MC LC

CHNG 1.................................................................................................................... 3 NHIU LIN K T ISI .............................................................................................. 3 1.1. Khi nim .............................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Nguyn nhn ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Cc bin php khc phc nhiu ISI ........................................................................ 4
1.3.1. 1.3.2. B lc cos nng ........................................................................................................ 4 B lc ngang p khng ............................................................................................. 6

CHNG 2.................................................................................................................... 8 K THUT IU CH COFDM ................................................................................. 8 2.1. Khi nim .............................................................................................................. 8 2.2. c im ca COFDM ......................................................................................... 9 2.3. Phng php iu ch COFDM ......................................................................... 11
2.3.1. 2.3.2. Gii thiu v phng php iu ch ...................................................................... 11 Phng php iu ch ........................................................................................... 11

2.4. K thut iu ch v t chc knh trong OFDM ............................................... 12

2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.4.3. Nguyn l ghp knh ............................................................................................. 12 S trc giao (Orthogonal) ...................................................................................... 13 Phn chia knh ....................................................................................................... 16 Tin t lp CP ........................................................................................................ 19 Khong bo v ....................................................................................................... 21 u im ................................................................................................................. 23 Nhc im ............................................................................................................ 24

2.5. Cch thc chng nhiu ISI.................................................................................. 19

2.5.1. 2.5.2.

2.6. Cc c tnh ca OFDM ..................................................................................... 23

2.6.1. 2.6.2.

LI NI U
Nhiu l mt vn rt quan trng trong thng tin di ng, nh hng n cht lng ca tn hiu, khi x l tn hiu v khi truyn tn hiu tn hiu lm gy mo tn hiu hoc xut hin cc tp m trong cc thit b ti to li tn hiu V vy ta phi gim st c chng v tm bin php khc phc tn hiu nhiu n mc ti a tng cht lng ca ca tn hiu. Nhiu trong thong tin v tuyn c chia lm 5 loi chnh mi loi c c im ring v c nh hng khc nhau n cht lng truyn tn hiu trong mi trng v tuyn. Nm vng l thuyt v nhiu v tm hiu, nghin cu cc bin php khc phc chng s gip mng thng tin di ng nng cao cht lng, hiu qu. Nm loi nhiu l: 1.Nhiu trng ( White Gaussian Noise) 2.Nhiu xuyn m ( Inter symbol Interference) 3.Nhiu xuyn knh ( Interchannel Interference) 4.Nhiu ng knh ( Cochannel Interference) 5.Nhiu a truy nhp ( Multiple access Interference) Trong ni dung bi bo co ny chng em xinh trnh by tm hiu ca mnh v nhiu lin k t ISI ( Inter symbol Interference). y l loi nhiu nh hng kh nhiu n cht lng thng tin v tuyn qua cc phng php iu ch nh QAM v OFDM. Do kin thc cn hn ch nn trong qu trnh tm hiu bo co cn nhiu thiu st v sai lm rt mong nhn c s gp ca thy gio v cc bn bi bo co ca chng em hon thin hn. Nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Trn Trung Dng hng dn, gip chng ti hon thnh bi tiu lun ny.

Thi nguyn ngy 20/10/2012

CHNG 1 NHIU LIN K T ISI

1.1. Khi nim
Khi nim v ISITrong h thng truyn tin s,nhiu ca tn hiu nhn ,m cc nhiu c biu din theo thi gian(tri trn min thi gian) v kt qu ca s chng cho nhng xung ring bit ti mt mc m b nhn khng th phn bit mt cch chnh xc s thay i trng thi c gi l nhiu lin tn hiu(ISI)

1.2.

Nguyn nhn
S khng chnh xc ca nh thi: rng di tn khng Mo bin :cc b lc c s dng c p ng xung ring,do p ng tn s ca knh b nh hng.Khi m c tuyn tn s ca knh truyn tin lch khi cc gi tr chun hoc cc gi tr mong mun th s c mo xung.Vic b cc sai lch gi l cn bng bin . Mo pha:Mt xung l s tng hp hoc chng nhau ca cc sng hnh sin c bin v pha ring bit.Nu cc quan h pha tng i ca cc sng hnh sin bin i th s xut hin mo pha.Mo pha xut hin khi cc thnh phn tn s c s khc bit v lch thi gian trong qua trnh truyn dn qua mi trng.Cc b cn bng lch thi gian thng c s dng b lch v gim mo pha.

Hnh 1.1. Dng tn hiu nhiu ISI.

1.3.

Cc bin php khc phc nhiu ISI

Trong cc h thng n sng mang, ISI l mt vn kh nan gii. L do l rng bng tn t l nghch vi khong thi gian k hiu, do vy, nu mun tng tc truyn d liu trong cc h thng ny, tc l gim khong k hiu, v hnh chung lm tng mc tri tr tng i. Lc ny h thng rt nhy vi tri tr. V vic thm khong bo v kh trit tiu ht ISI. gim nhiu xuyn m ngi ta phi lm th no hn ch di thng m vn khng gy ra ISI. Khi di thng b gii hn, xung s c nh trn thay v nh phng. Mt trong nhng phng php loi b nhiu ISI l dng b lc cos nng v b lc ngang p khng (phng php Nyquist I).
1.3.1. B lc cos nng

Hnh 1.2. B lc cos nng.

Tn hiu t ngun gm c M phn t, song chng ta hn ch ch kho st trng hp khi cc phn t si(t) ca tp tn hiu ch khc nhau v bin , tc l ta s hn ch ch xt h thng iu ch bin xung PAM. Thc t h thng ny c th xem nh gn cho mi mt tin mk mt hng s akm bin ca xung u ra ca b to xung s c nhn vi n. Ta hy gi s rng b to xung cho ra cc xung Dirc ti cc thi im t=kTs. Cc xung dng Dirac ny, c bin thay i tu Theo s thay i cc gi tr Mk, qua b lc T() s ti knh truyn. Phn my thu trn hnh 2.2 l my thu ti u, thu lc phi hp, mch quyt nh thc hin ly mu v so ngng. Hm truyn tng cng ca h thng (c tnh tn s tng cng ca h thng) l tch ca hai c tnh ca hai b lc pht v thu C()=T().R(). By gi chng ta s tm kim lp cc c tnh lc C() sao cho

vic truyn chui tn hiu qua h thng s khng c ISI. Vic truyn c coi l khng c ISI nu vo thi im quyt nh tn hiu ly mu th k, ch c phn ng xung ca tn hiu th k l khc khng cn phn ng ca cc tn hiu khc u bng khng. Theo nh l Nyquist, rng bng tn truyn dn nh nht c th truyn c khng mo tn hiu bng gc l B=1/2.T. rng bng y c ngha l di tn m ngoi n gi tr hm truyn ng nht bng khng. Tn s 1/2T c gi l tn s Nyquist. Do vy chng ta s xt cc c tnh lc c rng thng tn ti thiu l 1/2T (hay /T tnh theo tn s gc).Trc tin ta hy xem xt trng hp C() l c tnh ca b lc thng thp l tng, tc l p tuyn pha ca b lc th tuyn tnh cn p tuyn bin |C()| c dng:

B lc lc ny c dng: C gi tr cc i bng 1 ti t = 0 v c gi tr bng 0 ti t = k/0. Ga s rng u vo ca b lc l tng ny c tn hiu li vo b lc T() c cho bi:

Trong trng hp ny, phn ng xung u ra s khng gy nn ISI nu tn s ct ca b lc l f0=0/2=1/2T. Do n gin trong tnh ton, hm s cong dng cosine thng c s dng phn tch cc b lc ny. Hm truyn tng cng khi c dng:

Hm truyn lin tc th c bin gn sng suy gim theo lu tha 3 ca bin t. Do vy ngay c khi ng b khng l tng th gi tr ca phn ng xung u ra ca cc b lc ny s b chn. Do , ISI s nh ngay c khi ng b khng l tng.

1.3.2. B lc ngang p khng

Hnh 1.3. V tr b lc cn bng knh. Theo hnh 1.3 ta c p ng tn s ca ton h thng t pht n thu l H0(f)= HT(f). Hc(f)HE(f) Vi p ng xung tng hp : h0(t)= f -1 [H0(f) ] tho mn iu kin khng c nhiu lin k hiu ISI th

Tn s ly mu tn hiu bn thu l 1/T. Theo th mt cn bng l tng zero- ISI n gin l mt b lc nghch o p ng tn s ca bn pht v knh truyn. B lc o ny thng c xp x bi mt b lc FIR nh hnh v di

Hnh 1.4. B lc cn bng knh.

p ng xung ca b lc cn bng knh l:

p ng tn s tng ng l:

Vn ca b lc o chnh l la chn cc h s ca b lc sao cho xp x ciu kin zero- ISI. Trong mi trng truyn dn a ng, nhiu xuyn k t (ISI) gy bi tn hiu phn x c thi gian tr khc nhau t cc hng khc nhau t pht n thu l iu khng th trnh khi. nh hng ny s lm bin dng hon ton mu tn hiu khin bn thu khng th khi phc li c tn hiu gc ban u. Cc k thut s dng tri ph trc tip DS-CDMA nh trong chun 802.11b rt d b nh hng bi nhiu a ng v thi gian tr c th vt qu khong thi gian ca mt k t. OFDM s dng k thut truyn song song nhiu bng tn con nn ko di thi gian truyn mt k t ln nhiu ln. Ngoi ra, OFDM cn chn thm mt khong bo v (guard interval - GI), thng ln hn thi gian tr ti a ca knh truyn, gia hai k t nn nhiu ISI c th b loi b hon ton.

CHNG 2 K THUT IU CH COFDM

2.1. Khi nim
COFDM (Coding orthogonality frequency division multiplexing - Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s c m ho) l mt phng thc ghp knh a sng mang trc giao trong vn s dng cc hnh thc iu ch s c s ti mi sng mang. H thng truyn hnh s DVB-T s dng phng php ghp knh tn s trc giao OFDM ni tip theo qu trnh m ha knh. Dng d liu ( c m ha knh) c nh x ln tng sng mang iu ch s QPSK hoc QAM. Mi sng mang truyn ti mt phn ca dng d liu di dng cc symbol iu ch v c ghp knh tn s trc giao nhau. Trong mt knh truyn DVB-T c N sng mang ph. Khong tn s fSC gia cc sng mang ph l iu kin m bo cc sng mang ny s trc giao trong tn hiu ghp knh a sng mang trc giao COFDM. Mi sng mang ph c bng thng fSC khong thi gian TS truyn mt symbol iu ch. Cc sng mang truyn ng thi trong thi gian TS to thnh mt symbol COFDM.

Hnh 2.1. Ph ca COFDM

2.2.

c im ca COFDM

Kh nng thch ng vi hiu ng truyn a ng l mt trong cc c tnh u vit ca phng php OFDM. c tnh ca knh tryn sng a ng c dng nh hnh bn di, trong c tn ti khe fading chn lc tn s xut hin nh mt bin ngu nhin. Trn thc t khe fading c th lm gin on mt s sng mang v gy mt s symbol li. Nhng do vic chn xen k v s dng m sa sai, cc symbol li c th sa c d dng. Trong min thi gian, tn hiu do phn x t cc chng ngi vt s n my thu tr trong vng hng chc s. Do , nu Chu k tn hiu s trn sng mang di hn khong thi gian tr ni trn th ting vng t cc symbol trc s tt trong mt phn nh ca symbol ang xt. iu ny hon ton c th thc hin c v h thng OFDM thc hin vic chuyn t truyn ni tip sang truyn song song nn cho php ko di symbol ng vi mi sng mang ph ln N ln.

Hnh 2.2. p ng tn s trn knh a ng. Ngoi ra, n nh sng mang th khong thi gian bo v Tguard (ln ti 10 25% thi gian truyn tn hiu) c chn thm vo trc khong thi gian symbol tch cc l T U. Do c thm khong thi gian bo v ny m ti my thu cc ting vng khng c b gii iu ch x l khi chng nm trong khong bo v. Mt u im khc khi chn thm khong bo v Tguard vo symbol COFDM lm cho h thng truyn hnh s DVB-T cho php hot ng vi mng n tn SFN (single frequency network). Cc my pht DVB-T c th cng chung ngun d liu ca tn hiu u vo c th hot ng trong cng mt knh tn s vi mt khong cch thch hp. Hiu sut truyn ti d liu khi chn thm khong bo v nh sau:

H thng DVB-T cho php la chn khong bo v Tg theo cc t l , 1/8, 1/16, hoc 1/32 ca TU. to nn tn hiu truyn a sng mang COFDM, vi quan h gia symbol min thi gian sang min tn s, bng php ton bin i nhanh Fourier. Mt tn hiu c pht i ch l tn hiu hm cosin tun hon. Khi sng v tuyn lan truyn to ra nhiu ng truyn. Ti mt im thu xc nh, my thu nhn c tn hiu t nhiu ng, do sng truyn thng v sng phn x. Tn hiu phn x c cng dng vi tn hiu chnh (truyefn thng nhng b dch pha v bin suy gim. Ngoi ra cn c tn hiu nhn c t mt my pht khc, pht i trn cng knh sng v tuyn, c cng chung ngun d liu u vo. Ti my thu, tn hiu thu c s l tn hiu tng hp bao gm tn hiu sng truyn thng, tn hiu sng phn x v tn hiu t mt my pht khc cng knh tn s. Do c s tng hp bin v pha ca cc sng mang v bin cc sng phn x khng c ch thnh sng c ch, nn sng thu nhn tng hp s c n nh theo sau khong thi gian symbol tch cc TU. H thng OFDM cn c kh nng chu ng nhiu bng hp. Nu trong phm vi ph sng c tn ti ngun nhiu bng hp ri vo knh tn hot ng ca ht hng OFDM th h thng c th chp nhn khng truyn mt s sng mang bng cch t bin cc sng mang bng 0. Tnh trng ny cng tng t nh trng hp mt s sng mang b suy gim do tc ng ca fading chn lc tn s. Khi chnh h thng OFDM cng gim thiu c vic gy nhiu n h thng c xem l ngun nhiu kia. Kh nng ny rt c ngha khi trong vng ph sng c tn ti c knh truyn hnh tng t v truyn hnh s. Khi cc sng mang ph ca ht hng OFDM trng vi cc sng mang hnh, sng mang ting, sng mang mu ca knh truyn hnh tng t s c tt i, u tin cho truyn hnh tng t v kh nng chu can nhiu ca truyn hnh tng t ti cc tn s ny rt km.

2.3.

Phng php iu ch COFDM

2.3.1. Gii thiu v phng php iu ch COFDM chia lung d liu thnh cc on nh, mi on d liu c iu ch s

trn mt sng mang, knh RF c chia thnh rt nhiu sng mang ty theo ch la chn (2K hay 8K). Cc sng mang l trc giao nhau v pha (vung gc) Chn thm cc khong bo v (guard interval) gia cc sng mang. S dng m sa li cho d liu iu ch. iu ch OFDM: D liu c nh v (MAP) vo N vector IFFT bin i N vector thnh N t hp sng mang c iu ch s I/Q N sng mang c iu ch I/Q trong 2 sng mang cnh nhau th trc giao nhau, ghp thnh tn hiu OFDM.

Hnh 2.3. OFDM trong h thng VB T

2.3.2. Phng php iu ch Phn chia knh trong COFDM c biu din trn trc thi gian v tn s: Trc tn s biu din tn s ca bng con Trc thi gian biu din cc on d liu theo thi gian. Mi mt phn t trn trc tn s/ thi gian l mt sng mang con.

 Trong khong thi gian on d liu (time segment) sng mang con c iu ch bng mt vi bt s liu. S bit truyn dn bi mt sng mang con: 2 bit nu l iu ch 4 QAM 4 bit nu l iu ch 16 QAM 6 bit nu l iu ch 64 QAM Mt nhm sng mang con trong mt on d liu gi l 1 symbol Trong 1 symbol cc sng mang con trc giao nhau nhm trnh giao thoa. D liu c m ha, chn khong phng v v nh v ln cc sng mang con. my thu gii iu ch chnh xc cn c cc tn hiu Pilot : l cc tn hiu ng b khung, ng b tn s, ng b thi gian, ... C 45 sng mang Pilot mode 2K v c 177 sng mang Pilot mode 8K

2.4.

K thut iu ch v t chc knh trong OFDM

2.4.1. Nguyn l ghp knh

Ghp knh theo tn s trc giao OFDM rt ging vi ghp knh theo tn s Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) truyn thng. OFDM s dng nhng nguyn l ca FDM cho php nhiu tin tc s c gi qua mt knh Radio n. Tuy nhin n cho php hiu qu ph tt hn. OFDM khc vi FDM nhiu im. Trong pht thanh thng thng mi i pht thanh thruyn trn mt tn s khc nhau, s dng hiu qu FDM duy tr s ngn cch gia nhng i. Tuy nhin khng c s kt hp ng b gia mi trm vi cc trm khc. Vi cch truyn OFDM nh l DAB hoc DVB-T, nhng tn hiu thng tin t nhiu trm c kt hp trong mt dng d liu ghp knh n. Sau d liu ny c truyn khi s dng khi OFDM c to ra t gi dy c nhiu sng mang. Tt c cc sng mang th cp trong tn hiu OFDM c ng b thi gian v tn s vi nhau, cho php kim sot tt can nhiu gia nhng sng mang. Cc sng mang ny chng lp nhau trong min tn s, nhng khng gy can nhiu gia cc sng mang (Inter- Carrier Interference (ICI)) do bn cht trc giao ca iu ch. Vi FDM nhng tn hiu truyn cn c khon bo v tn s ln gia nhng knh ngn nga can nhiu. iu ny lm gim hiu qu ph. Tuy nhin vi OFDM s ng gi trc giao nhng sng mang lm gim ng

k khong bo v ci thin hiu qu ph. Tt c cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn s dng s iu ch nh x tn hiu thng tin to thnh dng c th truyn hiu qu trn knh thng tin. Mt phm vi rng cc s iu ch c pht trin, ph thuc vo tn hiu thng tin l dng sng analog hoc digital. Mt s s iu ch tng t chung bao gm: iu ch tn s (FM), iu ch bin (AM), iu ch pha (PM), iu ch n bin (SSB), Vestigial Side Band (VSB), Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC). Cc s iu ch sng mang n chung cho thng tin s bao gm kha dch bin (ASK), kha dch tn s (FSK), Kha dch pha (PSK) iu ch QAM. OFDM cn c tn gi khc l iu ch a sng mang trc giao (OMCM da trn nguyn tc phn chia lung d liu tc cao thnh cc lung d liu tc thp,truyn trn nhiu sng mang trc giao nhau. Cng ngh ny c trung tm nghin cu CCETT (Centre Commundtude en ddiffution et Tlcomunication) ca Php pht minh nghin cu t u thp nin 1980. Phng php a sng mang dng cng ngh OFDM s tri d liu cn truyn trn rt nhiu sng mang, mi sng mang c iu ch ring bit vi tc bit thp. Trong cng ngh FDM truyn thng nhng sng mang c lc ra ring bit bo m rng khng c chng ph, bi vy khng c hin tng giao thoa k hiu ISI gia nhng sng mang nhng ph li cha uc s dng vi hiu qu cao nht. Vi OFDM, nu khong cch sng mang c chn sao cho nhng sng mang trc giao sao cho nhng sng mang trc giao trong chu k k hiu th nhng tn hiu c th c khi phc m khng giao thoa hay chng ph . 2.4.2. S trc giao (Orthogonal) ORTHOGONAL ch ra rng c mt mi quan h ton hc chnh xc gia cc tn s ca cc sng mang trong h thng OFDM. Trong h thng FDM thng thng, nhiu sng mang c cch nhau mt khong ph hp tn hiu thu c th nhn li bng cch s dng cc b lc v cc b gii iu ch thng thng. Trong cc my nh vy, cc khong bo v cn c d liu trc gia cc sng mang khc nhau v vic a vo cc khong bo v ny lm gim hiu qu s dng ph ca h thng. Tuy nhin c th sp xp cc sng mang trong OFDM sao cho cc di bin ca chng che ph ln nhau m cc tn hiu vn c th thu c chnh xc m khng c s can nhiu gia cc sng mang. Mun c nh vy cc sng mang phi trc giao v mt ton hc. My thu hot ng nh cc mt b gm cc b gii iu ch, dch tn mi sng mang xung mc DC, tn hiu nhn c ly tch phn trn mt chu k ca symbol phc hi d liu gc. Nu tt c cc sng mang khc u

c dch xung tn s tch phn ca sng mang ny (trong mt chu k symbol ), th kt qu tnh tch phn cho cc sng mang khc s l zero. Do cc sng mang c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau (trc giao) nu khong cch gia cc sng l bi s ca 1/. Bt k s phi tuyn no gy ra bi can nhiu bi cc sng mang ICI (Inter-Carrier-interference) cng lm mt i tnh trc giao .

Qu trnh tch phn c th c xem xt khi tm ra din tch di dng ng cong. Do , din tch ca mt sng sin c th c vit nh sau :

Hnh 2.4. Gi tr trung bnh ca sng Sin bng 0. Nu chng ta nhn v cng (tch phn) hai dng sng sin c tn s khc nhau .Ta nhn thy qu trnh ny cng bng 0.

Hnh 2.5.Tch phn ca hai sng sin khc tn s iu ny gi l tnh trc giao ca dng sng sin. N cho thy rng min l hai dng sng sin khng c cng tn s, th tch phn ca chng s bng khng. Thng tin ny l im mu cht ca hiu qu trnh iu ch OFDM. Nu hai tch phn khc tn s th : gi tr trung bnh ca n bng 0

Nu hai sng sin c cng tn s nh nhau th dng sng hp thnh lun dng, gi tr trung bnh ca n lun khc khng (hnh trn ). y l c cu rt quan trng cho qu trnh gii iu ch OFDM. Cc my thu OFDM bin i tn hiu thu uc t min tn s nh dng k thut x l tn hiu s gi l bin i nhanh Fourier (FFT). Vic gii iu ch cht ch c thc hin k tip trong min tn s (digital domain) bng cch nhn mt sng mang c to ra trong my thu n vi mt sng mang uc to ra trong my thu c cng chnh xc tn s v pha. Sau php tch phn c thc hin tt c cc sng mang s v khng ngoi tr sng mang c nhn, n c dch ln trc x, c tch ra hiu qu v gi tr symbol ca n khi c xc nh. Ton b qu trnh ny c lp li kh nhanh chng cho mi sng mang, n khi tt c cc sng mang c gii iu ch. Nhiu l thuyt chuyn i c thc hin bng chui trc giao. T phn tch trn ta c th rt ra kt lun nh sau: khc phc hin tng khng bng phng ca p tuyn knh cn dng nhiu sng mang, mi sng mang ch chim mt phn nh bng thng, do vy b nh hng khng ln ca p tuyn knh n d liu ni chung . S sng mang cng nhiu cng tt nhng cn phi c khong bo v trnh can nhiu gia cc sng mang. Tuy nhin tn dng tt nht th dng cc sng mang trc giao, khi cc sng mang c th trng lp nhau m vn khng gy can nhiu . 2.4.3. Phn chia knh H thng COFDM thc hin vic phn chia knh truyn dn trong c min thi gian v min tn s, knh tn s c to bi cc bng tn ph v cc on thi gian lin tip.

Hnh 2.5. Phn chia knh trong COFDM

Cc sng mang ph Trong mi symbol OFDM (ng vi mi time-segment), mi di tn ph c mt sng mang ph. Cc sng mang ph c sp xp trc giao nhau, khong cch gia cc sng mang ph bng nghch o ca mt chu k symbol.

Hnh 2.7. Sp xp cc sng mang ph Chn khong bo v Do c ting vng (Echoes) gy nn bi hiu ng truyn a ng, nn phn u mi symbol s b nhiu bi symbol trc . OFDM khc phc iu ny bng cch chn thm mt khong bo v trc mi symbol.

Hnh Chn khong bo v

2.8.

t vo khong bo v gii quyt can nhiu gia cc symbol. trit sng phn x t xa th di khong bo v cng ln cng tt v khong bo v c th tnh theo cng thc: D= C.Tg. Vi Tg l di khong bo v(s) C l tc nh sng . V d trong model 8K, chu k symbol c ch Tu=896s , di ln nht ca khong bo v l Tg=Tu/4=224s tng ng vi khong cch phn x ln nht: d=c.Tg=3.108x224.106=67.200m 67,2km. Trong khong bo v my thu s b qua m khng x l tn hiu. Tuy nhin, vic chn thm khong bo v phi tr gi bng s gim dung lng truyn dn. ng b knh truyn Trong trnh gii iu ch, my thu phi ly mu chnh xc tn hiu trong khong thi gian hu ch ca symbol OFDM. Do vy mt ca s thi gian s c n nh trong khong thi gian . H thng DVB-T s dng cc sng mang ph pilot tri u trong knh truyn dn, ng vai tr l cc im nh du ng b (Synchronisation Markers). Tn hiu pilot c s dng ng b khung, ng b tn s, ng b thi gian, nh gi knh truyn, nhn dng mode truyn. Cc sng mang Pilot c xc nh ti cc v tr c nh trong mi symbol OFDM v c s lng l 45 Pilot carriers cho mode 2K v 177 Pilot carriers cho mode 8K. V tr v s lng sng mang Pilot trong mt chu k symbol i vi mode 2K hoc 8K.

Hnh 2.9. Cc sng mang ng b Tn hiu Pilot c iu ch bi chui gi ngu nhin PRBS (Pseudo Random Binary Sequence). Chui ny cho php khng ch pha ban u ca tn hiu tham s truyn TPS. B pat PRBS hot ng theo a thc: G(x) = x11 +x2 + 1. S phn chia knh, m ha d liu, chn khong bo v v cc sng mang ng b to ra cc c tnh c s ca phng php iu ch COFDM. Cc c tnh ny lm gim kh nng truyn ti ca knh hay l tc bit hiu dng. Tuy nhin, chng to ra kh nng la chn hp l gia kh nng chng li v dung lng knh.

2.5.

Cch thc chng nhiu ISI

2.5.1. Tin t lp CP

Tin t lp (CP) l mt k thut x l tn hiu trong OFDM nhm hn ch n mc thp nht nh hng ca nhiu xuyn k t (ISI), nhiu xuyn knh (ICI) n tn hiu OFDM, m bo yu cu v tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang ph . thc hin k thut ny, trong qu trnh x l, tn hiu OFDM c lp li c chu k v phn lp li pha trc mi k t

OFDM c s dng nh l mt khong thi gian bo v gia cc k t pht k nhau.Vy sau khi chn thm khong bo v, thi gian truyn mt k t (Ts) lc ny bao gm thi gian khong bo v (Tg) v thi gian truyn thng tin c ch TFFT (cng chnh l khong thi gian b IFFT/FFT pht i mt k t).

Hnh 2.10. M t tin t lp.

Ta c: Ts = Tg + TFFT K t OFDM lc ny c dng:

T l ca khong bo v Tg v thi khong k t hu ch T FFT b hn ch nhm m bo hiu sut s dng di tn v n cn ph thuc vo tng loi hnh ng dng khc nhau. Nu t l ln tc l Tg tng lm gim hiu sut h thng. Tuy nhin, n phi bng hoc ln hn gi tr tri tr cc i max (the maximum delay spread) nhm duy tr tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang nhnh v loi b c cc xuyn nhiu ICI, ISI. y, gi tr tri tr cc i l mt thng s xut hin khi tn hiu truyn trong khng gian chu nh hng ca hin tng a ng (multipath effect), tc l tn hiu thu c ti b thu khng ch n t ng trc tip m cn n t cc ng phn x khc nhau, v cc tn hiu ny n b thu ti cc thi im khc nhau. Gi tr tri tr cc i c xc nh l khong thi gian chnh lch ln nht gia thi im tn hiu thu qua ng trc tip v thi im tn hiu thu c qua ng phn x. Tin t lp (CP) c kh nng loi b nhiu ISI, nhiu ICI v n cho php tng kh nng ng b (ng b k t, ng b tn s sng mang) trong h thng OFDM. Ngoi khi nim tin t lp CP cn c khi nim hu t lp cyclic postfix. Hu t cng tng t nh tin t, mt khong bt u ca tn hiu ly IFFT c sao chp v a ra pha sau ca tn hiu. Thm vo hu t cng c th chng c nhiu ISI v ICI nhng thng ch cn s dng tin t l c v n lm gim hiu sut bng thng. Nu ch s dng tin t lp th chiu di ca n phi ln hn tri tr ln nht. Cn nu s dng c tin t v hu t lp th tng chiu di ca chng phi ln hn tri tr ln nht ca knh truyn. 2.5.2. Khong bo v Thnh phn ISI ca vic truyn tn hiu OFDM c th b sai do iu kin ca qu trnh x l tn hiu, bi v my thu khng thu nhn c thng tin ca symbol c truyn tip theo. iu ny c ngha l my thu cn mt khong thi gian c di xc nh bng thi gian symbol c ch c th xc nh c symbol OFDM. Khong thi gian ny gi l Orthogonality Interval. Mt trong nhng l do quan trng nht s dng k thut OFDM l k thut ny c kh nng gii quyt mt cch hiu qu vn tri tr a ng (multipath delay spread). Bng cch chia lung d liu thnh Ns lung song song iu ch sng mang ph, chu k mt symbol c tng ln N s ln, do s lm gim t l gia tri tr a ng vi chu k symbol xung Ns ln. loi b ISI mt cch gn nh trit , khong thi gian bo

v c thm vo cho mi symbol OFDM. Khong thi gian c chn sao cho ln hn tri tr cc thnh phn tr (do multipath) t mt symbol khng th gy nhiu ln symbol k cn. Khong thi gian c th khng cha mt tn hiu no c. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp th ICI xut hin gy nhiu gia cc sng mang ph lm cc sng mang ph khng cn trc giao na. Nhiu la chn tn s cng l mt vn gy nh hng ln n cht lng truyn thng tn hiu. Tuy nhin, OFDM cng mm do hn CDMA khi gii quyt vn ny. OFDM c th khi phc li knh truyn thng qua tn hiu dn ng (Pilot) c truyn i cng vi dng tn hiu thng tin. Ngoi ra, i vi cc knh ph suy gim nghim trng v tn s th OFDM cn c mt la chn na gim t l li bit l gim bt s bit m ha cho mt tn hiu iu ch ti knh tn s . c th gim bt s phc tp ca vn ng b trong h thng OFDM s dng khong bo v (GI). S dng chui bo v GI, cho php OFDM c th iu chnh tn s thch hp mc d vic thm GI cng ng ngha vi vic lm gim hiu qu s dng tn s. Ngoi ra, OFDM chu nh hng ca nhiu xung. Tc l mt xung tn hiu nhiu c th tc ng xu n mt chm tn hiu thay v mt s k t nh trong CDMA v iu ny lm tng t l li bit ca OFDM so vi CDMA. i vi mt bng thng h thng cho tc symbol ca tn hiu OFDM thp hn nhiu tc symbol ca s truyn sng mang n. V d i vi tn hiu iu ch n sng mang BPSK tc symbol tng ng vi tc bit. Tuy nhin, i vi OFDM bng thng h thng c chia cho Nc ti ph, to thnh tc symbol nh hn Nc ln so vi truyn sng mang n. Tc symbol thp ny lm cho OFDM chu ng c tt cc can nhiu gia can nhiu ISI gy ra bi truyn lan nhiu ng. C th gim nh hng ISI ti OFDM bng cch thm vo khong bo v trc ca mi symbol. Khong bo v ny l bn sao tun hon theo chu k, lm m rng chiu di ca dng sng symbol. Symbol ca OFDM cha c b sung khong bo v, c chiu di bn kch thc IFFT (c s dng to tn hiu) c mt s nguyn ln cc chu k. Vic a vo cc bn sao ca symbol ni ui nhau to thnh mt tn hiu lin tc, khng c s gin on ch ni. Nh vy vic sao chp u cui ca symbol v t n u vo to ra mt khong thi gian di hn

Hnh 2.11. OFDM c khong bo v v khng c khong bo v

2.6.

Cc c tnh ca OFDM
Qua bn cht ca OFDM, ta c th tm tt nhng u im v nhc im ca

OFDM nh sau: 2.6.1. u im

OFDM tng hiu sut s dng bng cch cho php chng lp nhng sng mang con. Bng cch chia knh thng tin ra thnh nhiu knh con fading phng bng hp, cc h thng OFDM chu ng fading la chn tn s tt hn nhng h thng sng mang n.

OFDM loi tr nhiu symbol (ISI) v xuyn nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI) bng cch chn thm vo mt khong thi gian bo v trc mi symbol. S dng vic chn knh v m knh thch hp, h thng OFDM c th khi phc li c cc symbol b mt do hin tng la chn tn s ca cc knh. K thut cn bng knh tr nn n gin hn k thut cn bng knh thch ng c s dng trong nhng h thng n sng mang. S dng k thut DFT b sung vo cc chc nng iu ch v gii iu ch lm gim chc nng phc tp ca OFDM. Cc phng php iu ch vi sai (differental modulation) gip trnh yu cu vo b sung b gim st knh. OFDM t b nh hng vi khong thi gian ly mu (sample timing offsets) hn so vi h thng n sng mang. OFDM chu ng tt nhiu xung vi v nhiu xuyn knh kt hp. Ngoi nhng u im trn th OFDM cng c nhng hn ch. 2.6.2. Nhc im Symbol OFDM b nhiu bin vi mt khong ng ln. V tt c cc h thng thng tin thc t u b gii hn cng sut, t s PARR cao l mt bt li nghim trng ca OFDM nu dng b khuch i cng sut hot ng min bo ha u khuch i tn hiu OFDM. N u tn hiu OFDM t s PARR ln hn th s gy nn nhiu xuyn iu ch. iu ny cng s tng phc tp ca cc b bin i t analog sang digital v t digital sang analog. Vic rt ngn (clipping) tn hiu cng s lm xut hin c mo nhiu (distortion) trong bng ln bc x ngoi bng. OFDM nhy vi tn s offset v s trt ca sng mang hn cc h thng n sng mang. Vn ng b tn s trong h thng OFDM phc tp hn h thng n sng mang. Tn s offset ca sng mang gy nhiu cho cc sng mang con trc giao v gy nn nhiu lin knh lm gim hot ng ca cc b gii iu ch mt cch trm trng. V vy, ng b tn s l mt trong nhng nhim v thit yu cn phi t trong b thu OFDM .