Maung Thein Lwin - Tales From Shakespeare

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PEOPLE IN THE STORY
ANTONIO, a merchant oI Venice.
BASSANIO, his Iriend
GRATIANO, another Iriend
PORTIA, a rich lady in love with Bassanio
NERISSA, her servant, in love with Gratiano.
SHYLOCK, a Jewish money-lender.
JESSICA, his daughter.
LORENZO, in love with Jessica.
DUKE OE VENICE.
MOROCCO
who wish to marry Portia
ARRAGON
LONG ago, there lived in Venice, a town in
I t al y, a man cal led Antonio. He was a mer-
chant , owni ng many ships which traded with
dist ant count ri es, and he was a good man as
well as a rich one.
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Antonios greatest Iriend was a young
soldier, Bassanio, who loved a beautiIul lady
called Portia. But Bassanio was not a
wealthy man, and he did not like to ask
Portia to marry him, because she was as
rich as she was beautiIul. At last, however,
he asked Antonio to lend him some money,
so that he could visit Portia at Belmont,
where she lived, and at least Iind out iI she
loved him.
It happened that at this time all
Antonios ships were at sea, and until they
returned he had no money to lend Bassanio.
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But go to a money-lender, he said to
his Iriend. Borrow the money you need
Irom him, and tell him that, when my ships
come in, I will pay him back all that he has
lent you.
Now, there lived in Venice and old Jew
named Shylock. The Jews in those days
were the money-lenders oI Venice. They
lent money, but they Iorced people to pay so
heavily Ior the loan that the Jews them-
selves became very rich. Shylock was one
oI the greediest Jews in Venice. Antonio
hated him Ior his wicked ways, and he had
oIten insulted the Jew and spoken rudely to
him. Eor this reason, Shylock hated Antonio
too, and was anxious to revenge the insults.
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Bassanio, knowing that Shylock was
very rich, went to him to borrow the money
he needed. Shylock was delighted when he
heard that Anaonio had promised to pay back
the loan. He thought that his enemy had
been given into his hands, and he made a
wicked plan. He pretended to be generous,
and said he would lend Bassanio the money
and would not charge him anything Ior the
loan.
But Antonio must pay me back in
three months, Shylock said. And, just Ior
a joke, he must sign a bond promising that
I may cut oII a pound oI Ilesh Irom his
body iI the money is not paid.
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Bassanio had no Iaith in Shylock, and
did not like Antonio to make such a terrible
promise; but Antonio thought that Shylock
was really joking, and he said: I am indeed
content to sign such a promise. Do not be
aIraid, Bassanio. My ships will return a
month beIore the money is due, and then I
shall have three times as much as Shylock
has lent to you. And Antonio signed the
bond.
I do not l ike this promi se, sai d
Bassanio uneasily, but Antonio said again:
You need have no Iear. My ships will come
home a month beIore the day.
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So Bassanio unwillingly took the money,
said goodbye to Antonio, and sailed away
to Belmont. He took one oI his Iriends with
him, a young man called Gratiano.
The beautiIul Portia lived in a big house
in Belmont with her servant-companion,
Nerissa. Her Iather had died recently and
had leIt her a great deal oI money. He had
been a wise old man, and, to protect his
daughter Irom greedy men who might try to
marry her because she was so rich, he leIt
Portia three boxes. One oI the boxes con-
tanined her picture, and whoever chose this
box was to be Portias husband.
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Just beIore Bassanio arrived Irom Ven-
ice, a kings son came Irom AIrica to visit
Portia. This man, Morocco, was powerIul
and wealthy, and he wished to marry her;
but Portia did not love him and she hoped
that he would choose the wrong box.
Is it not hard, Nerissa? she conIided
to her servant. I cannot choose the man I
wish to marry, or reIuse those I dislike.
You have plenty oI admirers to choose
Irom, Nerissa said. But do you remember
a young man Irom Venice sho once visited
your Iather?
Yes, yes, Portia answered. It was
Bassanio-I think that was his name?
True, madam, said Nerissa. And I
think he deserved your love more than any
oI the others.
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I remember him well, and I remember
he was worthy oI your praise, said Portia
sadly. But I cannot marry him unless he
comes and chooses the right box.
Perhaps he will, Nerissa comIorted
her. Your Iather was a wise and virtuous
man. I am sure he will have arranged the
boxes so that the right man will choose the
picture.
Nerissas sensible suggestion made
Portia Ieel more cheerIul as she showed
the three boxes to the dark-skinned AIrican
Irom Morocco.
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He examined them care-
Iully, and read the words written on the
outside oI each one. On the gold box was
written;
Whoever chooses me shall gain what
many men desire.
On the silver box was written:
Whoever chooses me shal l get as
much as he deserves.
And on the plain box, made oI lead, was
written:
Whoever chooses me must give and
risk all that he has.
What many men desire,Morocco said,
looking at the golden box. That must be the
Iair Portia, and her picture will certainly be
inside a box oI gold.
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He opened it, but all he Iound inside
was an ugly skull , and a piece oI paper
containing these words:
All that shines is not gold. Good-
bye'
So Morocco sadly said goodbye to
Portia and returned to AIrica.
The next visitor was the prince oI
Arragon, and he, too, was shown the three
boxes. Arragon was a vain young man with
a very high opinion oI himselI, and he chose
the silver box.
II I get as much as I deserve, he
said, I shall certainly gain the Iair Portia.
But the box contained nothing but a
Iools head and these words:
Many f ool s are hi dden behi nd a
silver covering.
So be gone, sir'
The prince Ieeling very silly, went away
as sadly as Morocco had done.
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.c
Then Bassanio and Gratiano arrived,
and Bassanio begged Portia to permit him
to try his luck with the three boxes. She
was very much aIraid that he might choose
the wrong box, but she dared not tell him
which was the right one. He looked at the
box oI gold and the box oI silver, and shook
his head.
The things which are most beautiIul
outside are oIten the ugliest within, he said.
I choose the plain lead box.
Portia was Iilled with joy as Bassanio
opened the box and Iound inside a lovely
picture oI her. They arranged to be married
at once, and Bassanios Iriend, Gratiano
asked Ior permission to marry. Nerissa at
the same time.
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..
But their happiness was soon disturbed
by bad news. A ship arrived Irom Venice,
bringing a Iriend oI Bassanios called
Lorenzo. With Lorenzo was his wiIe,Jessica,
the beautiIul daughter oI Shylock the Jew.
Shylock had always been harsh and cruel to
Jessica, and she knew he would never con-
sent to her marrying Lorenzo; Iirst, because
he was not a Jew, and secondly because he
was a Iriend oI Antonios. So one night she
ran away Irom her Iathers house to marry
Lorenzo, taking with her a great deal oI
money and some jewels.
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..: q, e , .~ oe e .e,q e.c ~ e ~., o ~._e.
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.
They had come to Belmont to escape
Shylocks anger, and they brought with them
a letter to Bassanio Irom Antonio. Bassanio
read the letter, and he turned so pale that
Portia Ieared that his Iriend must be dead.
What is it, Bassanio? she asked anx-
iously. You must let me share the bad news
that this letter brings.
Oh, sweet Portia, said Bassanio.
Here are some oI the most unpleasant
words that have ever been written.
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.,
The letter told him that Antonios six
ships, Iull oI riches, had all been wrecked at
sea, and Antonios money had been lost with
them. And this was not all. Shylock hated
Antonio more than ever since his Iriend,
Lorenzo, had run away with Jessica. He
was so angry at the loss oI his daughter and
his money that he walked the streets crying.
My daughter! My money! My jewels!
Justice, justice! Eind me my money and my
daughter! And when he heard that all
Antonios ships were lost, he was very glad.
Now he could revenge himselI on Antonio
and on all those who loved the brave young
merchant.
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c|.e.... c|e ~.... c|q .~:~ e~
qe,:.e... eq:.._ec e qc.e.e| eqc .e.e|
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.,
Shylock went to the Duke oI Venice
and told him oI Antonios bargain and oI the
letter he had signed. The Duke and many oI
the merchants tried to persuade Shylock to
give up his cruel revenge, but he would not
listen to them.
Antonio cannot pay the money, said
Shylock. He must thereIore keep his prom-
ise and pay me the pound oI Ilesh.
Jessica had heard her Iather tell his
Jewish Iriends that he would rather have a
pound oI Antonios Ilesh than be paid twenty
times the sum that was owed to him.
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,e, ....e...:e _e.eo:.e ~._~:c.
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e. ....
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......
.
Bassanio was terribly disturbed by the
news, and decided that he must return at
once to Venice to try to save his Iriend.
Portia had a kind and generous heart, and
did not try to prevent his going.
Let us be married now, she said. And
then you must go to Venice at once. You
shall have gold to pay this debt twenty times
over: and when it is paid, bring your true
Iriend here.
So they were married, and aIter the
ceremony Bassanio and Gratiano set oII at
once Ior Venice. They Iound that the trial
was just beginning.
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e ee.., ee..ee~ . _e~ ,.: ..'.:. .e
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. :._~e|ee. .e .q:~ . :..e: ...~e~ eec
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.c
Antonio did not ask Ior mercy. He
knew that Shylock hated him too much to
be merciIul. Besides, a man must keep his
promise; otherwise people would think that
the mechants oI Venice were not honest
men.
The Duke oI Venice, who was judging
the case, begged Shylock to be merciIul.
Why should I be merciIul? said the
Jew. I do not love Antonio.
Do all men kill the things they do not
love? asked Bassanio angrily.
Dont all men want to kill the thing
they hate? answered Shylock bitterly.
I will give you twice as much as
Antonio owes you, iI you will let him go
Iree, Bassanio said.
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e.:.e:. . . ''
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.
II you oIIered me six thousand times
more than the amount he owes me, I should
still ask Ior my pound oI Ilesh, the Jew
replied.
How can you hope Ior mercy iI you
show none? asked the Duke, but Shylock
answered violently:
I do not want mercy. I want justice.
Give me my pound oI Ilesh. He began to
sharpen the long kniIe he bad brought with
him, Ieeling that his revenge was very near.
. ~ c|~ .e.e q e .c q ~.._.:~.o:c
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ee .
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.
But at that moment a messenger came
to the Duke with the news that a clever
young lawyer had arrived Irom another town
to judge the case. Almost at once the law-
yer entered, accompanied by his clerk. They
both looked very young, but they brought
with them a written introduction Irom a law-
yer Iriend oI the Dukes, who assured him
that the young man was well qualiIied to
judge the case.
His wisdom was soon shown by the
careIul questions he asked the Jew. When
he had heard all that Shylock and Antonio
had t o say, he begged t he Jew t o be
merciIul.
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.:.,.eee, ee .e:~ _e c, o .q:~ .:ee ee
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.e|.
. q _- e_:~._e: ~_ec ~ e_~:.c e :e
.e'. c e|ee ._~ .~ .e ee ...:e .e.., .
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.o:~o:.e .e:c .e,ee.
.
Why should I be merciIul? Tell me
that! shouted Shylock angrily; and the young
lawyer made a Iine speech, telling Shylock oI
the value oI mercy.
Mercy is twice-blessed, he said. It
blesses him who gives and him who re-
ceives. Great kings are always merciIul; and
God himselI is known to be Iull oI gentle -
ness and mercy. ThereIore, Jew, although
you ask I or j ust i ce, I ask you t o be
merciIul.
Shylock would not listen. He could think
oI nothing but revenge, and he reIused to
take the money Bassanio oIIered, although
Bassanio said he would give him ten times
the sum he owed.
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o:.qe :. ...? ._e:ee .e|...~e ~ ....~e ''
, c...: ~ ..|.e_~. .~: ee ._e:. ee.
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.q:....~ . qq . e| .~:c .~ .qe|ee e:...
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eq:. o:cqq _~. .e _ee e|ee.~e, q:...c
~ e e c..:e . ._ .e.e e.e ~_~c ,:.ee:
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c
Come, Shyl ock, sai d t he l awyer
patiently. Be merciIul. Take three times the
sum and let me tear up the promise.
Shylock still reIused, and the lawyer
had to admit that his claim was right ac-
cording to the law oI Venice; and, iI the
Jew would not be merciIul, Antonio must
give him his pound oI Ilesh.
A wise man come to judgment! Oh,
wise young judge, how I admire you! cried
Shylock, bringing out his kniIe again.
You must prepare yourselI Ior the
kniIe, the lawyer said to Antonio.
Oh, noble judge! Oh, wonderIul young
man! cried Shylock.
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qeq:q e .c q . ..~ ee| . ...e:.e~...~
.c e,..._e.,. e_eee.~e|q.e...''
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.e:c .. ee: eq:.cc ee e.., _ e ee
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eq:..c~ e_:q ee.e:~ _~_e,..q:~ q
.:e:e .e..~ ...e_:q eq:.. _~.ec.qe..
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.:.. ..|.''~ ee.|oe _e. oe. ~ _e, e|ee .
.q .,...~ ~, e , e ~ ._e:. ~ ee .
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ee ...''
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. .~ .o ~ e eq:.. _ ~ ....''. , c ...: ~
.~: e|ee .
.
Come, open up your coat, said the
lawyer.
Yes, yes-his coat, nearest the heart,
noble judge! said Shylock, Ieeling the sharp
edge oI his kniIe.
Are there balances here to weigh the
Ilesh? asked the young man.
I have them ready, answered
Shylock.
Have you called a doctor, to stop his
wounds in case he bleeds to death?
No, sai d Shyl ock. That i s not
written in the bond.
The young judge asked Antonio iI the
had anything to say Antonio told Bassanio
that he loved him greatly and was glad to
die Ior his sake, and then he said goodbye.
~ ....:e| .c q ~ e ,~~ ~ e c e,
.e..~e|''. .q.,...~ ~,e,e~,._e:ee.
o~ .,_e.,e .|..:....~ ee.qc. ,c...:
~ ._e:.~ee.
e e e...e e e ~ e ,~~ ~ e c . q
....:., ~,....,q:~ec ... ~. .~:c._eee
eq:.. _~ ....e|e ...''
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e e e ...., .c ...e:. e|q.:....''
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.:....''
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......''. , c...:~ ._e:ee .
ce q e e eq:.. _~ ....~ ~, e , e ~
.e.ee . e: :e:.._e:eq:q ...e| .
~,e ,e ~ e ., ,e ~ ._e:ee . ~
~.,,e ~ .e_e..e.cee .~e~ ~.~
~ .e.~ee ~.cqee .ee,:qee. ._e:.
_e .....,:~ . .~.,, .e .~e~:.~ . ee .
A pound oI this merchants Ilesh is
your, said the lawyer to Shylock. The
court agrees, and the law admits it.
Most rightIul judge! said the delighted
Jew.
And you must cut this Ilesh Irom near
his heart; the law admits it, and the court
agrees.
Most learned judge! said Shylock.
Come, Antonio, prepare yourselI.
Wait a little, said the judge. There is
something else. This letter does not promise
you one drop oI blood. Take your pound oI
Ilesh; but iI you spill one drop oI blood you
must give all your money and possessions to
the State.
Now it was Gratianos turn to praise
the lawyer.
Oh, learned judge! he cried. Listen
Shylock to the learned judge!
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.~:ee.~ee.
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,
You asked Ior justice, and you shall
have it, said the lawyer.
Then, cried Shylock hastily, give me
the money, Bassanio. Give me three times
what Antonio owes me, as you said you
would.
Not so Iast! said the judge. You have
already reIused the money. You shall have
justice, but nothing else.
Einally, shaking with anger, the old Jew
asked Ior the money he had lent Bassanio,
and no more. But the judge reIused him.
And we have not Iinished yet, he
continued.
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,
You, Shylock, are a Jew. According
to the laws oI Venice, iI anyone who is not
himselI a citizen oI Venice tries to take the
liIe oI a true citizen, he must be put to death;
and his money and property must be shared
equally between the State and the man he
has tried to kill. You are not a citizen oI
Venice, and you have tried to kill Antonio.
The Duke must decide on your punishment.
I shall show you more mercy than
you showed Antonio, said the Duke to the
Irightened Jew. I give you your liIe, but
your money must be given to Antonio and
the State.
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Shylock was a deIeated man. What
could he, a money-lender, do iI all his money
was taken Irom him?
Take my liIe as well! he cried bit-
terly. You take my liIe, anyway, iI you take
the means by which I live.
The young judge turned to Antonio and
said:
What mercy can you oII er hi m,
Antonio?
And kind-hearted Antonio, Pitying the
broken old man, said gently: Let him keep
my share oI the property, but on one con-
dition. When he dies, he must leave all his
possessions to his daughter Jessica and her
husband.
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Are you contented, Shylock? What do
you say? asked the lawyer.
I am content, said Shylock. And now,
I pray you, give me leave to go. I am not
well. Send me the papers and I will sign
them. And the old Jew leIt the court.
Antonio and Bassanio were Iull oI
gratitude to the clever young judge, and
asked him to accept the money that Shy-
lock had lent Bassanio. But the judge would
not take it, saying he was well paid by their
content.
Then, dear sir, said Bassanio, take
some small gi It to remind you oI our
gratitude.
II you insist, said the youngman,I
will take the ring you wear on your Iinger.
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Bassanio hastily drew back his hand,
because the ring was one that Portia had
given him, and he had promised her that he
would keep it always. He told the judge the
ring was oI small value, and promised he
would buy him a more expensi ve one
instead.
But the young man seemed annoyed.
You taught me how to beg, he said.
And now, I think you teach me how a
beggar should be answered. He said good-
bye coldly to Bassanio and went away.
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When he had gone, however, Antonio
persuaded Bassanio to let the lawyer have
the ring, and Bassanio-regretting his ear-
lier reIusal-sent Gratiano to Iind the young
judge and give it to him. Poor Gratiano Iound
himselI in trouble, too: because, aIter giving
Bassanios ring to the lawyer, he was per-
suaded by the lawyers clerk to give him his
own ring- a giIt to him Irom Nerissa at
their marriage.
Bassanio and Gratiano returned to
Belmont, taking Antonio with them. They
were Iull oI happiness at the thought oI
seeing Portia and Nerissa again, but they
were a little worried. What would their wives
say to them when they noticed that the rings
had gone?
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When Portia looked at Bassanios hand,
she asked him at once what had happened
to his ring. He explained, but she seemed
very annoyed. He begged her to Iorgive him,
and Antonio told her that Bassanio was not
to blame. He had given the ring to the clever
lawyer who had saved Antonios liIe.
I dare swear he will never again break
a promise to you, Antonio said.
Then give him this ring. said Portia,
and tell him to keep it better than the other.
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To Bassanios astonishment, she gave
him the very same ring that he had given to
the judge. And Nerissa returned to Gratiano
the ring which he had given to the lawyers
clerk.
You are all amazed! said Portia, laugh-
ing at their puzzled Iaces. But here is a
letter. Read it, all oI you. There you will Iind
that Portia was the lawyer, and Nerissa was
her clerk.
Were you the lawyer, and I did not
know you? Bassanio asked in amazement.
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Yes, Portia said, Lorenzo will tell you
that I have only just returned Irom Venice.
She turned to Antonio. Antonio, you are
welcome, she said. And I have better news
Ior you than you expect. Three oI your ships
have arrived saIely back in harbour, and
your money is saIe.
And so there were great rejoicings at
the house at Belmont, and all was well Ior
Antonio, the brave young merchant oI
Venice.
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,
JULIUS CAESAR
PEOPLE IN THE STORY
JULIUS CAESAR
OCTAVIUS CAESAR
MARK ANTONY
BRUTUS
CASSIUS
CASCA
DECIUS
CALPURNIA, Caesars wiIe
TWO thousand years ago there lived in
Rome a great soldier and leader, Julius Caesar.
He was Iamous all over Europe as a conqueror,
and when he returned to Rome he was admired
by his people as a national hero.
}
IaithIul oI Caesar
among those who planned
Caesars death
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,,
There were, however, certain Romans,
many oI them Caesars Iriends and com-
panions, who were aIraid oI his increasing
greatness. They suspected that he was too
ambitious; that he wished to become King
oI the Roman people in order to gain abso-
lute power in aIIairs oI State.
Living in Rome at that time there was
a man named Brutus. Brutus had high and
noble morals and a very genuine desire to
do what was best Ior Rome. Caesar was
his dearest Iriend, but Brutus watched his
growing ambition with great anxiety. Caesar
showed signs oI increasing selI-importance;
he seemed almost to imagine that he was a
god among men, and Brutus was greatly
troubled.
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,,
One day Brutus met his brother-in-
law, Cassius, in the street. Julius Caesar
had just gone to watch the National Games,
and there would be thousands oI people there.
Cassius suspected that Caesar might be
oIIered the crown that very day. They heard
the Roman people shouting in the distance,
and Brutus Ieared the same thing.
What means this shouting? he said
anxiously. I Iear the people choose Caesar
Ior their king.
Do you Iear it? Cassius said. Then
I think you would not have it so?
I would not, Cassius,Brutus an-
swered heavily.Yet I love him well.
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,
Now, Cassius was a member oI the
Roman Party which did not wish Caesar to
be made king, and he had been sent by his
companions to persuade Brutus to join them
and become their leader. As well as being
a great Iriend oI Caesars, Brutus was a
brave soldier and a Iamous man, greatly
loved by the Roman people, who would be
more likely to Iollow his leadership than that
oI a less important man.
So Cassius started to poison Brutuss
mind against Caesar. Why should he think
himselI so great? Cassius cried. I was
born as Iree as Caesar; so were you.
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We
both have Ied as well, and we can both
endure the winters cold as well as he. But
this man is now become a god, and Cassius
is a wretched creature who must bend his
body iI Caesar carelessly looks at him.
There was another great shout Irom
the distance and Cassius, watching Brutuss
troubled Iace, went on: Brutus and Caesar
what is there in that Caesar? Why should
that name be more important than yours?
In the name oI all the gods, upon what meat
does Caesar Ieed, that he is grown so
great?
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e. ~.:. e . ~e:.~..:~ ,~ . e:~
e:...:~.,e:e ...:~o .e~ _~.~e _ec
_ee.,qe:. ...?''
,
He paused, wai t i ng I or Br ut uss
reply.
I have oI ten t hough about t hese
things, Brutus answered slowly, and I will
consider what you have said. But now
Caesar is returning, so say no more.
The two men stood in silence as Julius
Caesar passed them, and they noticed how
pale and angry he looked. AIter he had
gone, they asked Casca, another member oI
Cassiuss Party, what was the cause oI
Caesar s anger. Casca, who had been
watching the Games, explained what had
happened. Mark Antony, another Iamous
soldier who had taken part in the Games,
had oIIered the crown three t imes t o
Caesar. Three times Caesar had reIused it,
but each time he was slower in his reIusal.
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,
Why were t he peopl e shout i ng?
Brutus asked, and Casca explained that they
were cheering Caesar because he had
reIused the crown, and this had displeased
the great man. Casca was certain that, iI
Caesar were oIIered the crown again, he
would accept it.
Brutus went home, greatly disturbed
in mind. He spent a sleepless night in wor-
rying and wondering what to do. How could
they cure Caesar oI his proud nature? By
what means could they save Rome Irom his
ambitious greed? It must be by his death,
he at last decided sadly. We could never be
certain how Caesar might act iI he gained
absolute power.
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.e..e:.,e ee.
,
It was still the middle oI the night
when Cassius, Casca, Decius and the other
members oI their Party came secretly to
see Brutus. Together they disussed their
plans: Caesar was to be killed the next day
at the Town Hall (the Capitol) where he
was going to make a speech to the people.
The question was whether he alone should
be killed, or whether any oI his sympathis-
ers, like Mark Antony, were to be killed
with him.
Cassius said: I think it is not right
that Mark Antony, so well beloved by
Caesar, should outlive him. We shall Iind
him a clever and dangerous enemy.
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. e .~ ~.~ .e ..: e.e..c . . ~ e.eqc
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e q,.ee.e:~ _ee.:.eee...''. ~~e.
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,c
But the noble Brutus would not per-
mit this. Antony is but a limb oI Caesars,
he said. He can do no more than Caesars
arm when Caesars head is oII. He shook
his head and spoke with great urgency. I
wish we couled cure Caesars ambition with-
out killing him, but I doubt iI that is possible
so Caesar must die. But, Iriends, let us kill
him bravely, not angrily. We must have no
bitterness in our hearts.
So it was decided that only Caesar
should die, and, aIter making their last ar-
rangements, the men went home to wait
until morning.
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,.
The next day was dark and cloudy.
There had been thunder and lightning all
night long with terrible storms oI wind, and
the whole earth had shaken and trembled.
Julius Caesar, getting up aIter a restless
night, was begged by his wiIe, Calpurnia,
not to go to the Capitol that morning. She
said she had had a most Irightening dream,
in which Caesars statue, which stood in
the market place, had poured Iorth blood
and the Roman people came, smiling, to
wash their hands in it.
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~ ec ._e. e..:.ee.e.e e..e..,e|ee . _~
ee_.. .ee..e.~ e._~..eee... .._ec.
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ee... .e..,q:e:qe . e:q ,ee~., ...
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_ece~ ee ...e .
,
Caesar, I used not to be supersti-
tious, Calpurnia cried, but the most IearIul
and unusual things happened in Rome last
night. Someone saw a lion in the market
place, and graves opened and gave up their
dead. There was the noise oI battle in the
air, and the cries oI men and horses in pain.
O Caesar! These things are beyond all
understanding and I do Iear them. I am
sure they are warnings: something terible
is going to happen to you.
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. e:qe ...~, e ~e e. .ee e| . .|.eee
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~.~.e e|e...~, e e~e~ ._~:~, e.oe
ee|ee . ~ .|.ee: .q._e.~e e,ee .e . e:
...:e|ee . ._~:~ e~e e.~:c .e ee e ee q:
e: .c ~.e' ~.q:~_eee~.e:e:......:
e|ee...''
,,
Caesar tried to comIort his wiIe by
asking her why anything should happen to
him in particular. II these strange events
were really warnings, they were probably
meant as warnings to the world in general
and not only to him.
But Calpurnia reIused to be com-
Iorted. When beggars die, there are no new
stars seen, she insisted, but the heavens
temselves Ilash Iorth the death oI kings.
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e~:.. e|ee :._~:c ....ee .e:~ e_ .
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.,.e ~_ee~e~ .ee: e~e~ee,ee .e
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.e|.
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e. . .e,~ ~ec.~~ee ._e:_~:.e|ee..
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o.o._.:._.:., e_ec.e.ce|.... qcec._ee
.e ,e q :e .e: ee . qc .e: ,e q :e ~ .e:
e~ , .c e ..~:c .~c ~ ~.q:c .e .c ..~ _e .
~.~ .e. , e eoc eee|ee...''
,,
At last she was successIul in per-
suading Caesar to stay at home, but Cassius
had suspected that this might happen and he
sent Decius to call Ior Caesar and bring him
to the Capitol. When Decius heard about
Calpurnias dream, he laughed at her Iears
Why, he said, you have interpreted the
dream all wrong. The blood Irom Caesars
statue, in which so many smiling Romans
dipped their hands, means that great Rome
will suck Iresh blood Irom Caesar. He turned
persuasively to Caesar. It means that your
people will Iind new greatness under your
rule.
You have explained it well, said
Caesar.
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e|ee. .|.eee..... _ee.eee.e: ~~e.
ee ~._ . oc _ec e ~ ._e ..:..... .|._~:c
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~~e e ~ ..'.:e ......
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.. ._e. ._e:_~:.e|ee :._~:c e:.....c e:.~
~e e~ ~ e. _~. ~. e |ee c . e .qe:....
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_e_.:..e ...e: ~q c q ~ e .ee .~:~e : _~.
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. ~ e ...ec .q c ._e. ~ .e: ._ ....~e e e|
.:.'' . .e:~ ._e:.~ee.
,
Decius went on to say: I have heard
that the people have decided to give this day
a crown to Caesar. II you send them word
that you cannot come, their minds may
change. Besides, they may make Iun oI you
and say: will they not whisper: See! Caesar is
aIraid!
How wel l Deci us knew pr oud
Caesar s weakness! The leader oI the
Roman people could not bear to be thought
a coward. He turned to his wiIe and said.
How Ioolish do your Iears seem now,
Calpurnia. I am ashamed that I gave way to
them.
And wrapping his cloak about him, he
went out with Decius to the Capitol.
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. :.. c e|ee .|ec e ~. e .ee , .....
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e .e e: e ..:~ e:....~. e |e e . ~ ..
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.~:c .. ~e:...~ :''
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e|ee .
,c
Caesar did not know it, but his en-
emies were all around him at the Capitol.
One aIter another they made some excuse
to come up to speak to him, until they all
stood beside him: Cassius and Brutus.
Decius, Casca, and the rest. Then, at a given
signal, Casca drew his sword, crying: Speak
hands, Ior me! and drove his weapon deep
into Caesars back. The others quickly Iol-
lowed his example, and last oI all came
Brutus.
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~~eee: .qq,..e~ ...ee._e: c,.q
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. .e ... . e . e e ~. , e :.. ~.~ .e._e .
.e: ~~ e~:~ ..|.~ . o e . ~ ee e|.ee~
._. ._~.._~: .~: ee qc ., . e:q .,:~ .~:~
. .|., ,~ ,~ , c., c . o .e ~.~e|ee ~_.:.
. .e~._. . ~e c. ~.c ~_e, . ~ . e_~
ee .|., cc._e. o._~ee .e:~ .|., .,:~..
o .e .~.e: e, .ee...
,
When Caesar saw that even his dear-
est Iriend was against him, he cried out in
despair: You, too, Brutus? Then Iall ,
Caesar! And he Iell dying to the ground.
The attack on Caesar had taken the
Roman people completely by surprise, and
there was Iear and conIusion among them
all. They heard Cinna call out, Liberty!
Ereedom! Caesar is dead! and watched
sar s blood; then they went halI mad with
Iear, shouting and crying and Ialling over
each other in their to get away Irom
this terrible scene.
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.e:c .~ .,~ce:.eq.e: .e:~ .e:.c
. ~ ~c . ...e e e ~ .~ .. : . ~ _ e . ec . ec .
ec . ec . ec .
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.e'~ . ~.:.e|ee.
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e: . .c~ ~:..c _~~ ..... qe|ee . . e
_~:.e: ._~:~ q e.e ,:.e._ . ce , e .o .e
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ee. _e..e: ...._~:~ . , .. ~, .eee c ._ee ~ ,
_~ee . . ._~:~ e~ e e q: _ec ~ c .~., . e
._e:~e ~. ~ ~q~ ._e._~. :._~ .~: _~ee_~
ee .e:~~.e' ee .e:~ . _~_e_~, .e:~
e~ .~ ~, _~e|ee.
,
It was now that Cassiuss
wisdom in choosing Brutus Ior a leader was
proved. Brutus, the hero oI the Roman peo-
ple, calmed their anxious hearts. He called
out: Do not be aIraid or run away; stand
still. Ambitions debt is paid. We intend no
harm to any Roman.
And the Irightened people stopped and
listened to him, and when he told them that
he would explain everything to them in the
market place, they went quietly there and
waited Ior him.
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.e.e ~~e.eeq ~._e:~_ece: e..:~
oe,...e: .~.._e.c.e|_e .q:e.e..eq
. q.~:c. e, .ee~ .e q e .qe._~:c _~.,e
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.~: ._e:. ~ ee ...
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.~ qee,_~e|.c e:.....:qe~q ~._~. .~ qee,_~e|.c e:.....:qe~q ~._~. .~ qee,_~e|.c e:.....:qe~q ~._~. .~ qee,_~e|.c e:.....:qe~q ~._~. .~ qee,_~e|.c e:.....:qe~q ~._~.
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..ce...'' ..ce...''
..ce...'' ..ce...'' ..ce...''
._~:~ q o e ., .,_~e . .ee: qe e,
. ~_e . .._e:e:~ ,:..o:c _~ee .e,.ee,
~ _eee~ . e , ~q:q:, e~.~_e. .e.~ ~ .,q:
e : . e ~ q c ._ee|ee.... ._e:. ~ .e: ..e
~ . .,q:~ _c e _c e .~ .~ e .... :._e . . ~
.e:c . c ..,e|ee .
,
Meanwhile, Mark Antony, who had
remained IaithIul to Caesar, came to the
Capitol. He spoke bitterly to Brutus, asking
him iI he intended to murder anyone else.
II I myselI, there is no hour so Iit as Cae-
sars death hour. Kill me now!
O Antony, beg not your death oI us,
said Brutus gently. He explained that they
had killed Caesar Ior the good oI Rome,
because oI his proud and ambitious nature.
Eor you part, to you our swords have
leaden points, Mark Antony. Our hearts
receive you with brotherly love. Only be
patient until we have calmed the people, who
are Iilled with Iear, and then we will explain
to you why I, who loved Caesar even when
I struck him, have done this thing.
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e ee~,.o:,e: ~~ee~ .q:~q.:e|ee.
.~ e,.ee~ ,:,:_~_._~_. .|..|..... ._e:
ee .e...e..~...ee. ~_.:.ee.e:~~
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ec e....qc ~e~ .e .e. ~.....''
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I loved Caesar, too, Mark Antony
replied slowly, but I will wait and hear what
you have to say, and hope that we may still
be Iriends when you have given me reasons
why a nd i n what wa y Cae s ar was
dangerous.
He asked, however, Ior permision to
carry Caesars body to the market place
and to make a Iuneral speech to the Roman
people. Brutus agreed to this, and he and his
Iriends leIt Antony with the body.
Antony then knelt down beside the
dead Caesar and spoke to him in bitter sor-
row.
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.
O! pardon me, thou bleeding piece oI
earth, Ior being meek and gentle with these
butchers, he cried. Thou art the ruins oI
the noblest man that ever lived in the tide oI
times. He went on to swear that he would
revenge Caesars murder and would have
no pity Ior his enemies. Then, calling a serv-
ant to help him, he slowly carried the body
to the market place.
Meanwhi l e, Br ut us was al r eady
speaking to the Irightened people. We will
be satisiIied: let us hear Brutus speak! they
cried, and Brutus, calling Be patient till the
last, began to talk to them.
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Romans and countrymen, he began,
you now may hear my explanation; and be
silent that you may hear. II there be any
dear Iriend oI Caesars here, to him I say
that Brutuss love Ior Caesar was no less
than his. II then that Iriend demand why
Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my an-
swer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that
I loved Rome more. Would you rather have
Caesar living, and die as slaves, or Caesar
dead and live as Iree men?
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,
As Caesar l oved
me, I weep Ior him; as he was Iortunate,
I rejoice at it; as he was brave, I honour
him; but as he was ambitious, I killed him.
There is tears Ior his love; joy Ior his Ior-
tune; honour Ior his bravery; and death Ior
his ambition. I will Iinish with these words:
I killed my best Iriend Ior the good oI Rome,
but I have the same sword Ior myselI when
it shall please my country to need my death.
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,
Brutus spoke with such honest sin-
cerity that the people were moved to admi-
ration. They may not have understood his
high ideals, but they admired him as a man,
and they cheered him Irom their hearts.
Live, Brutus! Live!/ Well take him to his
house with shouts and praise!
And then suddenly they were silent
again, as they watched Mark Antony come
slowly into the market place, carrying Cae-
sars bleeding body.
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Brutus told them to stay
with Antony and listen to his Iuneral speech,
and the people, touched by Antonys great
sorrow Ior his dead Iriend, stood and lis-
tened quietly.
Mark Antony began slowly: Eriends,
Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I
come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives aIter them, the
good is oIten buried with their bones. So let
it be with Caesar. He paused and looked
sorrowIully at the Roman people, and them
went on:
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c
The nobl e Br ut us has t ol d you
Caesar was ambitious; iI this is so, then it
was a terrible Iault and terribly has Caesar
answered Ior it.
I have come, with Brutuss permis-
sion, to speak at Caesars Iuneral. Caesar
was my Iriend, IaithIul and true to me: but
Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is
and honourable man. Caesar was always
kind and generous to the poor; he always
Ielt great love and pity Ior them. Surely am-
bition should be made oI harsher stuII? But
Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is
an honourable man.
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Yesterday at the Games
you all saw me oIIer him a kingly crown,
which he three times reIused. Was this
ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambi-
tious, and Brutus is an honourable man.
And now the Romans, moved by his
words, began to turn against Brutus. There
is truth in what Antony says, they said to
each ot her. Caesar has been great l y
wronged. Remember, he would not take the
crown; thereIore it is certain he was not
ambitious.
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Antony went on to say that he could
stir their hearts to hatred and anger, but he
pretended that he did not wish to do so,
because I should wrong the honouragle men
whose swords have killed Caesar. The
people, now wholly on his side, shouted
Honourabl e men! They were wi cked
murderers.
And Antony spoke again: II you have
t ear s, prepar e t o shed t hem now. He
showed them Caesars cloak, torn by the
swords oI men whom he had thought were
his Iriends.
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See what a rent the envious
Casca made! cried Antony. And here the
well-beloved Brutus struck. This was the
unkindest cut oI all. You know how dearly
Caesar loved him, and when he Iound that
Brutus was unIaithIul, his great heart broke.
The people cried: O noble Caesar!
O most bloody sight! We will be revenged.
Shouting Ior revenge they rushed out oI
the market place in search oI Caesars mur-
derers, and Mark Antony was well satis-
Iied. The Iirst part oI his plan had worked.
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As he was preparing to return home,
a servant came to him with good news.
Brutus and his Iriends had hastily leIt the
city, Iearing the anger oI the people; and
Octavius Caesar, a General who was Iaith-
Iul to Caesar, had arrived in Rome with an
army at his command. Antony went at once
to meet him, to make plans Ior battle.
Brut us and Cassi us l eI t I t al y Ior
Greece. About a year later, they were
camped with their army at Sardis, and
Antony and Octavius, with their army, were
near the town oI Philippi, some miles away.
During that year, Brutus had become
an unhappy, bitter man. It seemed to him
that only he, out oI all his Party, had killed
Caesar Ior a truly patriotic reason.
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c.
` All the
others, even his brother-in-law, Cassius,
were now arguing among themselves Ior
honours, accepting bribes, and trying to gain
important posts in the new Government. At
Sardis that night Brutus received news that
his loved wiIe was dead, and sorrow was
added to his bitterness. He and Cassius had
a quarrel: Cassius was already jealous oI
Brutuss l eadershi p, as Brut us was a
younger man.
In the end, however, they Iorgot their
quarrel and began to discuss plans Ior the
battle. They did not agree even over this
Brutus wanted to march to Philippi and at-
tack Mark Antony there, but Cassius was
against it.
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c
It is better that the enemy should
come to us, he argued. In this way he will
waste his strength and tire his soldiers,
while we stay here, rested and in a good
deIensive position.
But Brutus pointed out to him that the
people living in the country between Philippi
and Sardis were sympathetic towards Antony,
and many oI them would join his army as it
marched through their villages. He argued
that their own power was at its height, and
that they must strike beIore the enemy be-
came any stronger.
There is a tide in the aIIairs oI men
which, taken at its Ilood, leads on to Ior-
tune, Brutus said.
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c,
At last Cassius unwillingly agreed with
Brutus, and they marched to Philippi, to the
delight oI Octavius and Mark Antony, who
now had the advantage oI a good deIence
position. The Iield oI battle at Philippi was
very conIused, partly because both armies
wore the same uniIorm and it was diIIicult
to distinguish Iriend Irom enemy; and partly
because there was jealousy and ill-will in
Brutuss camp instead oI agreement and
understanding.
Casius admitted to one oI their army
leaders that he had agreed to come to
Philippi against his better judgment: he had
great Iears that they might lose this battle
Iought on the Plaino oI Philippi. Their army
was tired out with the long march Irom
Sardis; but Antonys men were Iresh and
rested and had already chosen the best
deIence positions on the Plain.
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Later, Cassius
said the same thing to Brutus, adding: II
we lose this battle, will you be content to be
led, a prisoner, through the streets oI Rome?
Brutus swore that he would rather take
his own liIe than allow such a thing to hap-
pen, and the two men parted, each to lead
his own halI oI the army into battle, with
their minds Iilled with dark thoughts oI
death and deIeat.
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The Iighting went on all day, but by
midday it already seemed certain that Mark
Antonys was the winning side. A messen-
ger brought news to Cassius that the enemy
was in his camp, and he, mistaking Brutuss
own men Ior Antonys, thought the battle
was lost. In despair he killed himselI with
his own sword.
Brutus, arriving on the scene a short
time later, Iound his brother-in-law dead, and
he cried out bitterly: O Julius Caesar, thou
art mighty yet! The spirit walks abroad,
and turns our swords against ourselves.
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He Ielt hopeless, thinking that all was
lost, but he bravely led the remainder oI his
army once more against the enemy. BeIore
long he was deIeated and, although he and
a Iew Iriends managed to escape, most oI
his army was taken prisoner.
Mark Antony told his soldiers to treat
the prisoners with every kindness. I had
rather have such men my Iriends than en-
emies, he said. He then gave orders that
Brut us must be Iound and brought t o
Octaviuss tent.
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But when Brutus at last was Iound
he also was dead, killed by his own hand
and with his own sword, like Cassius. All
his hopes Ior the glory oI Rome, all his
honest eIIorts Ior the good oI the Roman
people, seemed to him to have Iailed miser
ably, and he Ielt he had nothing more to
live Ior.
Mar k Ant ony, kneel i ng besi de
Brutuss body, Ielt a great unhappiness Ior
the wasted liIe oI this Iine and honourable
man.
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This was the noblest Roman oI them
all, he said. All the others did what they
did in envy oI great Caesar; Brutus was the
only one with honest thoughts Ior the good
oI the people.
He stood up and told his soldiers to
carry Brutuss body into the camp Ior
honourable burial. We must treat him ac-
cording to his virtue, he Iinished, and say to
all the world: This was a man, a brave and
honourable man.
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KING LEAR
PEOPLE IN THE STORY
KING LEAR
GONERIL
REGAN
CORDELIA
DUKE OE ALBANY,
DUKE OE CORNWALL,
KING OE ERANCE
DUKE OE BURGUNDY
EARL OE KENT
EARL OE GLOUCESTER
EDGAR
EDMUND
ONCE, many hundred years ago, there was
a king oI England called Lear. He had ruled his
land well and wisely Ior many years, but now
he was growing old and Ieeble and he Ielt that it
was time Ior the kingdom to pass into younger
hands. So he decided to give up his title, and
spend the rest oI his liIe in quientness and peace.
his daughters
}
Gloucesters sons
Gonerils husband
Regans husband
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Lear had no son to succeed him, but
he had three daughters, Goneril, Regan and
Cordelia, and his plan was to divide the king-
dom among them. Goneril and Regan were
already married, Goneril to the Duke oI
Albany, and Regan to the Duke oI Com-
wall; and there were two visitors to Lears
court-the King oI Erance and the Duke oI
Burgundy-Both oI whom were anxious to
marry Lears youngest daughter, Cordelia.
The old king thought that his daughters, with
good husbands to help and advise them
would be able to rule England as well and
wisely as he had done.
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.
Lear had already decided which share
oI his kingdom was to go to each daughter,
but beIore telling them oI his decision he
sent Ior them and asked each in turn whether
she truly loved him. Goneril, the eldest, an-
swered him Iirst. Sir, she said, I love you
more than words can say. You are dearer to
me than eyesight, liIe or liberty. No child
has ever loved her Iather more than I love
you.
The king, perhaps a little weak and
Ioolish in his old age, was well pleased with
this speech, not realizing its insincerity. He
called Ior a map oI England.
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and pointing to
it said: OI all these bounds, Irom this line to
this, I make you ruler. Yours and Alganys
children will be your heirs. Then he turned
to Regan and said: What does our second
daughter, our dearest Regan, say? Speak.
And Regan answered i n the same
insincere way as Goneril. My Ieelings are
the same as my si ster s, she tol d her
Iather, but she has not expressed halI the
love I Ieel Ior you. I am only happy when
I am able to serve you.
The old king smiled Iondly at her and
gave her, also, a third oI his kingdom.
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,
At
last he turned to Cordelia, his dearly loved
youngest daughter. What can you say to
deserve your share? he asked her gently.
Now, Cordelia had listened to her sis-
ters speeches with increasing anger, know-
ing that they were only praising the old king
so excessively because oI their greed Ior
their share oI the kingdom. She, who truly
loved her Iather, could not bear to have her
real love compared with their Ialse pretence.
And so she answered a little bitterly: I love
you as I should: neither more nor less.
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,
Lear looked at her in astonishment,
and cried: You had better mend your speech,
Cordelia, or you may lose your Iortune.
But Cordelia answered quietly: My
lord, you are my Iather. You have cared
Ior me Ied me, and loved me: Ior these
reasons I obey you, love you and greatly
honour you. Why have my sisters married,
iI they say they love no one but you? II ever
I have a husband, halI my love and duty will
belong to him.
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Do you mean t hi s wi t h al l your
heart ? asked her amazed Iat her, and
Cordelia answered that she did. So young
and so untender! Lear said sadly. He Iound
in hard to believe that his youngest daughter,
who had always seemed to love him so
greatly, had really only Ielt a sense oI duty
towards him.
The tired old king, hurt and unhappy
at this unexpected speech by his Iavourite
child, grew angry.
II this is the truth, he cried, then
truth can be your dowry. You will get noth-
ing more Irom me.
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Turning to his smiling
elder daughters, he divided Cordelias share
oI the kingdom between them. As Ior you,
he said bitterly to Cordelia, I disown you
Ior ever. You are no longer a daughter oI
mine.
King Lear had a good and IaithIul
courtier, the Earl oI Kent, who now tried to
persuade him to change his mind. But lear
interrupted him with angry words and, aIter
a bitter quarrel, told Kent to leave his king-
dom Ior ever. So Kent leIt the court, calling
upon the gods to shelter poor Iriendless
Cordelia.
Lear t hen cl l ed t he t wo vi si t i ng
noblemen, the King oI Erance and the Duke
oI Burgundy, who wished to marry Cordelia.
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.e:~ qc,e ec .e ~:~e .e:c .q :~.e: e
e|..''. e ce__e . ~,~ee _~.e: ,,..e:o
~ o ~.:.qe|ee.
~..,:~e:....~:.e.e:~ .~oe
. e -_ ._ .e: ~e ..~:c ..:.. e ._ee e
_ec.eqc, :,._ee:.~ qc_~.~ ..'.e:
e ee .
There she stands, he said, pointing
to Cordelia. Her only dowry is my curse
She is no longer heir to any part oI my
kingdom. Do you still wish to marry her?
Burgundy tried to persuade the king
to give Cordelia her share oI the kingdom,
but when this was reIused he said he could
not marry her.
Peace be wi t h Bur gundy! sai d
cordelia. And since it is my Iortune that he
loves, and not myselI, I shall not be his
wiIe.
The King oI Erance, however, gave a
diIIerent answer.
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ee. .|.eee ~ ...:~ec.~~ _cc.ee.~
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e|..... ..:~ o:.ee.
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. e:~ ._e:.~ ee ..e e:~ ~. e q e_ .e e
. e ..:~ .: _ ee ee ~ . e ~e'e : ee e
.e ....''
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. e|ee .
Eariest Cordelia, he said gently, you
are most rich, being poor. I love you Ior
your virtues and your beauty. He turned to
Lear and said: Your penniless daughter
King, thrown to my chance, is queen oI us
and ours, and our Iair Erance.
Take her, replied Lear. Let her be
yours, Ior she is no daughter oI mine, and
I shall never see her Iace again. Be gone
without my love or blessing.
. oe..|cec...~:.e.e: .c._
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o ~. :. :._~..: ...''
Cordelia said goodbye to her sisters,
and begged them to take good care oI their
old Iather; but they jealously told her to look
aIter her own husband, and not try to teach
them their duty. So Cordelia leIt the court
with the King oI Erance; but she was trou-
bled about her Iather, Iearing that his elder
daughters might not treat him kindly.
Her Iears were soon proved to be
just. According to his plan, the old king was
to live Iirst with one daughter and then with
the other. He would keep the title oI King,
and would have a hundred oI his own kinghts
to attend him.
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.:e|.e: ee . . .e e o:.e ~e ~e~e c .. qc
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ee _e..e: .,:~ee.e:~, ~._~,.,ee.
qc . e o. - o .~ .e: o,..e .o:.ee
. ~ _ee .e:c .q :~ e ee ._ ~e oe .ee q:
..:~o:.ee .
c
He Iirst visited his eldest
daughter, Goneril, and her husband, the Duke
oI Albany. He was his daughters guest only
and had no authority over her servants. He
soon Iound that all Gonerils protestations
oI love towards him were Ialse. She made
no eIIort to attend to her Iathers needs
and make him comIortable in her palace.
She complained that he was always Iinding
Iault with her servants and ordering them
about, and that his knights behaved as iI
they owned the place. She allowed her own
servants to treat the king and his knights
with careless rudeness, and they took no
noticeoI his orders, pretending not to hear
them.
eoe ... .e._~ . , ,qe, . e,q .ce , .
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e.e_..e:q .~e.~.e _e_ c.~:c _~.ee.
_ee e... . e,q ,, ..e: e : .e_ ..e: .~
.e:c .~.: ~.c ._e._e_ee .~:c .e ..:ce
.e e_e.. . e,~ ~_eeec _c .e:.ee. qc
_~.e: .e,q ~.e..e~ ~_eee. ~_eeq:.,
ee ... ~_e ee . ~e, _.e:.e.. c ..,ee ..
qc q ~e oe ..e ~._ . . e,q ,, ..e: ~
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e._ _ec ,
qc , . q ~e oe ..e ~e' ~e e
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e._ _ec . e,q ~.e..e ~ .c _eo:.e|ee.
. e ~._ ., .q ~e , .e. .e. c ..~ .e ~ e_~:.
.c e, ..:c _e. ,ee~ ~...eo:. .,e|ee.
.
At Iirst old man could not believe
that Goneril was neglecting him intentionally,
but he was soon Iorced to realise that he
was not being treated with the respect due
to a king. It seemed to the unhappy old man
that everyone was against him; even his court
jester, the amusing Iellow who was paid to
keep the king cheerIul and in good heart,
was amusing no longer, now that Cordelia
had gone away. The poor Eool had loved
her and missed her sadly.
But there was still someone who was
anxious to help the old king in his loneliness.
The Earl oI Kent, when sent Irom the court,
had not gone Iar away and now he re-
turned, dressed as an ordinary servant. He
had changed his apperance, so that no one
recognised him, and he told Lear that he
would like to work Ior his and would serve
him IaithIully.
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.e: e ~e~ ,._~~ .e..e .,qe|ee .
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~ .c o e.qe~.|e: .c..c.~ e.:.e|. ~.
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_e,.:e|ee. .~ .q ,eq_.c_ec~ ._e:c..
, e e~,o:.e ~e~ e . ~e . ~ ee ee e| .
.~ qc _~.~e~ ~e.e:oe..._~:c. .e:
qe: ~eoe.e:_eee~._~:c. qc_~ .~ ..:~
o:.ee .

All right, said the king. II like you
no wor se aIt er di nner, you may st ay
with me.
So Kent stayed with the king, and he
very soon had an opportunity oI proving his
useIulness. One oI Gonerils servants spoke
very rudely to the old man, and the king lost
his temper and struck him. This was, oI
course, an unIortunate occurrence, as it
made Goneril angry; but the IaithIul Earl oI
Kent (or Caius, as he now called himselI)
supported the kings action and knocked the
servant down calling him you base Iootball
player.
Gonerils behaviour to her Iather grew
daily worse; she was determined to drive
him away Irom her palacr by her unkind-
ness, because she did not want the trouble
and expense oI keeping him and his hun-
dred knights.
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.e:cec .~ ..:~...ee . qc .e:cec. ~.e
o ~e .e:oe.. c_e''. qc_~.~ e, _e~ee .
.., ~,e: qc_~.,~e .,oce|ee .
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ec .ec. ._e:.ee qc_~.~ ee.._e . .~.e.~
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.e:q ~, ~ee .~.|e : . ~ e. .~.ee .
..'e.,~ qc_~ .q .e..:c.~~ .o:~.
~_ ee ~.~.e.~ .~:~ e,.~e e _ e
~eeee:.~:c ''. .qq e ._e:. _e. ~.o .ee
. ~ ee .
, ,qe q .... e...e.c ~.e' _ e e
.~. e .ee: ., e , ~e e . ..:ee . qc _~.,
. q ~e oe.ee q:~e ~ ~ , ~eq e .e . ~ .e ~
e..c.e:. .|._~:c e_~ce,: q~q~e~e~,
_ee.~._.c.~:._ec .e,q ,,..e:e .e:c.oe
ee. e eec._ee .._:,.o:.e|ee
,
Lear at last realised that she
did not want him, and said bitterly: Are you
my daughter? He called Ior his kinghts,
and then turned to Goneril again. Ill trou
ble you no longer, he said to her. I still
have another daughter who, I am sure, is
kind and comIorting I will go to Regan.
The Duke oI Albany, a good and kindly
man who was unIortunately too weak-willed
to go against his wiIes wishes, now begged
Lear to be patinent. My lord, he said, I am
guiltless. I do not know what has angered yo.
That may be so, Lear answered
hotly, but Ill stay here no longer, to be
treated so unkindly by my own daughter.
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.:..... . q..:.e|~. qe|ee. c|.e.e
e e q.:.~ :...?''. ,:,:_~_ ._~_ . .qq e
._e:. eee .~ .q ~e oe..e~ ..'. ~
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...ee c|~ ,...._e:qe|ee.... e,~.e:
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~ c|.:..e:ee ...''. ._e:. ~ ee.
~e .,,_ee:.~ .~:c._ee_e. _~c,:
eee . _ee ee .|.ee ,~ . . ~e.~:c ..e:
.~.,, .e,.eq ee..~ .,~ceq,~e~
e e .|e ~ .e: _ . , .ee e , .e._~:~ qee ,
~. .e: . ~ qc _~ .~ ._ .. e ..:~ o:.ee
~qc ec ._~....~,.e: e.e: ~_ee eqe| . q:.
:~._~:c ..e ~ ~q c ~ ..|.o ~ .eee .
e: ~,.e:e. e.e|q:.''
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. ~ee .~......ee.~:c. ee e :.e|...
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e~e~ _ee.~ .e:~ . e ~e~ c|....e : .~
e.,.e: ....''
,
He turned and cursed Goneril with bitter,
heart-broken words, Iinishing: How sharper
than a serpents tooth it is to have a thank-
less child! away!
When his kinghts gathered round him,
he Iound that his cruel, strong-willed daugh-
ter had already dismissed halI oI them. He
now had only IiIty Iollowers, instead oI a
hundred. And so t he old king l eIt the
palace, accompanied by his IiIty knights and
the IaithIul Earl oI Kent (or Caius), and Iol-
lowed by the Court Eool, who ran aIter
him crying; Nuncle lear, nuncle Lear! Wait,
and take a Iool with thee.
_e..e: .~ ,,qe~.__e.
,:_ ~_ .._ ~~ e : e~:.. ..e , ~ , . ._ e:.
ee .~.e .~, .e . .c|.. e|~.:..... :.
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e|ee .
. q ~e oe .ee._.e . ..~ e.c.
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c|..eqe .e:q ~, ~ee .~.ee ,qee , ~e
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c,e~...~._. ~qcec._~. ..'.:.e|....''
. .~:eeqc. .,:~~ .~.:e|ee.

Lear could not believe that his sec-
ond daughter, Regan, would behave as badly
as Goneril had done, and he set oII Ior her
palace, sending Caius on ahead with a let-
ter to tell Regan oI his arrival. But when he
reached her palace, Caius Iound that Goneril
had also sent a letter to her sister, and Regan
and the Duke oI Cornwall had decided to
leave their home rather than to stay there
and receive the king. They had gone to the
castle oI the Earl oI Gloucdster, and Caius
Iollowed them there and gave them the kings
letter.
While he was waiting Ior their an-
swer, Caius met the same servant whom he
had called a base Iootball player and
knocked over Ior his rudeness to Lear at
Gonerils house. They had another quarrel
and a Iight, and Caius was taken prisoner.
.e:qc_~.~.,, .q .ee .e..e:
q ,e: . e,q ~e e.e: , ,qe . e|e . ~ . .. .
q :.q :. .~ . . e ee . ee . c e| . .|._~:c
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. e,q ,,..e: . o ~. :.:. e|ee. .|.eee
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e:ee.e:c.q._e. .e.eo:.e:~ .eqee q,,
~,..c|_ee:.~ qc_~.~ .e,,..e:e: .~.
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o~ . :. :.e . ._ee. _~ee. . e ~ ..:~
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e:~ .e.e|ee.
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ee qc_~.~ ,c.,c.ec.ec. .~.. .~:~
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_~ee e ~ _~. ~ _~ee .~.ee ~ ~. e
~.. :c . ~~... . ~qee
c
By the orders oI the Duke oI Cornwall, and
against the will oI the Earl oI Gloucester
(who loved his old king and did not wish to
harm Lears servant), Caius was put in the
stocks: an old Iorm oI punishment, where a
man was made to sit outside, no matter how
bad the weather was, with his hands and
legs imprisoned through the holes oI a
wooden Iramework.
Caius was leIt in the stocks all night,
and here he was Iound by King Lear the
next morning. The king, very angry at this
crule treatment oI his servant, went at once
to Gloucesters castle to speak to Regan
and her husband. He could only Iind the
Earl oI Gloucester, however, who told him
apologetically that Regan and her husband
reIused to see Lear, saying that they were
tired and ill aIter their journey. Here was
the Iirst sign that Regan was going to treat
her Iather as rudely as Goneril had done,
..: ~ .~ ee:
~ee_~.q ee.., .,~c_e . .~ .qqc
.e:c ..... e: qc _ ~ .,~ . e .c e ~e ~
qc_~.q ~e oe.~.e.~ .~e.e..c., ~,.
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~ ~.e|~ .e:~o:.e .e .:..:ce: o__e.
q:.e ~._.~., e..:~.... ~_ec~
..e:_ece: eeo:.e:....
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. q ~.e. ~ . . q~ q~ e~ e~ _eee ~e ~
qc _~.~ .e~ ..|.o~.:.ee. q, , .
q e ~~ .~ .c .e . :.e|ee .|.eee...qc_~ .
e: ..:~ .~ ee:~ee _~ ., e .e . c ,qe|
ee . q , , . .e:~:.e: .q.e,._e. ,:e~, .
_ee.,e ~e~ qc_~.,.e . e _cc.ee .~e
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~ee ,,qe. , c., c.ec .ec . .~..e: ee . e
eoe... ~ee.~-: ~qe~.e:c_eee|ee

but Lear could not believe it. When Regan
and the Duke oI Cornwall came at last to
welcome him, he at once told them about
Gonerils unkindness, Ieeling sure oI
Regans sympathy.
But this daughter was as cruel and
unloving as the other. I pray you, sir, have
patience, Regan said. I cannot think that
my sister would Iail in her duty towards
you. I am sure she had good reasons Ior all
she did, and is not to blame in any way.
Lear interrupted her angrily, but she
continued: O, sir, you are old; you should
be ruled and led by others who are younger
and wiser than yourselI. Go back to Goneril,
and admit that you were wrong.
.|.eee . e: qc _~ .~.,, .e:~ , ee . c
...:~ e|e . .,:~ . . q , , ~ , ..c|_e e:.~
. ~ _~.e.:e~.| q,q ~,-:, ~_~c,:
....e:qqe: ...:ee. eee.e:._e. ,,qe
q e_~c,:e q~e~e.e~ .~.c.e .e~ ._e:
_e. ~ ee .
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q ,~ .e:c.e,e|ee . .e_ ..e: ...._.. e e
q_e| ~,eq ~ee.e:e: .e_ ..e: ~.e'e:
e:c, ceq:. e~~~.eee. ~,e eoce|.
~,e ~,...._e:q e:~ .e,.e..:c..ee:
. e qe .~:c ._eee ~._~:c .qc ..e q e :e|e. e
,_.,e .~ ~_eeec e eqe|....''. ._e:ee.
qc_~. .e:~ _~:._ee_e. ..|.e_~.
._e:ee .|.eee . e,~e .~ _e. ._e:e|ee
.e_ ..e: ~ ~.~ _~ .e|_ e .e_ ..e: o~
~.~ cee ~._e:~_ecq e ..eq ~ e.e e
...:ce.~:~ e: .e_..e:q .ce|ee ,,qe
. _e,.:.e| .e_..e:e :.._~:c. c,.. ~e|''

Am I to ask her Iorgiveness? Lear
cried. Must I say to her. Dear daughter, I
am old, and old age is unnecessary; I beg
you on my knees Ior clothing, bed and
Iood?
But Regan had no sympathy Ior him;
nor could he get any answer to his question
as to who had put Caius into the stocks.
And then Goneril herselI arrived, and Regan
again told the old king to go back to her. I
am now away Irom home, she said to him.
I cannot entertain you when I myselI am
only Gloucesters guest.
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.:....?''. .e:qc_~.~ .~:._e:.~ee.
c|~ .e,~ .e qe .e.qe... ~.e ~e|_e
~e ~ec._.c. eq:.e: e.~e.e:e|. ~..
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.:....?''
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e e:,:e eqe|. .~.ee~ e. oee..e
e:.....e .e..,....~.e:c ~.q..e _e.,
._e.e:eqe|. ~..,:~ ,,qe~eec .q:~q
.:e|ee . qc~ _~ .~ . e,, _e, . ~ .:.e
q,~ oe._e:e|ee .
~,e~eec~ ~e~e~ee: eee
e , ~_.:.e : .q:~ .,e:e|. ~, e ~ e e c ~
..:~ .~ ee:q -_ ._ _ee .,.e: ~.e ~
-_ . _e . e_ee.ce| .''

But t he king reI used t o ret urn t o
Goneril. He said that heand his IiIty men
woul d st ay wi th Regan repli ed, how-
ever, that she could only take in twenty-Iive
oI his knights; in Iact, said she, what need
had he oI any? Her own servants could
look aIter him.
And Lear at last realised, to the Iull,
the wickedness and greed oI his two elder
daughters. He called upon the heavens to
give him strength and patience. You see me
here, you gods, a poor old man, wretched
with age and sorrow, he said. Teach me
to bear my daughters cruelty with a noble
anger. Let no tears stain my Iace! He turned
wildly to his two stony-hearted daughters.
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e, ee.
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eq:.~:c.e ~.~ ee.e:~e| eq:, ..:~
eq:.._~:c ~e.~.q:~.,q.e|. .e..e:e q
q~ e~ e~ _ec _eee eee:,, . . cq_q .~:c
~. e~:. .,.c.e:ee|. ~,.e:e.- e~.:~
e~q_e _ec ee , .oc.e|.e. c .... .~ o, q~e~
e .e..e.e:~ ~~ . _ .~ee ee.|e
.e ~_ec .~o, . eq:._e ..e: .e|....
c
You think Ill weep, he cried. But no, Ill
not weep! I have every reason Ior wee-
ping, but my heart shall break into a thou-
sand pieces beIore Ill weep. O Eool, poor
Eool! He turned to his IaithIul jester. Come
let us go. I think I am going mad.
And he slowly leIt the castle, sup-
ported by the Eool and Caius, and walked
out into the stormy night.
In their wanderings, Caius lost sight
oI the old king, who now had only the Iool
to help him. They wandered through the
storm together in search oI shelter.
ec.e~.e: oce:e... c|e: e~q_
_ec_ec~_e. c._~.e:e.... .|.eee c|...e
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ee ~ :...''. .e :q ,, .e c ..e: .e: .~
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.:. :.e|ee . e,ec .o,.,e _q _ec e..:~
o ~ o~ . :.:.e:e|.
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e~e._ .e..e:~_e. qc_~., ~. :.e|ee
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ee.e:~e qe|.e:ee. .,:.eq:...ee .,q:
qe ~e ~ e , e c ._~:.~., . e q :.e .,_~qe|
ee .
.
I n t he
open, treeless countryside they had no pro-
tection Irom the wind and the rain, and the
old kings mind was as cold and wandering
as his body; he was slowly going mad with
sorrow.
Caius, aIter a long and anxious serch,
Iound them at last and took them to a
broken-down old hut where they could shel-
ter Ior the night. The old kings was, by this
time, so disturbed in mind that he did not
notice the storm, and Caius had diIIiculty in
persuading him to enter the hut. When at
last they went inside, they Iound that he hut
was already occupied by a poor mad Iellow
who called himselI Poor Tom, and kept
crying out Toms a-cold and singing Ioolish
songs.
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eq:.q ee.e._~:c .e: e_e_._e_..c . e e
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e...,:~. .e: .e~ .e.:.e|ee .,:~..
e: .e~ _e~.,e e~...ee..~ ..'.:.e|
ee ~..,q:e: .eee_e: e_...ce:.e|.
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.~.ee ~.,, .~.~.. .e:c .eqe|ee.
.,:~.. .eeo.q:~.:..e: eo e:
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eq:.~:c .e e , . ''. ..'e ~, ..e| . . ~ .e|~ ~q
..c..e. qc . e , .e: ~.~.e e|_e e e|_e '',
.~: ee .,e|ee .

Old Lear, wandering i n his mi nd,
thought this poor mad man must have been
treated like himselI. Did you give every-
thing to your two daughters? he asked him.
And are you too come to this?
Now, Poor Tom was really the elder
son oI the Earl oI Gloucester: a good and
IaithIul young man who had been turned out
oI his Iathers house because oI the wicked
lies oI his younger brother, Edmund. Edmund
was jealous and ambitious, and had turned
their Iather against Edgar because he him-
selI wished to become heir to the Earldom
oI Gloucester. And now Edgar, driven away
Irom his home, had changed his appearance
and pretended to be a mad man, in order to
avoid recognition and imprisonment.
e e .|e .e ~.e:c ..:~ .:.
_ee .,e qc _~ .. e:~ . .,:.eq:.~:c.e .
e: .. e .~. _ee.. qe: _ee e :e. oc.:.
ee ec.._.e...ec.e:q.e ~q:q:~ .e.
. e .e:~ ~ .e.. ~ ..:.? _e ..e: . ~ .q:~ .:
e:.:....?''. .e.. ~ ee .
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ee .q _ce ~~.e,q .~:~~ee ..e
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.c oe.. qe:_eee|ee. ~~ . e,e: e,:.c,e
..:.~:q q_ q e .~ _~.. _eee|ee . ..:~
.~ee:. e e .ee q:o., . e.c e c .e ,
,e ee ~ . ee .e:~ e_ . ~.e .~ . .c . _ee .c
ee .|._~:c ~e~_ee. ~~ .|~ e.c, q,
e~.e.e:_eee|ee. ~.~.|e: ~e~., .coe
. qe ~~ . |~ , e e~ _e . ~, .ee .e:~ .
e, ..:c.,e:_ee e|ee . ~ eee .:._e . ~~ .
.o:.ee ..~ .q :c q:.e ...
,
The Earl oI Gloucester, ashamed oI
Regans treatment oI Lear, was wandering
the country side in search oI the old king,
and during his absence the wicked Edmund
was planning against his Iather and his king.
Lear had not been long in the hut
when the Earl oI Gloucester Iound him, and,
with the help oI Caius and Edgar (whom he
did not recognise), the Earl took the king to
a Iarmhouse near his castle. Later, Caius
who had now shown himselI as the Earl oI
Kent-took Lear Secretly to his own castle
at Dover, a town on the south coast oI
England, opposite the coast oI Erance. The
Earl oI Kent then sailed across to Erance
and t ol d Cor del i a about her I at her s
suIIerings, and the Wickedness oI Goneril
and Regan. Cordelia persuaded her husband,
the King oI Erance, to send an army to
England to Iight Ior King Lear, and she
herselI crossed to Dover with the army.
q,q .e:qc_~.~.e' _ee.~ .e~
..:~ .~ ee:~ee_~ .~.,, q ~e ee .|
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.,e|ee .
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..:~ .~ ee:~ee_~.~ .e . :.e|ee . .~.
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q~.c.:..q:~ee .~:.e.e:~ .e.cq
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~ee ..e .e~ ._e:_eee. ..e: .~:.e.e:
~ _~c q:.e: _ec .e qc ~ qc _~ . . e:
~e ~ e ~. ~ q, eeee _~ .eeee ~ ., .
.e.e.e .....:~ o:.e,_~:.ee. .e,~ e
ec._. _ec.eeeee_~.,~e .e:~ .~.:.
ee .
,
The good Earl oI Gloucester had his
eyes put out by Regan and the Duke oI
Cornwall, as a punishment Ior helping
Lear. They then turned him out oI his castle;
but the IaithIul Edgar, still pretending to be
Poor Tom, led his Iather to Dover, where
they joined King Lear. The poor old king was
sadly changed: he had now gone quite mad,
and did not recognise them. He talked
strangely, and wandered about wearing a
crown oI leaves and Ilowers.
Nor did he recognise Cordelia when he
Iirst saw her again; but gradually his madness
disppeared. I am a very Ioolish Iond old
man, he said to cordelia, and I Iear I am not
in my perIect mind. I think I should know you,
yet I am doubtIul.
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~.,, .....:~.~ ee:~ee _~ .q e~ . .
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.qe ~ ..:c.qc . ._ ._. :..:.,e|ee.
eoe. .~_~e .~: .e . e:~ .e e ~.|
e:._. .eee e e|.. .|.eee e_e_._e_..c.
. q , .. e e .e .e:~ e~ .~ .:.:e|ee .
c|e: .e~ e~e _-eee ~._~.e|e~ :''.
.~ .~:.e.e:~ ._e:e|ee. c|ee.e ..c
_e,_e. .~:c.e.~:c.e|e.:.. c|e.qe eee ec.~
c|. .c ee. oc ee .|.eee ...e.cec|_ee
.,ee ''

He
looked unhappily at the people round him,
still Iearing that he might receive unkind-
ness. Do not laugh at me, he begged them
Perhaps I am being Ioolish, but I think this
lady is my child Cordelia.
Oh, I am, I am! cr i ed Cor del i a,
overjoyed that her Iather knew her at last.
But the sorrowIul old man, remern
bering her sisters unkindness to him, could
not believe that Cordelia still loved him. You
have some reason Ior not loving me. They
had none, he said.
qc _~.~ . ee c,.~c e:q e ..e~
e e e.e .._e e :, _~_ . ~ ee e_~c ,:q~e~
e .e ~ . qq . e:.q, .e :.:.. e .q e e e , .e| .
c|~ qe.e:..:c._e:ce_e_~e|,~:...''. . ~
.e:c.e, ee. c|,..e.,e:. _ee.c _eee:e|..
.|.eee ...c|oc ee.. . ~e ..e ....e: c|
.e.... .~: .e . e:. ocee ...''
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.. :._e. _e. .e~ ce..:.:.e .~:.e.e:
~ ~, e..~, e...~: .e . e:,e|...''.
._e:. ~ee .
.|.eee ...eq ..ce . .e:~..:c .,e
qc~_~.~ .e,q ~ee.e:_~..eq e_~c,:
q~e~e .e ~ .eq.e .~o .~: .e . e:
~ .~ .e.,..e:~ ee _~_.c..:~.~:c
_ee.,e|ee. ec.~ c|~ e.e..e: ~_~:c.
qc. ,_.,_..e: q ee .e e : :~._~:c.e
eq e|.~:.... . ee .
c
But Cordelia told him that her one
wish was to bring him back to happiness,
and he said gently: Eorgive and Iorget: I am
old and Ioolish.
The time had come Ior the two en-
emy armies to meet: the Erench army, led
by Edgar and the Earl oI Kent; and the
English one, led by the Dukes oI Albany
and Cornwall and the wicked Edmund.
Goneril and Regan went with their husbands,
chieIly because they wanted to be near
Edmund. This evil young man wished to
become King oI Englan, and so he made
love to both Goneril and Regan, in the hopes
that he would, in the end, be able to marry
one oI them, and so gain possession oI halI
the kingdom.
qc _~. _e,.__e . .e: q c .e.._e .:.e
.ce ..e .e,e:qe|ee.... .~:.e.e:
~ ._e:.e: qc_~.~ .._ .e.ee:, e~:..
ee_e..e ~q:q:~, . c ._ ..e e| .e._.
.eee .~e|.e: c|e: ~.~_~._e. ~.c_.ce.
.e|....''
q,. ee ee _~ .. e . .e . _~e ~. , .q:~ q
.:e|ee. _ec.eeeee~ ~, ~ee _~., ~~. |
e~ ...:cee. ,,qe, q,e._. .e q
.ce , .._.e , ~e . ~ e|.:_~e|ee ~.~
~._~:c.qc., ~.e: .e e: ~~.e,q ~,.e:
q .,.c_~. e|e .
. ..ee. e . ce ...e: ~ ., _e_ q c
qc _ee .c ee .|._~:c , ,qe, q ,e . e .e:~
. .~ .e _~ .. e ee .,:~ . .~qc . e . e
.e:~~,~ ee.e:~.e:~ , .~ oe. c .e
ee .|.qc ec..,_e_.e:q o~c~~ ec.c
qe. c e :e.e .e:.c .~,.e|.

In the battle which Iollowed, the
Erench army was unIortunately deIeated, and
Lear and Cordelia were taken prisoner by
the wicked Edmund. He sent them to prison
and gave secret orders that Cordelia was to
be killed. He was determined that she-one
oI the rightIul heirs to England-should not
stand between him and his ambition to be
king.
Meanwhile, there was hatred and bit-
terness in the English camp, Regans hus-
band had died, and she immediately an-
nounced that she intended to marry Edmund;
but Goneril, angry and jealous, poisoned her
sister and Regan also died.
~ e.~:c ....~._~:c.e...._ec .e
eeee~ ee e e : , ., e e|ee . e: qc _~ .,
.~: .e . e:e e: .~:~ ~e e ~~ . e, q
ee...~~..o:._.c. .qe|ee. .e~ .o:c.
e _e .e .,:~ e : .~:.e .e:~ .ee . c ~
~e , .e .e..~e|ee. ~., _e_q eq:.cc
o..e,,..e, ._~:.e: qee_.c e.e... .~
. ._ee.. _:, .o:.e|ee.
~.~.,e:...~.eeee., .~ec....
~e,.eq:..e ,:_~_.e.e q .,e|ee. q,q
.ce, .~ ... ..:.ee ~~.e,, .~oeoe.
_e:.e q_qe ._~:c. q,~ .~.c.._~_:ee.
.|.eee.....|.._ .o~ e,:.._._ee .,e
,,qe~ . _ e~ ~. e.e .e. q ,._ .
... .. :.e|ee ....

And now the
Duke oI Albany, whose greatest Iault had
been his weakness oI will, turned against
his wicked wiIe. He sent her to prison Ior
her crimes, and she killed herselI in anger
and despair. Einally the evil Edmund was
killed in battle by his brother Edgar.
The Earl oI Kent was able to tell all
this to King Lear, but it is doubtIul whether
the old man understood the news. His mind
had Iailed again when Cordelia died, and he
could not be persuaded to leave her body.
~. ~.| e :.e: e e .| e
.e: _ e , .e._~:~ q,e ee . e_ ...: ~_~ .e:.. .
_ee eqe ~e., , _e e:.~ .~:~~ee..e
._~c q:.e:~ ~.q.ee|ee .e,q q:ecee
.e ~e ~ .o:c . c .~~ ..o:.. ~ e|ee .
..|.._.o~ ee._.e~ _e. .e:.c.~ee:,
, ,qe e: ~ e ~ e ~ .e ... ~ e|ee .
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.e: ~~. |q .~.~, e~e e: ~...:.e|
ee .
~, ~ee_~.~ .~e.e~:... qc_~.
. ..:~ ec ._e:_~:.. c . e|ee ..ec .e~:.
.e~ qc_~. ,:.._. c e e .q e|e.:..... e:
~.e: e.c..ceq:e|. .qee.e e: ee.|oe_e.
.e:~_e,, ..e.:._e,e|_e. .~: .e. e: ... .e
~.| ..e....q ,e~..:c.~., ee.:e e
.e .e:c.e. eq. e|..

Shes gone Ior ever! he cried de-
spairingly. Shell come no more-never,
never, never, never! And the broken-hearted
ol d man Iel l dead besi de his bel oved
daughter.
And so ended, in sorrow and despair,
the long liIe oI the good King Lear, but, al-
though he seemed to have lost everthing,
the battle had not been in vain. His two
wicked and cruel daughters were dead, and
also the ambitious Edmund. The crown
passed to the Duke oI Albany, who became
king oI all England. Helped by Edgar, who
became Earl oI Gloucester when his old,
blind Iather died, and by the good Earl oI
Kent, the Duke oI Albany ruled well and
wisely, and England became a rich and
peaceIul land once more.
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.~:eec._~.e|ee .e, o:cq..:.:.._e..
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~._ .. .e_eee|.. . q .~:~ ~eq~e~ e .e .
.e.e:~ .....qee ..:qe~ce.ce.e~
e ~~.e,._.e.e|.... ~.,_e_ qc.qe
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e|ee ~ ., _ e_ _ ~ .e:._ . . e ..:_ ~e c
_c e ..e .e e c._e_ _~.ee_e_ ~_ee ee .|oe _e .
_ee o ,..e'.e|~,. .:e|ee .
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Maung Thein Lwin - Tales From Shakespeare

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