USEFUL FORMULAS, CONVERSIONS, ETC

RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES C

a NON-RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES c c

b B
ZA

A a

Sin( A) = Basic Trig Functions are: A Tan( A) =

As ZA = C Pythagoras Theorem

a c

a c b Cos( A) = C b b

Sin( ZA) =

Cos (ZA) =

Tan( ZA) =

c a

b2 = a2 + c2

Given 2 Sides and The Included Angle Cosine Rule

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bcCos( A)
abSin(C ) 2

Area =

Given 2 Angles and The Included Side Sine Rule

a b c = = Sin( A) Sin( B) Sin(C )

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USEFUL FORMULAS, CONVERSIONS, ETC

Given 3 Sides Cosine Rule Area = Where s = semi perimeter

Cos( A) =

b2 + c 2 a 2 2bc

[ s( s a)(s b)( s c)]

Quadratic Solution

(b 2 4ac) 2a

Catenary Correction

l 3 w 2 cos 2 ( ) 24t 2

AREAS ( = 3.14159) Circle, Sphere Triangle, Rectangle, Parallelogram, Cone, Irregular figures,

r 2 4r2 base height 0.5 length width average of parallel sides perpendicular distance between them r2h/3, (h = vertical height) Simpsons Rule, Area = W/3[(F+L) +4E+2O] There must be an odd number of ordinates. W = spacing between ordinates. F = first, L = last, E = even, O = odd,

F L 1

E L 2

O 3

E 4

O 5

E 6

O 7

E 8

L 9 8

Area by co-ordinates, Area by planimeter, Area by computer plotting, (drawing to scale), MidOrdinate rule, Trapezoidal Rule. VOLUMES Sphere, Pyramid, cone, Frustrum,
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4/3r3 1/3 height base area If height = h, top area = A, bottom area = B, then Volume = (h/3) (A+B + (AB))
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USEFUL FORMULAS, CONVERSIONS, ETC

3 section, Prismoidal Rule, if A and B are the end areas, M is the middle area and L is the total length, then Volume = (L/6) (A+B+4M). B must be measured, not averaged from A and C.

B L

BULKING

The increase in volume of excavated material due to voids. Bulking depends on the type of material. Sand has virtually no bulking, while demolished brickwork has a high bulking factor. The decrease in volume due to compaction, and loss of material by hauling.

SHRINKAGE

SCALES Ordnance Survey Scales Plans Maps 1:1250 1:1000 1:2500 1:25000 1:50000 1:63600 1:250000 1:625000 1:1000000 Construction Scales 1:1 1:2 1:20 1:2000 1:5 1:50 1:500 1:1000 1:5000 1:100000 1:10 1:100

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