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Gterbock H. G. (1956): The Deeds of Suppiluliuma

as told by his Son Mursili II. JCS 10 pp. 41-68 7598 107-130.
Gurney O.R. (1954): Die Hethiter. VEB Verlag

der Kunst. Dresden.

KlengelH.(1964): Aziru von Amurru und seine Rolle
in der Geschichte der Amarnazeit. MIO 10. 57-83.
Klengel(1969):Geschichte Syriens in 2.Jahrtausend
v.u.Z. Teil 2 Mittelund Sdsyrien. Akademie Verlag.
Berlin.

: :

. :
.35-3 2003 82-81
. . :
.2000
300-3000 :
. ..
.1998

Klengel (1989): Kulturgeschichte des alten Vorderasien.

: :

Akademie Verlag Berlin.

PRU IV = Nougayrol J. (1956): Textes accadiens des

Astour M.C.(1981): Ugarit and the great Powers

archives sud (Archives internationales). Paris.

In: G.D.Young (ed.): Ugarit in Retrospect. Winona

SchwemmerD.(2005): Texte aus Ugarit (in akkadischer

Lake Indiana Eisenbrauns. pp. 3-29.

Sprache).

Beckman G. (1999): Hittite Diplomatic Texts. SBL Vol.

In: B. Janowski-G. Wilhelm (eds.): Texte aus der

7 Scholars Press Atlanta Georgia. (Second Edition).

Umwelt des Alten Testaments Neue Folge. Band 2.

Cornelius F. (1990): Geschichte der Hethiter. WBG

Gtersloher Velaghaus Gtersloh.

Darmstadt. (4. Auflage).

Schwemmer(2006): Briefe aus den Archiven von

EA = El - Amarna

Ugarit. (in akkadischer Sprache).

.
.1915 Knudtzon
Moran
Liverani 1992 1978
.1999 1998
.

In: Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments. Neue

Folge. Band 3. Gtersloher Velaghaus Gtersloh.
Weidner E.F. (1923): Politische Dokumente aus
Kleinasien. Leipzig.
Wilhelm G. (2005): Staatsvertrge mit dem Hethiteerreich.
In: B. Janowski-G. Wilhelm (eds.): Texte aus der

Freydank H. (1959-1960): Eine hethitische Fassung

Umwelt des Alten Testaments Neue Folge. Band 2.

des Vertrages zwischen dem Hethiterknig Suppiluliuma

Gtersloher Velaghaus Gtersloh.

und Aziru von Amurru.

MIO 71 356-381.

18

Hittite King shuppiluliuma I treaties

( ca.1380-1340 B. C.) with Syrian kingdoms

Farouk Ismail
professor of Old Oriental languages and civilization, Faculty of Arts and humanities, Aleppo University.
(Dates of receipt 15/10/1428H; date of publication 21/12/1428H)

Abstract. King shuppiluliuma I was one of the most prominent Hittite kings, and he is considered to be the founder of the modern Hittite kingdom.
He was distinguished for his administrative as well as military innovations, that he could restore the previous glories of his kingdom. After several
military expeditions he managed to enfeeble kingdom of Mittani, then he devoted him self to Syrian affairs. In approximately a short period he could
impose the Hittite influence upon the internal and the coastal Syrian areas, and put an end to the Mittani and Egyptian influence there.
At that time, the most famous Syrian kingdoms were Ugarit, Amurru, and Nukhassi, which suffered from lack of union among them or with other
Syrian kingdoms, they were also attached traditionally to kingdoms of Egypt and Mittani. So these kingdoms found themselves in a new situation in
which they had not the basic factors of complete independence and confrontation. As a result of that, they were obliged to accept the unfair treaties
imposed by the Hittite king, who made them affiliated to his kingdom.
The research handles the situation of the Syrian kingdoms during the fourteenth century B.C, and briefly, reviews the most important events
during the reign of King shuppiluliuma I. Then, the research reviews three long texts in the Akkadian language which include treaties held by King
shuppiluliuma I with three kings who were governing the most important Syrian kingdoms at that time, namely; Niqmada II king of Ugarit, Aziru
king of Amurru, and Tetti king of Nukhassi.
Those treaties represent a distinguished type, which is well known in researches by the name of subordination treaties>, they are international
treaties that focus on several partial sides that fall under the framework of international law, such as; boarders of the countries, refugees, prisoners
of war, military cooperation, cooperative defense, and tribute; it is worthy of a specific legal historical study.
In reference to the style of expression in these treaties, they were formed in imperative which is used for giving orders, the inhibition which is used
for forewarning against specific aggressive practices, and the conditional that necessitates the implementation of articles. This encourages the weak
party to accept what the Hittite king ( the great king) has decided, because he ensures protection continuity in government, military provision and
achievement of the economic welfare, and those are all promise witnessed by Hittite Gods and the holy aspects of nature and others.

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cropolis. Baltimore 1965 Pls. 55-59.

- Gazdar Mohamed S. M. Y. A Comparative
Study of Pottery from Arabia in the Pre-Islamic
Period 500 BC to AD 600. Ph.D. Thesis. London:
University of London 1982.
- Hashim Syed Anis. Pre-Islamic Ceramics in
Saudi Arabia. Riyadh: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Education Deputy Ministry 0f Antiquuities and Museums 1428/2007.

55

56

An archaeological study of group of incense burners collected from the site of Dadan
at al-Ula region during the first four seasons of excavations

Abdulaziz Saud I. Al-Ghzzi

Professor, Department of Archaeology, College of Tourisl and Archaeology, K.S.U
(Dates of receipt 23/10/2007; date of publication 9/2/2008)

Abstract. This paper deals with a group of incense burners collected from the archaeological site of Dadan during the first four seasons of excavattions conducted by the team of the Department of archaeology College of Tourism King Saud University. In the study this group is classified into
types each of which is described verbally showing its material shape size surface finish and decoration. The study is concluded with a comparattive study made on the group as far as variables of shapes and decorative elements are concerned. Finally the conclusion is drown.