Molina 1 Alyssa Molina Mr.

Borrero ENG 1102 11 April 2013 Reflection If I had an extra 24 hours, I would probably try to find more websites that people could join to get involved in the issue. I would also try and fix and tweak my transitions and grammar a bit more. This project was sort of challenging because I had a lot to do in my paper. I needed to educate the audience, tell them how it could be fixed and tell them why they should care. I understand this is what most people did, however educating my audience was a bit of a challenge since it involved so much science which was sometimes even difficult for me to comprehend. I definitely felt a little triumph when I found the exact speech that congresswomen Slaughter gave to Congress in mid-March because it had excellent quotes that I was able to utilize in my paper. I am very satisfied with my final product because I really know I did my best and I feel in my paper I achieved my purpose. I think one of the weak aspects of my paper is that I did not really discuss in depth the actual process meat goes through; I simply discussed the overuse of antibiotics. However I feel my purpose was very clear and direct and that I stuck to my purpose the entire paper. I know that after reading my paper it is very clear what my intent was and I feel the context within my paper allowed me to achieve my purpose.

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Its Time to Stop Overuse of Antibiotics in the Meat Industry People say, You are what you eat and sadly for meat consumers this means you are just one big bottle of antibiotics. Yes, currently in the meat industry livestock farms have been using more and more drugs each year. Recently, it reached a record high of 29.9 million pounds compared to the 8 million pounds of antibiotics that humans use annually (Philpott par.2). This overuse of antibiotics in the meat industry is proving to be detrimental to our health and that is one of the reasons why it is important to learn about ways to fix this issue. For example, the Union of Concerned Scientists published an article on their webpage educating people on The Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act (PAMTA) which within two years would require the FDA to re-review approvals it previously issued for animal feed uses of eight classes of antibiotics that are important to human medicine. Within the article it urged its readers to sponsor it or donate money to the cause; however I feel meat consumers need to do more than talk about it. We need to take real action. But before we take action, I am going to describe the current state of the meat industry, clarify how antibiotic overuse negatively affects our health, explain how PAMTA would help fix these issues, and share ways in which you as an individual can take action against antibiotic overuse. It is important to first familiarize yourself with what has been going on in the meat industry because without background information you will be unable to understand the issue itself. As stated above, there has been an excessive increase in the amount of antibiotics used in the meat industry and as of today they are at using 4/5 of all antibiotics in the United States (Philpott par.1). The reason is that it has become routine to add low levels of antibiotics to the feed or water of healthy animals such as cows, chickens or pigs is to make them grow faster and

Molina 3 to prevent infections that occur in an unsanitary, crowded, and stressful environment because that is usually where the animals are housed. (Saving Antibiotics 2). Notice in the picture to the left how the pigs are so close to each other and have no room to move about whatsoever. That type of environment is literally just a breeding ground for antibiotic resistant diseases. Antibiotics were not always overused; they were originally used to treat sick animals. Now because of the unsanitary and insanely crowded environment farmers started putting animals in, there was a need to greatly increase the amount of antibiotics given to animals. The antibiotics are not used to treat rather to prevent sickness that would definitely occur given the current conditions the animals are in. Meat companies would like for you to believe that these antibiotics are being regulated by the government and FDA; this is not the case at all. In fact, producers of meat and poultry are not even required to report how they use the drugs, which ones, on what animals and in what quantities (Tavernise par. 1). Most people assume that this antibiotic overuse in the meat industry does not affect them and is not harmful. Sadly for us the exact opposite is true. The inappropriate uses of antibiotics in the meat industry is creating drug-resistant bacteria that first emerges on the farms and then reaches the general population through human or animal carriers, and through the food consumption. (GRACE par 1). This antibiotic resistant bacterium formed in modern industrial farms because the animals usually live in environments where it is not uncommon for them to be standing or laying in their own waste, and since they

Molina 4 are under constant stress this makes their immune system more susceptible to infections as well. The resistant bacteria formed because a bacterium was continually exposed to small amounts of antibiotics and eventually developed immunity to the point where antibiotics were no longer an effective way to destroy the bacteria. Consequently because of this resistant bacterium, also called superbugs, some antibiotics have completely lost their effectiveness against certain infectious diseases (GRACE par 2-5). This whole process is illustrated in the picture below as well. Furthermore, that statement has been scientifically proved because a recent study, published by the American Society for Microbiology, shows in its genetic analysis that the antibioticsusceptible staph germ passed from humans into pigs, where it became resistant to the antibiotics tetracycline and methicillin. Then that same antibiotic-resistant staph strand jumped back into humans with close exposure to infected livestock. That particular staph strand is called MRSA, or methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, and it kills about 20,000 people a year which is more people than HIV or AIDS. Another example is Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) which has developed because of the use of the antibiotics virginiamycin and Avoparcin in livestock (Knox par. 2-4). Those two are not the only ones; Clostridium difficile, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia also do not respond to most drugs. Even with this outstanding amount of evidence the meat industry is still trying to claim that these results are false simply because the

Molina 5 industry refuses to change its structure because all they care about is money. The industry continues to deny the clear scientific evidence as true. They are unable to admit its truth because admitting it is true would also mean that the process in which meat is currently made needs to change. And that obviously is not what they want because no one likes change, especially when it means losing money. You as a meat consumer need to let them know that it is not acceptable and that change must happen. This is an issue that has gone on far too long and it needs to end, with the right amount of support we as meat consumers can make this end. Otherwise, more antibiotic resistant diseases will continue to be created as long as animals in livestock farms are continually fed antibiotics when they are not sick (Kilham par. 4). Presently, the Centers for Disease Control estimates that each year in the US almost 2 million people acquire bacterial infections in hospitals, 70 percent of which are resistant to at least one commonly used antibiotic (GRACE par 3). The picture to left illustrates exactly how a drug resistant strand of bacteria will respond differently to the drugs because they will not die, but continue to multiply. This is why we as meat consumers need to take action against the overuse of antibiotics in the meat industry because right now we are allowing meat that is contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacterium to sit on grocery store shelves all over America. Meat is theoretically something that you are supposed to eat multiple times a day because it is a very good source of protein which we all know is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle. How does it not disgust you to know

Molina 6 that meat you consume basically every day is infested with this antibiotic resistant bacterium? And then, the FDA which is supposed to ensure that the food sold is safe for consumption is very aware of the relationship between antibiotic overuse in meat industry and antibiotic resistant diseases and has not done anything. Well unless you believe the FDA asking meat companies to voluntarily lower their antibiotic use is doing something. However keep in mind that this method obviously did not show any significant decrease in the antibiotic use because if it did this would not be such a serious issue anymore. Furthermore, when the FDAs plan of action against antibiotic overuse failed, they just stopped trying and we as meat consumers need to let them know that is unacceptable. The government evidently is not going to do anything about this issue unless we prove to them it is very important to us that they fix it. How do we accomplish this? Next time you are at your local grocery store ask if they sell antibiotic free meat, if they do only purchase that meat because every time you buy meat that contains antibiotics you are letting the meat companies and the government believe that you do not care. And this is the exact opposite message we are trying to send. This issue obviously needs a solution. This solution must regulate and lower the use of antibiotics in livestock feed and thankfully that is exactly what the Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act (PAMTA) was intended for as stated in the bill itself: The purpose of this Act is to preserve the effectiveness of medically important antimicrobials used in the treatment of human and animal diseases. This bill was recently reintroduced by Congresswomen Slaughter, the only microbiologist within Congress. PAMTA would end the use of eight classes of medically important antibiotics that are currently are being used for nontherapeutic use in animal agriculture without any regulation. The bill also gives a very clear definition of the term non-therapeutic use to make sure that sick animals may be properly

Molina 7 treated with antibiotics, but that any other type of use outside of the treatment of a sick animal is prohibited. Some examples of the classes of medically important antibiotics that PAMTA is addressing are Penicillin which is usually used to treat illnesses ranging strep throat to highly dangerous meningitis. Other examples of these drugs include Tetracycline which is used to treat people that are exposed to anthrax, while Macrolides and Sulfonamides are drugs that are used to treat pneumonia in patients infected with the HIV virus. Slaughter makes it very clear in her speech to Congress that PAMTA is a bill that needs to be passed. She states, We must maintain these weapons in our arsenal against illness, or we will soon find ourselves in circumstances such as those described when World Health Organization Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan warned that Things as common as strep throat or a child's scratched knee could once again kill.(par 57). These are the reasons meat consumers need to get involved. And if you still lack motivation to help PAMTA get passed, just know that your lack of action will not only affect you it will affect your kids, and their kids and future generations to come. Do not think that Congresswomen Slaughter and the sponsors of the bill alone are not enough to get this bill passed. Luckily, there are many things you can do to get involved with fixing this issue because if we do not act now, we are letting the animals being fed antibiotics to continue creating new strands of antibiotic-resistant diseases. Also by not acting we are supporting the current meat process that the meat industry is utilizing which consequently is one of the main reasons this issue even exists. So if you are a parent there are two specific group websites dedicated just for you. One is called Moms for Antibiotic Awareness, it is a group you join online to take action in the fight against antibiotics and you can participate in their events that they have. Another group is called Supermoms against Superbugs, this group offers events to attend as well and

Molina 8 has links that way you can be updated on news regarding the issue that way you can spread the word. There are also other groups online that are dedicated to anyone who wants to learn more about the topic or wishes to get involved. One example is the group Center for Food Safety, they cover all sort of issues regarding food safety however recently they are really focusing on meat without antibiotics. In fact, the Center for Food Safety has joined Consumers Union and Fix Food for the launch of Meat Without Drugs, a campaign that is urging supermarkets to only sell meat raised without antibiotics. It is very easy to join this group and you can even sign their online petition as well. Although joining these types of groups is great, we cant let the action stop there. Another thing you can do to help fix this issue is to urge your congress representative to support PAMTA since it has been recently reintroduced to Congress. You can do this in the form or a letter, email, maybe even a petition. Additionally you can just spread the word to your friends, family, and coworkers because this is an issue that everyone needs to be involved in. And by spreading the word to other people, you might learn new information yourself. America needs to realize that, Antimicrobial resistance poses a catastrophic threat. If we dont act now, any one of us could go into hospital in 20 years for minor surgery and die because of an ordinary infection that cant be treated by antibiotics (Boseley par 5). There has been development in medical technology that allows us to have longer lifespans than probably ever imagined, do not let the meat industry overuse antibiotics and make us take steps backwards, we need to keep moving forward with medicine not back. Antibiotic overuse in the meat industry is a real serious issue and it is not going to solve itself. We must not stand by any longer, because obviously the meat industry is not willing to change and the FDA is not doing anything. That is why it is especially important to act now that

Molina 9 PAMTA has been re-introduced to Congress. This is our chance to prove to the government that it is unacceptable to not regulate the amount and type of antibiotics that are put into the meat that we consume. So stand up, and make sure your voice is heard.

Molina 10 Works Cited "Antibiotic Resistant Superbugs Pose 'catastrophic Threat' to Medicine: Britain's Top Health Official." NY Daily News. N.p., n.d. Web. Mar. 2013. <http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/health/antibiotic-resistant-superbugs-pose-catastrophic-threat-uk-health-officialarticle-1.1284973>. Boseley, Sarah. "New Wave of 'superbugs' Poses Dire Threat, Says Chief Medical Officer." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 03 Oct. 2013. Web. Mar. 2013. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/mar/11/superbugs-antibiotics-bacterialdiseases-infections>. "Environmental Issues: Food and Agriculture." NRDC: Saving Antibiotics. Natural Resources Defense Council, 3 Aug. 2012. Web. 01 Apr. 2013. <http://www.nrdc.org/food/savingantibiotics.asp>. "GRACE Communications Foundation GRACE Communications Foundation." GRACE Communications Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. <http://www.gracelinks.org/257/antibiotics>. Graves, Doug. "Farm World Weekly Farm Newspaper Source for Ag News, Classifieds, Auctions." Farm World Weekly Farm Newspaper Source for Ag News, Classifieds, Auctions. Farm World, 20 Mar. 2013. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. <http://www.farmworldonline.com/news/NewsArticle.asp?newsid=16447>.

Molina 11 Kilham, Chris. "Are Superbugs Linked to the Meat You Eat?" Fox News. FOX News Network, 14 Mar. 2013. Web. Feb.-Mar. 2013. <http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/03/14/aresuperbugs-linked-to-meat-eat/>. "Not In My Food." Meat Without Drugs, June 2012. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. <http://notinmyfood.org/wordpress/wp->. Slaughter, Louise M. "Capitol Words a Project of the Sunlight Foundation." Capitol Words. N.p., Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. <http://capitolwords.org/date/2013/03/14/E299_introduction-of-the-preservation-ofantibiotics-fo/>. "The Pew Charitable Trusts." Moms for Antibiotic Awareness. The Pew Charitable Trusts, n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. <http://www.pewhealth.org/projects/moms-for-antibiotic-awareness85899369706/take-action>.