Database System

EC601

MRS. ISMA SHAMSURIA BINTI ISMAIL

Department of Electrical Engineering (LEVEL 1) The Polytechnic of Merlimau, Melaka 019-4211728 ext:1163

EC601 : COURSE SYNOPSIS

DATABASE SYSTEM course offers a comprehensive coverage of basic concept and application of data manipulation. Student will learn the fundamental

concepts and techniques for designing and developing

database and manipulating data using Structured Query Language (SQL). Course Outline

EC601 : LEARNING OUTCOMES

NO 1 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO) Explain the basic concepts of database model using entity-relationship diagram and translating completed data models by applying normalization technique in logical database designs. Apply Structured Query Language (SQL) for database manipulation using a database management system in practical works inclusive of a report within stipulated time frame. Demonstrate problem solving skill in developing new database applications based on an assigned problem. PLO LEARNING DOMAINS

C4 PLO 1 PLO 2 PLO 9

P4

A3

EC601 : ASSESSMENT
CLO Types Of Assessment
1. CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT (CA) CLO1 i. Quiz (minimum 4) 20

Percentage (%)

50

CLO1

i. Theory Test (minimum 1)

20
50 10 50 100

CLO1, CLO2, i. Practical Work (minimum 6) CLO3 CLO3 i. Presentation (minimum 1) 1. FINAL EXAMINATION (FE) Total

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction To Database System

CLO 1 : Explain the basic concepts of database model using entity-relationship diagram and translating completed data models by applying normalization technique in logical database designs.

DATA VS INFORMATION
DATA are raw facts used to indicate that the facts have not yet
been processes. - Data can be recorded and that have implicit meaning. For example, consider the names, telephone numbers, and

addresses of the students.

INFORMATION is produced by processing data used to reveal

the meaning of data.
- For example, student information record including the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of the students.

INTRODUCTION
DATABASE
A collection of data stored in a standardized format,
designed to be shared by multiple users.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

Software that defines a database, stores the data, supports a query language, produces reports, and creates data entry screens.

DATA VS INFORMATION
A DATABASE has some source from which data is derived,
some degree of interaction with events in the real world, and
an audience that is actively interested in its contents.

The end users of a database may perform business

transactions (for example, a students pays a fee) or events may happen (for example, a polytechnic has a student) that cause the information in the database to change.

LEVELS OF DATA
No 1. 2. Level Description Character basic logical data element. It consists of a single alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol. Field It consists of a grouping of characters. A data field represents an attribute (a characteristic or quality) of some entity (object, person, place, or event). A group of the related fields of data Represents a collection of attributes that describe an entity. A group of related records Frequently classified by the application for which they are primarily used Also classified by their permanence, for example, a master file versus a transaction file. An integrated collection of logically related records or objects. A database consolidates records previously stored in separate f files into a common pool of data records that provides data for many applications.

3. 4.

Record File

5.

Database

DRAWBACKS OF OLD FILE METHOD

Uncontrolled Duplication Wastes space Hard to update all files Inconsistent data Inflexibility Hard to change data Hard to change programs Limited data sharing Poor enforcement of standards Poor programmer productivity Excessive program maintenance

DATABASE TERMINOLOGIES

Database Management System (DBMS)

File-based System

Database System

DBMS

DBMS
1. DBMS - a computer software program that enables users to access, create and maintain a database. 2. DBMS is also the combination of data, hardware, software and users to help an enterprise manage its operational data. 3. The main function of a DBMS - to provide efficient and reliable methods of data retrieval to many users. 4. The general-purpose of DBMS - facilitates the processes of defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and applications.

DBMS
No
1.

Process
Defining

Description
specifying the data types, structures, and constraints of the data to be stored in the database. Data files - files that store the database information Meta-data - such as index files and data dictionaries, store administrative information.

2.

Constructing

process of storing the data on some storage medium that is controlled by the DBMS.

3.

Manipulating

functions such as querying the database to retrieve specific

data, updating the database to reflect changes in the

miniworld, and generating reports from the data. 4. Sharing allows multiple users and programs to access the database simultaneously.

DBMS
Advantages of Database Approach

Minimal data redundancy. Data consistency. Integration of data.

Sharing of data.
Enforcement of standards.

Ease of application development.

Uniform security, privacy and integrity. Data independence.
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DBMS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT APPROACH
Data is most important
Data defined first Standard format Access through DBMS Queries, Reports, Forms Application Programs 3GL Interface Data independence Change data definition without changing code Alter code without changing data Move/split data without changing code

All Data

DBMS

Program1

Queries Program2 Reports

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DBMS
EXAMPLES OF COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

Oracle Ingres Informix (Unix)

DB2, SQL/DS (IBM)

Access (Microsoft) SQL Server (Microsoft +) Many older (Focus, IMS, ...) Many limited PC (dBASE, Paradox, )
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FILE_BASED SYSTEM
A file based system - a collection of application
programs that perform services for the end-users, usually the production of reports.

Each program within a file based system defines and

manages its own data - there are limits as to how that data can be used or transported.

FILE_BASED SYSTEM
Were developed as better alternatives to paper based
filing systems.

Files stored on computers - the data could be accessed

more efficiently.

Common practice for larger companies - each of its

departments looking after its own data.

FILE_BASED SYSTEM

FILE_BASED SYSTEM

FILE-BASED SYSTEM
The PROBLEMS of file based system are:

Data separation and isolation Data dependence Data duplication Incompatible data (different file formats)

Lack of flexibility in organizing and querying the data

Increased number of different application programs

DATABASE SYSTEM
Database system is a system to achieve an organized,
store a large number of dynamical associated data, facilitate
for multi-user accessing to computer hardware, software and data, that it is a computer system with database technology.

The database approach emerged to resolve the problems

with the file-based approach.

DATABASE SYSTEM
Advantages of database systems are:

Sharing of data
Consistency of data Integrity of data Security of data Data independence

Improved data access and

system performance

Potentially increased
productivity

Increased concurrency Improved data backups and

recovery

Allows for more analysis of

the same amount of data

DATABASE SYSTEM

DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

DATABASE SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS OF DATABASE SYSTEM

The main characteristics of the database approach versus the file processing approach are the following:

1. Self-describing nature of a database system

2. Insulation between programs and data, and data
abstraction

3. Support of multiple views of the data 4. Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing

CHARACTERISTICS OF DATABASE SYSTEM

1. SELF-DESCRIBING NATURE OF A DATABASE SYSTEM :

Database System contains not only the database itself

but also the descriptions of data structure and constraints (meta-data) - used by the DBMS software or database users if needed.

This separation makes database system totally different

from traditional file-based system in which data definition is a part of application programs.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DATABASE SYSTEM

2. Insulation between Program and Data

In the filed base system, the structure of the data files

is defined in the application programs so if user want to change the structure of a file, all the programs

access to that files might need to be changed.

In database approach, data structure is stored in the

system catalog not in the programs so such changes
might not occurs.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DATABASE SYSTEM

3. Support multiple views of data

A view is a subset of the database which is defined

and dedicated for particular users of the system.

Multiple users in the system might have different

views of the system.

Each view might contains only the interested data of

an user or a group of user.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DATABASE SYSTEM

4. Sharing of data and Multiuser system

A multiuser database system must allow multiple

users access the database at the same time.

As the result, the multiuser DBMS must have

concurrency control strategies to ensure that several user try to access the same data item at a time do so in the manner so that the data always be correct.

APPLICATION OF DATABASE SYSTEM

Digital libraries and digital
publishing Finance Sales Human resources

Education Credit card transactions E-commerce Health care information

systems and electronic patient record

Airlines and railways Banking Telecommunications

TYPES OF DATABASE SYSTEM

1. PERSONAL DATABASE

Also known as a SINGLE USER Database / a

DESKTOP Database

Supports only one user at a time

User B or C must wait until user A has completed his
database work.

TYPES OF DATABASE SYSTEM

2. WORKGROUP DATABASE

Also known as a MULTIUSER Database Supports a relatively small number of users (<50) A specific department within an organization using the
same database DEPARTMENT DATABASE

TYPES OF DATABASE SYSTEM

3. ENTERPRISE DATABASE

The database used by the entire organization

Supports MANY users (>50) across many departments

The DBMS acts as an interface between what two components of an enterprise-class database system? A. Database application and the database B. Data and the database C. The user and the database application D. Database application and SQL

The following are components of a database

except ________ .
A. user data

B. metadata
C. reports

D. indexes

An application where only one user accesses the database at a given time is an example of a ________ . A. single-user database application B. multiuser database application C. e-commerce database application D. data mining database application

An on-line commercial site such as Amazon.com is an example of a ________ . A. single-user database application B. multiuser database application C. e-commerce database application D. data mining database application

Metadata enables database designers and users to do all of the following except: A. sample data. B. understand what data exist. C. what the fine distinctions are between similar data items. D. what the data mean.

A database management system (DBMS) is a: A. hardware system used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to a database. B. hardware system used to create, maintain, and provide

uncontrolled access to a database.

C. software system used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to a database. D. software system used to create, maintain, and provide uncontrolled access to a database.

Because it contains a description of its own structure, a

database is considered to be ________ .

A. described B. metadata compatible C. self-describing D. an application program

The following are functions of a DBMS except

________ .
A. creating and processing forms B. creating databases C. processing data D. administrating databases

Structured data may include which of the following?

A. Photo image
B. Video clip C. Dates D. None of the above.

Helping people keep track of things is the purpose of a(n)

________ .
A. database

B. table
C. instance D. relationship

Some advantages of the database approach include all, but:

A. minimal data redundancy.

B. improved data consistency.

C. improved data sharing.

D. program-data dependency.

An Enterprise Resource Planning application is an example of

A ________ .
A. single-user database application

B. multiuser database application

C. e-commerce database application D. data mining database application

1. In a database, data is stored in spreadsheets which have

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

rows and columns. A database has data and relationships. In an enterprise-class database system, business users interact directly with database applications, which directly access the database data. Applications are programs that interact directly with the database. A database has a built-in capability to create, process and administer itself. A database design may be based on existing data. A workgroup typically comprises between 25 and 100 persons.

DATA MODEL
MODEL A Model is representation of reality, real world objects and events and their associations. A database model is an organizing principle that specifies particular mechanism of data storage and retrieval. The model explains, in terms of services available to an

interfacing application, how to access a data element when

other related elements are known.

DATA MODEL
Data Model is a collection of concepts that can be used
to describe the structure of database. Structure of database means data types, relationships and constraints. In addition, most data model include a set of basic operations for specifying retrievals and modifications on the database. Data Model provides a means to achieve Data Abstraction. Data Abstraction is refers to the hiding of certain details of how the data are stored and maintained. With several levels of abstraction, the users view of the database is simplified and this leads to the improved understanding of data.

DATA ABSTRACTION
The major purpose of a database system is to provide
users with an abstract view of the system. Complexity should be hidden from database users. There are 3 levels of abstraction:
Levels of Abstraction Physical level Logical level Description how the data is stored physically and where it is stored in database. what information or data is stored in the database (like what is the data type or what is format of data) end users work on view level. if any amendment is made it can be saved by other name.

View level

LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION
Views describe how users see the data. Conceptual schema defines logical structure Physical schema describes the files and indexes used. Users

View 1

View 2

View 3

Conceptual Schema
Physical Schema

DB

DATA MODEL

Purpose of Data Model

To represent data.
To make the data understandable.

Types of Data Models

1. 2. 3.

Object Based Data Models

Physical Data Models

Record Based Logical Data Models

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

1. Object Based Data Models

It use concepts such as entities, attributes and

relationships. Types of Object Based Data Models: a. Entity Relationship (ER) b. Object Oriented c. Semantic d. Functional

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

a. The Entity Relationship (ER) Model Based on a perception of the world as consisting of a collection of basic objects (entities) and relationships among these objects. An entity is a distinguishable object that exists. Each entity has associated with it a set of attributes describing it. A relationship is an association among several entities. The set of all entities or relationships of the same type is called the entity set or relationship set. Another essential element of the E-R diagram is the mapping cardinalities, which express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set.

Database System Design

Customer(CustomerID, Name, Address, ) SalesPerson(EmployeeID, Name, Commission, ) Order(OrderID, OrderDate, CustomerID, EmployeeID, ) OrderItem(OrderID, ItemID, Quantity, Price, ) Item(ItemID, Description, ListPrice, )

User views of data.

Conceptual data model.

Implementation (relational) data model.

List of nicelybehaved tables. Use data normalization to derive the list.

Physical data storage.

Indexes and storage methods to improve performance.

Class diagram that shows business entities, relationships, and rules.

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

The Entity Relationship (ER) Model sample diagram

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

b. The Object-Oriented Model Based on a collection of objects - class, like the E-R model. An object contains values stored in instance variables within the object. Unlike the record-oriented models, these values are themselves objects. Thus objects contain objects to an arbitrarily deep level of nesting. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods.

OBJECT-ORIENTED DBMS (OO)

Order Customer

OrderID CustomerID NewOrder DeleteOrder

OrderItem

CustomerID Name Add Customer Drop Customer Change Address

Item

ContactName Customer ContactPhone ContactName Discount, ContactPhone NewContact NewContact

Government Customer Commercial

OrderID ItemID OrderItem DropOrderItem

ItemID Description New Item Sell Item Buy Item

61

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

c. Semantic
ABSTRACTIONS: CLASSIFICATION AGGREGATION GENERALIZATION

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

d. Functional Provides an unified approach to manipulation both data and procedures. Main idea - is a definition of all components of an information system in the form of functions. Example: defines data objects, attributes and relationships as so-called database functions. A Functional Data Manipulation Language is a number of data manipulation functions which can be applied to database functions. Users are provided with a special mechanism which is called Lambda Calculus to define their own functions which can be seamlessly combined with database and data manipulation functions mentioned above.

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

Functional Data model Diagram

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

2. Physical Data Models It describe how data is stored in the computer, representing information such as record structures, record ordering and access paths.

Less no. of models are there.

Are used to describe data at the lowest level.

Very few models, e.g.

Unifying model. Frame memory.

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

3. Record Based Logical Data Models Used to specify the overall logical structure of the database. The database consists of a no. of fixed formats of different types. Each record type defines a fixed no. of fields having a fixed length. 3 types of record based data model:

a. Hierarchical data model.

b. Network data model. c. Relational data model.

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

a. The Hierarchical Model

Similar to the network model.

Organization of the records is as a collection of trees,

rather than arbitrary graphs.

The relational model does not use pointers or links, but relates records by the values they contain. This allows a formal mathematical foundation to be defined.

HIERARCHICAL MODEL
Customers
Customer Order Items Ordered

Orders
To retrieve data, you must start at the top (customer). When you retrieve a customer, you retrieve all nested data.
69

Items
Item Description 998 Dog Food 764 Cat Food Quantity 12 11

HIERARCHICAL MODEL

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

b. The Network Model Data are represented by collections of records. Relationships among data are represented by links. Organization is that of an arbitrary graph.

NETWORK MODEL
Entry point

Customer

Order

Items Ordered

Items

Entry point

72

NETWORK MODEL

TYPES OF DATA MODEL

c. The Relational Model Data and relationships are represented by a collection of tables.

Each table has a number of columns with unique

names, e.g. customer, account.

RELATIONAL MODEL

RELATIONAL MODEL

Customer(CustomerID, Name,
Order(OrderID, CustomerID, OrderDate, ItemsOrdered(OrderID, ItemID, Quantity, Items(ItemID, Description, Price,

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DATA MODEL SCHEMA AND INSTANCE

Schema
Logical structure of database.
The description of the database which is designed in
the early stage and is not expected to change
frequently. Database system have several schemas. Example: Book (Bid: char(2), Title: char(50), Author:char(20), Price: decimal(5,2))

DATA MODEL SCHEMA AND INSTANCE

Instance
Actual content of database at particular moment. Since information can be inserted to or deleted from
database at anytime, database changes over time.

Example:
Bid 11 22 33 44 55 Franklin forgets Arthur and the Seventh-Inning Stretcher Midnight Wrestlers Midnight Pilot Book of Science Activities Title Author Bourgeois Krensky Morgan Morgan Price 7.00 14.00 11.00 9.00 18.00

DATABASE LANGUAGE
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)

Specification notation for defining the database schema

DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data
dictionary meta data (data about data)

Data storage and definition language special type of

DDL in which the storage structure and access method used by the database system are specified

EXAMPLE OF DDL COMMANDS

CREATE DATABASE - Creates a new database

ALTER DATABASE - Modifies the database

DROP DATABASE - Drops (deletes) a database

CREATE TABLE - Creates a new table

ALTER TABLE - Modifies the table DROP TABLE - Drops (deletes) a table

DATABASE LANGUAGE
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)

Language for accessing and manipulating the data

organized by appropriate data model

2 classes of language : Procedural user specifies what data required and

how to get those data

Nonprocedural user specifies what data required

without specifying how to get those data

EXAMPLE OF DML COMMANDS

SELECT - Retrieves data from the database

INSERT - Inserts new data into the database

UPDATE - Updates existing data in the database

DELETE - Deletes existing data from the database

DATABASE LANGUAGE
4G LANGUAGE (4GL)

Fourth-generation programming language (1970s1990)

A very high level programming language and a

development environment or 'Analyst Workbench'
designed with a central data dictionary system, a library of loosely coupled design patterns, a CRUD generator, report generator, end-user query language, DBMS, visual design tool and integration API.

DATABASE LANGUAGE
4G LANGUAGE (4GL)

4GL is more oriented toward problem solving and

systems engineering.

Not always successful in this task, sometimes

resulting in inelegant and unmaintainable code.
However, given the right problem, the use of an appropriate 4GL can be spectacularly successful.

Are designed to reduce programming effort, the time it

takes to develop software, and the cost of software

development

DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

DBMS COMPONENT MODULES
1. HARDWARE

All systems physical devices Main component computer and computer peripherals Networks

DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

DBMS COMPONENT MODULES
2. SOFTWARE

OS software - Manages all hardware components DBMS software Manages the database within the
database system

Application programs and utility software access and

manipulate data in DBMS

DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

3. USERS/PEOPLE application programmers, non-computer science expert and experienced user, database designers, system administrators 4. PROCEDURES Instructions and rules that govern the design and use of database system Used to ensure that there is an organized way to monitor and audit both data enter and information that is generated 5. DATA Collection of facts stored in database

DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

DBMS COMPONENT MODULES

DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

Which of the following database activities determines the

entities, attributes, and relationships of data?

A. Conceptual data modeling B. Logical database design C. Physical database design and definition

D. Database implementation

An entity type is which of the following? A. A major category of data about people, place, and things B. The various departments of an organization C. The application software D. The business processes the support the mission of an

organization

Which of the following database activities require a specific

knowledge of a DBMS?
A. Enterprise modeling

B. Conceptual data modeling

C. Logical database design D. Physical database design and definition

User views are included as part of which schema? A. Internal B. Conceptual C. External D. None of the above.