Administrative Map

Pre-division and partitioned Bengal

 Famine in Bengal in 1866. 80 million inhabitants in 489,000 sq.miles. Administrative efficiency and welfare of inhabitants. Increase in revenue and tax from East Bengal. Least progress of East Bengal and Assam in economic, administrative, educational, political and other areas . Bandits and pirates using East Bengal as hiding and escaping route.

 Implementation of Divide and Rule policy. Preventing Muslims from joining Congress. View to curb anti-British movement led by intellectual and middle-class Bengalis. East Bengal was used to be a hide-out for revolutionaries. Separating East Bengal from Kolkata will wither the spirit of the anti-British movement.

 Bengal presidency was formed with the entire Bengal region, Assam, Orissa, Bihar and Madhya-province consisting the one-third of the total population of the sub-continent.
According to the plan, East Bengal and Assam were included to form East Bengal and Assam province with a population of 31 million and Dhaka (former Dacca) as the capital . Bangal Presidency was made of West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa according to the scheme. The partition took place on 16th October, 1905 by Lord Curzon.

 Hindu community receiving it as a Divide and Rule policy of Curzon. Muslims and low-caste Hindu communities welcoming it for its favourable impacts. Administrations biased behaviour provoking riots. Special favour for Muslims in attempt to gain Muslim communitys trust and loyalty. Hindu community leaders created a strong resistance against partition, succeeded amassing grass-root people and students.

Political Impact

Muslims aware of their political position. Progress in East Bengal created many uprising leaders. Formation of Muslim League. Communal insurgency. Distrust and misalliance between the two communities. The sense of separate entity led the both communities towards India division in 1947.

Political Impact

 Import business was hampered and so were

the British businessmen. Swadeshi movement helped to refuel and strengthen the local industries and businessmen resulting in self-sufficiency. East Bengal was developing rapidly overcoming its economic weakness. The entire Bengal became self-reliant because of Swadeshi movement and partition. Increase of Dhakas profile for business purposes.
Economic Impact

 Hindus dissenting the partition. Muslims appreciating partition.

What Provoked the Hindus??

It was a plot of Curzons Divide and rule policy which would hamper the anti-British movement led by the Bengal. Partition would diminish the existing unity among the Bengalis. Partition would curb their dominance over Muslims. Kolkata will be severely affected through economic, political and other opportunities. Progress of Muslims would increase competition in the above mentioned sectors. Revenge against Muslim reign would be dissipated.
Provocation

Why Muslims Appreciated Partition??

Freedom from Hindu dominance and oppression. Economic, political, social salvation and hope of progress. Bengal will have better education, more employment and political recognition. Partition would revive the local industries and businesses which would benefit them, the government and low-caste Hindus. Development of Muslims would ensure their rights and would create mutual benefits.
Approval

Leaders of Swadeshi Movement

Bholanath Chandra,Aurobindo Ghosh, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai are the key figures of Swadeshi Movement.

Features of Swadeshi Movement

Duration: 1905-1908 Protest against partition which eventually became non-cooperation movement. Used as the economical weapon to achieve political interests. Boycotted imported goods and commodities. Massive use of local products and commodities. Sense of self-reliance and power to demonstrate grievance.

Features of Swadeshi Movement

Burning imported clothes on street bonfire. Picketing the foreign-goods shops specially of the Muslims. Zaminders and local administration warned and forced Muslims from refraining such business. Conflicts in later part resulting failure. British administration handling the situation with suppression and might.

 Only the West Bengal was the centre of this movement. Most people except high-caste Hindus of East Bengal showed their support for partition. Only high-caste Hindus were seen to be enthusiastic. Muslims welcomed the partition as their road to progress. Communal riot spread like wildfire. Some Muslim leaders supported the movement but it lost its appeal to them for religious reasons.

 It only represented the Hindu communitys interest from every aspect. To revenge upon Muslims, oath in the name of Kaali, Bangkims Vandee Maatharam, Go-raksha movement, Rakhi Bandhan were included. Some Muslims participated but above mentioned plans frustrated them. Muslims were neither called nor persuaded to join rather were forced to join and oppressed. Though it started as non-communal movement, as time passed by, it became a clear portrait of communalism.

 Revival of local industries and production. Improved economic condition in India. Pressurized the British government to annul the partition. United the Hindu community against Partition and communal conflict. The sense of Indian nationalism, patriotism and unity became prominent. Enhancement in education, politics, literature, cultural and social aspects.
Impact

Extremist Groups
Abhinav Bharat: Led by V.Savarkar. Centre: Nasik. Jugantor: Led by Jatindranath Mukherji. Centre: Bengal. Anushilan Samity: Led by Pulin Das. Centre: Dhaka. Others: Led by Ras Behari Bose and Sachindranath Sanyal

 Exercised Yellow Journalism. Published fanatic and provocative news. Revealed the notorious Lal Ishteher despite political attempt to suppress its publicity. A publication of Nawab Ali Chaudhury, a firm believer of communalism. Fuelling the communal conflict. A daring newspaper defying governments threat. Published a song dedicated to arrested rioters and reprimanding Sivaji celebration.

Role in Partition of Bengal

Interested in drawing communal line. Partition was used as a weapon to disturb the communal understanding. Fuelled the communal conflicts, handling partially for both Muslim and Hindu communities. Visited different areas of East Bengal to persuade the Muslims and their leaders. Provided speeches provoking the conflicts.

A leading Muslim leader of Aligarh movement. One of the Muslim leaders who welcomed the partition. Fanatic and extreme communalist. Provoked the Muslims towards riots through the Mihir-o-Sudhakar.

Showed administrative firmness. Unmoved by Swadeshi movement and its impact. Handled the situation tactfully. Used might and suppression policy to stop Swadeshi movement and extremism.

 Dissolved Partition in 1911. Reception of King George V was an influencing factor for his decision. Indicated a probable annulment of partition after his succession. Persuaded the Hindu politicians to stop their movement and greet the King. Transferred capital from Kolkata to Delhi for administrative and political reasons.

Reasons for annulment

Swadeshi movement paved the way for selfreliance resulting in decrease on import. Decrease in using imported goods specially clothes, salt, valuables and other commodities. It killed the import market and caused huge loss for the British businessmen. Pressure from business people and Congress made British government void the partition.

Reasons for annulment

King George Vs visit to Indian subcontinent. Appeasement among Indian politicians would ensure a warm welcome for King George V. The utter interest of British government in maintaining Imperialism on Indian subcontinent.

 Capital was transferred to New Delhi for the sake of Muslims and saving Kolkata from terrorists . Kolkata was made the provincial capital of Bengal. Decrease in Dhakas population and increased pressure on Kolkata. Assam and Orissa-Bihar were made separate provinces.

Impacts:
Dhaka was left in an incomprehensible position. Establishment of University of Dhaka despite protest. Muslims felt deprived and became more organized.

 Having Congress as a strong political party led by intellectual Hindu Bengalis. Communal integrity and one goal to establish. Abundance of strength of money, men, might and education. Attack on their interests specially on dominance which lured them to protest. Fear of religious assault. Success in turning the partition movement into communal movement.
Success of Hindus

 Swadeshi movement and revolution movement forced the British businessmen and others to persuade the government to annul partition. Spreading terrorist activities through out the Bengal. Extreme nationalism came upfront. Students and juveniles played a huge part during the movement. Tour of King George V during 1911.

Success of Hindus

 No strong political party for preserving Muslim communitys interest. Aligarh movement as the only existing representative of Muslims interest. Least numbers of powerful, liberal and educated leaders. Communal conflict and excessive dogmatism. Tolerant approach regarding anti-partition movement.
Failure of Muslims

 Integrity only in communal riot. Scarcity of money, power, might and education. Uncooperative mindset with the British in early years. Administrative backwardness and Hindu dominance. Lagging behind in every aspect ultimately resulting in shortage of grass-root leaders and unity. Intended communal riot which the Muslims were not prepared to face politically.
Failure of Muslims

 First started as the non-communal party. United under Indian nationalism. Received huge popularity from Hindu community during Bengal partition. Manipulated the communal conflicts into all-India movement. The role of non-communalism assuaged in the passage of time.

Established on December, 1906. Gave full support to Bengal partition. Retaliated anti-partition movement. Motivated the East Bengal Muslims about the positive impact of partition. Disorganised and received less popularity.

British Administration Handling the situation

Curbed Swadeshi movement with iron hand. Handled the communal riot effectively on later years. Administration indirectly involved in provoking riot through biased attitude. British had hard time suppressing disorder but succeeded lately in maintaining it. Succeeded in arresting revolutionists.

British Administration Handling the situation

Sacked Frezar for his failure to act accordingly. Used administration power and suppression tactics specially the student repression effectively that gave positive feedback. Utilized the conflict within Congress to restrain Swadeshi movement and Extreme movement.

Dismantling East Bengal

The main purpose of Bengal partition was to curb the anti-British movement led by Bengalis. Drawing a communal line would refrain Muslims from joining Congress, leading the anti-British movement. Provoked the communal conflicts through speech. Partition would enable to control the undisturbed fleeing of bandits and rebels.

Dismantling East Bengal

British government would receive assist from Muslims. Dismantling Bengal would strengthen their root in this sub-continent. Both community will be dependent on British government for political, economical and administrative purposes.

 Enabled East Bengal to progress in economic, administrative, political, educational and other opportunities. Made the Muslims and low-chaste Hindus aware of their rights and political position. Muslims received privileges in administration and politics. Boost in Bengali Literature through songs, novels, poems and other branches. East Bengal had many uprising leaders who accelerated the India Partition.

Increased Communal Riot. Deprivation to Muslims. Extreme figure of Rebellious movement. Communal Separation and distrust. Muslims emerging from tolerance and silence. Present Bangladesh was politically deprived against the interest of India and Pakistan.

Aftermath

 Rise of Muslim League under Jinnah. Quit India movement. India partition movement proposed by Sher-e-bangla. India Partition in 1947 based on communal majority.

Aftermath