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TON OF REFRIGERATION The amount of heat required to melt a ton (2000 lbs.) of ice at 32F 288,000 BTU/24 hr. 12,000 BTU/hr.
WORK = Force (energy exerted) X Distance Example: A 150 lb. man climbs a flight of stairs 100 ft. high Work = 150 lb. X 100 ft. Work = 15,000 ft.-lb.
ONE HORSEPOWER =
746 Watts
CONVERTING KW to BTU: 1 KW = 3413 BTUs Example: A 20 KW heater (20 KW X 3413 BTU/KW = 68,260 BTUs)
CONVERTING BTU to KW 3413 BTUs = 1 KW Example: A 100,000 BTU/hr. oil or gas furnace (100,000 / 3413 = 29.3 KW)
R = Resistance (load)
1/R=U
Example:
If R = 19:
VA (how the secondary of a transformer is rated) = volts X amps Example: 24V x .41A = 10 VA
LRA (Locked rotor amps) = LRA = FLA x 5 (NOTE: This is a commonly used rule-of-thumb, not a direct conversion)
Where: Bulb Pressure = opening force Spring and Evaporator Pressures = closing forces
1800 RPM Motor slippage makes it about 1750 3600 RPM Motor slippage makes it about 3450
SENSIBLE HEAT FORMULA (Furnaces): BTU/hr. Specific Heat X Specific Density X 60 min./hr. = X CFM X DT .24 X .075 X 60 X CFM X DT = 1.08 X CFM X DT
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY = Grains of moisture per dry air 7000 GRAINS in 1 lb. of water
HOW TO CALCULATE AREA Rectangular Duct A=LxW Round Duct A = (Pi)r ...or...(Pi)D/4
3 PHASE VOLTAGE UNBALANCE = (100 x maximum deg. from average volts) / Average Volts
NOTE: The suction pressure must be measured at the crankcase, not the service valve
NON-BLEND REFRIGERANTS: Constant Pressure = Constant Temperature during Saturated Condition in an evaporator or condenser
BLENDS
28 INCHES OF WC = 1 psi
NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION: Excess Air = 50% 15 ft.3 of air to burn 1 ft.3 of methane produces: 16 ft.3 of flue gases: 1 ft.3 of oxygen 12 ft.3 of nitrogen 1 ft.3 of carbon dioxide 2 ft.3 of water vapor Another 15 ft.3 of air is added at the draft hood
GAS PIPING (Sizing CF/hr.) = Input BTUs Heating Value Example: 80,000 Input BTUs 1000 (Heating Value per CF of Natural Gas) = 80 CF/hr.
Example: 80,000 Input BTUs 2550 (Heating Value per CF of Propane) = 31 CF/hr.
COMBUSTION AIR NEEDED (PC=Perfect Combustion) (RC=Real Combustion) Propane 23.5 ft.3 (PC) 36 ft.3 (RC) Natural Gas 10 ft.3 (PC) 15 ft.3 (RC)
CALCULATING OIL NOZZLE SIZE (GPH): BTU Input = Nozzle Size (GPH) 140,000 BTUs OR BTU Output 140,000 X Efficiency of Furnace
OIL BURNER STACK TEMPERATURE (Net) = Highest Stack Temperature minus Room Temperature Example: 520 Stack Temp. 70 Room Temp. = Net Stack Temperature of 450
SINE = side opposite COSINE = side adjacent Sin = hypotenuse Cos = hypotenuse
PERIMETER OF SQUARE: P = 4s
w = width
PERIMETER OF SQUARE P = a + b + c + d (P = Perimeter) a = 1st side b = 2nd side c = 3rd side d= 4th side
AREA OF CIRCLE: A = (Pi)r = (Pi) D/4 Where: A = Area (Pi) = 3.1416 r = radius D = Diameter
CAPACITANCE IN PARALLEL: C = C1 + C2 + . . . . .
General Gas Law: (P1 x V1) / T1 = (P2 x V2) / T2 Where: P = Pressure (absolute) V = Volume
T = Temperature (absolute)
Anodized/0.55 Oxidized/0.2 to 0.3 Brass Bright/0.03 Oxidized/0.61 Chromium Polished/0.08 Copper Bright/0.05 Oxidized/0.78 Iron and Steel Polished/0.55 Oxidized/0.85 Nickel Polished/0.05 Oxidized/0.95 Zinc Bright/0.23 Oxidized/0.23 Brick Building/0.45 Paints White/0.9 Black/0.86 Oil Paints (all)/0.92
Roofing Paper /0.91 Rubber /0.94 Silica /0.42 to 0.62 Water /0.92
Material/Weight (Ib./ft)/Specific Heat (Btu/lb) Gases Air (normal temp)/0.075/0.24 Metals Aluminum/166.5/0.214 Copper/552/0.094 Iron/480/0.118 Lead/710/0.030 Mercury/847/0.033 Steel/492/0.117 Zinc/446/0.096
Others Concrete/147/0.19 Cork/15/0.48 Glass/164/0.199 Ice/57.5/0.504 Masonry/112/0.200 Paper/58/0.324 Rubber/59/0.48 Sand/100/0.195 Stone/138-200/0.20 Tar/75/0.35 Wood, Oak/48/0.57 Wood, Pine/38/0.47
Linear Measurement Equivalents (U.S. Conventional - SI Metric) 1 inch = 2.54 cm 25.4 mm 25400 m
1 micron = 0.0000394"
1 centimeter = 10 mm 0.3937"
1 in= 0.0065m
1 cm= 0.0610237 in
Velocity Equivalents
0.45m/sec
1 ft/sec=
0.305 m/sec
Heat Equivalents
1 Btu=
Btu/hr= 0.2931W