Headlee 1 Ethan Headlee Professor Trisha Bailey English 2010, MW 7:00-8:20 13 February 2013 Annotated Bibliography Blumenson, Eric,

and Eva Nilsen. "No Rational Basis: The Pragmatic Case For Marijuana Law Reform." Virginia Journal Of Social Policy & The Law 17.1 (2009): 43-82. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. (Journal) Summary: This article presents a critique of marijuana prohibition and suggests some alternative regulatory approaches that would be more productive and consonant with justice. Part I relies on a forty-year empirical record to demonstrate that (1) reliance on a law enforcement approach has aggravated rather than mitigated the risks involved with marijuana use, and (2) criminalization, which results in the arrest of more than 700,000 Americans annually for possession of any amount of marijuana, is an inhumane and destructive response to an act that almost 100 million Americans have committed. Part II assesses the relative merits of several alternative reform policies, including both decriminalization and legalization under a regulatory scheme. Assessment: This is a good study suggesting alternative approaches to legalizing marijuana. I want to use the following quote, Reliance on a law enforcement approach has aggravated rather than mitigated the risks involved with marijuana use, and criminalization, which results in the arrest of more than 700,000 Americans annually for possession of any amount of marijuana, is an inhumane and destructive response to an act that almost 100 million Americans have committed.

Headlee 2 Foner, Eric, and John A. Garraty. "Drugs." The Reader's Companion to American History. Dec. 1 1991: n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 10 Feb 2013. (Book) Summary: Learn about drug use throughout American history. "Drugs have never been absent from American life, but the type and level of use have varied over time. Legal responses to drugs were profoundly influenced by the evolving interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, which, until the twentieth century, reserved to the states the police powers to regulate the health professions and drug availability. The result was a generally free economy in drugs until late in the nineteenth century when an ineffective patchwork of state antidrug laws were enacted." Assessment: The book gives a good overview of drugs and their history in the United States. I want to use the following quote in my report, Drugs have never been absent from American life, but the type and level of use have varied over time The laws against narcotics at the local, state, and national levels early in the twentieth century reflected a strong antagonism to drug use. By 1937 intolerance and fear of drugs had reached such dimensions that the Marijuana Tax Act was passed with little debate. As use of drugs decreased, punishment increased until by 1955 the death penalty for providing heroin to anyone under eighteen was added to federal statutes. Narcotic use retreated to the margins of American society. But, beginning in the 1960s, drugs became increasingly popular for recreational use, particularly among young people. The favored drug was marijuana, but hallucinatory substances such as LSD and peyote, depressants such as barbiturates, and opiates, particularly heroin, were also widely used.

Headlee 3 Friese, Bettina, and Joel W. Grube. "Legalization Of Medical Marijuana And Marijuana Use Among Youths." Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy 20.1 (2013): 33-39. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. (Journal) Summary: This study examined the relationship of youth marijuana use and perceived ease of access with the number of medical marijuana cards at the county-level, and marijuana norms as indicated by per cent of voters approving legalization of medical marijuana in 2004. Methods: Survey data from 17,482 youths (aged 13-19) in Montana and county-level archival data, including votes for the legalization of medical marijuana and the number of medical marijuana cards were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. Assessment: I want to use the angle that this study uses. This study gives me information on specifically marijuana use among youths and they find that, Among marijuana users, marijuana cards and voter approval were positively related to perceived ease of access. The relation between medical marijuana cards and youth use may be related to an overall normative environment that is more tolerant of marijuana use. Interventions to prevent youth marijuana use should focus on adult norms regarding use by and provision of marijuana to youths. Hildebrandt, Erin. "Medical Marijuana." Mothering. May/June 2004: 52-61. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 10 Feb 2013. (Magazine) Summary: The author presents her experiences of using marijuana for medicinal purposes during her pregnancies and notes her "belief that if the American public were told the truth about marijuana, they could not help but support an immediate end to cannabis prohibition" (Mothering).

Headlee 4 Assessment: This article shows a very unique side to this argument. It explains that marijuana during pregnancy, despite other beliefs, can help. I want to use this article in my report to show the supporting side of legalizing marijuana. I would also like to use the quote, Marijuana completely transformed very dangerous pregnancies into more enjoyable, safer, and healthier gestations. And Along the way, I discovered the benefits of using marijuana to treat other disorders. At times, I have been plagued by migraines so severe I would wind up in the emergency room. I would receive up to 250 milligrams of Demerol and sometimes, when Demerol failed, even shots of Dilaudid. Thanks to my sporadic use of marijuana and a careful dosing regimen, I have not been to an emergency room in more than three years. Joffe, Alain, and W. Samuel Yancy. "Legalization Of Marijuana: Potential Impact On Youth." Pediatrics 113.6 (2004): e632-e638. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. (Journal) Summary: This technical report provides historical perspectives and comparisons of various approaches to the legal status of marijuana to aid in forming public policy. Information on the impact that decriminalization and legalization of marijuana could have on adolescents, in addition to concerns surrounding medicinal use of marijuana, are also addressed in this report. Recommendations are included in the accompanying policy statement. Assessment: This journal article provides great examples and reason why marijuana should not be legal. It focuses mainly on the youth. I want to use the following quote, Any change in the legal status of marijuana, even if limited to adults, could affect the prevalence of use among adolescents.2 For example, tobacco and alcohol products,

Headlee 5 both legal for adults 18 and 21 years of age, respectively, are the psychoactive substances most widely abused by adolescents. Kleber, Herbert, and Joseph A. Califano Jr. "Legalization: Panacea or Pandora's Box?." World & I. Jan. 2006: n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 10 Feb 2013. (Magazine) Summary: "Legalization of drugs has recently received some attention as a policy option for the United States. Proponents of such a radical change in policy argue that...drug prohibition, as opposed to illegal drugs themselves, spawns increasing violence and crime...drug abuse and addiction would not increase after legalization...and foreign experiments with legalization work and should be adopted in the United States.... The Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA) examines these propositions; recent trends in drug use; the probable consequences of legalization for children and drug-related violence; lessons to be learned from America's legal drugs, alcohol and tobacco; the question of civil liberties; and the experiences of foreign countries." In this article the authors oppose drug legalization, arguing that "such a policy would impose heavy additional costs on the health care system, schools, and workplace, severely impair the ability of millions of young Americans to develop their talents, and in the long term overburden the criminal justice system. Assessment: This article shows a good opposition angle that I want to use in my report to combat the argument made by the article from Mothering magazine. I want to use the following quote in my report, Smoking marijuana is clearly detrimental both physically and mentally. The effects of one marijuana joint on the lungs are equivalent to four cigarettes, placing the user at increased risk of bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchial

Headlee 6 asthma. The active ingredient in marijuana remains in the brain, lungs, and reproductive organs for weeks. Marijuana weakens the immune system, 126 and regular use can disrupt the menstrual cycle and suppress ovarian function.127 Regardless of socioeconomic status, prenatal use of marijuana by the mother appears to reduce significantly the IQs of babies.128 Marijuana impairs short-term memory and ability to concentrate when its young users are in high school and college.129 And marijuana use diminishes motor control functions, distorts perception, and impairs judgment, leading among other things to increased car accidents and vandalism. "Pot for Medical Purposes? Sure. For Getting High? No." USA TODAY. 30 Oct 2012: A.10. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 10 Feb 2013. (Newspaper) Summary: "Making marijuana available for medical use is a humane and sensible policy, despite the likelihood of wider use and abuse. Doing the same thing simply to allow adults to get high legally isn't worth the inevitable cost." This article discusses the risks of legalizing marijuana. Assessment: I want to use the statistics and studies found in this article. I want to use the following statistic, National opinion is shifting, as well. Gallup reported this month that, for the first time, 50% of Americans think marijuana should be legal; in 1970, just 12% were for legalization. While fewer than one-third of voters 65 and older favor legal pot, the number rises to almost two-thirds among voters 18 to 29. And Doctors have split over whether marijuana causes lung cancer the way smoking cigarettes does, though evidence seems to be accumulating that it could. A recent study at the University of Southern California found a link between recreational pot use and testicular cancer in men from their teens to the mid-30s. I also want to use the following quote, Modern

Headlee 7 marijuana can be very powerful, potent enough to make it dangerous to drive or operate other machinery under the influence. Backers of legal pot wisely advocate tough penalties for driving while stoned, but do we really want to add another widely available drug to roads where alcohol already causes mayhem? And do we want to worry (more than we already do) that pilots or train engineers or others are high when they come to work? That would be more likely if pot were legal. Raasch, Chuck. "On the Lookout for Pot Incursion." USA TODAY. 15 Jan 2013: A.3. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 10 Feb 2013. (Newspaper) Summary: "States neighboring Colorado and Washington are wondering how much marijuana will spill across their borders after voters in those two states legalized its recreational use in November [2012]. They vow to arrest and prosecute marijuana possessors even if the product is purchased legally across state lines." This article addresses concerns about "increased cross-border trafficking from the two states. Assessment: I want to use this article to show that even though marijuana was legalized in only Colorado and Washington, surrounding states might encounter problems with marijuana use spilling across the boarders. I want to use the quote that states there might be an increase in cross boarder traffic and patrolling, "Everyone is aware of the possibility that you could have an increase (in cross-border traffic), especially for some of our counties on the border of Colorado," says Lt. Josh Kellerman, a spokesman for the Kansas Highway Patrol. "People might not understand that while they bought it legally in Colorado, it is still illegal in our state."

Headlee 8 Shore, James M. "Medical Marijuana and Zero Tolerance Drug Testing Policies." Employee Benefit Plan Review. May 2011: 6-7. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 11 Feb 2013. (Magazine) Summary: "Employers and the courts continue to wrestle with issues involving 'zero tolerance' drug testing policies and whether employers must accommodate medical marijuana use by their employees. Marijuana use is illegal under the federal Controlled Substances Act, and therefore does not need to be accommodated under the federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). However, 15 states currently have legalized some form or another of medical marijuana use: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington, as well as the District of Columbia." This article summarizes recent court decisions on medical marijuana in the workplace. Assessment: This article has very important court cases that I want to use in my article. It talks about the court case of Casias v. Wal-Mart Stores about an employ that was fired by Wal-Mart after he tested positive to medical marijuana use, even though the state of Michigan legalizes medical marijuana. I want to use the following court case, Most recently, in Casias v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., a Michigan federal district court ruled that an employee who was terminated by Wal-Mart after testing positive for validly obtained medical marijuana stated no legal claims for wrongful discharge. The court accepted Wal-Mart's argument that Michigan's medical marijuana law does not regulate private employment; rather, it merely provides a potential affirmative defense to criminal prosecution or other adverse action by the state. The court rejected the plaintiff's

Headlee 9 argument that the law created a new protected employee class, which "would mark a radical departure from the general rule of at-will employment in Michigan." The Casias decision is currently being appealed. Uritsky, Tanya J., Mary Lynn McPherson, and Franoise Pradel. "Assessment Of Hospice Health Professionals' Knowledge, Views, And Experience With Medical Marijuana." Journal Of Palliative Medicine 14.12 (2011): 1291-1295. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. (Journal) Summary: The medicinal and recreational use of cannabis has been controversial, especially in the United States. Marijuana for medicinal use is approved in 14 U.S. states and has recently been considered for legalization in several additional states. Given its demonstrated efficacy in symptom management, marijuana has a potential role in palliative care. This study utilized a 16-item questionnaire to assess the knowledge, experience, and views of hospice professionals regarding the use of marijuana in terminally ill patients. The study results revealed that, like the general public, hospice health care providers are generally in favor of legalization of marijuana and, if legalized, would support its use in symptom management for their terminally ill patients. Assessment: This article uses great charts, graphs, and statistics that I want to use in my report. The article also includes a very interesting study that I wan to use in my report. The following quote was the result of the study; hospice health care providers are generally in favor of legalization of marijuana and, if legalized, would support its use in symptom management for their terminally ill patients.