 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
- may I They they They
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬

١١١
 ‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

? ?? ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
J W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 ٢٩‫א‬،
 ‫א‬E١١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬٢٩، ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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E١J ١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢J ١F ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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E٢J ١F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1.6 ×10 −19 C ‫א‬

 K 6.25 ×1018 C  Q ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١J ١F
 Q=
6.25 × 1018 elec / C
 K‫א‬ n W

 WE١J ١F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،  102 × 1016 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 E١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬
Q=
102 × 1016 
 6.25 × 1018 elec / C
Q = 163.2 × 10 −3 C


-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ V ‫א‬
W  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢J ١F
 V=
Q
 W
 (J ) ‫א‬ W

 (C) ‫א‬‫א‬ Q


 WE٢J ١F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬ (10C) ‫א‬ (50J) ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 V =
W
 
Q
50 J 
 V =
10C

 V = 5V  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
- - v + +
- - + +
- - 
   + +
- - + +
- - + +
- - 
  + +

E٣J ١F

-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - -
- - - - -
- - -

E٤J ١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 E٥J ١F‫א‬
- - - - -
_ - -
- -
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
+
- - -
- - - - -
v

E٥J ١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ I 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I=
Q  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣J ١F
t
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Q
 ‫א‬‫א‬ t

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٣J ١F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 6 ‫א‬ 30 
 ‫؟‬

 W‫א‬
 I=
Q
 
t
30c 
 I=
6t

I = 5 A  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
K‫א‬،
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬
K‫א‬ Ω
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ . ρ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 R=ρ
L  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٤J ١F
A

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ρ 
 ‫א‬ L
‫א‬‫א‬ A
 WE٤J ١F
‫א‬ 1.59 ×10 −8 mΩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 2mm 100m
 W‫א‬
 R=ρ
L
 
A

 A = πr 2  
A = π (1 × 10 −3 ) 2 = 3.14 × 10 −6 m 2  
R=
1.59 × 10 −8 × 100
 
3.14 × 10 −6

 R = 0.51Ω  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
 V  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦J ١F I  R 
I

V R

E٦J ١F
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 

‫ ؟‬ 50 × 1031 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬ 80µC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬100C ‫א‬ 500J ‫ א‬K٣

‫؟‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 2.5C  12V ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫؟‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
6
‫؟‬ 3sec 

‫א‬‫א‬ 1.5A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

‫؟‬ 0.1sec 

‫؟‬ 5mm  1Km ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

‫ ؟‬1mm  10Ω ‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬



٢
‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  



١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
VαI KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢J ٢F
I=
R
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V = IR KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣J ٢F
 
V KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٤J ٢F
R=
I
 ‫א‬‫א‬

V V V

I R I R I R

V V
I= V = IR R=
R I

E١J ٢F

- ١٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE١J ٢F
 K 2 ‫א‬100 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
V = IR 
V = 2 A × 100Ω

V = 200v 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

I
10 A

V R
100 Ω

E٢J ٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
R = 100Ω
V I
10  1
20  2
 30  3
40  4
50  5
60 6
70  7
80  8
90 9
100  10

- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I (A)

R = 10 Ω
10
V I
9

10 V 1A
8
20 V 2A
30 V 3A
40 V 4A 7
50 V 5A
60 V 6A 6
70 V 7A
80 V 8A 5
90 V 9A
100 V 10 A 4

V
I= 2
10Ω
1

V (V)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

E٣J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 =‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٥J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5−4
M= 
50 − 40
1
M = 
10
. 10Ω ‫א‬‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬
R

 ٢J ٢

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 WE٢J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I

R
100 V
20 Ω

E٤J ٢F
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
V
I= 
R
100
I= 
20

 I = 5 A 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 WE٣J ٢F
 K10A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I
10 A

V R
100 Ω

E٤J ٢F
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 V = IR 

V = 10 A × 100Ω 

V = 1000V 

- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 WE٤J ٢F
 K 0.1A ‫א‬ R ‫א‬
R

12 V 0.1 A I

E٥J ٢F
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
V
R= 
I
12
R= 
0.1

 R = 120Ω 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٦J ٢F
P=
t
 W
 ‫א‬W W
 ‫א‬‫א‬W P
 ‫א‬ W t 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W P ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = I2R KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٧J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P=
V2 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٨J ٢F
R
 
 P = VI KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٩J ٢F
 
 WE٥J ٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R
R I
50 Ω

2A I 2A I V R
V V 5V
10 Ω
10 V

E٦J ٢F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a ) P = IV = 2 A × 10V = 20W 

b) P = I 2 R = (2 A) 2 × 50Ω = 200W 
2 2
V (5V )
C)P = = = 2.5W  
R 10Ω


- ١٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ١١١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 W‫א‬، 1A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬ 3 ‫א‬ Ka
80% ‫א‬‫א‬ Kb
50% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kc

‫א‬‫א‬، 10mA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

‫؟‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 V = 5v, R = 1Ω 
V = 15v, R = 10Ω
 V = 50 v, R = 100Ω
 V = 30v, R = 15KΩ
 V = 250v, R = 10MΩ

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 12V  10Ω  J ٤

K 12V ،   J ٥

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ V, I ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 V = 10v, I = 2A
V = 90v, I = 45A
 V = 150 v, I = 0.5A

 ‫א‬‫א‬، 3A ‫א‬‫א‬ 115V  J ٧

‫؟‬‫א‬

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A A A
- - -

I I

+ +
B B
+ B I

E١J ٣F
‫א‬ B  A ‫א‬ I ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K R T ‫א‬‫א‬
 R T = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + ......... + R n KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١J ٣F
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Rn 
 WE١J ٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، R T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1
2k Ω
+

R2
20 V
5k Ω

R3
20k Ω

E٢J ٣F
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
 RT = R1 + R2 + R3  
 RT = 2 KΩ + 5 KΩ + 20 KΩ = 27 KΩ 
 I=
V
 
RT
20V 
 I= = 0.74mA 
27 KΩ
 ٢J ٣
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 VS + V1 + V2 + V3 + .......... + Vn = 0 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢J ٣F
 E١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1
+
+ V1 _
+
VS V2 R2
_

_
V3 +
_

R3

E٣J ٣F
 WE٢J ٣F
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V3 ‫א‬
R1
+
+ V1 _
12 V +
VS 25 V V2 R2
50 V
_

_
V3 +
_

R3

E٤J ٣F

- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
 − VS + V1 + V2 + V3 = 0  
 V3 = VS − V1 − V2  
  V3 = 50 − 12 − 25 = 13V  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ R 1 ‫א‬
+ V1
+ V2
 
+ V3
− VS


 ‫א‬٣J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VX = (
RX
)VS KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣J ٣F
RT
 W
  R X ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VX
 ‫א‬‫א‬ R T
 ‫א‬ VS


- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WE٣J ٣F
  R 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 R2
+
100 Ω 220 Ω
VS
100V
680Ω
_
R3

E٥J ٣F
 W‫א‬
 VR 3 = VS (
RX
)  
RT

 RT = R1 + R2 + R3  
  RT = 100Ω + 220Ω + 680Ω = 1KΩ  
 VR 3 = 100(100Ω ) = 10V  
1KΩ

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = I 2 R KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٤J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = P1 + P2 + P3 + .......... + Pn KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٥J ٣F
 P = I 2 R T KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٦J ٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WE٤J ٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2
V
 P= S 
RT

 P=
(100) 2
= 10W 
1KΩ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


+ + +
R1 R2 R1 R2 VS R1 R2 R3 R4
VS VS
- - -

E٦J ٣F

‫א‬ A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K B ‫א‬

 :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1 1 1 1
 = + + + .… + KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٧J ٣F
R T R1 R 2 R 3 Rn

 

1
 RT =
1
+
1
+
1
+ ..... +
1 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٨J ٣F
R1 R 2 R 3 Rn

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WE٥J ٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-
R1 R2 R3
VS 2KΩ
5KΩ 3KΩ
+

E٧J ٣F
 W‫א‬
1 1 1 1
 = + +  
RT R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
 = + + 
RT 5kΩ 3kΩ 2kΩ
1 
 = (0.2 × 10 −3 ) + (0.33 × 10 −3 ) + (0.5 × 10 −3 )
RT

 1 = (1.03 × 10 −3 )  
RT

 RT = 971Ω  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 1R 2
 RT =   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٩J ٣F
R1 + R 2

 ٦J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

I2
I1

I3

E٨J ٣F
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W
 I 3 − I 2 − I1 = 0   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٠J ٣F

 WE٦J ٣F
 K  I T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+
2A
R1 R2 R3
VS
22.2 V 68Ω 33Ω 22Ω

-
 W‫א‬
 I R1 =
VS
 
R1
22.2 
 I R1 = 
68
 I R1 = 0.326 A  
 V
I R 2 = S  
R2
22.2 
 I R2 = 
33
 I R1 = 0.673 A  
 V
I R 3 = S  
R3
22.2 
 I R3 = 
22
 I R 3 = 1.01A  
 I T = 2 A  
  I T = I R1 + I R 2 + I R3  
 I T = 0.326 + 0.673 + 1.01 = 2 A  


- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

RT  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١١J ٣F
 IX = ( )I T
RX
 W
 R X ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I X

 ‫א‬‫א‬ I T


 WE٧J ٣F
 K R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I1 I2 I3
+
R1 R2 R3
VS 220Ω
680Ω 330Ω
-

E٨J ٣F


- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
1 1 1 1
 = + +  
RT R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
 = + + 
RT 680Ω 330Ω 220Ω
1 
 = (9 × 10 −3 ) 
RT

 RT = 111Ω  
 R
I X = ( T ) I T  
R2
111 
 IX = ( ) 10 
330
 I X =  3.36 A  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + .......... + Pn  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٢J ٣F

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PT
n ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Pn

 WE٨J ٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

+
2A
R1 R2 R3
VS 22Ω
680Ω 33Ω

-
E٨J ٣F
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 
  Rt = 1 1 1

+ +
68Ω 33Ω 22Ω
 Rt = 11.1Ω  
 Pt = I t Rt 
2

 Pt = (2) 2 (11.1) = 44.4W  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WE٩J ٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R2
6.2 KΩ

A B

R1
R3
3.3 KΩ
1 KΩ

+
R5
VS
680 Ω
8V
- R4
1 KΩ
R6
390 Ω

E٩J ٣F
 W‫א‬
 RAB =
R1R2
 
R1 + R2
(3.3KΩ)(6.2 KΩ) 
 RAB = 
3.3KΩ + 6.2 KΩ
 RAB = 2.15 KΩ  
R ( R + R6 ) 
 RCD = 4 5 
R4 + R5 + R6
1KΩ(1.07 KΩ) 
 RCD = 
1KΩ + 1.07 KΩ
 RCD = 517Ω  


- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
RAB
A B

2.15 KΩ
R3
+ 1 KΩ
VS
8V
-
R CD
517Ω

E١٠J ٣F

 Rt = RAB + R3 + RCD  
 Rt = 2.15kΩ + 1kΩ + 517Ω  
 Rt = 3.6kΩ  
 VAB = AB VS 
R 
Rt
2.15 KΩ 
 VAB = 8v 
3.67 KΩ
  VAB = 4.69v  
 VCD =
RCD
VS  
Rt
517Ω 
 VCD = 8v 
3.67 KΩ
  VCD = 1.13v  
 VR 3 =
R3
VS  
Rt
1KΩ 
 VR 3 = 8v 
3.67 KΩ
  VR 3 = 2.18v  

VR1 = VR 2 = VAB = 4.69v 
 VR 4 = VCD = 1.13v  
 VR 5 =
R5
VCD  
R5 + R6
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

680 
 VR5 = ( )1.13v 
1070
 VR 5 = 718mv  
  VR 6 = R6 VCD  
R5 + R6

 VR 6 = ( 390 )1.13v  

1070
 VR 6 = 412mv  


- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 R 3  R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 1 W

  R 3  R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 1 W
 K R 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 1 W

‫א‬K1KΩ ‫א‬ 66KΩ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ 10kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vout
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


R1
10 KΩ

A
+ +
22 V R2
5.6 KΩ
-

R3
2.7 KΩ
-
B

E١٠J ٣F

 75W ‫א‬ 110V ‫א‬‫א‬٦ K٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K




- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
 E١J ٤F‫א‬
‫א‬ d

‫א‬
A

 ‫ א‬‫א‬

E١J ٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬

E٢J ٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٣J ٤F
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٤FK 500 pf  50 pf

E٤J ٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EJ FEHFKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

E٥J ٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢J ٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٣J ٤F
‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KE
 ‫א‬ F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K ( t ) ‫א‬x (I) ‫א‬ (Q) Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٦J ٤FK ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
C _
+

_
+

S _
+

VS
I
C
+ _
_
+

I
R

E٦J ٤F

 I = 0 ‫א‬ VS ‫א‬Z‫א‬
 t = RC K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.36VS
RC =
 R ‫א‬ 0.63 VS  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C  ‫א‬ R 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VC = VS (1 − e − t / RC )  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١J ٤F

 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I = VS / R = e − t / RC  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢J ٤F

 KEF ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E
  ‫א‬FE٦J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E VC = 0 F‫א‬
 E٧J ٤F
v or i

1.0

0.9

0.8 1 - e -t / T

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2
e -t / T
0.1

t
0 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T

E٧J ٤F


- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬E٤J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤J ٤F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٤F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 C t = C1 + C 2 + C 3  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣J ٤F


C1 C2 C3
+

+
+

VS
_ _ _

E٨J ٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1 1 1 1 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٤J ٤F
 = + +
C t C 1 C 2 C3


- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

C1 C2 C3
_ _ _
+ + +

E٩J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE١J ٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.03 µf

0.04 µf

VS 0.06 µf

0.04 µf

E١٠J ٤F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ C1  C 2 ‫א‬
 C(12) =
C1C 2
 
C1 + C 2
0.04 × 0.04 
 C12 =
0.041 + 0.04
 C(12 ) = 0.02µf  
 C3(12 ) = C(12) + C3 = 0.06 + 0.02 = 0.08µf 
 Ceq =
C4C3(12 )
 
C4 + C3(12 )
0.03 × 0.08 
 Ceq =
0.03 + 0.08
 Ceq = 0.0128µf  
- ٤٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
C1 C2 C3
_ _ _
+ + +

270 µf 470 µf 100 µf

C1 C2 C3
+

+
VS +
_ _ _
20 pf 10 pf 5 pf

30 µf

100 µf

VS 50 µf

100 µf

E١١J ٤F


- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KE١J ٥F‫א‬

E١J ٥F

 K Sinewave ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٢J ٥FK
 ‫א‬


E٢J ٥F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
1 ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١J ٥F
 F=
T
1 ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢J ٥F
 T=
F

 WE١J ٥F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ 10ms ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1
 F= 
T
1
 F= 
10ms
1
 F= 
10 × 10 −3

 F = 100HZ 

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

E٣J ٥F

‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، L  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 e = 2BL sin θ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣J ٥F


 W‫א‬ θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 e = k sin θ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٤J ٥F

 K ‫א‬‫א‬ k 


 E٣J ٥F

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣J ٥F
 e  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤J ٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣J ٥F
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ θ = 90° ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، θ = 270°
 Em = k KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٥J ٥F

 W Em  k ‫א‬

 e = E m sin θ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٦J ٥F

 t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 θ = ωt KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٧J ٥F

 w = 2πf KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٨J ٥F


 WE٢J ٥F
 V = 100 sin 100t W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K 50v ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W
 W‫א‬
‫א‬E
 w = 100 
ω
 F= 
2π
100
 F= 
2π

 F = 15.92 Hz

 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 Vm = 100v 

 50 = 100 sin 100t

50
 sin 100t = = 0 .5
100

 100t = 30° 

π
 100t = 30° × = 0.523rad
180
0.523
 ∴t = = 5.23m sec 
100

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣J ٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P1 = I 2 R  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٩J ٥F

 i ‫א‬‫א‬

 P2 = i 2 R  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٠J ٥F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 2
I 2 = i 2 = I m sin wt KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١١J ٥F

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Im
 I eff =  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٢J ٥F
2
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
2 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٣J ٥F
Vavg = Vm
π
Vavg = 0.637 Vm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٤J ٥F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WE٣J ٥F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vavg , VP , VPP , Vrms 

E٤J ٥F
 W‫א‬
 VP = 4.5v  ‫א‬

 VPP = 2VP = 2(4.5) = 9v 

 Vrms = 0.707VP = 0.707(4.5) = 3.18v 

 Vavg = 0.637VP = 0.637(4.5) = 2,87v 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٥F
 E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٥J ٥F
I=
R
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i=
Vm sin wt KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٦J ٥F
R
Vm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٧J ٥F
Im =
R
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WE٤J ٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

10 v
+ R1
100 Hz 220 Ω
_

 W‫א‬
 v = 2 10 sin 2π 100  W‫א‬‫א‬

 v = 14.14 sin 628V 

14.14 W‫א‬‫א‬
 i= sin 628v 
220

 i = 0.062 sin 628 A 

 I eff =
Im
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2
0.062
 I eff = 
2

 I eff = 0.044 A 


 E
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V = Vm sin wt KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٨J ٥F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
dq KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٩J ٥F
i =
dt
dv KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢٠J ٥F
i =C
dt
d sin ωt KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢١J ٥F
i = CVm
dt

i = wCVm cos ωt KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢٢J ٥F

i = I m cos ωt KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢٣J ٥F
π KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢٤J ٥F
i = I m sin(ωt + )
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 90° ‫א‬‫א‬
I m = ωCVm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢٥J ٥F
Vm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢٦J ٥F
Im =
1
ωc
1
 X C ‫א‬ ‫א‬
ωc
1 1 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢٧J ٥F
XC = =
ωc 2πf

 ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
π
 K 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
V = VR + VC
2 2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢٨J ٥F

Z = R 2 + XC
2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢٩J ٥F
XC KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣٠J ٥F
θ = tan −1
R
 WE٥J ٥F
 10v ‫א‬ 100µf ‫א‬‫א‬ 10Ω ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،100HZ
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1
XC =
2πFC
1
XC =
2 × π × 100 × 100 × 10− 6
X C = 15.92
2
Z = R2 + X C

Z = 102 + 15.922

Z = 18.8Ω

 ‫א‬‫א‬∴
V
I=
Z
10
I= = 0.532 A
18.8
 W θ ‫א‬‫א‬
XC
θ = tan −1
R
15.92
θ = tan −1 ( )
10
θ = 57.85°


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣١J ٥F
IR =
R

IC =
V KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣٢J ٥F
XC
π KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣٣J ٥F
θ=
2
2
I = IR + IC
2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣٤J ٥F
RX C KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣٥J ٥F
Z=
R + XC
I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣٦J ٥F
θ = tan −1 C
IR
R KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣٧J ٥F
θ = tan −1
XC


- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WE٦J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬ 2.2KΩ ‫א‬ 0.02µf 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬1.5KHZ 10v ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1
XC =
2πFC
1
XC =
2 × π × (1.5 × 103 )(0.02 × 10− 6 )

X C = 5.31KΩ

RX C
Z=
R + XC
2.2 × 103 × 5.3 × 103
Z=
2.2 × 103 + 5.3 × 103
Z = 1554.7Ω
V
I=
Z
10
I=
1554.6
I = 4.92mA
R
θ = tan −1
XC
2 .2
θ=
5.31
θ = 22.5°

- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 100µf ‫א‬‫א‬ 270Ω ‫א‬ K١
10v 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 20HZ 

 C1 = 0.01µF ‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 = 74KΩ  R 1 = 100KΩ  K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،100HZ   50v ‫א‬ C 2 = 0.02µF
‫؟‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
C1

0.01 µf
2V
f = 15 KHz R1 R2
100 Ω 100 Ω
0.02 µf

C2

E١J ٢F

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

R1 C1
10 KΩ 100 pf
2V
f = 100 KHz
R2
12 KΩ C2
50 pf

E١J ٢F

- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K P  N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
P ‫א‬ N ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 PN  K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K

- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬

 ١J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
K (Ge) ‫א‬، (Si) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


+ 14

E١J ٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٤،EF١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Si

Si Si Si

Si

E٢J ٦F

‫א‬‫א‬  E٢–٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢–٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 I = dq ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dt
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
   ‫א‬

Si

 ‫א‬ 

Si

E٣J ٦F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣–٦F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   106 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K108   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K P  N  ،

N ‫א‬E

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٦F،‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEH F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٥J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬E٤J ٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫ א‬    ‫א‬

Si

Si Sb Si

Si

E٤J ٦F

P ‫א‬E

،‫א‬E 
 F‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٥J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Si
  

Si B Si

Si

E٥J ٦F


- ٦٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

‫؟‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ K٣

‫ ؟‬P − ‫א‬‫ ؟‬N − ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

K N − ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

‫ ؟‬N − ‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬






- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬

 W١J ٧
 P  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ N  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﺠ ﻮات‬

E١J ٧F

P  N ‫א‬‫א‬

 EJ ٢J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٢J ٧F

- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W
 K‫א‬
 P  N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ P ‫א‬ N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬
 K ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 0.7V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 0.7V  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬
 1 × 10 cm ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
−4

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F‫א‬
‫اﻧﻮد‬ ‫آ ﺎﺛﻮد‬

E٣J ٧F

- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧
‫א‬E ‫א‬F P ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F N 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.7V 
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤J ٧F

E٤J ٧F

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧
 N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬
  µA ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬F ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE‫א‬

- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧
I F (mA)

‫א‬
‫א‬

VBR
VR VF
0 0.7 V
Knee
‫א‬


IR (µA)

E٥J ٧F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٧F‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ 70C°  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 25c° ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 0.7V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  1000  50 
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 ‫א‬E  ‫א‬E  ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬

  DC  AC ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E١
 12Vrms  220Vrms ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٧F
 KEF

- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 



RL VO
220 V 12 Vrms

E٦J ٧F
 W‫א‬ Vp ‫א‬ Vrms ‫א‬‫א‬
Vp = 2Vrms
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١J ٧F
Vp = 2Vrms = 17 v

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

16.3 v

0
Thw

 

0
Tfw
 
E٧J ٧F
 17V   16.3V 
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 0.7V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
1
 Vdc = Vm  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢J ٧F
π

16.3 v

0
Thw

 

0
Tfw
 
E٨J ٧F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
Vm
 Vrms =  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣J ٧F
2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٧F
 ‫א‬ D1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ D 2 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ D 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
  D1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

2Vm
 Vds =  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٤J ٧F
π


- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
D1


12 Vrms

220 V

RL
12 Vrms

D2

E٩J ٧F
 ‫א‬
 KE١٠J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Vr ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
D1


12 Vrms

220 V

C RL
12 Vrms

D2

E١٠J ٧F

- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

EF‫א‬z  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K  RL ‫א‬‫א‬xE١٠J ٧F
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ t ( t = RC) ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ Vr ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 %100 × Z‫א‬‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٥J ٧F
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E١١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W١
 Vdc = 10v ‫א‬‫א‬ Vr = 0.5v ‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 %100 × Z‫א‬‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٥J ٧F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   
 

0
 
 


0
 

E١١J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

W‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١

5v +

RL
100 Ω
- -
-5 v


‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RL ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
2:1

115 RL
220 Ω
Vrms
-

D1
4:1

80 Vrms

RL

D2

- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W١J ٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬E١J ٨F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Z‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬

ii io
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
vi vo

E١J ٨F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 N 
  ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F‫א‬
‫א‬ P ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ N 
  P 
‫א‬‫א‬ NPN ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PNP ‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ C

 
    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ 
n P

‫א‬ P B n

Emitter
n  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬  P
Base

Collector

Substrate
 E

npn Pnp

E٢J ٨F

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ٨F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
P N P N P N
Emitter Collector Emitter Collector

‫א‬ Base ‫א‬ Base

E C E C

B B

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

Collector Emitter Collector Emitter

‫א‬ Base ‫א‬ Base

E٣J ٨F


- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤J ٨F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٤J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪٢‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E
  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ I C = I e  10KΩ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 100Ω 
 J W A P ‫א‬
AP =
Po 
Pi
2
I C Rr
=
 2
Ie R f
2
I 10000
= e 2
I e 100
= 100
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PNP ‫א‬
 K
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKE٥J ٨F
 K‫א‬‫א‬∼‫א‬ RL 
Vcc

R1 RC

R2 RE

‫א‬   ‫א‬

- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Vcc

RC

RB

‫א‬  ‫א‬
-VEE

Vcc

RC

RB

‫ א‬ ‫א‬

- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Vcc

RC

RB

     ‫א‬

E٥J ٨F

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
       ‫؟‬
 α Z    β Z  ‫؟‬
     EF  ‫؟‬
       ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٨F

 ‫א‬ α  β ‫א‬
‫א‬ β ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ α 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I 
 β =
C

I B
IC 
 α= 
IE


- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IE = IC + IB 
 IC
β=
IE − IC

 W I C ‫א‬‫א‬
α 
β=
1− α

β
α=
1+ β

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ β  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ α 
 K‫א‬

 J WE١J ٨F
 W‫א‬ α  β 

 α = 0.9765, 0.9875, 0.99, 0.995

 W‫א‬

 β = 42, 79, 99, 199



 WE٢J ٨F
 6.4mA ‫א‬ 20µA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 β  α 


 J W‫א‬

 β = 319, α = 0.99687

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٨F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 2 ‫א‬K
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
I B − VBE ‫א‬ •
I C VCE
‫א‬ •


Ic
mA

IB
µA

IE
VBC VCC R2
VBE
R1

E٦J ٨F

I B − VBE ‫א‬ E١F

 ، Vce ‫א‬–‫א‬

 6V ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٨F‫א‬ I b ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

E٧J ٨F

I C VCE
 ‫א‬ E٢F
‫א‬ Vce ‫א‬ Ic ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 3 ‫א‬
 KE٨J ٨F‫א‬

E٨J ٨F

 I B ‫א‬  I c ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vce ‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 β   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R L   
 KE٩J ٨F
+Vcc
IC

RB RL
C2

C1 C
IB

VCC
B

VO
E
Vi

E٩J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ R b ‫א‬  E٩J ٨F‫א‬KE١٠J ٨F
 K‫א‬

E١٠J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IC = 0 ..VCE = VCC 
 V
VCC = 0 ..I C = CC
RL

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ONOFF
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٨F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0V 
 ‫א‬E 5V F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 5V  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ Q 
+5V

RC

RB C
VCC

B
VO

-5V E
Vi

Vb
e

E١١J ٨F
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٨F‫א‬KE‫א‬
 J W‫א‬ 0 V EF
‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬ Ib = 0 , I C = 0 E‫א‬

 5V ‫א‬

 J W‫א‬ 5 V EF
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I b ‫א‬
 0 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J ‫א‬

- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬ I B = 475mA  I E = 5.34mA  I C  K٢

، 5V  R C ‫א‬ 50µ A ‫א‬ K٣

‫؟‬ β 

W β = 100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VBC  I C  I B  K٤

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PNP  NPN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬

P channel
n channel

 ‫א‬‫א‬ P P  ‫א‬‫א‬ n n

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

( a ) n  ( b ) p 

E١J ٩F

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩
K (D) ‫א‬ (S) ‫א‬ (G) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ I D ‫א‬ VDS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١J ٩F

- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

E٢J ٩F

E٢J ٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ I D ‫א‬ VP  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VP ‫א‬
 P   N ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K P ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٩F‫א‬

E٣J ٩F

- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩
‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٤J ٩F
E٤J ٩F‫א‬ I D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VDD 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A, B ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  C  ‫א‬ B  ‫א‬‫א‬ VDS ،  I D  ‫א‬  B  ‫א‬
 K  I D ‫א‬‫א‬ VDS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Pinch − off  Voltage ‫א‬٣J ٩
K ‫א‬ I D  ‫א‬‫א‬ VDS  ‫א‬ VGS = 0 
 ، ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  I D ‫א‬‫א‬ VDS   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٩F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

  Cut − off Voltage ‫א‬٤J ٩

‫א‬‫א‬، I D ‫א‬ VGS ‫א‬
 I DSS ‫א‬‫א‬ I D  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ VGS (off )  VGS = 0 
 ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ VGS   ‫א‬، N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  
 K‫א‬ I D 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥J ٩F

E٥J ٩F

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VGS ‫א‬
 KE 10Ω F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VGS ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I D ‫א‬
 KE 1MΩ


E٦J ٩F


- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 3 V 1V  P ‫א‬‫א‬ VGS  K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ E
‫؟‬‫א‬ E


 n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫؟‬

 VGS = 0 K 5 V ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ VDS 

 I D ‫א‬، VGS (Off) = 6V  P ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬ VGS = 8V

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K

- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W١J ١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

E١J ١٠F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠
‫ א‬DIL  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١٠F‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٦،١٤،٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

E٢J ١٠F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ SMT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣J ١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

E٣J ١٠F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  TTL J
  CMOS J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TTL ‫ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ 74 ‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 74...... 74H...... 74L...... 74LS...... 74S......

VCC min (V) 4 .5 4 .5 4 .5 4 .5

 4 .5
 VCC max (V) 5 .5 5 .0 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5
VIL (V) 0 .7  0 .8 0 .8 0 .8 0 .8
(V) VIH 2 2 2 2 2
(V) V OL 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .5
(V ) 2 .4 2 .4 2 .7 2 .7
V OH
 2.4
(mA) I IL − 1 .6 −2 − 0.18  − 0.36 −2
(mA) I IH  40  50 10 20 50
(mA) I OL 16  20 3 .6  8 20
(mA) I OH − 0 .4 − 0 .5 − 0 .2  − 0 .4  −1
(ns) tp
 10  6 33 16 3
(mw ) pd
 10 22 1 2 19


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NAND ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٠F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 T1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF A, B, C ‫א‬‫א‬ TTL 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ T2 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K (+ VCC )  ‫א‬K‫א‬
 T1 ‫א‬‫א‬ (+ VCC )  A, B, C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  T2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE F‫א‬‫א‬K

E٤J ١٠F
 W TTL ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
KEJ F •
K‫א‬ •
K 5V ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •

- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(+5V)  •
(0V)  •
( Z) ‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

CMOS 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MOSFET ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬K 4XXX ‫א‬
 K CMOS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ CMOS ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (VSS ) ‫א‬ (VDD ) ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 NAND ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١٠F‫א‬

- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

E٥J ١٠F

- ١٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 W١J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬ VO ‫א‬ V2 ، V1 ‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬
_ Vcc

‫א‬ ‫א‬
V1 _
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ +
V2

+ Vcc
E١J ١١F
‫א‬، V2 ، V1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ A O ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 VO = A O ( V2 − V1 )  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١J ١١F

 ‫א‬ VO = 0 ‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 VO = A O V2  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٢J ١١F

 ‫א‬ V2 = 0 ‫א‬
 VO = −A O V1  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣J ١١F

- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬ V2 ‫א‬2 { 3‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ V1 ‫א‬(3)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ V2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V1 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
400.000 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 10MΩ : 80MΩ     ‫א‬
 10Ω : 100Ω     ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VO ‫א‬
 KE٢J ١١F (V2 − V1 ) 
Vo

+Vcc

V α1 V α1
(V2 - V2)

- Vcc

E٢J ١١F

- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ (V2 − V1 )  VO ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ Vα 2  Vα1  (V2 − V1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F

 − VCC  + VCC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ K (V2 − V1 )

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١١
R2
I

R1
Vin _
V1
VO
I V2
+

E٣J ١١F
 VO ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١١F‫א‬
Vin
 W‫א‬‫א‬
VO − R 2  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٤J ١١F
 =
Vin R1
R2  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٥J ١١F
 VO = −Vin
R1

‫א‬ R 1 , R 2 

K R 2  R 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ A O ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬  A O ( 7 )‫א‬‫א‬

 V1   ، ‫א‬‫א‬ V1 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
  V 2

K  V ، V1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2

 K‫א‬‫א‬ V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V1 ‫א‬

2


١
 − 100 ‫א‬‫א‬ R F ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 A=
RF  
Ri

 R F = ARi 
 R F = −100(2.2 KΩ) 
 R F = 220 KΩ  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١١
R2

R1
_
V1
VO
V2
+
+
_

E٤J ١١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VO R  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٦J ١١F
 = 1+ 2
Vin R1

- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ R 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 1 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vin
+
VOUT
_
Rf
100 KΩ

Ri
4.7 KΩ

E٥J ١١F

 R 1 = ∞ ، R 2 = 0 ‫א‬E٤J ١١F‫א‬ E٦J ١١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ Vin ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

V1 _
VOUT
V2 +
+
Vin
_

E٦J ١١F

- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١١

Rf
1 R1
VIN1

2 R2
VIN2
_
VOUT

R3
+
3
VIN3

E٧J ١١F

‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦J ١١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬

RF R R  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٧J ١١F
 VO = ( Vin1 + F Vin 2 + ............ + F Vin )
R1 R2 Rn

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬




- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٣
 WE٨J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Rf
1 R1
VIN1 = +3 V
47 KΩ 10 KΩ

R2
VIN2 = +2 V
2 _
100 KΩ VOUT

R3
+
3
VIN3 = +8 V
10 KΩ

E٨J ١١F

W‫א‬
RF 10 KΩ 
 W1 = = = 0.213 
R1 47 KΩ
10 KΩ 
 R
W2 = F = = 0.100 
R2 100 KΩ
10 KΩ 
 R
W3 = F = = 1 
R3 10 KΩ

 Vout = −[0.213(3v) + 0.1( 2v) + 1(8v)] 

 Vout = −8.84v  


- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Aol = 150.000
Vin
+
VOUT
_
Rf
47 KΩ

Ri
4.7 KΩ

Aol = 200.000
Vin
+
VOUT
_
Rf
220 KΩ

Ri
4.7 KΩ

Aol = 185.000
Vin
+
VOUT
_
Rf
22 KΩ

Ri
1.0 KΩ

- ١١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Acl
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R f ‫א‬ K٢
Acl = 50
Vin
+
VOUT
_
Rf

Ri
1.0 KΩ


Acl = 8
Vin
+
VOUT
_
Rf

Ri
12 KΩ

Rf

Ri
Vin _
10 KΩ VOUT
+
Acl = -300

Rf

Ri
Vin _
2.2 KΩ VOUT
+
Acl = -75

- ١١٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? K١

 ‫א‬?‫א‬? K٢

 ?‫א‬? K٣

4. "Electric Circuits Fundamentals''

Thomas Floyd

5. "Electronic Devices ''

Thomas Floyd

- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬ ١١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢  ‫א‬‫א‬

٤  ‫א‬‫א‬

٥  ‫א‬‫א‬

٦  ‫א‬‫א‬

٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٨  

٩ W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠  ‫א‬

١٢  ‫א‬

١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٦  

١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٩  

٢٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ١١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 

٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٣  

٢٥  ‫א‬

٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣١  

٣٣  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬

٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٦  ‫א‬

٣٩  ‫א‬

٤٠  

٤٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٣  ‫א‬‫א‬

٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬

٤٩  ‫א‬

٤٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ١١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 

٥٥  

٥٧  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦٠ N‫א‬

٦١  P‫א‬

٦٣  

٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧٥  

٧٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧٩  ‫א‬‫א‬

٨٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٨٨  

٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬

٩٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ١١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 

٩٥  

٩٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٣ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٢  ‫א‬

١١١  

١١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS