The Application Of Knowledge On Mitosis In Cloning

1. Cloning is the process of producing _____________ or genetically identical copies of a cell, tissue or an organism through __________________________. 2. Cloning is form of asexual reproduction because the organisms produced have the same ______________________ and _________________________ as the parent organism. 3. The nucleus that directs the development of the offspring comes from a diploid cell reproduced through ______________________________ and not through the fusion of gametes produced by ______________ cell division.

Application of Knowledge on Mitosis in Cloning

Cloning of Microbes

Cloning of Plants

Cloning of Animals

Natural asexual reproduction Process of growing cell artificially in the lab. Use in biotechnology to grow microbes on a large scale

(Organs are duplicated to replace a damaged)

(Produce an entire animal that is genetically)

Embryo Cloning

Somatic Cell Cloning (nuclear transfer)

What is genetic engineering?

1. Genetic engineering or DNA recombinant technology uses special techniques and procedures to manipulate and alter the __________________ of an organism. 2. Useful genes of plants and animals can be ______________ and transferred to ___________________ such as bacteria to synthesise useful biological substances. 3. Organisms that has a foreign gene inserted into them are called _________________________________.
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Cloning in Plants - Tissue Culture

1. 2. 3. 4. A piece of tissue, called _____________ is taken from the parent plant and cut into small pieces. The pieces of tissues are _________________ to prevent the growth of pathogens. Each sterile tissue piece is placed onto a ________________________________ (gel). The tissue cells divided by mitosis to produce a mass of loosely arranged and undifferentiated cells called _______________. 5. Callus tissue left in nutrient medium with shoot-stimulating hormone. 6. The shoots are separated and each is placed in nutrient medium. 7. Once the roots grow, the plantlets (little plants) are planted in sterile compost to grow.

Method Of Reproductive

The embryo is split into single cells and each cell divides into separate embryos.

Advantages and disadvantages of cloning

Advantages Disadvantages

Overcome infertility problem Losing genetic diversity Women who are ___________ or have ge- Cloning results in forming of offspring that netic disorders would be able to have chilare genetically identical to the parent. dren by having cloned embryos implanted Clones do not show __________________. in them Choosing desirable characteristics Wiping out entire population Cloning gives parents the opportunity to Since the entire population is genetically choose characteristics they desire in their ______________________, the entire popchildren. Similarly commercial plant ulation is at great risk from new growers can clone plants, and keep all de_________________. When the genes in sirable characteristics. the population could not overcome the pathogens, then the entire population would Many ______________ crops like wheat, be wipe out. soya bean and cotton which are resistant to herbicides, pets and diseases have been created. Curing diseases Inbreeding Organs can be created for people in need When everyone share the same genetic mafor various _______________ (therapeutic terial, inbreeding occurs. This causes more cloning). Cloned organs could replaced or diseases, more abnormalities and finally, damaged organs without being rejected by death of the population. the patients immune system Multiply copies of useful genes or clones in shorter time and large numbers. For example, the bacterium Escherichia coli has been genetically _____________ to produce the bovine growth hormone. The hormone can injected into cow to increase the quality of milk. The Escherichia coli can also be cloned to produce insulin. This insulin used in the treatment of _______________________. Long term side effects have not been determined The prolonged use of many vaccines, antibodies and hormones are produced by ________________________________ (GM) bacteria clones and their side effects on humans have not been determined. These organisms may _________ and become dangerous to the environment and other living organisms.

Control environmental pollution. Disrupt the natural equilibrium in an eco The _________ for the synthesis of lipase system. is isolated from animals and inserted into New clones can prevent the process of natthe bacterial genome to create a new strain ural selection in the process of of bacteria that can clean up oil spills in _________________. Eventually no new the ocean. species may exist naturally.