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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Using game theory for the electricity market


Mireille Bossy Nadia Mazi Geert Jan Olsder Odile Pourtallier Etienne Tanr

N 5274
April 2005

N 0249-6399

ISRN INRIA/RR--5563--FR+ENG

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uP1 = 1 (uM1 , uM2 ) = 1 uM1 + 2 uM2 + 3 .

uP1
JMi (uMi , 1 (uM1 , uM2 ))
uMi

= 1 uM1 + 2 uM2 + 3 ,
= 0, i = 1, 2.

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JM1 (uM1 , uP1 , uP2 ), JS1 (uM1 , uP1 ), JS2 (uM1 , uP2 ).

' "  !'


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 s}ti

Unit de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis


2004, route des Lucioles - BP 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)
Unit de recherche INRIA Futurs : Parc Club Orsay Universit - ZAC des Vignes
4, rue Jacques Monod - 91893 ORSAY Cedex (France)
Unit de recherche INRIA Lorraine : LORIA, Technople de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique
615, rue du Jardin Botanique - BP 101 - 54602 Villers-ls-Nancy Cedex (France)
Unit de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France)
Unit de recherche INRIA Rhne-Alpes : 655, avenue de lEurope - 38334 Montbonnot Saint-Ismier (France)
Unit de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

diteur
INRIA - Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt, BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

  


  

ISSN 0249-6399

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