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Reference Book: Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, By-A.K. Sawhney, Chapter: 28, 31
Introduction
The last stage of instrumentation & measurement is display devices & recorders. Because the results of a measurement system are meaningful, they must be displayed for instant observation of for storage for observation at a later stage. The first device is called a display device and the second a recorder. The data presentation devices may be called as output devices.
Our Focus
Seven segment display Liquid crystal display Cathode ray tube Digital Frequency Meter Digital Voltmeter (DVM)
Segment Identification
A Seven-Segment Display (SSD) is simply a figure eight grouping of LEDs {some include a decimal point (DP)}. Each Segment is labeled (a) thru (g). SSDs are available in two configurations
Common Cathode (all LED cathodes are connected) Common Anode (all LED anodes are connected)
a
dp
Current Flow
Switch @ 0v
Bottom Circuit LED On ANODE @ 5v CATHODE @ 0v (nearly)
Common Anode Configuration (5v=Off / 0v=On)
The 220 resistor controls the current. A larger resistor . . . less current . . . dimmer LED A smaller resistor . . . more current . . . brighter LED
10
Solution
Common Anode: 0 volts = Segment On b, c, f, & g 5 volts = Segment Off a, d, & e a f e d g c
11
The 220 resistor controls the current. A larger resistor . . . less current . . . dimmer LED A smaller resistor . . . more current . . . brighter LED
Switch @ 0v
Bottom Circuit LED Off
12
13
Solution
Common Cathode: 5 volts = Segment On a, b, d, e, & g 0 volts = Segment Off c&f a f e d g c
14
The LCD is more energy efficient and offers safer disposal than a CRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were first developed in 1888.
1. Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystaldisplay.Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it enters. 2. Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth. 3. Twisted nematic liquid crystal. 4. Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line up with the horizontal filter. 5. Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to block/pass light. 6. Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is replaced with a light source.)
Underlying technologies for full-area 2-dimensional displays include: Cathode ray tube display (CRT) Light-emitting diode display (LED) Electroluminescent display (ELD) Electronic paper, E Ink Plasma display panel (PDP) Liquid crystal display (LCD) High-Performance Addressing display (HPA) Thin-film transistor display (TFT) Organic light-emitting diode display (OLED) Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) (experimental) Laser TV (forthcoming) Carbon nanotubes (experimental) Quantum dot display (experimental) Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) Three dimensional Swept-volume display Varifocal mirror display Emissive volume display Laser display Holographic display
A cathode ray tube consists of several basic components, as illustrated below. The electron gun generates an arrow beam of electrons. The anodes accelerate the electrons. Deflecting coils produce an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field that allows f or constant adjustment of the direction of the electron beam. There are two sets of deflecting coils: horizontal and vertical.(In the illustration, only one set of coils is shown for simplicity.) The intensity of the beam can be varied. The electron beam produces a tiny, bright visible spot when it strikes the phosphor-coated screen.
To produce an image on the screen, complex signals are applied to the deflecting coils, and also to the apparatus that controls the intensity of the electron beam. This causes the spot to race across the screen from right to left, and from top to bottom, in a sequence of horizontal lines called the raster. As viewed from the front of the CRT, the spot moves in pattern similar to the way your eyes move when you read single-column page of text. But the scanning takes place at such a rapid rate that your eye sees a constant image over the entire screen. The illustration shows only one electron gun. This is typical of a monochrome, or single-color, CRT. However, virtually all CRTs today render color images. These devices have three electron guns, one for the primary color red, one for the primary color green, and one for the primary color blue. The CRT thus produces three overlapping images: one in red (R), one in green (G), and one in blue (B). This is the so-called RGB color model. In computer systems, there are several display modes, or sets of specifications according to which the CRT operates. The most common specification for CRT displays is known as SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array). Notebook computers typically use liquid crystal display. The technology for these displays is much different than that for CRTs.