Seal and describes how it has evolved through the years. It was first approved by Eisenhower in nineteen fifty-nine, and it was later changed by Kennedy in nineteen sixty-one. After being modified, there were white stars and an orbital path around a red vector. In the middle of the circle is the NASA lettering. Henrichs purpose was to describe the facts about the seal, and it was written for everyone to read. Launius, Roger, Colin Fries, and Abe Gibson. Defining Events in NASA History, 1958-2006. NASA History. NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/Defining- chron.htm This timeline lists the key events in NASAs history in great detail. Launius, Roger, Fries, and Gibson are all NASA historians, using valid information to create the timeline. There are many other timelines available on this topic, but this one focuses on a few major events rather than every single occurrence with a few sentences written about each. Launius, Roger. It All Started with Sputnik. Air and Space Smithsonian. Smithsonian. http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/Sputnik-Essay.html In this article, Launius, one of NASAs chief historians, describes Sputnik, the launch of Sputnik, and the Space Age. His intended audience was the general public, in order to inform them of a key piece in the history of space exploration and how it led to space technology today. The main limitation he had was neglecting to describe most of the Soviet Unions opinions. He had a slight bias towards the United States. Launius, Roger. What are the Turning Points in History, and What Were They for the Space Age? NASA History. NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/sp4801- chapter2.pdf This article by Roger Launius provides some insight into the multiple turning points during NASAs history. After much research, Launius stated his definition of a turning point and listed some events in space explorations history that matched his definition. After listing them, he went into depth on each topic, making this a very valuable resource. With a slim amount of articles comparing all of the turning points in NASAs history, there are no similar articles that parallel his work. There are also multiple photos. Layton, Julia. NASAs 10 Greatest Achievements. Howstuffworks. Discovery Channel. http://science.howstuffworks.com/ten-nasa-achievements.htm In this article, Layton lists NASAs greatest achievements and what their effect was on society. A brief background on NASA is also given, and the reason it

was founded. Among this list were the Hubble Space Telescope, Apollo 11, and the Mars Pathfinder. Her article was slightly biased; some people may have alternate opinions on the most important NASA achievements. Layton does not have any affiliation with NASA, or any background with space information, so she might not have been qualified to write the article. Laytons information was based purely upon research. Also, pictures were included with each topic. She concluded that the Apollo 11 was NASAs greatest achievement. Logsden, John. Space in the Post-Cold War Environment. NASA History. NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/sp4801-chapter6.pdf Logsden, a historian for NASA, describes space after the Cold War. Using reports and documents from NASA, his information is reliable. There are many similar articles, but none with the amount of detail offered by Logsden. He concludes that leadership in space technology has been important to the United States from day one, and their goal was to out do the Soviet Union in space achievements. One downfall in this article was the lack of photos or charts. Nowak, Peter. "How NASA has changed the world." MSN Tech & Gadgets. MSN. http://tech.ca.msn.com/how-nasa-has-changed-the-world This article, written by Peter Nowak, an MSN Tech and Gadget author, includes information that is not known by the general public about NASA. Nowak describes how NASAs innovations have affected much more than astronauts and space shuttles. An example is their contribution to food safety standards, such as testing ingredients and packaging for foods for extended periods. There are multiple articles containing similar information, but Nowak focuses on their contributions to food and health. There are many pictures, which help in visualizing the text. He concludes by saying that NASAs value is misunderstood, and it is not a waste of money. Parks, Clinton. 50 Years Ago: NASA Born in Sputniks Wake. Space.com. TechMediaNetwork. http://www.space.com/5671-50-years-nasa-born- sputnik-wake.html In this article, Parks, a Space News staff writer, describes the political aftershocks between Eisenhower and Senator Lyndon Johnson, the chairman of the Senate Armed Services subcommittee. Parks describes the tension between the two, and their separate viewpoints. Portree, David. NASAs Origins and the Dawn of the Space Age. Emeryville: Avalon Publishers, 1998. In this book, Portee focuses on the night Sputnik was launched, political tension, Sputnik in the air, the birth of NASA, and NASAs first months. There is also a timeline with each event that occurred. Portee relied upon NASA documents and

personal interviews for his information, making this source very reliable. There are also many pictures that go with each of his topics. No other book compares to Portees due to the immense detail he includes. Tate, Karl. Sputnik: How the Worlds First Artificial Satellite Worked. October 03, 2012. Space.com. TechMediaNetwork. http://www.space.com/17888-first- satellite-sputnik-1-explained-infographic.html In his article, Karl Tate shows how the Sputnik satellite worked. It is based mainly upon pictures and diagrams, making it possible for the layperson to understand. The missile itself was twenty times the length of the average human. Along with the pictures, some background information is given about the scientists behind Sputnik. Wilson, J.R. Space Program Benefits: NASAs Positive Impact on Society. NASA 50th Anniversary. NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/benefits.html In this article, Wilson, a NASA historian, briefly describes the beginning of NASA and inventions that have resulted from their studies. There are detailed paragraphs along with pictures of some of the inventions. It is amazing how many of NASAs innovations have been put into use in other places, such as the protective coating used on the Statue of Liberty and the Golden Gate Bridge. NASAs technology also sparked new ideas; an artificial heart pump was created based upon the space shuttles main engine pumps. Wilson concludes by stating that NASAs inventions inspired people to research for new discoveries.