Kythuatxung SPKT 2

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.
HCM
KHOA IE N T
BO MON VIEN THONG

TAC GIA : Nguyen Vie t Hung
Nguye n nh Phu

TP.HCM 2007

-V
A

V
A

LI NOI AU

~ - . +~y :+-. - y .~ +, +.y- + y +~: + . ~ ~+ .+ ++~ +. .. + +
+ y :+.~ : .+ :+ + +.y-+ +~ ++ -+ :+ .-+ :++, :~ -. + + ~ ~ ~ +++
+++ ' :+- . .- ~ ~+ -+, ~ +~ :~+ :+++ .+ :+ ++ .+ - +, -+
:+ ~ :~+ +++ +~ :+, +~ .+, +~ , +~ ., +~ -+, +~ - .~ ~ ~+ -+
: +
+++ :++ :~ y ~ ~+ : -+ :+ +- . :~+ ~+ , .~ .+ +++ +~
:~+ :+ ~ ~- +++ +~ y ~ +-+ :~ + + ~ +++ -~. .~ ~ ~+ -+ :+ ++ . +
+++ :++ :~y ~ y :+.~: +.y-+ ~+ +- .~ .~ ~ ++ . ~ ~ ++ -+
-+ :+ +++ -, - z-+-, :~+--: ~ ~++ +++ -+ ~+ -+ :-+ .~ ~+ ~ :+-+
- ~+ -+ : : ++
+++ - :++ :~ y ~ ~+ -+ :+ +-. ~+ - + + :- , ~+ -+ -+ -+, -+
~, -+ ++, -+ + ~, ~+ -+ :++ :- .~ ~+ - + .+ :~+- -:
+++ :++ :~ y ~+ - +~y + ~ ~+ :+ +- ., ~ :- : .~+ :+ ~ ~
~+ - . :~ ~ -+ .+, :~ ~ . + ~ y
+++ :++ :~ y ~+ ~ + ~ +~, ~ + + + . + ~, .+ +.y-+ .+
, ~+ ~ + .+ . ~+ -, ~+ +:: :- .~ ~ + ~ + ~ +~ . + ~ ++
- + ..+ -+ : ~
+ :++ :~ y ++++ +~ + :~+ +-+ +~ +~+ -- + ++- . :+- . - : ~ : +
+ ~ y ++ . ~ ~ :~+ + +~ y .- :+- ~ + +._+9y~+ + +~+ :+~++
~ +
+ :-+ -~+
Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn
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MUC LUC
LOI NOI AU
CHUONG z: CAC DANG SONG TN HIEU z
|. C|0| 1H|EU 3
||. DA NC 50 NC HAM 8U0 C 5
|||. HAM XUNC (|MPUL5E FUNC1|0N[ 6
|V. HAM D0 C (kAMP FUNC1|0N[ 8
V. DA NC 50 NC HAM MU
V|. DA NC 50 NC HAM 5|N 5
V||. CA C DA NC 50NC 10 H0 P
V|||. CA C PHAN 1U 1k0NC CA C DA NC 50 NC 24
|X. 8A| 1AP 27
CHUONG z. BIEN OI DANG SONG BANG MACH RC, RL VA RLC zq
|. PHAN 1CH 50 NC VU0NC 3
||. MACH kC 3
' \/ . ./ / /\ '
\/ . ./ / /\ /3
|||. MACH L0 C 1A N 50 1HAP MA CH V| PHA N 36
' \/ / /
\/ . / 7
|V. MACH L0 C 1A N 50 CA0 MA CH 1CH PHAN 38
' \/ / / `
\/ / 3
V. CA C DA NC MA CH DU NC kL 40
V|. MACH V| PHA N 1CH PHA N DU NC 0P-AMP 40
' \/ . / -
\/ / -'
V||. PHU0NC PHA P 10A N 1U 42
' / // -
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~ \~ + . :+ + -. .~ ~ +~ :+ -
: \~ + . :+ + -. .~ ~ +~ .+ .. + --
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/ \/ 3 // -3
~ \~ + . :+ + -. .~ ~ +~ :+ -3
: \~ + . :+ + -. .~ ~ +~ .+ ..+ '
V|||. MACH PHA N AP 52
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|X. MACH kLC 54
X. 8A| 1AP 57
CHUONG . CHUYEN MACH IEN TU q
|. 0 CHE 0 XA C LAP
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~ +~ + + :+.~+ - .~ -+ ~ +++ '
: - + : ~ :+ -
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||. 0 CHE 0 QUA 0 7-
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CHUONG q. MACH XEN q
|. C|0| 1H|EU MA CH XE N `
||. MACH XEN N0| 1|E P `
' \/ / / / 3 / / 3 `
\/ / / / / 3 3 3 / `
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\/ / / / / 3 / 3 3
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7 \/ / / / / /\ 3 3 / 3-
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` \/ / / / / /\ 33 / /3 3
3 \/ / / / / /\ 3
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|||. MACH XEN 50NC 50NC 33
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\/ / 3 3 / / / /\ \/ / /3 '
\/ / 3 3 / / / /\ \/ / ''
- \/ / 3 3 / / / /\ / 3 ''
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7 \/ / 3 3 / / / 3 \/ / '
` \/ / 3 3 / / / 3 \/ / / 3 '-
3 \/ / 3 3 / / / 3 '-
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|V. MACH XEN V0| D|0DE 1HU C 1E '3
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Khoc sot o nh huc ng cu o d|en dung ||en cuc Cd '''
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V|. MACH XEN CHE P CU C PHA 1 DU NC 1kAN5|510k ''
V||. MACH XE N DU NC 0P AMP ''
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\/ / // 3 ''-
V|||. MACH XEN 2 MU C 0C LAP ''-
|X. 8A| 1AP ''7
CHUONG . MACH KEP MACH GIAO HOAN zzq
|. MACH KEP ''
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|||. MACH KEP 0 CU C NE N CU A 8J1 '
|V. CHUE N MA CH C-E V0| 1A| LA |E N DUNC '
V. CHUE N MA CH C-C V0| 1A| LA |EN DUNC '7
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V|. CHUE N MA CH C-E V0| 1A| LA CU0N DA '3
V||. 8A| 1AP '-
CHUONG o. MACH A HAI zq
|. C|0| 1H|EU '-`
||. CA C MA CH DA0 0 NC A HA| DU NC 0P-AMP '-3
/ / \/ / '-3
\/ / / . / . '-3
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|||. MACH DA0 0 NC A HA | DU NC V| MA CH 555 '
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V|. MACH DA0 0 NC A HA | DU NC CA C L|NH K|EN C0 VU NC |E N 1k0 AM '7`
' '7`
} / '73
- '`
- 3 3 / / . 3 /\ / \/ / 3 / / '`

1o| ||eu thom khoc.

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Dang song tn hie u.
Ky thua t xung.

Chng 1
C|0| 1H|EU
DA NC 50 NC HAM 8U0 C
HAM XUNC (|MPUL5E FUNC1|0N[
HAM D0 C (kAMP FUNC1|0N[
DA NC 50 NC HAM MU
DA NC 50 NC HAM 5|N
CA C DA NC 50NC 10 H0 P
CA C PHAN 1U 1k0NC CA C DA NC 50 NC
8A| 1AP

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Chng 1. Da ng song tn hieu. .y- + ++ +.
2 y :+.~ : .+
LIET KE CAC HNH
H|nh -. Dong sc ng t|n h|eu d|e n o p dc.
H|nh -2. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu hom bucc.
H|nh -3. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu s|n.
H|nh -4. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu hom xung.
H|nh -5. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu hom xung vucng dc| xu ng.
H|nh -6. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu hom mu .
H|nh -7. Dong sc ng t|n h|eu xung ro ng cuo.
H|nh -8. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu xung tom g|oc.
H|nh -. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu hom s|n g|om thec hom mu.
H|nh -0. Hom bucc vc| b|e n dc vo thc| g|on tre khoc nhou.
H|nh -. Dong scng v| du -.
H|nh -2. Dong sc ng v| du -2.
H|nh -3. (o[ do ng sc ng hom dcc. (b[ dong sc ng hom dc c tcng quot.
H|nh -5. 5c dc moch vo do ng sc ng v| du -4.
H|nh -6. Dong sc ng hom mu .
H|nh -7. Dong scng hom mu vc | co c g|o tr| b|en dc vo thc| hong kho c nhou.
H|nh -8. Dong sc ng hom mu vc | coc g|o tr|
S
T khoc nhou.
H|nh -. Dong sc ng v| du -5.
H|nh -20. Mct phon dong scng t|n h|eu hom s|n.
H|nh -2. Co c dong scng s|n b| d|ch song tro | hcoc song pho|.
H|nh -22. Do ng sc ng tc hc p hoy do ng sc ng hom mu to ng
H|nh -23. Do ng sc ng hom tc hc p cu o 2 hom mu vo hom dcc.
H|nh -24. Do ng sc ng hom s|n g|om.
H|nh -25. Do ng sc ng hom tc hc p.
H|nh -26. Do ng sc ng vucng.
H|nh -27. Dong scng xo c d|nh g|o tr| d|nh d|nh vo g|o tr| d|nh.
H|nh -28. C|o tr| trung b|nh cu o mc t vo | t|n h|e u tuon hcon.
H|nh -2. H|nh chc v| du -3.

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+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 3

|. C|0| 1H|EU:
Chung ta thng gap mot tn hieu nh la dong ie n i(t) hoac ien ap v(t). S thay oi theo
thi gian cua tn hieu c goi la dang song (waveform).
Dang song ve hnh 1-1 khong thay oi theo thi gian va c goi la tn hieu dc. T viet tat
dc tng trng cho dong ien co hng (direct current), dang bieu thc toan hoc cho dong ien dc
i(t) va ien ap dc v(t) nh sau:

( )
( )
)
`
=
=
o
O
I t i
V t v
vi + < < t (1-1)

H|nh -. Dong sc ng t|n h|eu d|e n o p dc.
Khong co mot tn hieu vat ly nao ma gi nguyen gia tr mai theo thi gian, tuy nhien no co
the gan ung oi vi tn hieu tao ra bi mot thiet o la nguon pin.
Tn hieu ham bc:

H|nh -2. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu hom bucc.
Tn hieu ham sin:

H|nh -3. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu s|n.
Tn hieu ham xung:
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4 y :+.~ : .+

H|nh -4. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu hom xung.
Tn hieu ham xung vuong oi xng:

H|nh -5. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu hom xung vucng dc| xu ng.
Tn hieu ham mu:

H|nh -6. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu hom mu .
Tn hieu xung rang ca:

H|nh -7. Dong sc ng t|n h|eu xung ro ng cuo.
Tn hieu xung tam giac:

H|nh -8. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu xung tom g|oc.
Tn hieu ham sin giam:
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+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 5

H|nh -. Do ng sc ng t|n h|eu hom s|n g|om thec hom mu.
||. DA NC 50 NC HAM 8U0 C:
Tn hieu c ban nhat la dang song ham bc. Ham bc tong quat c thiet lap da vao
ham bc n v c nh ngha nh sau:
( )
>
<
=
0 1
0 0
t khi
t khi
t u (1-2)
Dang song cua ham bc bang 0 khi t am va bang 1 khi t dng. Theo toan hoc th ham u(t)
khong lien tuc tai t = 0.
Thc ra khong the nao tao ra mot ham bc nh vay, bi cac ai lng bien oi cua tn hieu
nh dong ien va ien ap khong the nhay t mot gia tr nay sang gia tr khac tai thi iem t = 0.
Tuy nhie n chung ta co the tao ra mot ham gan ung vi ham bc vi yeu cau la thi gian chuyen
mach phai ngan khi so sanh vi cac thong so thi gian ap ng khac trong mach ien.
Cac ham bc gan ung nay thng xuat hien trong cuoc song hang ngay nh chung ta tat /
m cac thiet b nh ti vi, radio, en ien,
Ham bc n v la mot ham tn hieu a nang c dung e thiet lap nhieu dang song tn
hieu khac.
Neu nhan ham u(t) vi mot hang so V
A
, se tao ra mot ham khac:
( )
>
<
=
0
0 0
t khi V
t khi
t u V
A
A
(1-3)
Neu thay the t bang ( )
S
T t se tao ra ham ( )
S A
T t u V :
( )
>
<
=
S A
S
S A
T t khi V
T t khi
T t u V
0
(1-4)
Trong o V
A
la bien o cua ham bc va T
S
la khoang thi gian tre . Hang so V
A
va thi gian
tre co the co cac gia tr am, dng va bang 0. Cac dang song c trnh bay nh hnh 1-3: anh
hng cua viec thay oi bien o va thi gian tre oi vi dang song ham bc n v:
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6 y :+.~ : .+

H|nh -0. Hom bucc vc| b|e n dc vo thc| g|on tre khoc nhou.
V du 1-1: Hay tm dang song cua tn hieu co dang song nh hnh 1-11(a) theo dang song cua
cac ham bc.

H|nh -. Dong scng v| du -.

Giai:
Bien o cua xung nhay le n gia tr 3 V tai t = 1s, do o 3u(t-1) la mot ham cua dang song.
Xung ve gia tr 0 V tai t = 3 s, do o mot ham bc th 2 co bien o bang nhau nhng gia tr am va
nhay tai t = 3s o chnh la ham -3u(t-3). Cong 2 ham mi va tm ta c phng trnh cua dang
song can tm:
3). - 3u(t - 1) - 3u(t v(t) =
Hnh ve 1-11(b) trnh bay cach ket h p 2 ham bc e tao ra mot ham xung ch nhat.

|||. HAM XUNC (|MPUL5E FUNC1|0N[:
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+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 7
Dang phng trnh to ng quat cua dang song cho trong v du 1-1 c viet nh sau:
)] T - u(t - ) T - [u(t V v(t)
2 1 A
= (1-5)
Phng trnh nay co dang song la xung ch nhat co bien o la V
A
trong khoang thi gian t
T
1
en T
2
. Cac dang song cua cac chuoi xung va xung vuong co the tao ra bi cac chuoi xung nay.
Cac xung m (ON) thi iem T
1
va ong (OFF) thi iem T
2
sau o c goi la cac xung gac
cong bi v no c dung e noi vi cac chuyen mach ien t e cho phep hoac cam s lu thong
cua cac tn hieu khac.
Mot xung chiem mot die n tch la 1 n v hoi tu tai t = 0 c viet theo cac thanh phan cua
ham bc nh sau:

(
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
T
t u
2
T
t u
T
1
v(t) (1-6)
Bien o cua ham (1-5) bang 0 tai cac gia tr cua t ngoai tr khoang T/2 < t < T/2 th bien o
cua no bang 1/T. Dien tch nam di xung co gia tr bang 1 bi v phan t bien o t le nghch vi
khoang thi gian. Nh hnh ve 1-12(a), th xung tr ne n he p hn va cao hn neu nh T giam nhng
van gi nguyen die n tch bang 1. Theo gii han, khi T dan ve 0 th phan t bien o at en gia tr
khong xac nh nhng dien tch cua no van bang 1. Ham co c nam trong gii han c goi la
ham xung n v Unit impulse, c ky hie u la o(t). Dang song cua ham xung o(t) c trnh bay
hnh 1-12(b). Xung nay la mot kieu xung ly tng vi bien o xung ln nhng thi gian ton tai
xung ngan.
nh ngha ham xung n v la :
o(t) = 0 khi t = 0 va ( khong xac nh tai t = 0)
( ) ( ) u(t) x d x =
}

t
o (1-7)
ieu kien au noi len rang xung se bang 0 vi tat ca cac gia tr cua t ngoai tr t bang 0.
ieu kien th hai gi y rang ham xung n v la ao ham cua ham bc n v.
( )
dt
du(t)
x = o (1-8)
Ham bc co the thay oi bien o vi he so t le K nh sau: ( ) ( ) x o k t v =

V du 1-2: Hay tnh toan ve dang song cua ham o(t) vi ham xung c cho trong hnh 1-
12(a).
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8 y :+.~ : .+

Giai:
Trong v du 1-1, phng trnh cua dang song co dang:
3). - 3u(t - 1) - 3u(t v(t) =
Dung tnh chat ao ham cua ha m bc, ta co the viet nh sau:
Dang song gom mot xung dng tai t = 1 s va mot xung am tai t = 3 s c trnh bay nh hnh
ve 1-12(b). Bien o cua ham v(t) la V (volt) va bien o cua dv(t) /dt la V/s.
( ) ( ) 3 - t 3 1 - t 3
dt
dv(t)
o o =

|V. HAM D0 C (kAMP FUNC1|0N[:
Ham doc n v c xac nh bang tch phan cua ha m bc:
( ) ( ) ( ) t tu u
t
= =
}

x d x r(t) (1-9)
Dang song cua ham bc n v r(t) hnh ve 1-6a se bang 0 khi t < 0 va bang t khi t > 0, o
doc cua ham bang 1. Dang song cua ham doc tre n c trnh bay hnh 1-6a
Ham doc co the c keo gian ve bien o vi he so t le K va c ky hieu nh sau: v(t) =
Kr(t), trong o phan t ty le co n v la V/s va chnh la o doc cua ham bc. Dang song tong
quat cua ha m bc c ve hnh 1-6b vi phng trnh cua ham la:
( )
( )
>
<
= =
S S
S
S
T t khi T t k
T t khi
T t kr
0
v(t) (1-10)

Bang cach cong cac ham doc co the tao ra cac dang song xung tam giac va xung rang ca
nh a trnh bay phan gii thieu cac dang song.
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+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 9

H|nh -3. (o[ do ng sc ng hom dcc. (b[ dong sc ng hom dc c tcng quot.
+ Cac ham n c c:
Ham xung n v, ham bc n v va ham doc n v tao thanh mot bo 3 cac tn hieu co lien
quan va chung c xem nh la cac ham n cc, co moi lien he theo dang tch phan nh sau:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
=
=
}
}

x d x r(t)
x d x t u
t
t
u
o
(1-11)
Hoac quan he theo dang ao ham nh sau:

( )
( )
( )
=
=
dt
dt
t dr
u(t)
t du
t o
(1-12)
Cac tn hieu nay c dung e tao ra cac dang song tn hieu khac va dung e kiem tra cac he
thong tuyen tnh e biet cac ac tnh ap ng cua chung.

B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
10 y :+.~ : .+
V du 1-3: Hay tnh tch phan cua ham xung vi dang song a cho hnh 1-14(a).

Giai:
Theo v du 1-1 th phng trnh cua dang song c viet lai:
3). - 3u(t - 1) - 3u(t v(t) =
Dung tnh chat tch phan cua ham bc th:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
<
< <
<
= =
}

t khi
t khi t
t khi
t r t r v
t
3 0
3 1 1 3
0 0
3 3 1 3 x d x

V du 1-4: Hnh 1-15(a), trnh bay mot switch ien t ly tng vi ham tn hieu ngo vao cua
switch la ( ) t 2r (t) v
IN
= vi he so K = 2 V/s co dang song nh hnh 1-15(c). Hay tm ngo ra v
0
(t)
cua switch khi ham ieu khien cc G cua switch c cho hnh 1-15(b).
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 11

H|nh -5. 5c dc moch vo do ng sc ng v| du -4.
Giai:
Dang song ieu khien cc G theo hnh 1-15(b) se co phng trnh la:
3). - 3u(t - 1) - 3u(t v(t) =
Ham nay se m cong tai thi iem t = 1 s va ong cong tai thi iem t = 3 s. Do o ham ngo
ra cua switch co dang:

<
< <
<
=
t
t t
3 khi 0
3 0 khi 2
0 t khi 0
(t) v
O

Ch mot phan tn hieu ngo vao nam trong khoang thi gian m cong xuat hien tai ngo ra.
Hnh 1-15(d) trnh bay cac da ng song ngo ra.

V. DA NC 50 NC HAM MU :
Ham mu la ham bc ma bien o cua no giam ve 0. Phng trnh ham mu co dang nh sau:

( ) t u e V
C
T
t
A
(
(
=

v(t)
(1-13)
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
12 y :+.~ : .+
Dang song cua ham mu c ve hnh 1-16. Hai thong so e thiet lap ham mu la bien o V
A

(n v la volt: V) va hang so thi gian Tc (n v la giay s). Ne u ham mu c viet cho dong ien
th bien o la dong ien la I
A
va n v cua no la amperes (A).

H|nh -6. Dong sc ng hom mu .
Hnh 1-17, trnh bay cac dang song ham mu vi gia tr bien o va thi hang thay oi.

H|nh -7. Dong scng hom mu vc | co c g|o tr| b|en dc vo thc| hong kho c nhou.
/ / / / \ \
Tnh chat giam:
Mo ta toc o giam cua tn hieu ham mu. Khi t > 0 dang song ham mu co the viet nh sau:

C
T
t
A
e V

= v(t)
(1-14)
Ham bc co the bo qua trong bie u thc cua ham mu v t > 0. Tai thi iem t + At, ta co :

( )
C C C
T T
t
A
T
t
A
e e V e V
t t
t) v(t
A

A +
= = A +
(1-15)
Thiet lap t so cua 2 ham:
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 13

C
C
C C
T
T
t
A
T T
t
A
e
e V
e e V
t
t
v(t)
t) v(t
A
A

=

=
A +
(1-16)
T so giam khong phu thuoc vao bien o
A
V va thi gian t. Vi khoang thi gian t A co nh,
t le giam ch phu thuoc vao thi hang co nh Tc.
e tm o doc cua phng trnh ham mu ( vi t > 0) ta lay ao ham theo t cua phng trnh
(1-14) ta c:

C
T
t
C
A
T
e
T
V
C
v(t)
dt
dv(t)
= =

(1-17)
Tnh chat o do c:
Xac nh toc o thay oi cua dang song ham mu t le nghch vi thi hang Tc. Vi gia tr thi
hang Tc nho th ham mu co o doc ln va thi gian suy giam nhanh, vi thi hang Tc ln th ham
mu co o doc lai va thi gian suy giam dai.
Phng trnh 1-15 co the viet lai nh sau:

( )
0
dt
dv(t)
= +
C
T
t v
(1-18)
Khi v(t) la ham mu co dang nh phng trnh (1-12) th 0
dt
dv
= +
C
T
v
- ay la phng trnh vi
phan cap 1 va nghiem cua no la phng trnh ham mu.
Ham mu vi thi gian b dch chuye n:
Bang cach thay the t trong phng trnh (1-13) bang (t T
S
). Khi o phng trnh tong quat
cua ham mu c viet nh sau:

( )
S
T
T t
A
T t u e V
C
S
(
(
v(t)
(1-19)
Trong o
S
T la thong so thi gian dch chuyen. Hnh 1-18 trnh bay cac dang song ham mu
vi cung gia tr bien o va thi hang nhng
S
T khac nhau. Thi gian dch chuyen
S
T lam dch
chuyen dang song cua ham mu sang trai hoac sang phai tuy thuoc vao gia tr
S
T am hay dng.
B
a
n

q
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n

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D
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S
u

p
h
a
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
14 y :+.~ : .+

H|nh -8. Dong sc ng hom mu vc | coc g|o tr|
S
T khoc nhou.
Chu y: phan t t
S
T phai xuat hien trong ca 2 phng trnh ham mu va ham bc nh a
trnh bay trong phng trnh (1-19).

V du 1-5: Hnh 1-19 trnh bay man hnh dao ong ky ang o mot phan dang song cua ham
mu. Trong hnh ve: truc ng la truc bien o vi o phan giai la 2V/1 o chia, truc ngang la truc
thi gian la 1ms/ 1 o chia. Hay tm thi hang Tc cua ham mu.

H|nh -. Dong sc ng v| du -5.
Giai :
Vi t > 0 th phng trnh tong quat cua ham mu phng trnh 1-19 c viet lai:

C
S
T
T t
A
e V

= v(t)

B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 15
Do ta ch biet mot phan cua dang song ne n kho ng biet c tai v tr tai thi iem t = 0 dan
en ta cung khong biet c bien o V
A
va thi gian dch chuye n
S
T t man hnh dao ong ky.
Nhng theo tnh chat giam chung ta co the xac nh thi hang
C
T do t le giam khong phu thuoc
vao bien o va thi gian.
T phng trnh (1-16):
C
T
e
t
v(t)
t) v(t
A
=
A +

Suy ra thi hang Tc:
v(t)
t) v(t
ln
t
A +
A
=
C
T
Gia tr v(t) co the tnh tai bat ky v tr nao tren truc thi gian va ta tnh tai iem ben trai cua
man hnh ket qua ta c:
( ) V
div
V
div t v 2 . 7 ) 2 )( 6 . 3 ( = =
Gia tr t) v(t A + nh sau:
( ) V
div
V
div t t v 1 ) 2 )( 5 . 0 ( = = A +
He so t A la khoang thi gian tuy y chon t iem nay en iem ke sau cho de tnh toan, va
ta chon t A bang chieu ngang cua man hnh:
ms
div
ms
div t 8 ) 1 )( 8 ( = = A
Ket qua thi hang Tc:
ms T
C
05 . 4
1
2 . 7
ln
10 8
v(t)
t) v(t
ln
t
3
=
(
=
A +
A
=

V|. DA NC 50 NC HAM 5|N:
Ham cosine va ham sine la cac ham quan trong. Trai ngc vi ham bc va ham mu th
ham sine co dang song m rong vi thi gian khong xac nh theo ca 2 hng am va dng, gan
giong nh dang song dc. Hay co the noi tn hie u sine khong co iem bat au va cung kho ng co
iem ket thuc, tuy nhie n cac tn hieu sine trong thc te se co cac khoang thi gian xac nh.
Tn hieu sine trong hnh 1-20 la lap lai cac dao ong giong nhau gia cac nh dng va am
khong bao gi ket thuc. Bien o V
A
(n v Volt) xac nh cac gia tr ln nhat va nho nhat cua dao
ong. Chu ky To (n v s) la khoang thi gian can thiet hoan tat mot chu ky dao ong.
B
a
n

q
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n

T
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D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
16 y :+.~ : .+

H|nh -20. Mct phon dong scng t|n h|eu hom s|n.
Tn hieu sine co the bieu dien bang toan hoc dung ham sine hoac ham cosine. S la chon
gia 2 ham phu thuoc vao thi iem ta chon t = 0. Neu ta chon t = 0 tai iem ma tn hieu sine bang
0 th ham ta co the viet:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
O
A
T
t
V t v t 2 sin (1-20)
Ngc lai neu ta chon t = 0 tai iem ma ham sine co gia tr tai nh dng th ta co the viet
dang song theo ham cosine:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
O
A
T
t
V t v t 2 cos (1-21)
Do trong thc te thng chon t = 0 tai thi iem dang song co gia tr tai nh dng va
phng trnh cua tn hieu la ham cosine (1-18b). Tuy nhien ta van tiep tuc goi dang song nay la
song sine mac du ta dung ham cosine e bieu dien chu ng.
Cung giong nh ham bc va ham mu th tn hieu sine cung co cac tnh chat giong nhau bang
cach thay the t bang (t Ts) vao phng trnh (1-21) se co c mot phng trnh tong quat cua tn
hieu sine: trong o tho ng so T
S
la thi hang dch chuyen.
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
O
S
A
T
T t
V t v t 2 cos (1-22)
Hnh 1-21 trnh bay cac tn hieu sine dch sang phai khi T
S
> 0 va dch sang trai khi T
S
< 0.
B
a
n

q
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e
n

T
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u
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n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 17

H|nh -2. Co c dong scng s|n b| d|ch song tro | hcoc song pho|.
Thong so thi gian T
S
co the thay the bang mot goc nh phng trnh sau:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = | t
O
A
T
t
V t v 2 cos (1-22)
Thong so | c goi la goc pha ban au. So sanh phng trnh (1-19) va (1-20) ta co:

O
S
T
T
t | 2 = (1-23)
n v cua goc pha | la radians nhng thng dien ta theo o.
Mot dang khac tng t cua tn hieu sine tong quat co c bang cach m rong phng trnh
(1-20) theo ham cos(x + y) = cos(x) cos(y) sin(x) sin(y):
( ) | | | |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
O
A
O
A
T
t
V
T
t
V t v t | t | 2 sin sin 2 cos cos (1-24)
Cac ai lng trong dau ngoac vuong la cac hang so do o ta co the viet lai phng trnh
dang tong quat nh sau:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
O O
T
t
b
T
t
a t v t t 2 sin 2 cos (1-25)
Hai thong so bien o a, b co cung n v va c goi la cac he so Fourier. Vay cac he so
Fourier co moi lien he vi bien o va goc pha bang cac phng trnh:

=
=
|
|
sin
cos
A
A
V b
V a
(1-26)
B
a
n

q
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n

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S
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p
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a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
18 y :+.~ : .+
T phng trnh (1-26) ta co the tm c bien o va goc pha nh sau:

=
+ =
a
b
arctg
b a V
A
|
2 2
(1-27)
Ta thng dien ta tn hieu sine theo thong so tan so. Tan so fo c nh ngha la so chu ky
trong mot n v thi gian. Theo nh ngha, chu ky
O
T la so giay cua mot chu ky, do o so chu ky
trong 1 giay la:

O
O
T
f
1
= (1-28)
n v cua tan so la hertz (Hz). Tan so goc e
o
co moi quan he vi tan so fo va chu ky To
nh sau:

O
O O
T
f
t
t e
2
2 = = (1-29)
1cm |o|, cc mct vo | co ch tucng ducng de d|en to mct t|n h|e u hom s|ne tc ng quo t:

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t b t a tf b tf a
T
t
b
T
t
a
T
t
V t v
O O O O
O O O
A
e e t t
t t | t
sin cos 2 sin 2 cos
2 sin 2 cos 2 cos
+ = + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(1-30)
Kh| su du ng mct trcng coc b|e u thu c tren chung to pho| b|et 3 thcng sc :
(1). Bien o V
A
hoac he so Fourier a va b.
(2). Thi gian dch chuyen T
S
hoac goc pha |.
(3). Chu ky T
0
hoac tan so f
0
hoac tan so goc e
o.
1|nh cho t ccng cu o t|n h|e u s|ne:
Tong cua 2 tn hieu sin cung tan so la mot tn hieu sin co bien o va goc pha thay oi nhng
cung tan so so vi 2 tn hieu tren.
Tn hieu th nhat: v
1
(t) = a
1
cos (2tf
0
t) + b
1
sin (2tf
0
t)
Tn hieu th hai: v
2
(t) = a
2
cos (2tf
0
t) + b
2
sin (2tf
0
t)
Tong cua 2 tn hieu: v
3
(t) = (a
1
+ a
2
) cos (2tf
0
t) + (b
1
+b
2
) sin (2tf
0
t)

V du 1-6:
(a). Hay tm tan so va chu ky cua cac tn hieu sau ay:
v
1
(t) = 17 cos (2000t - 30)
v
2
(t) = 12 cos (2000t + 30)
(b). Hay tm phng trnh v
3
(t) = v
1
(t) + v
2
(t).
Giai:
(a). Hai tn hieu sine co cung tan so goc e
0
= 2000 rad/s, do o f
0
= e
0
/ 2t = 318,3 Hz va T
0

= 1 / f
0
= 3,14 ms.

(b). Hai tn hieu tre n cung tan so nen chu ng ta dung tnh chat cong:
B
a
n

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n

T
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D
H

S
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p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 19
a
1
= 17 cos (-30) = + 14.7 V
b
1
= -17 sin (-30) = 8.5 V
a
2
= 12 cos (30) = + 10.4 V
b
2
= -12 sin (30) = -6 V
He so Fourier cua tn hieu v
3
= v
1
+ v
2
c tnh:
a
3
= a
1
+ a
2
= 25,1 V
b
3
= b
1
+ b
2
= 2,5 V
Bien o va goc pha cua tn hieu:
= =
= + =
o
A
a
b
arctg
V b a V
69 , 5
2 , 25
2 2
|

Phng trnh cua v
3
(t) la
v
3
(t) = 25,2 cos [2000t + 5,69 ]
= 25,1 cos 2000t + 2,5 sin 2000t V

V||. CA C DA NC 50NC 10 H0 P:
Ta a khao sat cac tn hieu ham bc, ham mu, va ham sine. ay la cac ham tn hie u c ban
bi v chung c ket h p lai e tao ra cac ham tn hieu khac. Cac tn hieu c tao ra bi 3 ham
c ban c goi la cac tn hieu to hp. Trong phan nay se xet cac v du ve cac tn hieu to hp nay.

V du 1-7:
Hay tm ac tnh cua mot ham to hp c tao ra bang cach lay ham bc tr cho ham mu ,
ca 2 ham cung bien o.
Giai:
Ta co phng trnh tn hie u ham doc: ( ) ( ) t u t v =
1

Ta co phng trnh tn hie u ham mu: ( ) ( ) t u e V t v
Tc
t
A
(
=

2

Phng trnh to h p cua 2 dang song tre n la:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t u e V t u e V t u V t v t v t v
C C
T
t
A
T
t
A A
(
(
=
(
(
= =

1
2 1
(1-31)
Phan tch ham:
( )

<
(
(
s
=

t khi V
t khi e V
t khi
t v
A
T
t
A
C
0 1
0 0

Giai thch: Khi t < 0 th ham bc u(t) = 0 nen dang tn hieu v(t) = 0.
Tai thi iem t = 0 th dang tn hieu v(t) = 0 v ham bc va ham mu triet tieu nhau:
( ) ( ) 0 1 1
0
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

e V e V t v
A
T
t
A
C

B
a
n

q
u
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e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
20 y :+.~ : .+
Khi t >> 0 th dang song tn hie u bang hang so V
A
. e ve c dang song nay ta cho lan lt
:
C
T t = ,
C
T 2 ,
C
T 3 ,
C
T 4 va
C
T 5 . Dang song cua ham nay nh hnh 1-22.

H|nh -22. Do ng sc ng tc hc p hoy do ng sc ng hom mu to ng.

V du 1-9:
Hay tm ac tnh cua mot ham to hp c tao ra bang cach nhan ham doc vi ham mu.

Giai:
Ta co phng trnh tn hie u ham doc: ( )
( )
( ) t u
T
t r
t v
c
=
1

Tc
t
A
(
=

2

Phng trnh to h p cua 2 tn hieu nay la:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) t u e
T
t
V t u e V
T
t r
t v t v t v
Tc
t
c
A
Tc
t
A
c
(
=
(
= =

2 1
(1-32)
Phan tch ham:
( ) ( )

<
(
s
=
(
=

t khi
t khi e
T
t
V
t khi
t u e
T
t
V t v
Tc
t
c
A
Tc
t
c
A
0
0
0 0

Khi t < 0 th ( ) 0 = t v v ham bc ( ) 0 = t u .
Tai thi iem t = 0 th ( ) 0 = t v v ham doc ( ) 0 = t r .
Tai thi iem t > 0 th v(t) phu thuoc vao 2 ham: ham doc tang tuyen tnh con ham mu lai suy
giam ve 0. ieu nay co the thay ro bang cach lay gii han ham v(t) khi t dan vo cung, ca 2 ham
doc va ham mu eu co gia tr vo cung ln nhng gia tr cua ham mu ln hn va nam mau so nen
ham ( ) 0 = t v .
Dang song cua ham v(t) nh hnh 1-23.
B
a
n

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T
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D
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p
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y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 21

H|nh -23. Do ng sc ng hom tc hc p cu o 2 hom mu vo hom dcc.

V du 1-10:
Hay tm ac tnh cua mot ham to hp c tao ra bang cach nhan ham sin e
0
t vi ham mu
cung bien o .
Giai:
Ta co phng trnh tn hie u ham sin: ( ) t t v
O
e sin
1
=
Tc
t
A
(
=

2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | t u t e V t u e V t t v t v t v
Tc
t
A
Tc
t
A
(
=
(
= =

0 0 2 1
sin sin e e (1-33)
Dang song cua ham v(t) nh hnh 1-24 vi T
0
= 2T
C
.

H|nh -24. Do ng sc ng hom s|n g|om.
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22 y :+.~ : .+
Khi t < 0 th ( ) 0 = t v v ham bc ( ) 0 = t u .
Tai thi iem t = 0 th ( ) 0 = t v v ham 0 ) 0 sin( =
o
e .
Tai thi iem t > 0 th v(t) phu thuoc vao ham sin tao ra dang song sin nhng bien o la ham
mu suy giam ve 0 khi t > 5t (t = RC).
Khi + t th ham to hp ( ) 0 = t v v ham mu bang 0.
Dang song cua ham to hp ham sin nhan vi ham mu c goi la ham sin giam (damped
sine) hay dao ong tat dan.

V du 1-11:
Hay tm ac tnh cua mot ham to h p c tao ra bang cach nhan 2 ham mu co thi hang
khac nhau nhng cung bien o.
Giai:
Ta co phng trnh tn hie u ham mu:
( ) ( ) t u e V t v
T
t
A
(
=

1
1

Ta co phng trnh tn hie u ham mu:
( ) ( ) t u e V t v
T
t
A
(
=

2
2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | t u e e V t u e V t u e V t v t v t v
T
t
T
t
A
T
t
A
T
t
A
(
=
(
= =

2 1 2 1
2 1
(1-34)
Khi T
1
>T
2
dang song cua ham v(t) c trnh bay hnh 1-25 (ve vi T
1
= 2T
2
):

H|nh -25. Do ng sc ng hom tc hc p.

Khi t < 0: th ham ( ) 0 = t v v ham bc ( ) 0 = t u .
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P
.
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C
M
+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 23
Khi t = 0: th ham ( ) 0 = t v v :
( ) ( ) 0 ) 1 1 ( 0
0 0
= = =

A A
V e e V v
Khi 0 > t th dang song cua ham to hp co dang song nh hnh 1-25.
Khi kha ln th ham v(t) giam ve 0 v ca 2 ham mu eu giam ve 0.

V du 1-12:
Hay thiet lap phng trnh cua dang song vuo ng c trnh bay trong hnh 1-26.
Giai:
Phng trnh cua dang song vuong co the thiet lap bang cach cong ham cua moi chu ky v tn
hieu nay la tn hieu tuan hoan.
Chu ky th nhat sau thi iem t = 0,ham cua no nh la mot to hp cua 3 ham bc:
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
1
2
2 T t u V
T
t u V t u V t v
A A A
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
Tng t ham cua chu ky tiep theo:
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
0 2
2
2
3
2 T t u V
T
t u V T t u V t v
A A A
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
T cac ket qua tren th ham cua chu ky th k la:
( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) ( )
0 0 0
2
1
2 1 kT t u V T k t u V T k t u V t v
A A A k
+ =
Ta co the tao ra cac chu ky noi tiep nhau cua tn hieu song vuong v(t) bang cach cong ham
v
k
(t) vi k bie n thien t - en +:

( ) ( )
=
=
=
k
k
k
t v t v
(1-35)

H|nh -26. Do ng sc ng vucng.

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24 y :+.~ : .+
V|||. CA C PHAN 1U 1k0NC CA C DA NC 50 NC:
' 3/ , / | | .
Gia tr ien ap nh nh cua tn hieu v(t) c nh ngha nh sau:

MIN MAX pp
v V V = (1-36)
Chu y: Vpp luon luon dng ngay ca trng hp ca V
MAX
va V
MIN
eu am.
3/ , / | .
Gia tr ien ap nh cua tn hieu v(t) la gia tr tuyet oi ln nhat cua tn hieu:
{ }
MIN MAX MAX p
V V V V , = (1-37)
Chu y: gia tr Vp la gia tr dng xac nh o lech cc ai tuyet oi cua tn hieu so vi 0.
Hnh 1-27 minh hoa cho cac he so bien o.

H|nh -27. Dong scng xo c d|nh g|o tr| d|nh d|nh vo g|o tr| d|nh.

3/ , / 3
Gia tr ien ap trung bnh cua tn hieu v(t) trong khoang thi gian T c xac nh nh sau:

}
+
=
T t
t
avg
dx x v
T
V ) (
1
(1-38)
oi vi tn hieu tuan hoan chu ky T
0
c dung nh khoang thi gian trung bnh T.
oi vi cac dang song tn hieu tuan hoan th tch phan cua phng trnh (1-30) co the tnh
toan bang o th dang song cua tn hieu. V du: tn hieu sin trong hnh 1-28 co gia tr ien ap trung
bnh bang 0 do dien tch tren truc bang dien tch di truc.
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M
+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 25
Dang song rang ca trong hnh 1-28 ro rang co gia tr dng. Bang hnh hoc ta co the xac
nh c dien tch nam di 1 chu ky cua tn hieu rang ca la
2
O
A
T
V , do o gia tr trung bnh la:
2 2
1
A O
A
O
V T
V
T
= .
Gia tr trung bnh cua tn hieu luon la hang so va con c goi la thanh phan dc cua tn hieu
bi tn hieu dc la hang so vi moi t.

H|nh -28. C|o tr| trung b|nh cu o mc t vo | t|n h|e u tuon hcon.

V du 1-13:
Hay tm gia tr nh, gia tr nh nh va gia tr trung bnh cua tn hieu tuan hoan va dang
song ngo ra trnh bay trong hnh 1-29.
Giai:
Tn hieu ngo vao la tn hieu sin co he so bien o la:
Gia tr ien ap nh-nh:
A PP
V V 2 =
Gia tr ien ap nh
A P
V V =
Gia tr ien ap trung bnh 0 =
avg
V
Dang song tn hieu ra chnh la dang tn hieu sin ngo vao nhng a b xen bo mot na chu ky
am (mach chnh lu ban ky). Cac he so bien o cua dang song ngo ra la:
Gia tr ien ap trung bnh:
( )
A
A A
T
A
T
A avg
V
V V
T
t V
dt
T
t
V
T
V 318 , 0 0 cos cos
2
2 cos
2
2 sin
1
2
0
0
2
0 0 0
0
0
= = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
}
t
t
t
t
t
t
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26 y :+.~ : .+
Gia tr ien ap nh:
A P PP
V V V = =

H|nh -2. H|nh chc v| du -3.

- 3/ , / 3
| |
}
+
=
T t
t
rms
dt t v
T
V
2
) (
1
(1-39)

V du 1-14:
Hay tm gia tr hieu dung cua tn hieu sin va tn hieu xung rang ca trnh bay trong hnh 1-25.
Giai:
Ap dung phng trnh (1-34) gia tr cua tn hieu hnh sin la:
| |
2 8
) 4 sin(
2
) 2 ( sin ) (
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0 0
2
0
2
2
A
T
A
T
A
T t
t
rms
V
T
T t t
T
V
dt
T
t
T
V
dt t v
T
V =
(
= = =
} }
+
t
t
t
Gia tr cua tn hieu song rang ca la:
| |
3 2
1
) (
1
0
0
0
3
3
0
2
0
2
0 0
2
A
T
A
T
A
T t
t
rms
V t
T
V
dt
T
t V
T
dt t v
T
V =
(
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
} }
+

|X. 8A| 1AP:

1. Hay tm cac ham cua cac tn hieu cho sau ay:
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M
+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 27
(a)
( )
<
< <
<
=
t khi
t khi
t khi
t v
4 4
4 2 4
1 0
1

(b)
( )
< +
< <
<
=
t khi t
t khi
t khi
t v
4 12 2
4 2 4
2 0
2

(c)
}

=
t
dx x v t v ) ( ) (
1 3

(d)
dt
t dv
t v
) (
) (
2
4
=
2.
(a) Hay tm phng trnh cua xung hnh ch nhat co bien o 15V tai t = -5 s va ket thuc tai t =
10s.
(b) Tm bieu thc bang cach lay ao ham cua ham va tm c cau (a).
(c) Tm bieu thc bang cach lay tch phan cua ha m va tm c cau (a).
3.
(a) Mot ham mu co v(0) = 1.2 V va v(3) = 0.5 V. Hay tm gia tr V
A
va Tc cua tn hieu nay.
(b) Mot ham mu co v(0) = 5 V va v(2) = 1.25 V. Hay tm gia tr v(t) ta i t = 1 va t = 4.
(c) Mot ham mu co v(0) = 5 va o doc bat au tai ( t = 0) la 25 V/s. Hay tm V
A
va Tc cua ham
mu nay.
(d) Mot ham mu co o suy giam 10 % gia tr ban au cua no trong khoang thi gian 3 ms. Hay
tm Tc cua ham mu nay.
(e) Mot ham co v(2) = 4 V, v(6) = 1 V va v(10) = 0.5 V. Vay ham nay co phai la ham mu hay
khong ?
4. Hay tm bien o va thi hang cua cac ham mu sau ay:
(a)
| | ( ) ) ( 15 ) (
1000
1
V t u e t v
t
=

(b)
( ) ) ( 12 ) (
10
2
mV t u e t v
t
(
+ =

(c)
| | ( ) ) ( 15 ) (
500
3
mA t u e t i
t
+ =

(d)
( )
| | ( ) ) ( 100 4 ) (
100 200
4
A t u e t i
t
=

5. Hay tm bieu thc cua ham xung cua hnh 1-30 sau ay:

V(t)
T
V
A

T
0

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28 y :+.~ : .+
H|nh -30.
6. Hay ve dang song cua cac ham sau:
(a). v
1
(t) = 5 u(t) (c). v
3
(t) = -5u(t-1)
(b). v
2
(t) = 5u(t+1) (d). v
4
(t) = -10u(t-1)
7. Hay ve dang song cua cac ham sau:
(a). v
A
(t) = v
1
(t) + v
2
(t) (c). v
C
(t) = v
1
(t) + v
4
(t)
(b). v
B
(t) = v
1
(t) + v
3
(t) (d). v
D
(t) = v
2
(t) + v
3
(t)
8. Hay ve dang song bang cach lay tch phan va ao ham cua cac ham trong bai tap (1).
9. Mot tn hieu v(t) bang 0 khi 3ms s t s 5ms va bang +5 V khi t nam ngoai vung tren. Hay
tm phng trnh cua tn hieu theo ham bc.
10. Hay xac nh bien o , thi hang va ve dang song cua cac ham mu sau:
(a). v
1
(t) = [10 e
-2t
] u(t) (c). v
3
(t) = [-10 e
-20t
] u(t)
(b). v
2
(t) = [10 e
-t/2
] u(t) (d). v
4
(t) = [-10 e
-t/20
] u(t)
11. Mot ham mu bat au tai t = 0 va giam ve +5V tai t = 4ms va giam tiep ve +3V tai t = 6ms.
Hay tm bien o va thi hang cua dang song.
12. Mot ham mu co Tc = 5ms va co gia tr bang +5V tai t = 2,5 ms. Hay tm gia tr cua no tai t =
3,5 ms.
13. Hay xac nh chu ky, tan so, bie n o, thi gian dch, goc pha cua cac tn hieu sau:
(a). v
1
(t) = 10 cos (2000tt) + 10 sin (2000tt)
(b). v
2
(t) = -30 cos (2000tt) - 20 sin (2000tt)
(c). v
3
(t) = 10 cos (2tt/10) - 10 sin (2tt/10)
(d). v
4
(t) = -20 cos (800tt) + 30 sin (800tt)
14. Hay xac nh chu ky, tan so, bie n o, thi gian dch va goc pha cua tn hieu tong 2 tn hie u
au tien trong bai tap 8.
15. Hay viet phng trnh cua mot tn hieu sin co bie n o 150, chu ky 200 ms va nh dng au
tien cua tn hieu tai t = 50 ms. Hay ve dang song cua tn hieu.
16. Mot tn hieu sin co tan so bang 5 Mhz, co bien o bang 10 v tai t = 0 va at en nh dng
au tien tai t = 25 ns. Hay xac nh bien o, goc pha va cac he so Fourier.
17. Hay xac nh tan so, chu ky va cac he so Fourier cua cac tn hieu sin:
(a). v
1
(t) = 20 cos (4000tt - 180)
(b). v
2
(t) = 20 cos (4000tt - 90)
(c). v
3
(t) = 30 cos (2tt/400 - 45)
(d). v
4
(t) = 60 cos (2000tt + 45)
18. Hay xac nh chu ky, tan so, bien o va goc pha cua tn hieu tong 2 tn hieu au tien trong
bai tap 12.
19. Hay ve cac dang song tn hieu ham doc theo sau. Sau o ve va tm phng trnh bang cach
lay ao ham cac phng trnh a cho.
(a). v
1
(t) = tu(t) (t-2)u(t-2)
(b). v
2
(t) = tu(t) 2(t-1)u(t-1) +(t-2)u(t-2)
20. Mot tn hieu co phng trnh tong quat v(t) = V
A
V
B
e
-ot
. Tai t = 0 th bien o cua tn hieu la
+5V, tai t = 5 s th bien o cua tn hieu la +7.5 s va at bien o +10 V khi tai thi iem t
rat ln. Hay tm gia tr cua cac thong so VA, VB,

o va ve dang song cua tn hieu.
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n

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t

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P
.
H
C
M
+++ ' ~+ -+ :+ +-. .y- + .-: . +
y :+.~ : .+ 29
21. Hay viet phng trnh cua chu ky th nhat cua tn hieu co dang song trong hnh 1-31:

H|nh -3. H|nh -32.
22. Hay viet phng trnh v(t) cua chu ky th nhat cua tn hieu co dang song trong hnh 1-32, sau
o tnh tch phan ham v(t) va ve dang song cua no.
23. Mot tn hieu co dang v(t) = V
A
- V
B
sin|t. Tai t = 0 th gia tr cua tn hieu bang 10V va chu ky
tn hieu at en gia tr cc tieu bang 2V sau moi khoang thi gian 25s. Hay tm cac thong
so V
A
, V
B
va | sau o ve dang song.
24. Hay viet phng trnh ma tn hieu cua no co Vpp, Vavg va T
0
nh dang song trong hnh ve 1-
33. Sau o tnh ao ham phng trnh tn hie u va tm va ve dang song cua no.

H|nh -33. H|nh -34.

25. Hay viet phng trnh cho chu ky tn hieu au tien cua dang song trong hnh 1-34. Sau o lay
ao ham phng trnh va tm c roi ve dang song.
26. Dang song c nh ngha la sgn(t) = u(t) u(-t) c goi la ham signum. Hay ve dang song
cua ham v
1
(t) = V
A
[sgn(t) sgn(t-T
0
) va v
2
(t) = V
A
[sin(2tt/T
0
)] sgn(t-T
0
).

end

1
V(t)
1
2
3
T
0

2 3 4
t(s)
2 1
V(t)(mV)
1
2
T
0

3 4
t(s)
5 6
-1
t ms
-5
2
v(t) (V)
2 ms
2 1
V(t)(mV)
1
5
T
0

3 4
t(s)
5 6
-5
B
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Chng 2

PHAN 1CH 50NC VU0NC
MACH kC
\/ . ./ / /\
\/ . ./ / /\ /3
MACH L0C 1AN 50 1HAP MACH V| PHAN
\/ / /
\/ . /
MACH L0C 1AN 50 CA0 MACH 1CH PHAN
\/ / /
\/ /
CAC DANC MACH DU NC kL
MACH V| PHAN 1CH PHAN DUNC 0P-AMP
\/ . /
\/ /
PHU0NC PHAP 10A N 1U
/ //
/ \/ 3 //
\~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~ :+
\~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~ .+ ..+
\~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~ .
\~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~
/ \/ 3 //
\~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~ :+
\~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~ .+ ..+
MACH PHAN AP
MACH kLC
8A| 1AP

B
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y

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T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
y :+.~: .+
LIET KE CAC HNH
H|nh 2-. Phon t|ch t|n h|eu scng vucng.
H|nh 2-2. Moch kC.
H|nh 2-3. Moch kC vc | t|n h|eu voc |o hom buc c.
H|nh 2-4. Moch duc c ve |o|.
H|nh 2-5. Dong scng cu o tu C, k vo t|n h|eu voc.
H|nh 2-6. Dong scng nop cuo tu C.
H|nh 2-7. Moch kC vc| t|n h|eu voc |o hom xung.
H|nh 2-8. Moch ve |o | vc| khcong thc| g|on tu 0 den t
.
H|nh 2-. Dong scng ro trcng 2 trucng hc p.
H|nh 2-0. 1u bot dou xo d|en.
H|nh 2-. Dong sc ng xo cu o tu C.
H|nh 2-2. Moch |c c ton sc thop.
H|nh 2-3. Moch Khuech do| ghep tong dung moch kC.
H|nh 2-4. Moch v| phon.
H|nh 2-5. Ky h|eu moch v| phon vo dong scng voc ro.
H|nh 2-6. Moch |c c ton sc coc.
H|nh 2-7. C|on dc 8cde.
H|nh 2-8. Moch t|ch phon.
H|nh 2-. Ky h|eu moch t|ch phon vo dong scng voc ro.
H|nh 2-20. Moch kC vo kL.
H|nh 2-2. Moch v| phon dung 0p omp.
H|nh 2-22. Moch t|ch phon dung 0p omp.
H|nh 2-24. Moch kC vc | t|n h|eu voc |o hom xung.
H|nh 2-25. Moch kC vc | t|n h|eu voc |o hom mu.
H|nh 2-26. Moch kC vc | t|n h|eu voc |o hom dcc.
H|nh 2-27. Moch kL vc | t|n h|eu voc |o hom buc c.
H|nh 2-28. Moch kL vc| t|n h|eu voc |o hom mu.
H|nh 2-2. Moch cou phon op dung d|en trc .
H|nh 2-30. Moch cou phon op ton sc thop.
H|nh 2-3. Moch cou phon op ton sc coc.
H|nh 2-32. Ch|nh dung, ch|nh |c vo ch|nh th|eu tu C.
H|nh 2-33. Moch kLC vc| t|n h|eu voc |o hom buc c.
H|nh 2-35. Dong sc ng h|eu cuo 2 hom mu.
H|nh 2-36. Dong sc ng t|ch cuo hom mu vo hom dcc.
H|nh 2-37. Dong sc ng t|ch cuo hom mu vo hom s|n.

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|. PHAN 1CH XUNC VU0NC:
Mot tn hieu xung vuong nh hnh ve 2-1 gom 2 thanh phan: tn hieu dc va tn hieu tan so cao:

H|nh 2-. Phon t|ch t|n h|eu scng vucng.
Trong chng nay khao sat s bien oi tn hieu khi a qua mach RC, RL va RLC. S bien oi
c phan tch da vao phng phap qua o trong mach ien bang cach giai phng trnh vi phan
hoac dung phng phap toan t (bien oi Laplace).
||. MACH kC:
Xet 2 mach RC hnh 2-2:

(a). (b).
H|nh 2-2. Moch kC.
Mach RC hnh 2-2(a) va hnh 2-2(b) ch khac nhau phan tn hieu lay ra v
o
(t) tre n tu C hay ien
tr R. Do o khi khao sat s bien oi tn hieu bang mach RC th co the xem 2 mach la 1.
' \/ . ./ / / \
Khi tn hieu vao la ham bc ( ) ( ) t Eu t v
i
= , ien ap ban au cua tu bang 0v.
Xet mach RC vi tn hieu vao la ham bc nh hnh 2-3:
Thanh phan tn hieu
tan so cao
Thanh phan tn hieu
tan so thap
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y :+.~: .+

e de dang khao sat ta dung s o mach tng ng hnh 2-4:

Tai thi iem t = 0 khoa SW c ong lai:
ien ap cua tu C: ( ) v t v
c
0 =
ien ap tren ie n tr R: ( ) ( ) E t v t v
in R
= =
Tu ien C bat au nap ien theo phng trnh nap: ( ) ( )
|
.
|
\
|
= +
|
.
|
\
|
=

RC
t
c
RC
t
c
e E v e E t v 1 0 1
Trong o ( ) 0 0 =
O
v v ien ap ban au cua tu cho bang 0V.
ien ap tren ie n tr R giam theo phng trnh: ( ) ( )
RC
t
c R
Ee t v E t v

= =
Dang song tn hieu vao, tren ien tr va tren tu C c ve nh hnh 2-5.
Chu y: phng trnh nap cua tu co c t mon ly thuyet mach xem pha n phu luc.
o doc cua ham mu phu thuoc vao thi hang nap xa t = RC.
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H|nh 2-5. Dong scng cu o tu C, k vo t|n h|eu voc.

V du 2-1.
Cho mach RC va dang song vao nh hnh 2-3, hay khao sat gia tr ien ap tren tu C va tren ien
tr R tng ng vi cac gia tr t = t, 2t, 3t, 4t, 5t.

Khi t = t th tu nap c 63%.
Khi t = 2t th tu nap c 86%.
Trong ky thuat xung sau khoang thi t 3t en 5t xem nh tu a nap ay.

H|nh 2-6. Dong scng nop cuo tu C.
\/ . ./ / / \ /3
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+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
- y :+.~: .+
Khi tn hieu vao la ham xung vi(t) = E[u(t) u(t-T
1
)], ien ap ban au cua tu bang 0v.
Xet mach RC vi tn hieu vao la ham xung nh hnh 2-7:

H|nh 2-7. Moch kC vc| t|n h|eu voc |o hom xung.
Tai thi iem t = 0 khoa SW c ong lai nh hnh 2-8:
ien ap cua tu C: ( ) v t v
c
0 =
ien ap tren ie n tr R: ( ) ( ) E t v t v
i R
= =
Tu ien C bat au nap ien theo phng trnh nap: ( ) ( )
|
.
|
\
|
= +
|
.
|
\
|
=

RC
t
c
RC
t
c
e E v e E t v 1 0 1

H|nh 2-8. Moch ve |o | vc| khcong thc| g|on tu 0 den t
.
ien ap tren ie n tr R giam theo phng trnh: ( ) ( )
RC
t
c R
Ee t v E t v

= =
Gia tr ien ap cua tu C c nap phu thuoc vao thi gian to n tai xung T
1
. Co the chia ra lam
2 trng hp:
(a) T
1
> 5t: tu se nap ay bang ie n ap tn hieu vao E va ien ap R se giam ve 0, hnh 2-9a.
(b) T
1
< 5t: tu se nap nhng khong bang ie n ap tn hieu vao E va ien ap R se khong giam
ve 0, hnh 2-9b.
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(a) (b)
H|nh 2-. Dong scng ro trcng 2 trucng hc p.
Sau khoang thi gian T
1
, tn hieu vao bang 0, s o mach tng ng nh hnh 2-10:
Tu C c xem nh mot nguon ie n co bien o bang lng ien ap a nap. Ta co ( ) ( ) t v t v
C R
=
Tu C bat au xa ien con ien ap R se tang dan theo phng trnh: ( ) ( )
RC
t
C R
Ee t v t v

= =
sau khoang thi gian t = 5t, ien ap: ( ) ( ) 0 = = t v t v
C R

Dang song cua tn hie u vao, dang song cua R va dang song cua tu C nh a trnh bay hnh 2-9
trong khoang thi gian sau T
1
.

H|nh 2-0. 1u bot dou xo d|en.

V du 2-2.
Cho mach RC nh hnh 2-10, hay khao sat gia tr ien ap tren tu C va tren ien tr R tng ng
vi cac gia tr t = t, 2t, 3t, 4t, 5t.

Khi t = t th tu xa c 63%.
Khi t = 2t th tu xa c 86%.
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Trong ky thuat xung sau khoang thi t 3t en 5t xem nh tu a xa het.

H|nh 2-. Dong sc ng xo cu o tu C.

|||. MACH L0C 1AN 50 1HAP VA MACH V| PHAN:
' \/ / /
Xet mach RC nh hnh ve 2-12, ta thay cac vung tn hieu tan so thap b bien dang, vung tan so
cao khong b anh hng.

H|nh 2-2. Moch |c c ton sc thop.
Ta co the giai thch nh sau:
Phng trnh tnh tr khang cua tu ien:
fC
X
C
t 2
1
=
Trong o f la tan so cua tn hieu ngo vao, neu tn hieu co tan so thap th Xc co gia tr ln ngan
can tn hieu, khi tn hieu co tan so cao th Xc nho va tn hieu co the qua c tu ien en ngo ra.
Tan so cat cua tn hieu la tan so tai o tn hieu ra
o
v giam 3dB so vi tn hieu vao
i
v . Ket qua
tm c tan so cat:
RC
f
t 2
1
1
=
Mach loc tan so thap thng gap trong cac mach khuech ai ghep RC lam xuat hien tan so cat
di cua mach khuech ai nh hnh 2-13.
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H|nh 2-3. Moch Khuech do| ghep tong dung moch kC.

\/ . /
Xet mach ien RC nh hnh 2-14 la mach vi phan va cu ng chnh la mach loc tan so thap. Cho
tn hieu vao la xung vuong va gia s rang thi gian ton tai xung ngo vao mc 1 la RC T = >>t
1
co
ngha la tu C nap ien rat nhanh va ien ap tren R suy giam rat nhanh, dang song vao va ra nh hnh
2-14.

H|nh 2-4. Moch v| phon.
Mach vi phan la mach co chc nang tao ra tn hie u ra bang cach tnh ao ham phng trnh
tn hie u vao. Sau ay ta tm moi quan he tn hieu vao ra:
Ap dung nh luat Kirchhoff ve ap ta co:
) ( ) ( ) ( t v t v t v
R C I
+ =
Vi ieu kien T
1
>> t = RC th lng ien ap cua tn hieu vao xem nh at len toan bo tu ien
C, ien ap tren R khong ang ke va xem nh bang 0:
V t v
R
0 ) ( ~
Phng trnh tren c viet lai:
}
= ~ dt t i
C
t v t v
C I
) (
1
) ( ) (
Dong ie n i(t):
R
t v
t i
R
) (
) ( =
Suy ra
}
~ dt t v
CR
t v
R I
) (
1
) (
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` y :+.~: .+
ao ham 2 ve ta c:
dt
t dv
RC t v t v
I
o R
) (
) ( ) ( = =
Vay tn hieu ra bang ao ham tn hieu vao nhan vi RC, neu noi theo dang song th khi a 1 tn
hieu song vuong en mach vi phan se tao ra mot tn hieu co 2 gai nhon va c minh hoa ngan gon
bang hnh 2-15.

H|nh 2-5. Ky h|eu moch v| phon vo dong scng voc ro.
ng du ng cua mach vi phan la thu hep xung vuong tao ra xung gai nhon e kch.
|V. MACH L0C 1AN 50 CA0 VA MACH 1CH PHAN:
' \/ / /
Xet mach RC nh hnh 2-16, ta thay cac vung tn hieu tan so cao b bien dang, vung tan so thap
t b anh hng.
H|nh 2-6. Moch |c c ton sc coc.
Ta co the giai thch nh sau:
Phng trnh tnh tr khang cua tu ien:
fC
X
C
t 2
1
=
Trong o f la tan so cua tn hieu ngo vao, neu tn hieu co tan so thap th Xc co gia tr ln ngan
can tn hieu xuong mass hay xem nh h mach va tn hieu co the a en ngo ra, khi tn hieu co tan
so cao th Xc nho va tn hieu co the qua c tu ien xuong mass hay tu a ngan mach cac tn hieu co
tan so cao.
Tan so cat cua tn hieu la tan so tai o tn hieu ra v
o
giam 3dB so vi tn hieu vao v
i
. Ket qua
tm c tan so cat:
RC
f
t 2
1
2
=
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Mach loc tan so thap thng gap trong cac mach khuech ai ghep RC lam xuat hien tan so cat
tren cua mach khuech ai nh hnh 2-17.

H|nh 2-7. C|on dc 8cde.

\/ /
Xet mach ien nh hnh 2-18 la mach tch phan va cung chnh la mach loc tan so cao. Cho tn
hieu vao la xung vuong va gia s rang thi gian ton tai xung ngo vao mc 1 la RC T = <<t
1
co
ngha la tu C nap ien rat cham va ien ap tren R suy giam cung rat cham, dang song vao va ra nh
hnh 2-18.

H|nh 2-8. Moch t|ch phon.
Mach tch phan la mach co chc nang tao ra tn hieu ra bang cach tnh tch phan phng trnh
tn hieu vao. Sau ay ta tm moi quan he tn hieu vao ra:
Ap dung nh luat Kirchhoff ve ap ta co: ) ( ) ( ) ( t v t v t v
R C I
+ =
Vi ieu kien T
1
<< t = RC th lng ien ap cua tn hieu vao xem nh at len toan bo ien tr
R, ien ap tren C khong ang ke va xem nh bang 0: V t v
C
0 ) ( ~
Phng trnh tren c viet lai: R t i t v t v
R I
= ~ ) ( ) ( ) (
Phng trnh nap cua tu:
}
= dt t i
C
t v
C
) (
1
) (
Suy ra
}
= = dt t v
RC
t v t v
I O C
) (
1
) ( ) (

Vay tn hieu ra bang tch phan tn hieu vao chia cho RC, neu noi theo dang song th khi a 1 tn
hieu song vuong en mach vi phan se tao ra mot tn hieu tam giac va c minh hoa ngan gon bang
hnh 2-19.
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H|nh 2-. Ky h|eu moch t|ch phon vo dong scng voc ro.

V. CAC DANC MACH DU NC kL
Do tnh chat song oi gia cac mach RC va RL ta co cac dang mach loc va vi tch phan nh hnh
2-20:

H|nh 2-20. Moch kC vo kL.
V|. MACH V| PHAN, 1CH PHAN DUNC 0PAMP:
' \/ . /
S o mach vi phan hnh 2-21:
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H|nh 2-2. Moch v| phon dung 0p omp.
Theo gia nh 1 ta co: V V V V
A
0 = = =
+

Ta co:
}
+ = =
t
C C i c
V dt t i
C
t V t V
0
) 0 ( ) (
1
) ( ) (
ao ham 2 ve c:
dt
t dV
C t i
i
C
) (
) ( =
Theo gia nh 1 ta co:
R
t V
t i t i
O
R C
) (
) ( ) ( = =
Ket qua c:
dt
t dV
RC t Ri t V
i
C O
) (
) ( ) ( = =
Mach vi phan cung chnh la mach loc thong cao.

\/ /
S o mach tch phan hnh 2-22:

H|nh 2-22. Moch t|ch phon dung 0p omp.
Theo gia nh 1 ta co: V V V V
A
0 = = =
+

Nen
}
+ =
t
C C O
V dt i
C
V
0
) 0 (
1

Ta co
R
t V
i i
i
R C
) (
= =
The vao ta co: ) 0 ( ) (
1
0
C
t
i O
V dt t V
RC
V + =
}

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+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
- y :+.~: .+
Mach tch phan cung chnh la mach loc thong thap.
V||. PHU0NC PHAP 10A N 1U: (nhoc |o|[
' / //
K hieu ham bien oi Laplace nh sau: ( ) { } ( ) s F t f L =
Trong o F(s) la ham bien oi Laplace cua ham f(t). Ham bien oi nay gom co 2 vung: (1)
vung thi gian trong vung nay tn hieu c bieu die n bi ham f(t); (2) vung tan so phc trong
vung nay tn hieu c bieu die n bi ham ( ) s F .
K hieu s tng trng cho bien thay oi tan so phc: e o j s + =
Mot tn hieu co the bieu dien bang ham ( ) t f hoac bang ham Laplace ( ) s F . Ca hai ham c
goi la cap bien oi Laplace.
Phep bie n oi Laplace c nh ngha nh sau:

}
=
0
) ( ) ( dt e t f s F
st

Bang tom tat ca c tnh chat cua bien o i Laplace:
Tnh chat Vung thi gian Vung tan so:
Bien oc lap: t s
Ham tn hieu: ( ) t f ( ) s F
K hieu bien oi:
( ) { } ( ) | | ( ) t u t f S F L =
( ) { } ( ) s F t f L =

Tuyen tnh: ( ) ( ) t Bf t Af
2 1
+ ( ) ( ) s BF s AF
2 1
+

Tch phan:
}
t
d f
0
) ( t t
s
s F ) (

Vi phan:
dt
t df ) (
) 0 ( ) ( f s sF

2
2
) (
dt
t f d
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) (
' 2
f sf s F s

Bang bien oi Laplace cua mot so ham thng dung:
Tn hieu Ham tn hieu f(t) Ham Laplace F(s)
Xung dirac o(t) 1
Ham bc u(t)
s
1

Ham doc tu(t)
2
1
s

Ham mu
( ) t u e
t
o

o + s
1

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Ham doc giam
( ) t u te
t
o

2
) (
1
o + s

Ham sin
t | sin

2 2
|
|
+ s

Ham cos
t | cos

2 2
| + s
s

Ham sin giam
( ) t u t e
t
|
o
sin

2 2
) ( | o
|
+ + s

Ham cos giam
( ) t u t e
t
|
o
cos

2 2
) ( | o
o
+ +
+
s
s

V du:
Hay chng minh bien oi Laplace cua ham f(t) = u(t) la F(s) = 1/s
Giai:
Ap dung co ng thc bien oi ta tnh:
}
=
0
) ( ) ( dt e t u s F
st

Theo nh ngha ham bc u(t) = 1 nen:
s s
e
dt e s F
st
st
1
) (
0
0
= = =

}

/ \/ 3 //
~ \~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~ :+
Xet mach ien RC nh hnh 2-23:

Viec phan tch c chia lam 3 bc:
Bc 1: thiet lap cac phng trnh trong vung thi gian.
Ap dung nh luat Kirchhoff ve ap ta co: 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = + + t v t v t v
C R i

Phng trnh tn hieu vao: ) ( ) ( t Eu t v
i
=
ien ap tren ie n tr R: R t i t v
R
) ( ) ( =
Dong ie n qua tu C:
dt
t dv
C t i
C
) (
) ( =
The vao phng trnh tren c: ) ( ) (
) (
t Eu t v
dt
t dv
RC
C
C
= +
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C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
-- y :+.~: .+
Vi ieu kien ban au v
C
(0) = V
0
V.
Bc 2: chuyen oi cac phng trnh bc 1 sang vung tan so phc s va giai cac phng trnh
e tm ham ap ng.
Dung bie n oi Laplace e chuye n ham sau: | | ) ( ) (
) (
t Eu L t v
dt
t dv
RC L
C
C
=
(
+
Dung tnh chat tuyen tnh va phep bie n oi cua mot so ham c:
| |
s
E s V V s sV RC
C C
1
) ( ) (
0
= +
Suy ra ien ap tren tu C la:
RC
s
V
RC
s s
RC
E
s V
C
1
1
) (
0
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
Bc 3: ap dung bien oi Laplace ngc e chuyen oi ham tm c bc 2 sang ham bien
oi theo thi gian.
Thanh phan au cua tn hieu tach ra thanh 2 phan nh sau:

RC
s
k
s
k
RC
s s
RC
E
1
1
2 1
+
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+

Giai phng trnh tm cac he so k
1
va k
2
: E
s
RC
s
RC
E
k =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
0 1
1

E
RC s s
RC
E
k =
=
=
1
2

RC
s
V
RC
s
E
s
E
s V
C
1 1
) (
0
+
+
+
=
Tra cac ham c ban suy ra ham goc:
( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( t u e V E E t u e V Ee E t v
RC
t
O
RC
t
O
RC
t
C

(
=
(
+ =

Neu ien ap ban au cua tu bang 0 th phng trnh cua tu C la:
) ( 1 ) ( ) ( t u e E t u Ee E t v
RC
t
RC
t
C

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
=

Va phng trnh cua ien tr R:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t u Ee t u Ee E t Eu t v t v t v
RC
t
RC
t
C i R
=
(
= =

Phng trnh va dang song vao, dang song tren tu, dang song tren R giong nh ta a khao sat
phan II.

: \~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~ .+ ..+
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ .-: .+
y :+.~: .+ 45

H|nh 2-24. Moch kC vc | t|n h|eu voc |o hom xung.
C R i

Phng trnh tn hieu vao: | | ) ( ) ( ) (
1
T t u t u E t v
i
=
R
) ( ) ( =
Dong ie n qua tu C:
dt
t dv
C t i
C
) (
) ( =
The vao phng trnh tren c: )] ( ) ( [ ) (
) (
1
T t u t u E t v
dt
t dv
RC
C
C
= +

Vi ieu kien ban au
o C
V v = ) 0 ( .
e tm ham ap ng.
Dung bie n oi Laplace e chuye n ham sau:
| | )] ( ) ( [ ) (
) (
1
T t u t u E L t v
dt
t dv
RC L
C
C
=
(
+
| |
1 1
1 1 1 1
) ( ) (
0
sT sT
C C
e
s
E
s
E e
s s
E s V V s sV RC

=
(
= +


RC
s
V
e
RC
s s
RC
E
RC
s s
RC
E
s V
sT
C
1
1 1
) (
0
1
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

oi theo thi gian.

RC
s
k
s
k
RC
s s
RC
E
1
1
2 1
+
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+

B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
- y :+.~: .+
1
va k
2
: E
s
RC
s
RC
E
k =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
0
1
1

E
RC s s
RC
E
k =
=
=
1
2

Tng t cho thanh phan th 2 va ta c:

RC
s
V
e
RC
s
E
e
s
E
RC
s
E
s
E
s V
o
sT sT
C
1 1 1
) (
1 1
+
+
+
+
+
=


RC
t
o s
RC
t
RC
t
C
e V T t u Ee E t u Ee E t v

+
(
= ) ( ) ( ) (
Phan tch phng trnh:
Tai thi iem 0 = t :
o C
V t v = = ) 0 (

Trong khoang thi gian
1
0 T t < < : ham ( ) 1 = t u con ham ( ) 0
1
= T t u : tu C nap ien theo phng
trnh: ( )
(
=

RC
t
O C
e V E E t v ) (
ien ap tren tu C tang dan t V
0
va gia tr at ln nhat bang E tuy thuoc vao khoang thi gian
ton tai xung T
1
.
Tai thi iem
1
T t = : ham ( ) 1 = t u con ham ( ) 1
1
= T t u : ien ap tren tu C: o E t v
C
= ) (
Trong o o la he so nho hn hay bang 1: nho hn khi tu cha nap ay, bang 1 khi tu a nap ay.
Trong khoang thi gian t T <
1
: khi o tu C xa ien theo phng trnh:

RC
t
RC
t
C
Ee E Ee E E t v

+ =
(
= ) 1 ( ) ( o o
Phng trnh va dang song vao, dang song tren tu, dang song tren R giong nh ta a khao sat
phan II.
\~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~ .

H|nh 2-25. Moch kC vc | t|n h|eu voc |o hom mu.
C R S

B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ .-: .+
y :+.~: .+ 47
Phng trnh tn hieu vao: ) ( 1 ) (
1
t u e E t v
T
t
i
(
(
=

Phng trnh tren ien tr R: R t i t v
i
) ( ) ( =
Dong ie n qua tu C:
dt
t dv
C t i
C
) (
) ( =
The vao phng trnh tren c: ) ( ] 1 [ ) (
) (
1
t u e E t v
dt
t dv
RC
T
t
C
C

= +
Vi ieu kien ban au v
C
(0) = V
0
V.
e tm ham ap ng.

(
(
=
(
+

) ( ] 1 [ ) (
) (
1
t u e E L t v
dt
t dv
RC L
T
t
C
C

| |
1 1
0
1
1 1
1
1 1
) ( ) (
T
s
E
s
E
T
s
s
E s V V s sV RC
C C
+
=
(
(
(
+
= +
RC
s
V
RC
s
T
s
RC
E
RC
s s
RC
E
s V
C
1
1 1
1
) (
0
1
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
oi theo thi gian.

RC
s
k
s
k
RC
s s
RC
E
1
1
2 1
+
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+

1
va k
2
: E
s
RC
s
RC
E
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
0
1
1

E
RC s s
RC
E
k =
=
=
1
2

Thanh phan th 2 cua tn hieu tach ra thanh 2 phan nh sau:

RC
s
k
T
s
k
RC
s
T
s
RC
E
1 1
1 1
4
1
3
1
+
+
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

3
va k
4
:
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
-` y :+.~: .+

1
1
3
1
1
1
T
RC
E
T
s
RC
s
RC
E
k
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

1
1
4
1
1
1
T
RC
E
RC
s
T
s
RC
E
k
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
Viet lai phng trnh tre n:

RC
s
V
RC
s
T
RC
E
T
s
T
RC
E
RC
s
E
s
E
s V
C
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
) (
0
1 1 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
Tra bang suy ra ham goc cua tu C:

RC
t
O
T
t
RC
t
RC
t
C
e V t u e e
T
RC
E
t u Ee E t v

+
(
(
+
(
= ) (
1
) ( ) (
1
1

Phng trnh ien ap tren R:

RC
t
O
T
t
RC
t
C i R
e V t u e e
T
RC
E
t v t v t v

(
(
= = ) (
1
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1

Phan tch phng trnh:
Phng trnh tre n tu C: tai thi iem t = 0 th ien ap tren tu ung bang V
0
, sau o tu C nap ien
cho en khi ie n ap tren tu bang E.
Phng trnh tren ien tr R: tai thi iem t = 0 th ien tr tren tu ung bang V
0
,. Phng trnh
ien ap tren R chnh la ham to hp cua 2 ham mu khac nhau ve thi hang va ham nay se giam ve 0
sau mot khoang thi gian.
\~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~

H|nh 2-26. Moch kC vc | t|n h|eu voc |o hom dcc.
C R i

Phng trnh tn hieu vao: ) ( ) ( t u
T
t
E t v
i
=
Phng trnh tren ien tr R: R t i t v
i
) ( ) ( =
Dong ie n qua tu C:
dt
t dv
C t i
C
) (
) ( =
) (
t u
T
t
E t v
dt
t dv
RC
C
C
= +
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ .-: .+
y :+.~: .+ 49
Vi ieu kien ban au
o C
V v = ) 0 ( .
e tm ham ap ng.
(
=
(
+ ) ( ) (
) (
t u
T
t
E L t v
dt
t dv
RC L
C
C

| |
2
0
1
) ( ) (
s T
E
s V V s sV RC
C C
= +
RC
s
V
RC
s s
TRC
E
s V
C
1
1
) (
0
2
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
oi theo thi gian.

(
(
(
+
+
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
RC
s
k
s
k s k
TRC
E
RC
s s
TRC
E
1
1
3
2
2 1
2

1
, k
2
va k
3
: ( )
2
1
RC k =
RC k =
2

( )
2
3
RC k =
Viet lai phng trnh tre n:
RC
s
V
RC
s
RC
T
E
Ts
E
Ts
ERC
RC
s
V
RC
s
RC
s
RC s RC
TRC
E
s V
C
1 1 1 1
) ( ) (
) (
0
2
0
2
2
2
+
+
+
+ + =
+
+
(
(
+
+
+
=
Tra bang suy ra ham goc cua tu C: ) ( ) ( ) ( t u e V t u RCe
T
E
T
ERC
t
T
E
t v
RC
t
O
RC
t
C

+
(
+ =

/ \/ 3 //
~ \~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~ :+
Xet mach ien RL nh hnh 2-27:

B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
y :+.~: .+
H|nh 2-27. Moch kL vc | t|n h|eu voc |o hom buc c.
Viec phan tch c chia lam 3 bc:
L R i

Phng trnh tn hieu vao: ) ( ) ( t Eu t v
i
=
R
) ( ) ( =
ien ap tren cuon day L:
dt
t di
L t v
L
) (
) ( =
) (
t Eu t Ri
dt
t di
L = +
Vi ieu kien ban au dong i(0).
e tm ham ap ng.
Dung bie n oi Laplace e chuye n ham sau: | | ) ( ) (
) (
t Eu L t Ri
dt
t di
L L =
(
+
| |
s
E s RI i s sI L
1
) ( ) 0 ( ) ( = +
Suy ra do ng ien:
R L
s
i
R L
s s
L
E
s I
1
) 0 (
1
1
) (
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
oi theo thi gian.

R L
s
k
s
k
R L
s s
L
E
1
1
1
2 1
+
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

1
va k
2
:
R
E
s
R L
s
L
E
k =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
0 1
1

L
E
L R s s
L
E
k =
=
=
2

R L
s
i
R L
s
R
E
s
R
E
s I
1
) 0 (
1
) (
+
+
+
=
Suy ra ham goc:
) ( ) 0 ( ) (
1
) ( t u e i Ee E
R
t i
C C
T
t
T
t
(
(
+ =

Vi
R
L
T
C
= . Ne u dong ien ban au qua cuon day bang 0 th phng trnh dong ie n la:
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ .-: .+
y :+.~: .+ 51

) ( 1 ) ( (
1
) ( t u e
R
E
t u Ee E
R
t i
C C
T
t
T
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
=

Suy ra phng trnh cua ien tr R:
) ( ) ( t u Ee E t v
C
T
t
R

(
(
=

Va phng trnh ien ap cua cuon day L:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t u Ee t v t v t v
C
T
t
R i L
= =

Phng trnh va dang song vao, dang song tren ien tr R va tren cuon day L cua mach RL
giong nh dang song tren tu C va tren ien tr R cua mach RC theo th t .

: \~ + . :+ +-. .~ ~ +~ .+ ..+
Xet mach ien RL nh hnh 2-28:

H|nh 2-28. Moch kL vc| t|n h|eu voc |o hom mu.
C R i

Phng trnh tn hieu vao: | | ) ( ) ( ) (
1
T t u t u E t v
i
=
R
) ( ) ( =
ien ap tren cuon day L:
dt
t di
L t v
L
) (
) ( =
The vao phng trnh tren c: | | ) ( ) ( ) (
) (
1
T t u t u E t Ri
dt
t di
L = +
Vi ieu kien ban au dong i(0).
e tm ham ap ng.
| | )] ( ) ( [ ) (
) (
1
T t u t u E L t Ri
dt
t di
L L =
(
+

| |
1
1 1 1 1
) ( ) 0 ( ) (
sT sT
e
s
E
s
E e
s s
E s RI i s sI L
S

=
(
= +

B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
y :+.~: .+
Suy ra do ng ien:
RC
s
V
e
RC
s s
RC
E
RC
s s
RC
E
s V
sT
C
1
1 1
) (
0
1
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

oi theo thi gian.

RC
s
k
s
k
RC
s s
RC
E
1
1
2 1
+
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+

1
va k
2
:
Tng t cho thanh phan th 2 va ta c: E
s
RC
s
RC
E
k =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
0
1
1

E
RC s s
RC
E
k =
=
=
1
2


RC
s
V
e
RC
s
E
e
s
E
RC
s
E
s
E
s V
sT sT
C
1 1 1
) (
0
1 1
+
+
+
+
+
=

Phan tch phng trnh:

RC
t
O s
RC
t
RC
t
C
e V T t u Ee E t u Ee E t v

+
(
= ) ( ) ( ) (
Tai thi iem t = 0:
O C
V t v = = ) 0 (
1
0 T t < < : ham 1 ) ( = t u con ham 0 ) (
1
= T t u : tu C nap ien theo
phng trnh: ( )
(
=

RC
t
O C
e V E E t v ) (
ien ap tren tu C tang dan t V
0
va gia tr at ln nhat bang E tuy thuoc vao khoang thi gian
ton tai xung T
1
.
Tai thi iem
1
T t = : ham 1 ) ( = t u con ham 1 ) (
1
= T t u : ien ap tren tu C: o E t v
C
= ) (
Trong o o la he so nho hn hay bang 1: nho hn khi tu cha nap ay, bang 1 khi tu a nap ay.
Trong khoang thi gian t T <
1
: khi o tu C xa ien theo phng trnh:

RC
t
RC
t
C
Ee E Ee E E t v

+ =
(
= ) 1 ( ) ( o o
Phng trnh, dang song vao, dang song tren tu, dang song tren R giong nh a khao sa t phan II.
V|||. MACH PHAN AP:
Dung R1 va R2 lam cau phan ap nh hnh 2-29:
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ .-: .+
y :+.~: .+ 53

H|nh 2-2. Moch cou phon op dung d|en trc .
Luon luon ton tai C2 la ien dung ngo vao cua tang ke thng la ien dung Miller.
Yeu cau: Chon C1 e cai thien dang song ra ngo ra ) (t v
o

Nhan xet:
- Vi tn hieu DC, tan so thap th t le phan ap hoan toan phu thuoc vao R1 va R2, khi o
mach ien co dang nh hnh 2-30:

H|nh 2-30. Moch cou phon op ton sc thop.
Phng trnh ien ap ra:
) ( ) (
2 1
2
t v
R R
R
t v
i o
+
=

- Vi tn hieu co tan so vo cung ln th t le phan ap hoan toan phu thuoc vao C1 va C2,
khi o mach ien co dang nh hnh 2-31:

B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
- y :+.~: .+
H|nh 2-3. Moch cou phon op ton sc coc.
Phng trnh ien ap ra:
) ( ) (
2 1
1
t v
C C
C
t v
i o
+
=

- Muon t le phan ap chia cung t le cac tan so th:
2 1
1
2 1
2
C C
C
R R
R
+
=
+

Hay
2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2
R C R C C R C R + = +
Suy ra
p
C
R
R
C C = =
1
2
2 1

ng dung cac au o cua dao ong ky, cho xung vao la xung ch nhat, chnh tu C1 e c
dang song tot nhat. Co 3 trng hp xay ra la chnh ung, chnh lo va chnh thiet nh hnh 2-32.

H|nh 2-32. Ch|nh dung, ch|nh |c vo ch|nh th|eu tu C.
|X. MACH kLC:
Xet mach ien RLC nh hnh 2-33 vi tn hieu vao la ham bc:
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ .-: .+
y :+.~: .+ 55

Ve lai hnh nh hnh 2-34: vi ien tr se mac song song vi tu va cuon day, tn hieu ien ap
ham bc a c chuye n oi tng ng thanh nguon do ng.

Thiet lap cac phng trnh:
Ap dung phng trnh nut ta co:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = = pC
pL R
p v
P R
E
p I
R
1 1
) (
1
) (
Suy ra ien ap ra:
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
LC RC
p p
RC
E
p v
R
1 1
1
) (
2

at
RC
1
2 = o hay
RC 2
1
= o
va
LC
o
1
2
= e hay
LC
o
1
= e
Xet phng trnh mau so co dang phng trnh bac 2:
0 2
2 2
= + +
o
p p e o
Giai phng trnh nay ta c:
2 2
o
e o = A
va nghiem
2 2
2 2
2 1
1
4
1
2
1
,
o
LC C R RC
p p e o o = =
Phng trnh ien ap ra c viet lai:
( )( )
2 1
1
) (
p p p p RC
E
p v
R

=
Co 2 trng hp cho nghiem cua phng trnh bac 2 nay:
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
y :+.~: .+
Trng hp 1: neu 0
2 2
> = A
o
e o th phng trnh co 2 nghiem thc:
2 1
, p p va phng trnh
ien ap ra cua mach qua phep bien oi Laplace ngc la

( )
( )
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
) (
t p t p
R
e e
p p
A
t v
=
trong o A la hang so.
Phng trnh nay chnh la hieu cua 2 ham mu ma ta a khao sat chng 1, dang song cua
phng trnh nay nh hnh 2-35.

H|nh 2-35. Dong sc ng h|eu cuo 2 hom mu.
Trng hp 2: neu 0
2 2
= = A
o
e o th phng trnh co nghiem kep o = =
2 1
p p
Va phng trnh ien ap ra cua mach qua phe p bien oi Laplace ngc la

t
R
Bte t v
o
= ) (
trong o B la hang so.
Phng trnh nay chnh la tch cua ham mu va ham doc ma ta a khao sat chng 1, dang
song cua phng trnh nay nh hnh 2-36.

H|nh 2-36. Dong sc ng t|ch cuo hom mu vo hom dcc.

Trng hp 3: neu 0
2 2
< = A
o
e o th phng trnh co nghiem phc
1 2 1
e o j p p = =
B
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P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ .-: .+
y :+.~: .+ 57
Va phng trnh ien ap ra cua mach qua phe p bien oi Laplace ngc la

t e
C
t v
t
R 1
1
sin ) ( e
e
o
=
trong o C la hang so.
Phng trnh nay chnh la tch cua ham mu va ham sin ma ta a khao sat chng 1, dang song
cua phng trnh nay nh hnh 2-37.

H|nh 2-37. Dong sc ng t|ch cuo hom mu vo hom s|n.
Trong ky thuat xung s dung khai niem hang so giam chan K va chu ky cong hng hay chu ky
khong giam chan To vi:
C
L
R
K
2
1
=

LC T
O
t 2 =

Neu
1 = K
th giam chan ti han tng ng vi trng hp phng trnh co nghiem kep
o = =
2 1
p p , 0 = A .
Neu
1 > K
th giam chan lo tng ng vi trng hp phng trnh co 2 nghiem thc
2 1
, p p
va 0 > A .
Neu
1 < K
th giam chan thieu tng ng vi trng hp phng trnh co 2 nghiem phc
2 1
, p p va 0 < A .
ng du ng lam mach dao ong chuo ng.
X. 8A| 1AP:
Bai tap 1:
Cho mach RC vi tn hieu vao dang xung vuo ng co bien o 10V.
Hay ve dang song tn hieu tre n tu ien C va tren ie n tr R trong 3 trng hp tn hie u vao co
tan so la 1Mhz va 0.1Mhz va 5MHz. Cho F C 1 = va O = K R 1 .
Bai tap 2:
Cho mach RL vi tn hieu vao dang xung vuong co bien o 10V.
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ -+ ~+ -+ :~+ ~+ , .~ .y-+ ++ +.
` y :+.~: .+
Hay ve dang song tn hie u tren cuon day L va tren ie n tr R trong 3 trng hp tn hieu vao co
tan so la 1Mhz va 0.1Mhz va 5MHz. Cho H L 1 = va O = K R 1 .
Bai tap 3:
Cho mach RLC vi tn hieu vao ham bc co bien o 10V.
Hay ve dang song tn hie u ra vi cac gia tr la H L 1 = , F C 1 = va O = K R 1 .

Bai tap 4: Cho mach RC nh hnh ve, tai thi iem t = 0, tn hieu vao co dang xung nh hnh ve, cho
ien ap ban au cua tu bang 0v. Hay tnh toan va ve dang ien ap tren ie n tr R va tren tu trong cac
trng h p sau:
(a) Thi gian T > 5RC
(b) Thi gian T = RC
(c) Thi gian T = 2RC
(d) Thi gian T = 3RC

end

C
R
v
I
(t)
T
E
B
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P
.
H
C
M
Dang song tn hie u.
y :+.~: .+

Chng 3

0 CHE 0 XAC LAP
3 \ \/
Phan cc thuan diode va ie n ap ng ng
V
ien tr ac trong diode
Mach tng ng
Diode khi phan cc ngc

Khi phan cc thuan diode zener
Khi phan cc ngc diode zener
Cac thong so lam viec cua Zener
Mach tng ng cua Zener
/ /3 3 3 /
Diode phat quang LED
Diode Schottky
/ \
Transistor BJT
Khi Transistor hoat ong khuech ai
Khi Transistor hoat ong che o chuyen mach
Khi Transistor hoat ong che o chuyen mach
Cac thong so lam viec cua Transistor
0 CHE 0 QUA 0
/ / / /
Xet trang thai chuyen mach
Cai thien toc o
/ / /
Xet trang thai chuyen mach
Cai thien dang song ra
8A| 1AP

LIET KE CAC HNH
H|nh 3-. Cou toc, k| h|eu.
H|nh 3-2. oc tuyen d|cde.
H|nh 3-3. Phon cuc thuon d|cde
H|nh 3-4. oc tuyen PC1 cuo d|cde.
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ +.y-+ ~+ -+ :+ .y-+ ++ +.
60 y :+.~: .+
H|nh 3-5. Anh hucng cu o nh|et dc.
H|nh 3-6. Xoc d|nh d|en trc dc cuo d|cde to | d|em |om v|ec.
H|nh 3-7. Kh| cc t|n h|eu nhc oc.
H|nh 3-8. Xoc d|nh d|en trc oc to| d|em Q
H|nh 3-. Moch 1 cu o d|cde thuc ng.
H|nh 3-0. Moch 1 cuo d|cde neu bc quo d|en trc nc|.
H|nh 3-. Moch 1 cuo d|cde |y tucng.
H|nh 3-2. Moch PCN d|cde vo doc tuyen.
H|nh 3-3. Moch 1 kh| d|cde PCN.
H|nh 3-4. Moch 1 kh| d|cde PCN cuo d|cde |y tucng.
H|nh 3-5. K| h|eu d|cde zener.
H|nh 3-6. oc tuyen d|cde zener.
H|nh 3-7. Moch cn op dung d|cde zener.
H|nh 3-8. Moch 1 PC1 vo PCN cuo d|cde zener.
H|nh 3-. K| h|eu, h|nh dong thuc te vo cou toc cuo LED.
H|nh 3-20. Moch d|eu kh|en |ed.
H|nh 3-2. Moch d|eu kh|en 2 |ed.
H|nh 3-22. K| h|eu.
H|nh 3-23. oc tuyen d|cde 5chcttky vo d|cde PN.
H|nh 3-24. 1rons|stcr NPN
H|nh 3-25. 1rons|stcr PNP
H|nh 3-26. Moch dung 8J1.
H|nh 3-27. oc tuyen vo ducng to| DC.
H|nh 3-28. Kh| thoy dc|
C
R .
CC
V .
H|nh 3-30. Moch tucng ducng c trong tho| tot cu o 8J1.
H|nh 3-3. Moch tucng ducng c trong tho| don cuo 8J1.
H|nh 3-32. oc tuyen |om v|ec chuyen moch cuo 8J1.
H|nh 3-33. Moch v| du 3-.
H|nh 3-34. oc tuyen vo coc thcng sc g|c | hon cu o 8J1.
H|nh 3-35. oc tuyen chuyen dc | g|uo tot vo don cuo 8J1.
H|nh 3-36. Chuyen moch du ng FE1 vo doc tuyen chuyen dc| g|uo tot vo don.
H|nh 3-37. Ccng N01 dung FE1.
H|nh 3-38. Moch d|en.
H|nh 3-3. Dong sc ng voc ro.
H|nh 3-40. 8u bong tu C.
H|nh 3-4. Dong sc ng sou kh| bu.
H|nh 3-42. Moch d|en.
H|nh 3-45. 1rons|stcr cc chcng bo c hco sou.
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T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ +.y-+ ~+ -+ :+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 61

|. 0 CHE 0 XAC LAP:
' 3 \ \/
K hieu va ac tuyen cua diode nh hnh 3-1 va 3-2

H|nh 3-. Cou toc, k| h|eu. H|nh 3-2. oc tuyen d|cde.
Trong moi noi P-N th quan he do ng ien va ien ap theo phng trnh sau:

( ) 1 =
T D
V V
S D
e I I
q
(3-1)
- Is = dong ien bao hoa ngc.
- q: hang so phu thuoc vao vat lieu. 1q2
- V
T
: la hieu ien the nhiet
q
kT
V
k
T
=
- T
k
: nhiet o Kelvin T
k
= T
c
+273
- q: ien tch. q = 1,6 x 10
-19
C
- k: hang so Boltzman. k = 1,38 x 10
-23
J/
0
K

Khi phan cc thuan: mach ien va ac tuyen nh hnh 3-3 va 3-4:

H|nh 3-3. Phon cuc thuon d|cde H|nh 3-4. oc tuyen PC1 cuo d|cde.

a. Phan cc thuan diode va ie n ap ng ng
V :
Khi phan cc thuan (PCT) th diode ch bat au dan khi ieN ap phan cc
V V V
AK D
> =
B
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P
.
H
C
M
+++ +.y-+ ~+ -+ :+ .y-+ ++ +.
62 y :+.~: .+
Vi
V la ien ap ngng: vi diode Si th V V 7 , 0 =
(hoac nam trong khoang

V V V 8 , 0 6 , 0 =
), vi diode Ge th V V 2 , 0 =
(hoac nam trong khoang V V V 3 , 0 1 , 0 =
).
Anh h ng nhiet o len
V : khi nhiet o tang th
V giam khoang
C
mV

2
cho ca Si va Ge.

H|nh 3-5. Anh hucng cu o nh|et dc.
b. ien tr ac trong diode
d
r :
ien tr dc cua diode tai iem hoat ong co the c tm thay mot cach n gian bang cach
tm cac mc ien ap V
D
va dong ien I
D
tng ng vi ien ap nguon cung cap dc c trnh bay
trong hnh 3-6 va ap dung phng trnh sau:

D
D
D
I
V
R = (3-2)
Cac mc ien tr dc tai v tr uon cong va pha di se ln hn ien tr t khuc uon cong tr
len. Cac mc ien tr trong vung phan cc nghch rat ln.

H|nh 3-6. Xoc d|nh d|en trc dc cuo d|cde to | d|em |om v|ec.
Trong phng trnh (3-2) ien tr dc cua diode kho ng phu thuoc vao hnh dang ac tnh trong
vung xung quanh iem tnh Q. Neu xep chong mot nguon tn hieu sin len nguo n ien ap dc tren
th tn hieu vao thay oi se lam iem hoat ong thay oi len va xuo ng nh hnh 3-7.
Neu tn hie u bien thie n a en bang 0, iem hoat o ng se la iem Q xuat hien tren hnh 3-8
c xac nh bi cac mc ien ap dc. iem gan ch Q c rut ra t ch quiscent co ngha la mc
khong thay oi hay con goi la iem tnh.
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C
M
+++ +.y-+ ~+ -+ :+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 63

H|nh 3-7. Kh| cc t|n h|eu nhc oc. H|nh 3-8. Xoc d|nh d|en trc oc to| d|em Q
Phng trnh tnh ien tr ong cua diode la:

D
D
D
I
V
r
A
A
= (3-3)
Trng hp = 1 va xet tai nhiet o phong C T
o
C
25 = th V
T
= 26mV:

D
D
I
mV
r
26
~ (2-6)
Gia tr cua ien tr thuan cua diode khoang O O ~ 10 5
D
r
c. Mach tng ng:
Khi phan cc thuan, che o xac lap, ta co mach ien tng ng (T) cua diode nh cac
hnh 3-9, 3-10, 3-11. Khi s dung diode lam chuyen mach th tuy trng hp ta co the s dung 1
trong 3 mach tng ng cua diode.

H|nh 3-. Moch 1 cu o d|cde thuc ng.

H|nh 3-0. Moch 1 cuo d|cde neu bc quo d|en trc nc|.
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C
M
+++ +.y-+ ~+ -+ :+ .y-+ ++ +.
64 y :+.~: .+

H|nh 3-. Moch 1 cuo d|cde |y tucng.
d. Diode khi phan cc ngc:
Khi diode phan cc ngc (PCN) th xuat hie n do ng ie n r bao hoa
o
I va hau nh khong
phuc thuoc vao ien ap phan cc ngc. S o phan cc ngc va ac tuyen nh hnh 3-12

H|nh 3-2. Moch PCN d|cde vo doc tuyen.
oi vi diode Si th dong
o
I co gia tr khoang nA, vi diode Ge th dong
o
I co gia tr khoang
A. Dong
o
I rat nhay vi nhiet o: vi diode Si th dong
o
I tang gap oi khi nhiet o tang them 6
C, vi diode Ge th do ng
o
I tang gap oi khi nhiet o tang them 10 C,
Mach tng ng khi diode phan cc ngc nh hnh 3-7:

H|nh 3-3. Moch 1 kh| d|cde PCN.
Mach tng ng oi vi diode ly tng khi phan cc ngc nh hnh 3-14:

H|nh 3-4. Moch 1 kh| d|cde PCN cuo d|cde |y tucng.
Khi s dung diode chung ta can phai biet cac thong so sau:
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P
.
H
C
M
+++ +.y-+ ~+ -+ :+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 65
- ien ap ngc ln nhat ma diode chu ng c:
max ng
V
- Dong ie n thuan ln nhat ma diode chu ng c:
max th
I
- Tan so hoat ong ln nhat cua diode:
max
f

K hieu va ac tuyen cua diode zener nh hnh 3-15 va 3-16

H|nh 3-5. K| h|eu d|cde zener. H|nh 3-6. oc tuyen d|cde zener.
a. Khi phan cc thuan diode zener:
Diode zener hoat ong giong nh diode thng va ien ap ngng e diode dan la V V 6 , 0 =

b. Khi phan cc ngc diode zener:
Khi ien ap cua nguo n nho hn ie n ap phan cc ngc cua zener :
Z
V V < th dong cua zener
bang dong bao hoa ngc
o Z
I I = .
Khi ien ap cua nguon ln hn hay bang ien ap phan cc ngc cua zener :
Z
V V > th diode
zener bat au dan lam tang dong nhng gia ap khong tang:
Z
V V =
c. Cac thong so lam viec cua Zener:
Khi s dung diode zener can biet:
- ien ap lam viec phan cc cua zener:
Z
V .
- Cong suat lam viec cc a i cua zener hoac dong lam viec cc ai
max Z
I .
Nha san xuat thng cho V V V
Z
200 2 = va cong suat W W P
Z
100 5 , 0
max
= .
Chu y khi s dung diode zener th phai co ien tr han dong nh hnh 3-17 va gia tr cua ien
tr han dong c tnh theo cong thc:
T T
Z
hc
I I
V V
R
2 , 0 +
= suy ra cong suat cua diode zener

Z T
T
Z
Z
V I
R
V V
P
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

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P
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H
C
M
+++ +.y-+ ~+ -+ :+ .y-+ ++ +.
66 y :+.~: .+

H|nh 3-7. Moch cn op dung d|cde zener.
d. Mach tng ng cua Zener:
Do diode co the hoat ong vung PCT va PCN vi ac tuyen nh hnh 3-16 th ta co mach
tng ng nh hnh 3-18:

H|nh 3-8. Moch 1 PC1 vo PCN cuo d|cde zener.
/ /3 3 3 /
a. Diode phat quang LED:
K hieu va mach ieu khien Led sang nh hnh 3-15 va 3-16:

H|nh 3-. K| h|eu, h|nh dong thuc te vo cou toc cuo LED.
Khi ien ap nguo n cung cap bang ien ap lam viec cua Led th led phat sang nhng neu
nguon cung cap ln hn th phai co ien tr han dong cho led nh hnh 3-20 cho trng hp 1 led
va trng h p nhieu led nh hnh 3-21.
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H
C
M
+++ +.y-+ ~+ -+ :+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 67
ien ap V V V
LED
2 5 , 1 = tuy thuoc vao kch thc cua led ma ap va dong co the thay oi t
vai mA en 20mA.
Chu y: ien ap phan cc ngc cho led V V
PCNLED
5 < nen khi s dung th ien ap PCN phai
nho hn 5V e Led khong b hong.

H|nh 3-20. Moch d|eu kh|en |ed.

H|nh 3-2. Moch d|eu kh|en 2 |ed.
b. Diode Schottky:
Cau tao diode Schottky la tiep xuc Schottky. ng dung trong cac mach yeu cau toc o
chuyen mach nhanh.
K hieu va ac tuyen cua diode Schottky nh hnh 3-22 va 3-23:

H|nh 3-22. K| h|eu, cou toc. H|nh 3-23. oc tuyen d|cde 5chcttky vo d|cde PN.
- / \
Nhac lai transistor: cau tao va k hieu transistor nh hnh 3-24 va 3-25:
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C
M
+++ +.y-+ ~+ -+ :+ .y-+ ++ +.
68 y :+.~: .+

H|nh 3-24. 1rons|stcr NPN H|nh 3-25. 1rons|stcr PNP
a. Transistor BJT:
Transistor co 3 vung lam viec: ngng dan, khuech ai va dan bao hoa. Trong ky thuat xung
th ta thng s dung transistor lam viec trong 2 vung ngng dan va dan bao hoa. Xet mach ien
dung transistor BJT nh hnh 3-26:

H|nh 3-26. Moch dung 8J1.
b. Khi Transistor hoat ong khuech ai:
Khi transistor lam viec che o khuech ai th ta co cac phng trnh sau:
Dong ie n:
B C
I I | =
ien ap:
C C CC CE
R I V V =
Hay
C
CC
CE
C
C
R
V
V
R
I + =
1
chnh la phng trnh ng tai DC va o th cua
phng trnh nh hnh 3-25:
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H
C
M
+++ +.y-+ ~+ -+ :+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 69

H|nh 3-27. oc tuyen vo ducng to| DC.
Khi thay oi ien tr
C
R vi nhng gia tr khac nhau th ta co ac tuyen thay oi nh hnh 3-
28 va khi thay oi nguon cung cap
CC
V th ta c ac tuyen nh hnh 3-29.

C
R . H|nh 3-2. Kh| thoy dc|
CC
V .
c. Khi Transistor hoat ong che o chuyen mach:
che o chuyen mach th BJT thng hoat ong cau hnh E chung va BJT lam viec 2
trang thai tat va dan bao hoa.
trang thai tat: khi tn hieu vao bang 0, 0 =
B
I th transistor ngng dan va mach tng ng
nh hnh 3-30:

H|nh 3-30. Moch tucng ducng c trong tho| tot cu o 8J1.
ien ap ra:
CC C C CC CE
V R I V V = =
Vi transistor ta co cac phng trnh:
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70 y :+.~: .+

+ =
+ =
C B E
CO E C
I I I
I I I o

The phng trnh th di vao phng trnh tren th ta c:
( )
CO C B C
I I I I + + = o
Khi trang thai tat th dong 0 =
B
I suy ra dong ie n
C
I :
( )
CO
CO
C
I
I
I + =
= 1
1
|
o

Neu s dung transistor loai Ge: khi gan tat th 1 ~ o nen dong ien
C
I co gia tr ln ta can
phai them ien ap phan cc nghch moi noi BE.
Neu s dung transistor loai Si: khi gan tat th 0 o nen dong ien
CO C
I I ~ .
iem lam viec cua transistor la iem A trong hnh 3-32.
trang thai dan bao hoa khi tn hieu vao bang Vcc u ien ap lam th transistor dan bao hoa
va th mach tng ng nh hnh 3-31:

H|nh 3-3. Moch tucng ducng c trong tho| don cuo 8J1.
Khi transistor trang thai bao hoa th ca 2 moi noi BE va BC e u phan cc thuan va gia tr
ien ap
o
V V V
BESat
) = va V V
CESat
2 , 0 1 , 0 = .
ien ap ra: V V V
CESat CE
2 , 0 1 , 0 = =
iem lam viec cua transistor la iem B trong hnh 3-32.
Chu y: khi transistor trang thai bao hoa th cac gia tr
BSat
I va
CSat
I do mach ben ngoai
quyet nh. Luc o
CSat B
I I >
min
| .
Suy ra do ng bao hoa:
C
CESat CC
CSat
R
V V
I

= la dong
C
I ln nhat,
Va dong bao hoa
B
BE BB
BSat
R
V V
I

= vi
BB
V la ien ap cua ngo vao.
min
| la gia tr nho nhat cua | , khi thiet ke mach thng chon | co gia tr nho nhat.
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H|nh 3-32. oc tuyen |om v|ec chuyen moch cuo 8J1.

d. Anh h ng cua nhiet o oi vi Transistor:
Do 2 moi noi BE va BC eu phan cc thuan nen
CB
V va
BE
V eu giam C mV

/ 2
che o chuyen mach th BJT thng hoat ong cau hnh E chung va BJT lam viec 2
trang thai tat va dan bao hoa.
ien tr moi noi CE khi transistor dan bao hoa:
CSat
CESat
CESat
I
V
r =
V du 3-1:
Cho mach ien nh hnh 3-26:

Cho mA I
B
2 , 0 = , O = K R
B
10 , O = K R
C
1 , V V
CC
10 = hay:
a. Xac nh
min
| e transistor bao hoa.
b. Neu thay O = 220
C
R va dung transistor BJT 2N3904 co 60
min
= | tai mA I
C
50 = mach
co bao hoa khong ?
Giai:
a. Theo mach ien th dong ien bao hoa mA
K
V
R
V
I
C
CC
CSat
10
1
10
=
O
= =
suy ra he so 50
2 , 0
10
min
= = =
mA
mA
I
I
B
CSat
|
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b. Khi giam ien tr xuong nho hn th dong ien bao hoa mA
V
R
V
I
C
CC
CSat
45
220
10
=
O
= =
suy ra he so 225
2 , 0
45
min
= = =
mA
mA
I
I
B
CSat
|
Vi he so nay th transistor BJT 2N3904 khong the s du ng c che o bao hoa.

V du 3-2:
Hay tm cong suat cua v du 3-1 du ng transistor BJT 2N3904. Hay tm cong suat nhiet cua
transistor trong cac trng hp sau:
a. BJT tat.
b. BJT dan bao hoa.
c. Khi V V
CE
2 = .
Giai:
a. Khi transistor tat th nA I I
CO C
50 = = (tra trong so tay transistor)
Do BJT tat nen: V V V
CC CE
10 = =
Cong suat BJT che o tat la: W V nA V I V I P
CC C CE C BJTOFF
5 , 0 10 50 = = = =
b. Khi transistor dan bao hoa th mA
K
V
R
V
I
C
CC
CSat
10
1
10
=
O
= =
Va ien ap bao hoa: V V
CE
2 , 0 = (tra trong so tay transistor)
Cong suat BJT che o bao hoa la: mW V mA V I P
CC CSat BJTSat
2 2 , 0 10 = = =
c. Khi V V
CE
2 = th mA
K
V V
R
V V
I
C
CE CC
C
8
1
2 10
=
O
=
ien ap tren transistor: V V
CE
2 =
Cong suat cua BJT la: mW V mA V I P
CC C BJT
16 2 8 = = =

e. Cac thong so lam viec cua Transistor:
Khi s dung transistor th phai biet cac thong so sau:
- ien ap
max CE
V
- Dong ie n
max C
I
- Cong suat
max C
P
- Tan so
max
f
- He so |
ac tuyen cua transistor va cac thong so gii han lam viec nh hnh 3-34. Khi transistor lam
viec che o bao hoa th thng iem lam viec nam trong vu ng bao hoa (Saturation) va khi tat th
iem lam viec nam trong vung tat (cutoff) giong nh a phan tch tren.
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H|nh 3-34. oc tuyen vo coc thcng sc g|c | hon cu o 8J1.
Bieu o cong suat cua transistor chuyen oi gia cac che o tat va dan bao hoa nh hnh 3-
35, bieu o chuye n oi cho thay khi transistor lam viec che o tat dan t b nong hn khi lam viec
che o khuech ai.
Chu y: Vi transistor cong suat th phai co xung ieu khien chuyen mach tai cc B e iem
lam viec khong dng tai v tr iem C v qua cong suat se lam cho transistor hong.

H|nh 3-35. oc tuyen chuyen dc | g|uo tot vo don cuo 8J1.
Hoat ong cua transistor FET cung gan giong nh transistor BJT nh hnh 3-36 va 3-37:
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H|nh 3-36. Chuyen moch du ng FE1 vo doc tuyen chuyen dc| g|uo tot vo don.

H|nh 3-37. Ccng N01 dung FE1.

||. 0 CHE 0 QUA 0:
Trong phan nay ch khao sa t hien tng xay ra trong qua trnh chuyen mach goi la che o
qua o, phan nay khong i sau vao ban chat vat ly ma chu yeu neu hien tng va ra bien phap cai
thien dang song ra.
' / / / /
a. Xet trang thai chuyen mach:
Xet mach ien nh hnh 3-38, cho tn hieu vao la song vuong va dang song ra nh hnh 3-39.
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H|nh 3-38. Moch d|en. H|nh 3-3. Dong sc ng voc ro.
Trong khoang thi gian | |
1
0 t th ien ap vao
m i
V v + = , diode PCT: se co 1 so lng l n
cac hat ien t t chat ban dan n khuech tan sang chat ban dan loai p va mot so lng l n cac lo
trong t chat ban dan p khuech tan sang chat ban dan n e thc hien qua trnh dan ien.
Cac ien t trong chat ban dan loai p va lo trong trong chat ban dan n tr thanh cac hat tai
tieu so trong moi chat ban dan va so lng bay gi rat ln.
1
t th ien ap vao
m i
V v = , diode chuyen trang thai t PCT
sang trang thai PCN th oi vi diode ly tng se chuyen t trang thai dan sang trang thai ngng
dan tc thi, nhng vi diode thc te th do mot so l ng rat ln cac hat tai tieu so con trong moi
chat ban dan nen diode se phan cc nghch trong khoang thi gian
s
t T =
1
- con goi la thi gian
ton tr: la thi gian e cac hat tai tieu so tr ve trang thai hat tai a so cua chung chat ban dan
oi dien. ieu nay co y ngha la diode van con trang thai ngan mach vi dong I
reverse
c xac
nh bi cac thong so cua mach.
Khi thi gian t
s
a het (cac hat tai a ve ung trang thai) do ng ien se giam ve 0 ng vi
trang thai ngng dan, va khoang thi gian chuyen trang thai la
t
t T =
2
.
Thi gian khoi phuc ngc la tong cua 2 thong so thi gian:
t s tt
t t t + =

Van e nay tr nen quan trong trong cac ng dung chuyen mach toc o cao. Hau het cac
diode chuye n mach co thi hang t
rr
vao khoang vai nano giay en 1 s.
Vi
s t
s
1 , 0 =
va se tang khi dong
T
m
D
R
V
I =
tang va
t
t
khoang vai chuc
s
.
b. Cai thien toc o:
Nen s dung transistor chuyen mach switching diode.
Hoac them tu bu C: thng do nha che tao cung cap thong so nh hnh 3-40. Khoang thi
gian
t
t
la do anh hng cua ien dung
d
C
. Tuy theo gia tr cua tu bu
2
C
ma ta co cac dang song
nh hnh 3-41.
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H|nh 3-40. 8u bong tu C. H|nh 3-4. Dong sc ng sou kh| bu.
/ / /
Qua trnh qua o xay ra trong transistor kha phc tap, ay ta ch khao sat nhng yeu to chu
yeu gay ne n s meo dang cua xung ra.
a. Xet trang thai chuyen mach:
Xet mach ien nh hnh 3-42, cho tn hieu vao la song vuong va dang song ra nh hnh 3-43.

H|nh 3-42. Moch d|en. H|nh 3-43. Dong sc ng voc ro.
Thi gian chuyen t tat sang dan bao hoa:
1
0 t th ien ap vao
2
V v
i
= , transistor tat.
2 1
t t th ien ap vao
1
V v
i
+ = , transistor bat au dan gom cac
khoang thi gian:
- Thi gian tre
d
t (delay time) la thi gian can thiet e ien ap vao
i
v tang t V 0 en
V .
- Thi gian len
r
t (rise time) la thi gian b anh hng cua ien dung ngo vao
i
C cua
transistor.
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Thi gian chuyen t dan bao hoa sang tat:
2
t th ien ap vao
2
V v
i
= , transistor bat au chuyen trang
thai t dan bao hoa sang tat gom cac khoang thi gian:
- Thi gian ton tr
s
t (storage time) la thi gian can thiet e xa ien tch tha khi transistor
dan bao hoa. Transistor bao hoa ca ng sau th thi gian ton tr
s
t cang ln.
- Thi gian xuo ng
f
t (fall time) la thi gian anh h ng bi ien dung ngo vao
i
C cua
transistor.
Vay tn hie u ra b meo dang va can phai giam anh hng trong cac ng dung chuyen mach
toc o cao.
b. Cai thien dang song ra:
- Nen s dung transistor chuyen mach toc o cao hoac co tan so lam viec cao.
- Co the giam thi gian tre
d
t neu cho tn hie u vao la dang song vuo ng sac sao co o doc
nho.
- Co the giam thi gian
r
t va
f
t neu cho tn hieu vao la dang song vuong vi canh len va
xuong sac sao co o doc nho.
- Co the dung tu tang toc (speed up capacitor) mac song song vi
B
R e cai thien dang
song nh hnh 3-44, gia tr cua tu
b
C nho khoang vai pF va thng do nha san xuat cung
cap.

- Thi gian ton tr: thi gian nay do transistor bao hoa sau:
Khi transistor bao hoa th ca 2 moi noi BE va BC eu phan cc thuan.
Do BC phan cc thuan nen ta co:
C B
V V > hay
V V V
C B
+ > , vi BJT loai Si th V V 7 , 0 =
.
Neu mac them mot diode va mot nguon nh hnh 3-45:
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H|nh 3-45. 1rons|stcr cc chcng bo c hco sou.
Khi transistor tat th
C B
V V < nen diode phan cc ngc xem nh h mach.
Khi transistor bat au chuyen trang thai t tat sang dan bao hoa:
Khi ien ap vao la V V V V V V
D C B D C
3 , 0 + + < < + lam transistor dan bao hoa, diode
van cha dan.
Khi ien ap vao la V V V V
D C B
3 , 0 + + > van lam transistor dan bao hoa va bay gi
diode bat au dan: re bt dong ien, lam cho transistor khong bao hoa sau va the se
giam c thi gian tre.
Trong ky thuat vi mach s dung diode Schottky thay cho diode va nguon 0,3V va transistor
c k hieu tng ng la transistor Schottky va v the transistor Schottky co toc o chuyen mach
nhanh hn transistor thng va cac vi mach so s dung transistor Schottky goi la vi mach ho
Schottky.

end

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Chng 4

C|0| 1H|EU MACH XEN
MACH XEN N0| 1|EP
\/ / / /3 / / 3
\/ / / / / 3 33 /
\/ / / / / 3 33 / /3
\/ / / / / 3
\/ / / / / 3 /3
\/ / / /3 / / /\
\/ / / / / /\ 33 /
\/ / / / / /\ 33 / /3
\/ / / / / /\
\/ / / / / /\ /3
MACH XEN 50NC 50NC
\/ / 3 3 / /3 / / / \
\/ / 3 3 / / / /\ \/ / /3
\/ / 3 3 / / / /\ \/ /
\/ / 3 3 / / / /\ /3
\/ / 3 3 / / / /\
\/ / 3 3 / /3 / / 3
\/ / 3 3 / / / 3 \/ /
\/ / 3 3 / / / 3 \/ / /3
\/ / 3 3 / / / 3
\/ / 3 3 / / / 3 /3

MACH XEN V0 | D|0DE 1HUC 1E
|en op
V
|en trc rd
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` y :+.~: .+
Khoc sot onh hucng cu o d|en dung ||en cu c Cd

MACH XEN DUNC 1kAN5|510k
MACH XEN CHEP CUC PHA1 DUNC 1kAN5|510k
MACH XEN DUNC 0P AMP
\/ / // /\ 3
\/ / // 3
MACH XEN 2 MUC 0C LAP
8A| 1AP
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y :+.~: .+ `'
H|nh 4-. Moch xen bc bon ky om, |oy bon ky ducng.
H|nh 4-2. Dong scng voc ro cu o moch xen bc bon ky om, |oy bon ky ducng.
H|nh 4-3. oc tuyen voc ro.
H|nh 4-4. Ngucng cot vo t|n h|eu.
H|nh 4-5. Dong scng voc ro vc | d|cde |y tucng.
H|nh 4-6. oc tuyen voc ro dc| vc | d|cde |y tucng.
H|nh 4-7. Moch xen nc| t|ep t|n h|eu ro nhc hcn nuo bon ky dc| nguc ng cot |en.
H|nh 4-8. Dong scng voc ro.
H|nh 4-. oc tuyen voc ro.
H|nh 4-0. Moch xen nc| t|ep t|n h|eu ro |c n hcn nuo bon ky dc| ngucng cot xucng.
H|nh 4-. Dong sc ng voc ro.
H|nh 4-3. Moch xen nc| t|ep t|n h|eu ro nhc hcn nu o bon ky dc| t|n h|eu |en.
H|nh 4-6. Moch xen nc| t|ep t|n h|eu ro nhc hcn nu o bon ky dc| t|n h|eu xucng.
H|nh 4-. Moch xen bc bon ky ducng, |oy bon ky om.
H|nh 4-22. Moch xen nc | t|ep.
H|nh 4-3. Moch xen nc| t|ep.
H|nh 4-34. Moch xen bon ky ducng, |oy bon ky om.
H|nh 4-35. Dong sc ng voc ro cu o moch xen.
H|nh 4-37. Moch xen |oy bon ky om dc | mot co t xucng.
H|nh 4-38. Moch xen |oy bon ky om dc| mo t cot |en.
H|nh 4-3. Moch xen |oy bon ky om dc| t|n h|eu xucng.
H|nh 4-40. Moch xen |oy bon ky om dc| t|n h|eu |en.
H|nh 4-4. Moch xen bon ky om, |oy bon ky ducng.
H|nh 4-44. Moch xen |oy bon ky om dc| mo t cot xucng.
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H|nh 4-47. Moch xen |oy bon ky om dc | t|n h|eu |en.
H|nh 4-48. H|nh chc v| du 4-.
H|nh 4-4. Moch ve |o|.
H|nh 4-50. Dong sc ng voc ro cu o v| du 4-.
H|nh 4-5. Dong sc ng voc cuo v| du 4-2.
H|nh 4-52. Moch duc c ve |o| |on .
H|nh 4-53. Moch duc c ve |o| |on 2.
H|nh 4-54. Dong sc ng ro.
H|nh 4-55. H|nh v| du 4-3.
H|nh 4-57. Moch ducc ve |o | |on 2.
H|nh 4-60. Moch duc c ve |o| |on 2.
H|nh 4-62. Moch tucng ducng thuc te cu o D|cde.
H|nh 4-63o. Moch xen nc| t|ep. H|nh 4-63b. Moch xen nc| t|ep.
H|nh 4-64. Dong sc ng thu c te cuo D|cde.
H|nh 4-65. Moch d|en thuc te cuo D|cde.
H|nh 4-67. Moch xen dung trons|stcr.
H|nh 4-6. Moch xen ghep cu c phot.
H|nh 4-70. oc tuyen moch xen.
H|nh 4-7. Moch xen dung trons|stcr.
H|nh 4-73. Moch xen cc nguc n DC.
H|nh 4-74. oc tuyen.
H|nh 4-76. oc tuyen voc ro cung t|n h|eu voc ro.

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|. C|0| 1H|EU MACH XEN:
Mach xen la mach cat bo mot phan cua tn hieu ngo vao ma khong lam meo dang phan
tn hieu con lai. Mach chnh lu ban ky la mot dang mach xen n gian nhat v ch s dung 1
diode va 1 ien tr.
Co 2 loai mach xen noi tiep va song song. Mach xe n noi tiep la diode trong mach mac noi
tiep vi tai, con mach xen song song th diode mac song song vi tai.
oi vi diode thng th xem ien ap e diode dan phai thoa ieu kien
V V
D
> , diode
tat khi
V V
D
< . Trong o
D
V la ien ap cua diode,

V la ien ap ngng.
||. MACH XEN N0| 1|EP:
' \/ / / /3 / / 3
Hnh 4-1 trnh bay mot mach xen n gian s dung 1 diode va 1 ien tr R.

H|nh 4-. Moch xen bc bon ky om, |oy bon ky ducng.
Cho tn hieu vao la song sin va tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hieu am. Dang song tn
hieu vao ra nh hnh 4-2:

H|nh 4-2. Dong scng voc ro cu o moch xen bc bon ky om, |oy bon ky ducng.
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u

p
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a
m

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y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
`- y :+.~: .+
Nguye n ly hoat ong:
Ta co phng trnh: 0 =
R D i
V V v
Suy ra ien ap tren diode:
R i D
V v V =
ieu kien e diode tat th
V V
D
< hay V v V
i D
< = do dong bang 0
Va ien ap ra la V Ri v
R o
0 = =
Vay ieu kien e diode dan la: V v
i
>
Va ien ap ra la
V v Ri v
i R o
= =
Ngng xen cua mach xen tai gia tr
V : phan tn hieu ln hn
V th c qua, con tn
hieu nho hn
V th b xen. ac tuyen vao ra nh hnh 4-3.

Co the xem mach xen co ngng cat nh hnh 4-4: nhng phan tn hieu nam tren ngng
cat th cho qua, con nhng tn hieu nam di ng ng cat th b xen.

H|nh 4-4. Ngucng cot vo t|n h|eu.
Neu xem diode la ly tng bo qua ien ap ri tren diode (xem V V 0 =
) th :
Khi tn hieu vao V v
i
0 > th diode dan xem nh ngan mach, ien ap ra
i R o
v Ri v = =
Khi tn hieu vao V v
i
0 < th diode tat xem nh h mach, se kho ng co dong ien nen ien
ap ra V Ri v
D o
0 = = .
Dang song va ac tuyen vao ra cua mach oi vi diode ly tng nh hnh 4-5 va 4-6.
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t
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u
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ `

H|nh 4-5. Dong scng voc ro vc | d|cde |y tucng.

H|nh 4-6. oc tuyen voc ro dc| vc | d|cde |y tucng.
\/ / / / / 3 33 /
Hnh 4-7 trnh bay mot mach xen s dung 1 diode, 1 ie n tr R va 1 nguon
DC
V + .

H|nh 4-7. Moch xen nc| t|ep t|n h|eu ro nhc hcn nuo bon ky dc| nguc ng cot |en.
Khi xuat hien nguon
DC
V + th co the xem ngng cat b di len mot gia tr bang
DC
V V +
.
Cho tn hieu vao la song sin th tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hieu am nho hn
DC
V V +
.
Dang song tn hieu vao ra nh hnh 4-8:
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u
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
` y :+.~: .+

DC R D i
V V V v
DC R i D
V V v V =
V V
D
< hay V V v V
DC i D
< = do dong bang 0
Hay V V v
DC i
+ <
Va ien ap ra la
DC DC R o
V V Ri v + = + =
Vay ieu kien e diode dan la: V V v
DC i
+ >
Va ien ap ra la
V v V Ri v
i DC R o
= + =
Ngng xen cua mach xen tai gia tr V V
DC
+ : phan tn hieu ln hn V V
DC
+ th c
qua, con tn hieu nho hn V V
DC
+ th b xen. ac tuye n vao ra nh hnh 4-9.

H|nh 4-. oc tuyen voc ro.
Neu xem diode la ly tng bo qua ien ap ri tren diode (xem V V V
D
0 = =

) th :
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P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ `7
Khi tn hieu vao
DC i
V v + > th diode dan xem nh ngan mach, ien ap ra
i DC D o
v V Ri v = + =
Khi tn hieu vao
DC i
V v + < th diode tat xem nh h mach, se khong co dong ie n nen
ien ap ra
DC DC D o
V V Ri v + = + = .
\/ / / / / 3 33 / /3
Hnh 4-10 trnh bay mot mach xen s dung 1 diode, 1 ien tr R va 1 nguo n
DC
V .

H|nh 4-0. Moch xen nc| t|ep t|n h|eu ro |c n hcn nuo bon ky dc| ngucng cot xucng.
Khi xuat hien nguon
DC
V th co the xem ngng cat b di xuong mot gia tr
bang
DC
V V
. Cho tn hieu vao la song sin th tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hieu am nho hn
DC
V V
. Dang song tn hieu vao ra nh hnh 4-11:

Ta co phng trnh: 0 = +
DC R D i
V V V v
DC R i D
V V v V + =
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H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
`` y :+.~: .+
V V
D
< hay V V v V
DC i D
< + = do dong bang 0
Hay V V v
DC i
+ <
Va ien ap ra la
DC DC R o
V V Ri v = =
DC i
+ >
Va ien ap ra la
V v V Ri v
i DC R o
= =
Ngng xen cua mach xen tai gia tr V V
DC
+ : phan tn hieu ln hn V V
DC
+ th c
qua, con tn hieu nho hn V V
DC
+ th b xen. ac tuye n vao ra nh hnh 4-12.

) th :
Khi tn hieu vao
DC i
V v > th diode dan xem nh ngan mach, ien ap ra
i DC D o
v V Ri v = =
Khi tn hieu vao
DC i
V v < th diode tat xem nh h mach, se khong co dong ie n nen
ien ap ra
DC DC D o
V V Ri v = = .

- \/ / / / / 3
DC
V + .

H|nh 4-3. Moch xen nc| t|ep t|n h|eu ro nhc hcn nu o bon ky dc| t|n h|eu |en.
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P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ `3
Cho tn hieu vao la song sin cung vi nguo n
DC
V + lam tn hieu song sin b di len,
ngng cat khong thay oi tai gia tr
V nen tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hieu am nho hn
V . Dang song tn hieu vao ra nh hnh 4-14:

Ta co phng trnh: 0 = +
DC R D i
V V V v
DC R i D
V V v V + =
V V
D
< hay V V v V
DC i D
Hay V V v
DC i
+ <
R o
0 = =
DC i
+ >
Va ien ap ra la
V V v Ri v
DC i R o
+ = =
ac tuyen vao ra nh hnh 4-15.
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
3 y :+.~: .+

) th :
Khi tn hieu vao V V v
DC i
0 > + th diode dan xem nh ngan mach, ien ap ra
DC i D o
V v Ri v + = =
Khi tn hie u vao V V v
DC i
0 < + th diode tat xem nh h mach, se khong co dong ien nen
ien ap ra V Ri v
D o
0 = = .

\/ / / / / 3 /3
DC
V .

H|nh 4-6. Moch xen nc| t|ep t|n h|eu ro nhc hcn nu o bon ky dc| t|n h|eu xucng.
Cho tn hieu vao la song sin cung vi nguon
DC
V lam tn hieu song sin b di xuong,

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P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 3'

DC R D i
V V V v
DC R i D
V V v V =
V V
D
< hay V V v V
DC i D
< = do dong bang 0
Hay V V v
DC i
+ <
R o
0 = =
DC i
+ >
Va ien ap ra la
V V v Ri v
DC i R o
= =
Khi tn hieu vao
V V v
DC i
> th diode dan, ien ap ra
DC i D o
V v Ri v = =
Khi tn hieu vao
V V v
DC i
< th diode tat xem nh h mach, se khong co dong ien
chay qua R nen ien ap ra V Ri v
D o
0 = = .
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
3 y :+.~: .+

) th :
DC i
0 > th diode dan xem nh ngan mach, ien ap ra
DC i D o
V v Ri v = =
Khi tn hie u vao V V v
DC i
0 < th diode tat xem nh h mach, se khong co dong ien nen
ien ap ra V Ri v
D o
0 = = .
\/ / / /3 / / /\
Hnh 4-19 trnh bay mot mach xen s dung 1 diode va 1 ie n tr R.

H|nh 4-. Moch xen bc bon ky ducng, |oy bon ky om.
Cho tn hieu vao la song sin va tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hieu dng. Dang song tn
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t

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P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 3

Ta co phng trnh:
R D i
V V v = +
R i D
V v V + =
V V
D
< hay V v V
i D
< = do dong bang 0
Hay V v
i
>
R o
0 = =
i
s
Va ien ap ra la
V v Ri v
i D o
+ = =
V : phan tn hieu nho hn
V th c qua, con
tn hieu ln hn
V th b xen.

) th :
Khi tn hieu vao V v
i
0 s th diode dan xem nh ngan mach, ien ap ra
i R o
v Ri v = =
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
3- y :+.~: .+
Khi tn hieu vao V v
i
0 > th diode tat xem nh h mach, se khong co dong ie n nen ien
ap ra V Ri v
R o
0 = = .
7 \/ / / / / /\ 33 /
DC
V + .

Khi xuat hie n nguon
DC
V th co the xem ngng cat b di xuo ng mot gia tr bang
DC
V V

. Cho tn hieu vao la song sin th tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hieu dng ln hn
DC
V V


Ta co phng trnh: 0 = + +
DC R D i
V V V v
DC R i D
V V v V + =
V V
D
< hay V V v V
DC i D
Hay V V v
DC i
>
Va ien ap ra la
DC DC R o
V V Ri v + = + =
DC i
s
Va ien ap ra la
V v V Ri v
i DC R o
+ = + =
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 3

) th :
Khi tn hieu vao
DC i
V v s th diode dan xem nh ngan mach, ien ap ra
i DC D o
v V Ri v = + =
Khi tn hieu vao
DC i
V v > th diode tat xem nh h mach, se khong co dong ien nen ien
ap ra
DC DC D o
V V Ri v = + = .
` \/ / / / / /\ 33 / /3
DC
V + .

Khi xuat hien nguo n
DC
V th co the xem ngng cat b di len mot gia tr bang
DC
V V

. Cho tn hieu vao la song sin th tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hieu dng ln hn
DC
V V


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t

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.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
3 y :+.~: .+
Ta co phng trnh: 0 = + + +
DC R D i
V V V v
DC R i D
V V v V =
V V
D
< hay V V v V
DC i D
< = do dong bang 0
Hay V V v
DC i
>
Va ien ap ra la
DC DC R o
V V Ri v = =
DC i
s
Va ien ap ra la
V v V Ri v
i DC R o
+ = =

Neu xem diode la ly tng bo qua ien ap ri tren diode (xem V V
D
0 = ) th :
Khi tn hieu vao
DC i
V v s th diode dan xem nh ngan mach, ien ap ra
i DC D o
v V Ri v = =
Khi tn hieu vao
DC i
V v > th diode tat xem nh h mach, se khong co dong ie n nen
ien ap ra
DC DC D o
V V Ri v = = .

3 \/ / / / / /\
DC
V + .

DC
V + lam tn hieu song sin b di len,
V nen tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hie u dng nho

hn

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P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 37

Ta co phng trnh: 0 = + + +
DC R D i
V V V v
DC R i D
V V v V =
V V
D
< hay V V v V
DC i D
< = do dong bang 0
Hay V V v
DC i
>
Va ien ap ra la 0 = =
R o
Ri v
DC i
s
Va ien ap ra la
V V v Ri v
DC i R o
+ + = =

) th :
DC i
0 s + th diode dan xem nh ngan mach.
ien ap ra
DC i D o
V v Ri v + = =
DC i
0 > + th diode tat xem nh h mach, se khong co dong ien nen
ien ap ra V Ri v
D o
0 = = .
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.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
3` y :+.~: .+

' \/ / / / / /\ /3
DC
V .

H|nh 4-3. Moch xen nc| t|ep.
DC
V lam tn hieu song sin b di len,

DC R D i
V V V v
DC R i D
V V v V + =
V V
D
< hay V V v V
DC i D
Hay V V v
DC i
+ >
Va ien ap ra la 0 = =
R o
Ri v
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C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 33
DC i
+ s
Va ien ap ra la
V V v Ri v
DC i R o
+ = =

) th :
DC i
0 s th diode dan xem nh ngan mach.
ien ap ra
DC i D o
V v Ri v = =
DC i
0 > th diode tat xem nh h mach, se khong co dong ien nen
ien ap ra V Ri v
D o
0 = = .
|||. MACH XEN 50NC 50NC:
' \/ / 3 3 / /3 / / / \
Hnh 4-34 trnh bay mot mach xen song song s dung 1 diode va 1 ien tr R.

H|nh 4-34. Moch xen bon ky ducng, |oy bon ky om.
Cho tn hieu vao la song sin va tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hie u dng. Dang song tn
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u
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t

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P
.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
' y :+.~: .+

R D i
V V v
R i D
V v V =
V V
D
< hay V v V
i D
< = do dong bang 0
Va ien ap ra la
i R i o
v Ri v v = =
i
>
Va ien ap ra la
V V v
D o
= =
Ngng xe n cua mach xen tai gia tr
V : phan tn hie u vao ln hn
V th ri het tre n R,
con tn hieu nho hn
V th cho qua khong suy hao tren R. ac tuyen vao ra nh hnh 4-36.

) th :
Khi tn hieu vao V v
i
0 > th diode dan xem nh ngan mach, ien ap ra 0 =
o
v
Khi tn hieu vao V v
i
0 < th diode tat xem nh h mach, se kho ng co dong ien nen ien
ap ra
i o
v v = .
\/ / 3 3 / / / /\ \/ / /3
Hnh 4-37 trnh bay mot mach xen song song s dung 1 diode, 1 ien tr R va nguon DC.
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H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ ''

H|nh 4-37. Moch xen |oy bon ky om dc | mot co t xucng.
Sinh vien t ve dang song vao ra, phan tch mach va ve ac tuyen vao ra.
\/ / 3 3 / / / /\ \/ /
Hnh 4-38 trnh bay mot mach xen song song s dung 1 diode, 1 ien tr R va nguon DC.

- \/ / 3 3 / / / /\ /3

\/ / 3 3 / / / /\
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C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
' y :+.~: .+

H|nh 4-40. Moch xen |oy bon ky om dc| t|n h|eu |en.
\/ / 3 3 / /3 / / 3

H|nh 4-4. Moch xen bon ky om, |oy bon ky ducng.
Cho tn hieu vao la song sin va tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hie u dng. Dang song tn

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H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '
R D i
V V v
R i D
V v V =
V V
D
< hay V v V
i D
< = do dong bang 0
Hay V v
i
>
Va ien ap ra la
i R i o
v Ri v v = + =
i
s
Va ien ap ra la
V V v
D o
= =
V : phan tn hieu vao nho hn
V th ri het tren
R, con tn hieu ln hn
V th cho qua khong suy hao tren R. ac tuyen vao ra nh hnh 4-

43.

) th :
Khi tn hieu vao V v
i
0 s th diode dan xem nh ngan mach, ien ap ra 0 =
o
v
Khi tn hieu vao V v
i
0 > th diode tat xem nh h mach, se kho ng co dong ien nen ien
ap ra
i o
v v = .
7 \/ / 3 3 / / / 3 \/ /

H|nh 4-44. Moch xen |oy bon ky om dc| mo t cot xucng.
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u
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t

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.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ ++ +.
'- y :+.~: .+
` \/ / 3 3 / / / 3 \/ / /3

3 \/ / 3 3 / / / 3


' \/ / 3 3 / / / 3 /3

H|nh 4-47. Moch xen |oy bon ky om dc | t|n h|eu |en.
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.
H
C
M
+++ - \~+ -+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '

V du4-1:
Hay xac nh dang song ra cua mach xen hnh 4-48.

H|nh 4-48. H|nh chc v| du 4-.
Giai:
Xac nh ie n ap vao lam thay oi trang thai cua diode. Ta co mach ie n nh hnh 4-49.
Ket qua tm c:
V v
i
5 =

Khi ien ap tn hieu vao am hn 5V th diode se i vao trang thai ngng dan xem nh
h mach dong bang 0 nen ie n ap ra bang 0 xac nh bi phng trnh:

V R R i R i v v
d R R o
0 ) 0 ( = = = = =

Khi ien ap tn hieu vao dng hn 5V th diode se i vao trang thai dan xem nh ngan
mach ien ap ra c xac nh bi phng trnh:

V v v
i o
5 + =

Dang song tn hieu vao ra nh hnh 4-50.

H|nh 4-4. Moch ve |o|.

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H|nh 4-50. Dong sc ng voc ro cu o v| du 4-.

V du 4-2:
Hay lap lai v du 4-1 nhng tn hieu vao la song vuo ng nh hnh 4-51.

H|nh 4-5. Dong sc ng voc cuo v| du 4-2.
Trong khoang thi gian [0,T/2] tn hieu vao v
I
= 20V ta co mach ien tng ng nh
hnh 4-52. Diode trang thai dan xem nh ngan mach va ien ap ra c xac nh:
V V v
O
5 20 + =
Trong khoang thi gian [T/2, T] tn hieu vao v
I
= -10V ta co mach ien tng ng nh
hnh 4-53. Diode trang thai ngng dan xem nh h mach va ien ap ra c xac nh:
V R R i v
R O
0 ) 0 ( = = =
Ket qua dang song ngo ra nh hnh 4-54.

H|nh 4-52. Moch duc c ve |o| |on . H|nh 4-53. Moch duc c ve |o| |on 2.

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y :+.~: .+ '7

V du 4-3:
Hay xac nh ien ap ra cua mach xen hnh 4-55.

H|nh 4-55. H|nh v| du 4-3.
Giai:
Xac nh ie n ap vao lam thay oi trang thai cua diode. Ta co mach ie n nh hnh 4-56.
Ket qua tm c: V v
i
4 =
Khi ien ap tn hieu vao l n hn 4V th diode se i vao trang thai ngng dan xem nh h
mach mach tng ng nh hnh 4-57 ien ap ra bang ien ap vao:

i o
v v =
Khi ien ap tn hieu vao nho hn 4V th diode se i vao trang thai dan xem nh ngan
mach ien ap ra bang ien ap nguon dc bang 4V:
V v
o
4 =
Dang song vao ra cua tn hieu nh hnh 4-58.

H|nh 4-56. Moch duc c ve |o| |on . H|nh 4-57. Moch ducc ve |o | |on 2.
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'` y :+.~: .+


V du 4-4:
Hay lap lai v du 4-3 vi V V 7 , 0 =
.
Giai:
Xac nh ien ap vao lam thay oi trang thai cua diode tng ng vi dong i
d
= 0 tai ien
ap v
d
= V
T
= 0,7V. Ta co mach ien tng ng nh hnh 4-59. A p dung nh luat Kirchhoff ta
c:
0 = + V V v
T i

Ket qua tm c: V V V V V v
T i
3 , 3 7 , 0 4 = = =
Khi ien ap tn hieu vao ln hn 3,3V th diode se i vao trang thai ngng dan xem nh
h mach ien ap ra bang ien ap vao:

i o
v v =
Khi ien ap tn hieu vao nho hn 3,3V th diode se i vao trang thai dan xem nh ngan
mach mach ien tng ng nh hnh 4-60 ien ap ra c xac nh:
V V V v
o
3 , 3 7 , 0 4 = =
Ket qua dang song ra cua tn hieu nh hnh 4-61.
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H|nh 4-5. Moch duc c ve |o| |on . H|nh 4-60. Moch duc c ve |o| |on 2.


|V. MACH XEN V0 | D|0DE 1HUC 1E:
Mach tng chnh xac cua diode nh hnh 4-62.


o. |en op
V :
Khi ien ap
V so sanh c vi
i
v va nhat la
DC
V (trng h p diode Silic va
DC
V nho) khi
o phai xet en anh hng cua ien ap
V .
v du 4-4 ta a khao sa t anh hng cua ien ap
V .
Khi ien ap
DC
V ln hn
V rat nhieu th ta co the bo qua
V xem nh diode ly tng.

b. |en trc rd:
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'' y :+.~: .+
Trong mot so trng hp khi khong s dung diode chuyen mach ma s dung diode thng
th ien tr noi cua diode
d
r co the so sanh c vi ien tr R (ien tr tai) khi o tn hieu ra
se b meo dang. Co the thay c thong qua cac v du sau.
V du 4-5: tn hieu ra cua mach ien hnh 4-63a va hnh 4-63b.

H|nh 4-63o. Moch xen nc| t|ep. H|nh 4-63b. Moch xen nc| t|ep.

Chng minh nguyen nhan gay ra meo dang song:
Xet mach ien hnh 4-63a.
Khi diode phan cc thuan ien tr ong cua diode c xac nh:
I
V
r
d
A
A
=
Khi diode phan cc nghch ien tr ngc cua diode rat ln: O
A
A
=
ng
ng
ng
I
V
R
Vi gia s O
ng
R khi o co the xem R R
ng
>> : ieu nay phu hp vi cac diode Silic.
Xet tr ng hp
V V v
DC i
+ < : khi o diode ngng dan xem nh h mach ie n ap ra
bang ien ap vao:
i o
v v =
Hay 1 =
i
o
v
v

Xet trng hp
V V v
DC i
+ > : khi o diode dan:
+ Neu R r
d
<< v du nh r
d
= 5O, R = 1MO th quan he ien ap vao va ie n ap tren
diode:

R R r
r
v
v
d
d
i
d
1
~
+
=
Vi R ln th 0
1
R
nen ien ap V v
d
0 = va ien ap ra bang
DC
V .
+ Neu
d
r so sanh c vi R v du nh O = 5
d
r , O =10 R th ien ap tren diode c
xac nh:

R r
r
v v
d
d
i d
+
=
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y :+.~: .+ '''
Gia tr ien ap nay khong the bo qua va co anh hng en ien ap ra, o doc hi nghien
tao ra s tron au.
Anh h ng cua no c bieu dien qua hnh 4-64.

H|nh 4-64. Dong sc ng thu c te cuo D|cde.

c. Khoc sot onh hucng cu o d|en dung ||en cu c Cd:
ay cha xet en qua trnh qua o trong chuyen mach dung diode a khao sat chng
3, ien dung nay cung gay anh h ng lam meo dang song ra.
V du: Khao sat mach ien hnh 4-65 va tn hieu vao ra trong trng hp co anh hng th
dang song vao ra nh hnh 4-66.

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'' y :+.~: .+

H|nh 4-65. Moch d|en thuc te cuo D|cde. H|nh 4-66. Dong sc ng voc ro.
V. MACH XEN DUNC 1kAN5|510k:
Xet mach ien dung transistor nh hnh 4-67. Mach co 2 mc xen la
V V
BE
= : ien ap e
transistor dan va
o
V V
BE
= : ien ap e transistor dan bao hoa khi o dong
fe
CSat
B
h
I
I >
o
. Cho tn
hieu vao va tn hieu ra nh hnh 4-68.

H|nh 4-67. Moch xen dung trons|stcr. H|nh 4-68. Dong sc ng voc ro.
V|. MACH XEN CHEP CUC PHA1 DUNC 1kAN5|510k:
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Xet mach ien dung transistor nh hnh 4-69. Mach co dang gan giong mach khuech ai
vi sai, mach hoat ong che o khuech ai trong tam
i
v A :
Khi ien ap vao nam trong khoang
i BB i
v V v A + >
2
1
th transistor T1 dan bao hoa, T2 tat:
ien ap ra
CC o
V v =
Khi ien ap vao nam trong khoang
i BB i
v V v A <
2
1
th transistor T1 tat, T2 dan bao hoa:
ien ap ra
2 C C CC o
I R V v = .
ac tuyen xen cua mach nh hnh 4-70:

H|nh 4-6. Moch xen ghep cu c phot. H|nh 4-70. oc tuyen moch xen.
V||. MACH XEN DUNC 0P AMP:
Trong mach xen dung diode th tn hieu vao phai ln hn ien ap ngng
V cua diode, khi

ien ap vao
V v
i
< th khong the xen c. e xen c cac tn hieu co mc ien ap nho th
phai dung mach xen s du ng op-amp co n goi la mach xen chnh xac.
' \/ / // /\ 3
S o mach xen nh hnh 4-71 va ac tuyen nh hnh 4-72:

H|nh 4-7. Moch xen dung trons|stcr. H|nh 4-72. oc tuyen voc ro.
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''- y :+.~: .+
Hoat ong cua mach:
Khi ien ap vao
0 = >

v v
i
th ien ap ra ri vao vung bao hoa dng
CC o
V v =
/
, diode
dan ien.
ien ap ra
V v v
o o
=
/
.
Ta co ( ) ( )
o i o
v v A v v A v = =
+
/

The vao phng trnh ta c
V Av Av v
o i o
=
Suy ra ien ap ra:
A
V
v
A
A
v
i o

+
=
1

Do he so khuech ai vong h ln = A nen
1
1

+ A
A
va 0
1
A

Vay ien ap ra
i o
v v =
Khi ien ap vao
0 <
i
v
th ien ap ra ri vao vung bao hoa am
CC o
V v =
/
, diode tat
xem nh h mach, ien ap ra cach ly vi ien ap vao va 0 =
o
v
\/ / // 3
S o mach xen nh hnh 4-73 va ac tuyen nh hnh 4-74:

H|nh 4-73. Moch xen cc nguc n DC. H|nh 4-74. oc tuyen.
Hoat ong cua mach:
Khi ien ap vao
DC i
V v >
th ien ap ra 0
/
<
o
v , diode tat th ien ap ra
o
v tach khoi
/
o
v
nen
i o
v v =
Khi ien ap vao
DC i
V v <
th ien ap ra 0
/
>
o
v , diode dan th ien ap
DC o
V v =

V|||. MACH XEN 2 MUC 0C LAP:
Hay khao sat mach xen nh hnh 4-75. Gia s
2 1
V V < va ln hn
V cua diode rat nhieu

nen bo qua anh hng cua
V .
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y :+.~: .+ ''

Tm cac gia tr ien ap vao lam diode D
1
va D
2
thay oi trang thai:
Vi diode D
1
: v
i
= V
1

+ Neu
1
V v
i
s th D
1
dan xem nh ngan mach.
+ Neu
1
V v
i
> th D
1
ngng dan xem nh h mach.
Vi diode D
2
: v
i
= V
2

+ Neu
2
V v
i
s th D
2
ngng dan xem nh h mach.
+ Neu
2
V v
i
> th D
2
dan xem nh ngan mach.
Ket hp lai ta c:
Neu
2 1
V V v
i
< s th D
2
ngng dan xem nh h mach, D
1
dan ien ap ra
1
V v
o
= .
Neu
2 1
V v V
i
s < th ca D
1
va D
2
ngng dan xem nh h mach ien ap ra
i o
v v = .
Neu
i
v V V < <
2 1
th D
1
ngng dan xem nh h mach, D
2
dan ien ap ra
2
V v
o
= .
ac tuyen vao ra nh hnh 4-76 va dang song vao ra cua mach nh hnh 4-77.

H|nh 4-76. oc tuyen voc ro cung t|n h|eu voc ro.
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'' y :+.~: .+

Co the s dung 2 diode Zener lam mach xen nh hnh 4-78.

Khi ien ap vao:
V V v
Z i
+ >
1

D
1
hoat ong nh diode Zener, D
2
hoat ong nh diode thng ien ap ra:

V V v
Z O
+ =
1

Khi ien ap vao: ) (
2
V V v
Z i
+ s
D
1
hoat ong nh diode th ng, D
2
hoat ong nh diode Zener ien ap ra:
) (
2
V V v
Z O
+ =
Khi ien ap vao: ) (
2
V V v
Z i
+ s
D
1
va D
2
cung ngng dan ien ap ra bang ien ap vao:
i O
v v =
) (
2 1
V V v V V
Z i Z
+ < < +
ac tuyen vao ra va dang song vao ra nh hnh 4-79.
) (
2 1
V V v V V
Z i Z
+ < < +
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|X. 8A| 1AP:
Bai tap 1: Hay ve tn hieu ra cu a cac mach ie n nh hnh 4-80.

H|nh 4-80. Moch chc bo| top .

H|nh 4-8. Moch chc bo| top 2.
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''` y :+.~: .+




end

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Chng 5

MACH KEP
\/ /3 \ 3 / .
\

\/ /3 \ 3 / .
\

\/ /3 \ 3 / .
\

\/ \ 3 / .
\

\/ \ 3 / .
\

\/ /3 \ 3 / .
\

MACH KEP DUNC D|0DE XE1 ANH HU0NC |EN 1k0 D|0DE VA |EN 1k0 NCU0N
/ / 3 /3 3 /
, \/
MACH KEP 0 CUC NEN CUA 8J1
CHUEN MACH C-E V0 | 1A| LA |EN DUNC
CHUEN MACH C-C V0| 1A| LA |EN DUNC
CHUEN MACH C-E V0 | 1A| LA CU0N DA
8A| 1AP

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+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
' y :+.~: .+
LIET KE CAC HNH
H|nh 5-. Moch dc| t|n h|eu xucng |ucng Vm.
H|nh 5-4. Moch dc| t|n h|eu xucng |ucng nhc hcn Vm.
H|nh 5-7. Moch dc| t|n h|eu xucng |ucng |c n hcn Vm.
H|nh 5-. Moch duc c ve |o|.
H|nh 5-0. Moch dc| t|n h|eu |en |ucng Vm.
H|nh 5-2. Moch ducc ve |o |.
H|nh 5-4. Moch dc| t|n h|eu |en |ucng nhc hcn Vm.
H|nh 5-8. Moch dc| t|n h|eu |en |ucng |c n hcn Vm.
H|nh 5-22. Moch kep cc onh hucng cu o d|en trc nc| vo d|en trc ngucn.
H|nh 5-23. Kh| d|cde don tu nop d|en.
H|nh 5-24. Kh| d|cde tot tu phcng d|en.
H|nh 5-27. Moch kep cu c nen trons|stcr.
H|nh 5-30. Chuyen moch CE vc| to| d|en dung.
H|nh 5-32. 1hem moch xen 2 muc.
H|nh 5-34. Chuyen moch CC vc | to| d|en dung.
H|nh 5-36. 1hem moch xen 2 muc.
H|nh 5-38. Chuyen moch CE vc| to| cucn doy.
H|nh 5-3. Moch duc c ve |o |.
H|nh 5-43. Moch dung D|cde thoy the chc k.
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|. MACH KEP:
Mach kep la mach di tn hieu en mot mc ien ap dc kha c. Mot mach kep phai co mot
tu ien, mot diode, mot ien tr va con co the them mot nguon ie n ap dc. Gia tr cua R va C
phai c la chon sao cho thi hang t = RC u ln e am bao rang ien ap ri tren tu ien C
xa khong ang ke trong khoang thi gian diode ngng dan. Trong khi phan tch mach ta co the
xem tu c nap ay va xa het l ng ien tch sau khoang thi gian 5t.
' \/ /3 \ 3 / .
\

Hnh 5-1 trnh bay mot mach di tn hieu s dung 1 diode, 1 ien tr R va 1 tu ien.

H|nh 5-. Moch dc| t|n h|eu xucng |ucng Vm.
Cho tn hieu vao la song vuong va tn hieu ra a b di xuong. Dang song tn hieu vao ra
nh hnh 5-2:

Nguye n ly hoat ong xem diode la ly tng:
(

2
0
T
th tn hieu vao la ban ky dng:
m i
V v + = , diode phan
cc thuan nen xem nh ngan mach.
Phng trnh nap cho tu:
( ) ) 1 ( ) 1 (
t t
t
m
t
i C
e V e v V

= =

Do ien tr thuan cua diode
D
r nho hn ien tr R nen thi hang nap cho tu la C r
D n
= t .
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C
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+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
' y :+.~: .+
Sau khoang thi gian bang C r
D n
5 5 = t tu nap ay
m C
V V =
ien ap ra bang ien ap cua diode: V V V v
D o
0 = = =

(
T
T
2
th tn hieu vao la ban ky am:
m i
V v = , diode phan cc
ngc nen xem nh h mach, mach c ve lai nh hnh 5-3:

Thi hang xa cua tu la RC
x
= t co gia tr ln do R ln nen tu xa rat cham xem nh tu
xa khong ang ke.

ien ap ra bang ien ap cua R nen:
m m m C m o
V V V V V IR v 2 = = = =
Do tu xa khong ang ke nen sau khoang thi gian
(
T
T
2
xem ien ap tren tu van la
m C
V V =
(
T T
2
3
m i
V v + = , ien ap cua
tu va ien ap cua nguon se triet tieu nhau ne n dong ien se bang 0.
ien ap ra bang: V RI v
o
0 = =
ban ky nay neu tu b suy hao ban ky trc th tu se c nap ay tr lai va ien ap ra
van bang 0V.
Tng t cho ban ky tiep theo th ien ap ra
m o
V v 2 = .
Vay tn hieu ra chnh la tn hieu vao b di xuong mot lng ien ap
m
V
\/ /3 \ 3 / .
\

Hnh 5-4 trnh bay mot mach di tn hieu s dung 1 diode, 1 ien tr R, 1 tu ien va 1
nguon V
DC
.

B
a
n

q
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r
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n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '
H|nh 5-4. Moch dc| t|n h|eu xucng |ucng nhc hcn Vm.
nh hnh 5-5:

Nguye n ly hoat ong xem diode la ly tng: V V V
D
0 = =

(

2
0
T
m i
cc thuan nen xem nh ngan mach, do ien tr thuan cua diode nho hn ien tr nen thi hang
nap cho tu la C r
D n
= t .
( ) ) 1 (
t
t
DC i C
e V v V

=

D n
5 5 = t tu nap ay
DC m C
V V V =
ien ap ra:
DC DC D DC o
V V V V V v = + = + =

(
T
T
2
m i
ngc nen xem nh h mach. Mach c ve lai nh hnh 5-6:

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a
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n
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D
H

S
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p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
'- y :+.~: .+
x
= t co gia tr l n do R ln nen tu xa rat cham xem nh
khong ang ke.
ien ap ra bang ien ap cua R nen: ( )
DC m C i o
V V V v IR v + = + = = 2
Do tu xa kho ng ang ke nen xem ien ap tre n tu van la
DC m C
V V V =
Trong khoang thi gian [ T T
2
3
] th tn hieu vao la ban ky dng:
m i
tu va ien ap cua nguon
DC
V se triet tieu nhau nen dong ien se bang 0.
ien ap ra bang:
DC DC m m C i D DC o
V V V V V v V V v = + = = + =
van bang
DC
V .
DC m
V V

\/ /3 \ 3 / .
\

nguon V
DC
.

H|nh 5-7. Moch dc| t|n h|eu xucng |ucng |c n hcn Vm.
nh hnh 5-8:
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p
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a
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K
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t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '

D
0 = =

(

2
0
T
m i
cc thuan nen xem nh ngan mach.
( ) ) 1 (
t
t
DC i C
e V v V

+ =

D
D n
= t .
D n
5 5 = t tu nap ay
DC m C
V V V + =
ien ap ra bang ien ap cua diode:
DC DC D DC o
V V V V V v = + = + =

(
T
T
2
m i
ngc nen xem nh h mach. Mach c ve lai nh hnh 5-9:

B
a
n

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n
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D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
' y :+.~: .+
H|nh 5-. Moch duc c ve |o|.
x
khong ang ke.
ien ap ra: ( )
DC m DC m m C i o
V V V V V V v IR v = = + = = 2
DC m C
V V V + =
2
3
] th tn hieu vao la ban ky dng:
m i
tu va ien ap cua nguon
DC
V se triet tieu nhau nen dong ien se bang 0.
ien ap ra bang:
V V V V V v V V v = = = + =
van bang
DC
V .
DC m
V V +
- \/ \ 3 / .
\

Hnh 5-10 trnh bay mot mach di tn hieu s dung 1 diode, 1 ie n tr R va 1 tu ie n.

H|nh 5-0. Moch dc| t|n h|eu |en |ucng Vm.
nh hnh 5-11:

Nguye n ly hoat ong xem diode la ly tng:
B
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p
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a
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '7
(

2
0
T
m i
V v = . Mach ien c
ve lai nh hnh 5-12. Diode phan cc thuan nen xem nh ngan mach.

( ) ) 1 ( ) 1 (
t t
t
m
t
i C
e V e v V

= =

D
D n
= t .
D n
5 5 = t tu nap ay
m C
V V =
ien ap ra bang ien ap cua diode: V V V v
D o
0 = = =

(
T
T
2
m i
cc ngc nen xem nh h mach, mach c ve lai nh hnh 5-13:

x
= t co gia tr ln do R ln nen tu xa rat cham xem nh tu
xa khong ang ke.
ien ap ra bang ien ap cua R nen:
m m m C i o
V V V V v IR v 2 = + = + = =
Do tu xa khong ang ke nen sau khoang thi gian
(
T
T
2
xem ien ap tren tu van la
m C
V V =
(
T T
2
3
m i
V v = , ien ap cua tu
va ien ap cua nguon se triet tieu nhau ne n dong ien se bang 0.
ien ap ra: V RI v
o
0 = =
B
a
n

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n
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H

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p
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a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
'` y :+.~: .+
van bang 0V.
Tng t cho ban ky tiep theo th ien ap ra
m o
V v 2 = .
Vay tn hieu ra chnh la tn hieu vao b di len mot lng ien ap
m
V
\/ \ 3 / .
\

nguon V
DC
.

H|nh 5-4. Moch dc| t|n h|eu |en |ucng nhc hcn Vm.
Cho tn hieu vao la song vuong va tn hieu ra a b di len. Dang song tn hieu vao ra nh
hnh 5-15:

D
0 = =

(

2
0
T
m i
V v = . Mach ien c
B
a
n

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p
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '3

Do ien tr thuan cua diode nho hn ien tr ne n thi hang nap cho tu la C r
D n
= t .
( ) ) 1 (
t
t
DC i C
e V v V

=

D n
5 5 = t tu nap ay
DC m C
V V V =
ien ap ra:
DC DC D DC o
V V V V V v = = =

(
T
T
2
m i
cc ngc nen xem nh h mach. Mach c ve lai nh hnh 5-17:

x
khong ang ke.
ien ap ra: ( )
DC m C i o
V V V v IR v = + = = 2
DC m C
V V V =
2
3
] th tn hieu vao la ban ky am:
m i
va ien ap cua nguon
DC
V se triet tieu nhau nen dong ie n se bang 0.
ien ap ra bang:
V V V V V v V V v = + = + = =
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a
n

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H

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p
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a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
' y :+.~: .+
van bang
DC
V .
DC m
V V

\/ /3 \ 3 / .
\

nguon V
DC
.

H|nh 5-8. Moch dc| t|n h|eu |en |ucng |c n hcn Vm.
nh hnh 5-19:

D
0 = =

B
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n

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p
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a
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ ''
(

2
0
T
m i
V v = . Mach ien c

Do ien tr thuan cua diode nho hn ien tr ne n thi hang nap cho tu la C r
D n
= t .
( ) ) 1 (
t
t
DC i C
e V v V

+ =

D n
5 5 = t tu nap ay
DC m C
V V V + =
ien ap ra:
DC DC D DC o
V V V V V v = = =

(
T
T
2
m i
cc ngc nen xem nh h mach. Mach c ve lai nh hnh 5-21:

x
khong ang ke.
ien ap ra: ( )
DC m C i o
V V V v IR v + = + = = 2
DC m C
V V V + =
2
3
] th tn hieu vao la ban ky am:
m i
va ien ap cua nguon
DC
V se triet tieu nhau nen dong ie n se bang 0.
B
a
n

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D
H

S
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p
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a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
' y :+.~: .+
ien ap ra bang:
V V V V V v V V v + = + + = + = =
van bang
DC
V .
DC m
V V +

||. MACH KEP DUNC D|0DE XE1 ANH HU0NC |EN 1k0 D|0DE VA |EN 1k0
NCU0 N:
Xet mach ien nh hnh 5-22, bo qua ien ap
V :

H|nh 5-22. Moch kep cc onh hucng cu o d|en trc nc| vo d|en trc ngucn.

' / / 3 /3 3 /
Trc khi xac lap th mach co 1 giai oan qua o, xem mach ien tng ng khi diode
dan va khi diode tat.
- Khi diode dan th tu nap, gia s
D S
r R R >> , , mach ien c ve lai nh hnh 5-23:

H|nh 5-23. Kh| d|cde don tu nop d|en.
- Khi diode tat th tu phong ien, mach ien c ve lai nh hnh 5-245:

H|nh 5-24. Kh| d|cde tot tu phcng d|en.
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a
n

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a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '
Neu cho tn hieu vao la song vuong th dang song ra nh hnh 5-25:


, \/
che o xac lap th lng ien tch nap qua tu bang lng ien tch xa ra. Xet dang song
nh hnh 5-26:

Luc nap:
D
N
t
t
o
D
t
t D
o
t
t
N N
r
A
dt v
r
dt
r
v
dt i Q = = = =
} } }
2
1
2
1
2
1
1

Luc phong:
R
A
dt v
R
dt
R
v
dt i Q
F
t
t
o
t
t
o
t
t
F F
= = = =
} } }
3
2
3
2
3
2
1

Suy ra
R
A
r
A
F
D
N
=
|||. MACH KEP 0 CUC NEN CUA 8J1:
Xet mach ien nh hnh 5-27, neu bien o vao u ln e lam tat m diode (cc BE) th ta
se co mach kep cc nen B.
B
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n

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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
'- y :+.~: .+

Khi co tn hieu vao ta co mach tng ng nh hnh 5-28:

che o xac lap va cho tn hieu vao la song vuong th ta c dang song ra nh hnh 5-
29. Dang song co cac gai nhon khi transistor bat au chuyen sang trang thai bao hoa.
B
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K
y

t
h
u
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '

|V. CHUEN MACH C-E V0 | 1A| LA |EN DUNC:
Xet mach ien nh hnh 5-30 vi tai la ien dung ngo vao cua tang ke noi song song vi
ien tr tai R
T
.

H|nh 5-30. Chuyen moch CE vc| to| d|en dung.
Cho tn hieu vao la song vuo ng nh hnh 5-31.
- Xet trng hp khi
1
t t <
Transistor ang dan bao hoa:
ien ap ra:
CESat o
V V =
va dong ien chay vao cc C cua transistor:
o
C
CESat CC
C
I
R
V V
I =
=
- Xet trng hp khi
2 1
t t t < s
B
a
n

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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
' y :+.~: .+
Transistor ang bat au chuyen trang thai t dan bao hoa sang trang thai tat.
Tu C bat au nap ien vi dong chay t nguon
CC
V , qua ien tr
C
R , qua tu C ve GND.
ien ap ra la ien ap tren tu C va phng trnh nap cua tu:

( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

C R
t
CC C o
C
e V t V t V 1

Dong ie n chay vao cc C cua transistor: 0 =
=
C
CC CC
C
R
V V
I
Thi hang nap cua tu: C R
C n
= t . Tuy thuoc vao thi gian transistor tat ma tu C co the nap
ay hoac khong ay, lng ien ap tu C a nap c k hieu la: ( )
/
C C
V t V =
- Xet trng hp khi
2
t t =
Tn hieu vao tang lam
V v
B
> nen dong ien
B
CC
B
R
V V
I

= lam transistor chuyen trang

thai t tat sang dan bao hoa i qua vung khuech ai nen dong ie n chay vao cc C cua
transistor:
/
o C
C
CESat CC
C
I i
R
V V
I = +
= .
Trong o
C
i la dong do tu C bat au phong ien: dong chay t cc dng cua tu qua moi
noi CE cua transistor ve GND.
ien ap ra la ien ap tren tu C va phng trnh xa cho tu:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

C R
t
C o
C
e V t V
/

Thi hang xa cua tu: C r
CESat x
= t
Sau khi pho ng het ien th dong ie n chay vao cc C cua transistor:
o
C
CESat CC
C
I
R
V V
I =
=
B
a
n

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K
y

t
h
u
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '7

Nhan xet: xung ra co sn trc b meo nhieu do C r C R
CESat x C n
= >> = t t v ie n tr
CESat C
r R >> . e giam bt meo dang th phai thc hie n bang cach s du ng transistor khong bao
hoa sau co diode Schottky e chuyen mach nhanh hoac do sn xung b meo ta co the giam bt
meo bang cach s dung them mach xen 2 mc e co dang song ngo ra chap nhan c nh hnh
5-32 va dang song ra nh hnh 5-33.

H|nh 5-32. 1hem moch xen 2 muc. H|nh 5-33. Dong sc ng voc ro.
V. CHUEN MACH C-C V0| 1A| LA |EN DUNC:
Xet mach ien nh hnh 5-34 vi tai la ien dung ngo vao cua tang ke noi song song vi
ien tr tai R
E
.
B
a
n

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a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
'` y :+.~: .+

H|nh 5-34. Chuyen moch CC vc | to| d|en dung.
- Xet trng hp khi
1
t t <
Transistor ang dan bao hoa:
ien ap ra:
CC CE CC E C o
V V V V t V V ~ = = = ) (
- Xet trng hp khi
2 1
t t t < s
Transistor bat au chuyen trang thai t dan bao hoa sang trang thai tat:
Tu C bat au phong ie n vi dong chay t cc dng cua tu qua ien tr
E
R ve cc am
cua tu.
ien ap ra la ien ap tren tu C va tu C xa ien theo phng trnh:

( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

C R
t
CC o
E
e V t V

Thi hang phong cua tu: C R
E x
= t . Tuy thuoc vao thi gian transistor tat ma tu C co the
phong het ien tch hay con, lng ien ap tu C con lai c k hieu la: ( )
/
C C
V t V =
- Xet trng hp khi
2
t t =
Tn hieu vao lam transistor chuyen trang thai t tat sang dan bao hoa va dong ien chay
ra khoi cc E cua transistor gom: dong
E
I va dong nap cho tu C va khi a nap ay th ch con
dong
E
I .

/
o C
E
CESat CC
E
I i
R
V V
I = +
=
Trong o
C
i la dong nap cho tu C: dong chay t nguon
CC
V , qua moi noi CE cua transistor,
qua tu C ve GND.
ien ap ra la ien ap tren tu C va tu C nap ien theo phng trnh:

( ) ( ) ( )
/ /
1
C
C r
t
C CC C o
V e V V t V t V
CE
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

Thi hang nap cho tu: C r
CE n
= t
Dang song vao ra cua mach nh hnh 5-35.
B
a
n

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K
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t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '3

Do C r C R
CE n E x
= >> = t t nen canh len cua xung tot hn la canh xuong cua xung. e cai
thien dang song th mach dung cap transistor phu nhau nh hnh 5-36 va dang song c cai
thien nh hnh 5-37:

H|nh 5-36. 1hem moch xen 2 muc. H|nh 5-37. Dong sc ng ro.
V|. CHUEN MACH C-E V0 | 1A| LA CU0N DA:
Trong mot so mach ien co s dung transistor lam chuyen mach ong m cuon day cua
Relay hay ieu khie n cuon lai tia quet cua en hnh CRT trong tivi.
Xet mach ien nh hnh 5-38, trong mach co ve them ien tr
c
r e xac nh do ng
CSat
I -
trong thc te th khong can thiet v ien tr dc cua cuon day
L
r va ien tr moi noi CE
CE
r se
xac nh dong bao hoa
CSat
I .
B
a
n

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a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
'- y :+.~: .+

H|nh 5-38. Chuyen moch CE vc| to| cucn doy.
- Xet trng hp khi
1
t t <
Khi Transistor dan bao hoa th dong ien qua cuon day L la:

c
CC
c
CESat CC
o
r
V
r
V V
I ~
=
ien ap ra:
CC o
V V ~ v 0 2 = = fL X
L
t va 0 ~
L
r , neu 0 =
L
r th co ien ap ri tren
L
r th
ien ap ra se giam. Mach ien co the c ve lai nh hnh 5-39.

- Xet trng hp khi
2 1
t t t < s
Transistor bat au chuyen trang thai t dan bao hoa sang trang thai tat:
Dong ie n ban au qua cuo n day L kho ng giam tc thi ma giam dan ve 0 theo ham mu

( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

1 t
t
o L
e I t i
vi thi hang
R
L
= 1 t

B
a
n

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K
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t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '-'
ien ap ra:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + =

1
) (
t
t
o CC L CC o
e RI V R t i V t v

Neu R co gia tr ln th ien ap
o
RI cang ln co the lam hong transistor v
CC R
V V >> .
Mach ien c ve lai nh hnh 5-40:

- Xet trng hp khi
2
t t =
Tn hieu vao lam transistor chuyen trang thai t tat sang dan bao hoa: tai thi iem nay
dong qua cuo n day ( ) 0 = t i
L
. Dong qua ien tr R la

o
C
CESat CC
o
I
R R
V V
I <
+
=
/

Dong ie n qua L tang dan t 0 theo phng trnh:

( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

2
1
t
t
o L
e I t i

Vi thi hang:
/
2
R
L
= t va
c
r R R ||
/
=
ien ap ra:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

2
/
1 ) (
t
t
o CC L CC o
e RI V R t i V t v

Mach ien c ve lai nh hnh 5-41:
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+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
'- y :+.~: .+

Dang song vao ra cua mach nh hnh 5-42.

Nhan xet:
Trong phan nay chung ta kho ng xet ien dung ngo ra mac song song vi tai, ien dung
nay co the lam mach dao ong.
e loai tr gai nhon dang song ngo ra ta dung diode thay the cho ien R nh hnh 5-43:
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+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ '-
- Khi transistor dan bao hoa th diode PCN xem nh h mach.
- Khi transistor tat th diode PCT va do ien tr cua diode khi PCT be nen ien ap
tao ra nho va gai nhon se co bien o nho tng ng.

H|nh 5-43. Moch dung D|cde thoy the chc k.
V||. 8A| 1AP:
Bai tap 1: Hay ve tn hieu ra cua cac mach ien nh hnh 4-44.

H|nh 4-44. Moch chc bo| top .
Bai tap 2: Hay ve tn hieu ra cua cac mach ien nh hnh 4-45.

Bai tap 3: Hay thiet ke mach ien co chc nang nh hnh 4-46.
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+++ \~+ - ~+ ~ +~+ .y-+ ++ +.
'-- y :+.~: .+


Bai tap 4: Hay thiet ke mach ien co chc nang nh hnh 4-47.


Bai tap 5: Hay ve mach dao ong tao xung vuong dung OP- AMP va tnh toan cac gia tr e mach dao
ong vi tan so 1 KHz.
Bai tap 6: Hay ve mach dao ong tao xung vuong dung 555 va tnh toan cac gia tr e mach dao ong
vi tan so 1 KHz.
Bai tap 7: Hay ve mach n on dung 555 va tnh toan ca c gia tr e thi gian ton tai xung n on la
100ms.

end

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Dang song tn hie u.
y :+.~: .+

Chng 6

C|0| 1H|EU
CAC MACH DA0 0NC A HA| DUNC 0P-AMP
/ / \/ /
\/ / / . / . 3 / \/ / \ .)
\/ \ 33 / /3
\/ \ 33 3 / /3
\/ / 3 / 3 /\
\/ 3 /\
MACH DA0 0NC A HA| DUNC V| MACH 555
/ . \/
\/ / 3 3 . \/
\/ 3 . \/
MACH A HA| DU NC V| MACH 50
/ . \/ 33 \
\/
\/ / 3 3 . \/ 3 33 \
MACH DA0 0NC DUNC 1kAN5|510k
\/ / 3 / / 3 /
\/ 3 3 /
\/ 3 / 3 /
\/ 33 \
MACH DA0 0NC A HA| DUNC CAC L|NH K|EN C0 VUNC |EN 1k0 AM

} /
-
3 3 / / .3 /\ / \/ / 3 / /
\ /3 \/ / / 3 .3 /\
8A| 1AP

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+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
146 y :+.~: .+
H|nh 6-. 5c dc khc| moch doc dcng.
H|nh 6-2. 5c dc khc| moch dcn cn.
H|nh 6-3. Moch doc dcng.
H|nh 6-4. 5c dc moch vo dong scng moch sc sonh d|en op vc | d|en op 0V.
H|nh 6-6. 5c dc moch 5chm|tt 1r|gger doc dc | xung.
H|nh 6-7. oc tuyen voc ro cuo moch.
H|nh 6-8. 5c dc moch 5chm|tt 1r|gger khcng doc dc| xung.
H|nh 6-. oc tuyen voc ro cu o moch.
H|nh 6-0. 5c dc moch bot cn dung 0p-omp vo dcng d|en nop vo xo cuo tu.
H|nh 6-. Dong sc ng cuo tu vo scng ro.
H|nh 6-2. Dc| dong scng |en de t|nh chu ky doc dcng.
H|nh 6-3. 5c dc moch dcn c n dung cp-omp.
H|nh 6-4. Dong sc ng voc ro cu o dcn cn.
H|nh 6-6. Dong sc ng voc ro cu o moch dcn cn.
H|nh 6-7. Dc| t|n h|eu |en de t|nh thc | g|on.
H|nh 6-. 5c dc khc| vo sc dc chon v| moch 555.
H|nh 6-2. 5c dc khc| moch doc dcng.
H|nh 6-22. Dong sc ng tren tu vo ngc ro.
H|nh 6-23. Co| th|en de ducc dong sc ng dc| xung.
H|nh 6-24. Moch dcn cn.
H|nh 6-25. 5c dc khc |.
H|nh 6-26. Dong sc ng cuo moch dcn cn.
H|nh 6-27. Ccng Nct vo dong scng voc ro cu o cc ng N01.
H|nh 6-28. Ccng Nct cc 5chm|tt 1r|gger vo dong scng voc ro.
H|nh 6-2. Coc v| mo ch sc cc tr|gger 5chm|tt.
H|nh 6-30. Dong sc ng moch dcn cn dung 7422 vo 7423.
H|nh 6-3. Moch doc dc ng dung v| moch cc tr|gger 5chm|tt.
H|nh 6-32. Moch doc dcng dung trons|stcr.
H|nh 6-33. 1rong tho| 12 don, 1 tot.
H|nh 6-35. Dong sc ng.
H|nh 6-36. 5c dc moch dcn c n ghep cuc thu.
H|nh 6-37. Coc dong scng: V
82
, V
xk
, V
CE
.
H|nh 6-38. Ve |o| dong scng V
82
.
H|nh 6-3. Moch dcn cn ghep cuc phot.
H|nh 6-40. Moch tr|gger 5chm|tt.
H|nh 6-4. oc tuyen vcn-ompe.
H|nh 6-42. Moch tucng ducng cuo d|cde tunne|.
H|nh 6-43. K| h|eu.
H|nh 6-44. Cou toc, k| h|eu vo moch tucng ducng cuo UJ1.
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H|nh 6-45. 5c dc moch vo doc tuyen cuo UJ1.
H|nh 6-46. D|cde 4 |c p.
H|nh 6-47. oc tuyen h|nh chu N vo h|nh chu 5.
H|nh 6-48. Moch d|en trc om dung dcng khcng che vo doc tuyen.
H|nh 6-48. oc tuyen hcot dcng c che dc dcn cn.
H|nh 6-50. Hcot dcng scng cn.
H|nh 6-5. Hcot dc ng bot cn.
H|nh 6-52. Moch d|en trc om dung dcng khcng che.
H|nh 6-53o. Moch do ho| du ng d|en op khcng che.
H|nh 6-53b. oc tuyen.
H|nh 6-54. Moch tucng ducng.

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+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
148 y :+.~: .+

|. C|0| 1H|EU:
Trong ky thuat xung, ta thng gap cac da ng a hai sau:
- Mach a hai ba t on (astable multivibrator):
Khong co trang thai on nh a hai t dao ong.
Ngo ra luan phien thay oi theo 2 trang thai mc cao va mc thap vi chu ky T va bien o V
do chnh mach quyet nh.
S o khoi cua mach nh hnh 6-1.

H|nh 6-. 5c dc khc| moch doc dcng.
- Mach a hai ba t on (monostable multivibrator):
Ngo ra co 1 trang thai o n nh mc cao hoac mc thap, con co ten khac la mach a hai 1
trang thai ben hay a hai i.
Sau khi co xung kch th mach mi oi trang thai, sau mot khoang thi gian T th mach se tr
ve trang thai on nh.
Thi gian ton tai xung bat on va bien o ien ap ra do mach n on quyet nh, xung kch co
dang gai nhon dng hoac gai nhon am.
S o khoi cua mach nh hnh 6-2.

H|nh 6-2. 5c dc khc| moch dcn cn.
- Mach a hai 2 trang thai on nh khong oi xng (trigger Schmitt):
La mach sa dang xung thanh xung vuong.
S mach va s o dang song, k hieu nh hnh 6-3.
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ien ap ra co 2 mc cao va thap va chuyen trang thai tuy thuoc vao thi iem ie n ap vao
vt qua 2 ngng kch: ngng kch tren va ngong kch di.
- Mach a 2 trang thai on nh oi xng (flip flop):
ay la phan t quan trong trong ky thuat so, may tnh va chu yeu gom cac loai Flip Flop RS,
JK, flip flop T, flip flop D.
Co nhieu mach dao o ng a hai:
Dao ong dung op-amp.
Dao ong dung vi mach so.
Dao ong dung vi mach chuyen dung.
Dao ong dung linh kien ri.
Dao ong dung linh kien co vung ien tr am.
Dung mach dao o ng nghet (blocking oscillator).
||. CAC MACH DA0 0NC A HA| DUNC 0P-AMP:
' / / \/ /
Op-amp co 2 vung lam viec : vung k va vung bao hoa, che o k op-amp th ng lam viec
cau hnh hoi tiep am, che o bao hoa th op-amp th ng lam viec ca u hnh vong h hoac hoi
tiep dng. Ngo ra ch co 2 trang thai bao hoa dng va bao hoa am.
Khi
+
> v v th
CC o
V v + = va khi
+
< v v th
CC o
V v = .
cau hnh vong h op-amp se lam viec vi he so k vong h va he so nay rat ln ne n ch
can mot s chenh lech rat nho cua 2 tn hieu ngo vao th ngo ra se ri vung bao hoa.
\/ / / . / . 3 / \/ / \ .)
S o mach so sanh ien ap vi ien ap 0V va dang song vao ra nh hnh 6-4.
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+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
150 y :+.~: .+

Nguye n ly so sanh:
- Khi V v v 0 = >
+
th
CC o
V v + =
- Khi V v v 0 = <
+
th
CC o
V v = .
Tng t nh mach so sanh tren chung ta se co mach so sanh ao nh hnh 6-5.

Nguye n ly so sanh:
- Khi V v v 0 = <
+
th
CC o
V v + = .
- Khi V v v 0 = >
+
th
CC o
V v = .

\/ \ 33 / /3
Cung chnh la mach so sanh ien ap nhng thng dung e bien oi dang tn hieu song sin
thanh song vuong. Giong nh cac mach so sanh tren th mach Schmitt Trigger cung co 2 mach
ao va khong ao. Ngoai ra con co cac da ng mach oi xng va khong oi xng.
Trong cau hnh mach Schmitt Trigger op-amp lam viec cau hnh hoi tiep dng.
S o mach Schmitt Trigger ao oi x ng va dang song nh hnh 6-6.
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H|nh 6-6. 5c dc moch 5chm|tt 1r|gger doc dc | xung.
Chu y: ien tr
I
R co gia tr nho va
F
R co gia tr ln.
Nguye n ly hoat o ng so sanh: nguyen ly so sanh van da vao nguyen ly so sanh c ban khi
+
> v v th
CC O
V v + = va khi
+
< v v th
CC O
V v = .
oi vi mach ang khao sat th
ien ap ngo vao tr:
I
v v =

ien ap ngo vao cong :
F I
I
o
R R
R
v v
+
=
+
(6-1)
Tuy thuoc vao ie n ap ra trang thai bao hoa dng hay bao hoa am ma
+
V se co 2 gia tr
nh sau:
Neu
CC O
V v + = th V V
R R
R
V v
CC
F I
I
CC
0 > + =
+
+ =
+
| (6-2)
Neu
CC O
V v = th V V
R R
R
V v
CC
F I
I
CC
0 < =
+
=
+
| (6-3)
Vi 2 gia tr cua
+
v th ta co the thay c ien ap
+
v khong phai la 1 ien ap co nh.
Nguye n ly hoat ong: cho tn hie u vao mach la tn hieu song sin:
Gia s ien ap ra
CC O
V v + = th ta suy ra V V v
CC
0 > + =
+
|
Va |
CC i
V v v v + = < =
+

e thay oi trang thai ngo ra th ien ap vao
I
v v =
phai bien thie n theo chieu tang cho en

khi thoa ieu kien

CC i
V v v v | + = > =
+
(6-4)
Khi thoa ieu kien nay th ngo ra ao trang thai t
CC O
V v + = sang trang thai
CC O
V v = va
ien ap
+
v cung thay oi gia tr V V v
CC
0 < =
+
| .
Tai thi iem nay th |
CC i
V v v v = > =
+
, e mach chuyen t trang thai
CC O
V v = sang trang
thai
CC O
V v + = th tn hieu ngo vao phai bien thien theo chie u giam cho en khi thoa ieu kien

CC i
V v v v | = < =
+
(6-5)
CC O
V v = sang trang thai
CC O
V v + = va
ien ap
+
v cung thay oi gia tr V V v
CC
0 > + =
+
| . Mach lap lai trang thai ban au.
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+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
152 y :+.~: .+
Trong dang song a ve tren ta thay co 2 k hieu: UTP va LTP chnh la cac iem thay oi
trang thai. (upper trigger point, lower trigger point)
Do |
CC
V LTP UTP + = = gia tr ngng tren bang gia tr cua ngng di nen c goi la
mach ST oi xng.
ac tuyen vao ra cua mach nh hnh 6-7.

H|nh 6-7. oc tuyen voc ro cuo moch.
Giai thch ac tuyen vao ra:
Khi tn hieu bien thien theo chieu tang t am sang dng nhng neu
CC i
V v v v | + = < =
+
th
CC O
V v + = va khi
CC i
V v v v | + = > =
+
th tn hieu ra chuyen sang trang thai
CC O
V v = .
Khi tn hieu bien thien theo chieu giam t dng sang am nhng neu
CC i
V v v v | = > =
+
th
CC O
V v = va khi
CC i
V v v v | = < =
+
th tn hieu ra chuyen sang trang thai
CC O
V v + = .
- \/ \ 33 3 / /3
S o mach Schmitt Trigger khong ao oi x ng va dang song vao ra nh hnh 6-8.

H|nh 6-8. 5c dc moch 5chm|tt 1r|gger khcng doc dc| xung.
Nguye n ly hoat o ng so sanh: nguyen ly so sanh van da vao nguyen ly so sanh c ban khi
+
> v v th
CC O
V v + = va khi
+
< v v th
CC O
V v = .
oi vi mach ang khao sat th
ien ap ngo vao tr: V v 0 =

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+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 153
ien ap ngo vao cong phu thuoc vao
I
v va ien ap ra
O
v cach tnh nh sau:
Viet phng trnh mach vong 0 =
o F I I
v iR iR v (6-8)
Suy ra
F I
O I
R R
v v
i
+
=
ien ap
O
F I
I
F I
F
I
F I
O I
I I I I
v
R R
R
R R
R
v
R R
v v
R v iR v v
+
+
+
=
+
= =
+
(6-9)
Nhan xet: ien ap
+
v phu thuoc vao ien ap cua tn hieu vao
I
v va ien ap cua tn hieu ra
O
v .
Tuy thuoc vao ien ap ra trang thai bao hoa dng hay bao hoa am ma
+
v se co 2 gia tr
nh sau:
Neu
CC O
V v + = th
CC
F I
I
F I
F
I
V
R R
R
R R
R
v v
+
+
+
=
+
(6-10)

Neu
CC O
V v = th
CC
F I
I
F I
F
I
V
R R
R
R R
R
v v
+
+
=
+
(6-11)

Nguye n ly hoat ong: cho tn hie u vao mach la tn hieu song sin:
Gia s ien ap ra
CC O
V v + = th ta suy ra V v V
R R
R
R R
R
v v
CC
F I
I
F I
F
I
0 = >
+
+
+
=
+

e thay oi trang thai ngo ra th ien ap vao
I
v phai bien thien theo chieu giam (am) cho
en khi thoa ieu kien
V v V
R R
R
R R
R
v v
CC
F I
I
F I
F
I
0 = <
+
+
+
=
+
(6-12)
CC O
V v + = sang trang thai
CC O
V v = va
ien ap
+
v cung thay oi gia tr V v V
R R
R
R R
R
v v
CC
F I
I
F I
F
I
0 = <
+
+
=
+
.
Tnh gia tr cua ien ap vao
I
v t phng trnh (6-12) ta c:
|
CC CC
F
I
I
V V
R
R
v = < (6-13)
Vay
I
v phai bien thien theo chieu giam cho en khi nho hn
CC
F
I
V
R
R
th mach oi trang
thai.

e mach chuyen t trang thai
CC O
CC O
V v + = th tn hieu ngo vao
I
v phai
bien thien theo chieu tang cho en khi thoa ieu kien
V v V
R R
R
R R
R
v v
CC
F I
I
F I
F
I
0 = >
+
+
=
+
(6-14)
CC O
CC O
V v + = va
ien ap
+
v cung thay oi gia tr V v V
R R
R
R R
R
v v
CC
F I
I
F I
F
I
0 = >
+
+
+
=
+
. Mach lap lai trang thai
ban au.
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+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
154 y :+.~: .+

Tnh gia tr cua ien ap vao
I
v t phng trnh (6-14) ta c:
|
CC CC
F
I
I
V V
R
R
v + = > (6-15)
Vay
I
v phai bien thien theo chie u tang cho en khi ln hn
CC
F
I
V
R
R
+ th mach oi trang thai.

Trong dang song a ve tren ta thay co 2 k hieu: UTP va LTP chnh la cac iem thay oi
trang thai
Do
F
I
CC
R
R
V LTP UTP + = = gia tr ngng tren bang gia tr cua ngng di nen c goi la
mach ST oi xng.
Trong dang song ta thay tn hieu ra cung pha so vi tn hie u vao nen goi la mach ST khong
ao.
ac tuyen vao ra cua mach nh hnh 6-9.

H|nh 6-. oc tuyen voc ro cu o moch.
\/ / 3 / 3 /\
S o mach dao o ng nh hnh 6-10.

H|nh 6-0. 5c dc moch bot cn dung 0p-omp vo dcng d|en nop vo xo cuo tu.
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Nguye n ly hoat ong so sanh: van da vao nguyen ly so sanh c ban khi
+
> v v th
CC O
V v + = va khi
+
< v v th
CC O
V v = .
Ta co ien ap ngo vao tr:
C
v v =

Ta co ien ap ngo vao cong :
F I
I
o
R R
R
v v
+
=
+
(6-31)
+
V se co 2 gia tr
nh sau:
Neu
CC O
V v + = th V V
R R
R
V v
CC
F I
I
CC
0 > + =
+
+ =
+
| (6-32)
Neu
CC O
V v = th V V
R R
R
V v
CC
F I
I
CC
0 < =
+
=
+
| (6-33)
Vi 2 gia tr cua
+
v th ta co the thay c ien ap
+
v khong phai la 1 ien ap co nh.
Gia s khi cap ien th ien ap ngo ra
CC O
V v + = nen ta co

C CC
F I
I
CC
v v V
R R
R
V v = > + =
+
+ =
+
|
Tu C se c nap ien vi dong ien chay t nguon
CC
V + qua ien tr R va qua tu C ve
GND. Phng trnh nap cho tu
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

RC
t
CC C
e V v 1
ien ap se tang dan theo thi gian cho en khi |
CC C
V v v v + = > =
+
th ngo ra ao trang thai
CC O
V v = va ien ap
C CC
v v V v = < =
+
| .
Tu se xa ien vi dong ie n chay t GND qua tu, qua R cha y ve nguo n
CC
V , ien ap tren tu
C se giam dan theo thi gian cho en khi |
CC C
V v v v = < =
+
CC O
V v + =
va ien ap
C CC
v v V v = > + =
+
| .
Quy trnh c thc hien nh ban au.
Dang song tren tu va dang song ra nh hnh 6-11:
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H|nh 6-. Dong sc ng cuo tu vo scng ro.
Tnh chu ky dao ong cua mach:
e tnh chu ky dao ong th ta phai di tn hieu len tren 1 lng ien ap nh hnh 6-12.

H|nh 6-2. Dc| dong scng |en de t|nh chu ky doc dcng.
Trong khoang thi gian t
1
0 t th tu C xa ien theo phng trnh
( ) ( )
RC
t
CC CC C
e V V t v

+ = |
Tai gia tr
2
T
t = th ta co ( ) ( )
RC
T
CC CC CC CC C
e V V V V
T
v
2
2

+ = =
|
.
|
\
|
| |
Suy ra
( )
( )
( )
( ) |
|
|
|
+
=
+
=
1
1
2
CC CC
CC CC RC
T
V V
V V
e

Tnh c
( )
( ) |
|
+
=
1
1
ln
2RC
T

Hay
( )
( ) |
|
+
=
1
1
ln 2RC T
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y :+.~: .+ 157
Va tan so
T
f
1
=
Nhan xet: tan so dao ong cua mach phu thuoc vao R, C t so
F I
I
R R
R
+
= | ch khong phu
thuoc vao nguo n cung cap.
Bai tap
1. Tm tan so dao ong cua mach dao ong vi cac thong so nh sau: O = K R 2 , 1 , nF C 100 = ,
O = K R
I
10 , O = K R
F
18
2. Thiet ke mot mach dao ong dung Op-amp co tan so Hz f 100 = , bien o nguon cung cap:
V V
CC
5 = , O = = K R R
F I
10 .
a. Tm thi hang RC = t
b. Neu cho F C 1 = va tm ? = R

\/ 3 /\
a. Mach n on vi trang thai on nh mc
CC
V + :

+
> v v th
CC O
V v + = va khi
+
< v v th
CC O
V v = .
1 D C
V v v = =

F I
I
o
R R
R
v v
+
=
+
(6-31)
+
V se co 2 gia tr
nh sau:
Neu
CC O
V v + = th V V
R R
R
V v
CC
F I
I
CC
0 > + =
+
+ =
+
| (6-32)
Neu
CC O
V v = th V V
R R
R
V v
CC
F I
I
CC
0 < =
+
=
+
| (6-33)
CC O
V v + = nen ta co

1 D C CC
F I
I
CC
V v v V
R R
R
V v = = > + =
+
+ =
+
|
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CC
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

RC
t
CC C
e V v 1
ien ap se tang dan theo thi gian cho en khi
V V v v
D C
> = =
1
th diode D1 dan re dong
qua diode lam ien ap tren tu khong the tang len c na mach on nh luon trang thai nay.
e ao trang thai ngo ra th phai kch mot nguo n nang lng ie n ap am vao ngo vao cong
sao cho
C CC
v v V v = < =
+
| .
Khi o ngo ra ao trang thai
CC O
V v =
CC
V , ien ap tren tu
C se giam dan theo thi gian cho en khi |
CC C
V v v v = < =
+
CC O
V v + =
va ien ap
C CC
v v V v = > + =
+
| .
Quy trnh c thc hien nh ban au cho en khi diode D1 dan mach tr lai trang thai on
nh ban au cho en khi co xung kch tiep theo.
Dang song xung kch va dang song ra nh hnh 6-14:

H|nh 6-4. Dong sc ng voc ro cu o dcn cn.
b. Mach n on vi trang thai on nh mc
CC
V :
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+
> v v th
CC O
V v + = va khi
+
< v v th
CC O
V v = .
1 D C
V v v = =

F I
I
o
R R
R
v v
+
=
+
(6-31)
+
V se co 2 gia tr
nh sau:
Neu
CC O
V v + = th V V
R R
R
V v
CC
F I
I
CC
0 > + =
+
+ =
+
| (6-32)
Neu
CC O
V v = th V V
R R
R
V v
CC
F I
I
CC
0 < =
+
=
+
| (6-33)
CC O
V v = nen ta co

1 D C CC
F I
I
CC
V v v V
R R
R
V v = = < =
+
=
+
|
CC
V , ien ap tren tu
C se giam dan theo thi gian cho en khi
V V v v
D C
s = =
1
th diode D1 dan re dong lam ien
ap tren tu khong the giam hn na.
e ao trang thai ngo ra th phai kch mot nguon nang lng ie n ap dng vao ngo vao
cong sao cho
1 D C
V v v v = = >
+
.
Khi o ngo ra ao trang thai
CC O
V v + =
Va ien ap
C CC
v v V v = > + =
+
| .
CC
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

RC
t
CC C
e V v 1 , diode D1 phan cc ngc xem nh h mach.
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ien ap se tang dan theo thi gian cho en khi
+
> = v v v
C
mach ao trang thai ngo ra
CC O
V v = va |
CC
V v =
+
. Tu C xa ien cho en khi diode D1 dan th mach tr lai trang thai on
nh va ch cho e n khi co xung kch tiep theo.
Dang song xung kch va dang song ra nh hnh 6-16:

H|nh 6-6. Dong sc ng voc ro cu o moch dcn cn.
Tnh thi gian ton tai xung n o n cua mach:
e tnh chu ky dao ong th ta phai di tn hieu len tren 1 lng ien ap nh hnh 6-17:

H|nh 6-7. Dc| t|n h|eu |en de t|nh thc | g|on.
Phng trnh nap cua tu C
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

RC
t
CC C
e V V t v 1

Tai gia tr
X
T t = th ta co
( ) ( ) ( ) |
V V e V V T v
CC
RC
T
CC X C
x
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

1

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Suy ra
( )
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

CC
CC
CC
CC RC
T
V
V
V
V
V V
V V
e
X

|
|
1
1

at
CC
V
V
k

=
khi o
( )
( ) k
k
e
RC
T
X
+
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

1
1
|

Hay
( )
( ) k
e
RC
T
X
+
1
1 |
hay
( )
( ) |
+
=
1
1 k
e
RC
T
X

Tnh c
( )
( ) |
+
=
1
1
ln
k
RC
T
X

Hay
( )
( ) |
+
=
1
1
ln
k
RC T
X
Tng t ta co the tm thi gian phuc hoi
( )
( ) k
RC T
fh
+
=
1
1
ln
|

V du 6-1: Cho mach ie n nh hnh 6-26. Cho cac thong so nh sau: O = K R
I
6 , 5 ,
O = K R
F
18 , O = K R 56 , F C 22 , 0 = , nguon cung cap V V
CC
6 = . Hay tm thi gian
X
T
va
fh
T .

Giai: tnh
1166 , 0
6
7 , 0
= = =
CC
V
V
k

He so
237 , 0
18 6 , 5
6 , 5
=
O + O
O
=
+
=
K K
K
R R
R
F I
I
|

Vay thi gian cua xung n on:
( )
( )
ms
k
RC T
X
7 , 4
1
1
ln =
+
=
|

va thi gian phuc hoi la
( )
( )
ms
k
RC T
fh
2 , 4
1
1
ln =
+
=
|

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|||. MACH DA0 0NC A HA| DUNC V| MACH 555:
' / . \/
Vi mach 555 chuyen dung co s o chan va s o khoi nh hnh 6-19, vi mach nay co the
dung lam mach dao ong bat on hay mach n on. ien ap s dung t 3V en 18Vva dong ien
ngo ra co gia tr khoang 200mA ne u dung BJT va co gia tr 100mA neu dung loai CMOS.

H|nh 6-. 5c dc khc| vo sc dc chon v| moch 555.
Theo s o khoi th vi mach gom co cac khoi nh sau:
- Cau phan ap vi 3 ien tr O = K R 5 .
- Hai mach so sanh ien ap dung op-amp: mot so sanh ien ap ngng di va 1 so
sanh ien ap ngng tren.
- Mot mach flip flop RS.
- Khoi em cong suat ngo ra.
Chc nang cac chan cua vi mach 555:
- Chan so 1 : GND la chan noi mass.
- Chan so 2: trigger la chan kch.
- Chan so 3: Output la chan xuat tn hieu ra.
- Chan so 4: reset la chan reset vi mach.
- Chan so 5: Control voltage la chan ien ap ieu khien.
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- Chan so 6: Threshold la chan ngng.
- Chan so 7: Discharge la chan xa ien.
- Chan so 8: Vcc la chan cap nguon.

\/ / 3 3 . \/
S o nguye n ly mach dao ong dung 555 nh hnh 6-20 va s o khoi nh hnh 6-21:

H|nh 6-20. Moch doc dcng. H|nh 6-2. 5c dc khc| moch doc dcng.
Vi op-amp so sanh 1 th ien ap cac ngo vao:
CC SS
V v
3
2
1
=
va
C SS
v v =
+ 1

C SS
v v =
2
va
CC SS
V v
3
1
2
=
+

Bang trang thai lam viec cua Flip Flop RS
Ngo vao Ngo ra
S R
Q
Q
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1
o
Q
o
Q

Gia s khi cap ien th ien ap tren tu C bang 0: V v v
SS C
0
2
= =

.
Theo nguyen ly mach so sanh ien ap th:
o Mach so sanh 2 co
CC SS C SS
V v v v
3
1
2 2
= < =
+
nen ngo ra 1 = S .
o Mach so sanh 1 co
CC SS C SS
V v v v
3
2
1 1
= < =
+
nen ngo ra 0 = R .
Tra bang trang thai cua Flip Flop ta c 0 = Q se lam transistor T tat va ngo ra out 1 = Q .
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Tu C se c nap ien ap vi dong chay t
CC
V , qua
1
R , qua
2
R , qua tu C ve GND, phng
trnh nap cua tu:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

N
t
CC C
e V t v
t
1 ) (

Thi hang nap cua tu la ( )C R R
N 2 1
+ = t
ien ap tren tu C tang dan theo thi gian cho e n khi
CC C
V v
3
2
> th:
o Mach so sanh 2 co
CC SS C SS
V v v v
3
1
2 2
= > =
+
nen ngo ra 0 = S .
o Mach so sanh 1 co
CC SS C SS
V v v v
3
2
1 1
= > =
+
nen ngo ra 1 = R .
Tra bang trang thai cua Flip Flop ta c ngo ra cua flip flop 1 = Q se lam transistor T dan
bao hoa va ngo ra out 0 = Q .
Tu C se xa ien vi dong chay t cc dng cua tu, qua
2
R , qua transistor T, ve GND,
phng trnh xa cua tu:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

X
t
CC C
e V t v
t
3
2
) (

Thi hang xa cua tu la C R
X 2
= t
ien ap tren tu C giam dan theo thi gian cho en khi
CC C
V v
3
1
< th:
o Mach so sanh 2 co
CC SS C SS
V v v v
3
1
2 2
= < =
+
nen ngo ra 1 = S .
o Mach so sanh 1 co
CC SS C SS
V v v v
3
2
1 1
= < =
+
nen ngo ra 0 = R .
Tra bang trang thai cua Flip Flop ta c ngo ra cua flip flop 0 = Q se lam transistor T tat va
ngo ra out 1 = Q .
Tu C bat au nap ien tr lai va mot chu ky mi lai bat au.
Dang song nap xa cua tu va dang song cua tn hieu ra nh hnh 6-22

H|nh 6-22. Dong sc ng tren tu vo ngc ro.
Tnh chu ky dao ong cua mach:
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2 1
t t th tu nap ie n theo phng trnh
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

N
t
CC C
e V t v
t
1 ) (
va
thi hang nap cua mach la ( )C R R
N 2 1
+ = t :
Tai gia tr
1
t t = th
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

N
t
CC CC C
e V V t v
t
1
1
1
3
1
) (

Tai gia tr
2
t t = th
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

N
t
CC CC C
e V V t v
t
2
2
1
3
2
) (

n gian cac phng trnh ta co
Phng trnh (1)
N
t
e
t
1
3
2

=

Phng trnh (2)
N
t
e
t
2
3
1

=

Chia phng trnh (1) cho phng trnh (2) ta c:

N N
T t t
e e
t t
1 1 2
2 = =

Hay
( )
2 1 1
7 , 0 2 ln R R C T
N
+ = =t

3 2
t t th tu xa ien theo phng trnh
X
t
CC C
e V t v
t
=
3
2
) (
va thi
hang xa cua mach la
2
CR
X
= t :
Tai gia tr
2
t t = th
X
t
CC CC C
e V V t v
t
2
2
3
2
3
2
) (

= =

Tai gia tr
3
t t = th
X
t
CC CC C
e V V t v
t
3
3
3
2
3
1
) (

= =

n gian cac phng trnh ta co
Phng trnh (3)
X
t
e
t
2
1

=
Phng trnh (4)
X
t
e
t
3
2
1

=

Chia phng trnh (3) cho phng trnh (4) ta c:

X X
T t t
e e
t t
2 3 3
2 = =

Hay
2 2
7 , 0 2 ln CR T
X
= =t

Vay chu ky cua mach la
( )
2 2 1 2 1
7 , 0 7 , 0 CR R R C T T T + + = + =

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166 y :+.~: .+
Tan so la:
T
f
1
=
Nhan xet: vi mach dao ong tren th thi gian nap khac vi thi gian xa nen dang song ra
khong oi xng, e dang song gan oi xng vi nhau th ta gan them mot diode nh hnh 6-23 e
khi nap ien th diode dan se ngan mach ien tr
2
R .

H|nh 6-23. Co| th|en de ducc dong sc ng dc| xung.
Neu cho
2 1
R R = th khi tu nap th dong ien chay t
CC
V , qua
1
R , qua D, qua tu C ve GND.
Thi hang na p cua tu la C R
N 1
= t . Khi tu xa ien th thi hang xa cua tu la C R
X 2
= t - diode D b
phan cc ngc khi tu phong ie n.
Vay neu cho
2 1
R R = th chu ky dao o ng cua mach la
2 1
4 , 1 4 , 1 CR CR T = =

\/ 3 . \/
S o nguye n ly mach n on dung 555 nh hnh 6-24 va s o khoi nh hnh 6-25:

H|nh 6-24. Moch dcn cn. H|nh 6-25. 5c dc khc |.
CC SS
V v
3
2
1
=
va
C SS
v v =
+ 1

CC XK SS
v v v = =
2
va
CC SS
V v
3
1
2
=
+

Gia s khi cap ien th ien ap tren tu C bang 0: V v v
SS C
0
1
= =
+
.
Theo nguyen ly mach so sanh ien ap th:
o Mach so sanh 1 co
CC SS C SS
V v v v
3
2
1 1
= < =
+
nen ngo ra 0 = R .
B
a
n

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p
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a
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 167
o Mach so sanh 2 co
CC SS CC SS
V v v v
3
1
2 2
= > =
+
nen ngo ra 0 = S .
Tra bang trang thai cua Flip Flop th ri vao trang thai khong oi nhng khi mi bat au nen
ta khong the xac nh c trang thai cua ngo ra, gia s trang thai ngo ra la 1 = Q va 0 = Q .
Do 1 = Q se lam transistor T tat nen khoa khong cho tu C nap ien va ngo ra out 0 = Q -
mach trang thai on nh.
e thay oi trang thai th phai co xung kch dng a en chan so 2 sao cho
CC SS SS
V v v
3
1
2 2
= <
+
th ngo ra 1 = S .
Tra bang trang thai cua Flip Flop ta c ngo ra cua flip flop 0 = Q va ngo ra out 1 = Q .
Do 0 = Q se lam transistor tat, tu C se c nap ien ap vi dong chay t
CC
V , qua tu C ve
GND, phng trnh nap cua tu:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

N
t
CC C
e V t v
t
1 ) (

Thi hang nap cua tu la C R
N 1
= t
ien ap tren tu C tang dan cho en khi
CC C SS
V v v
3
2
1
> =
+
va do het xung kch nen:
o Mach so sanh 1 co
CC SS C SS
V v v v
3
2
1 1
= > =
+
nen ngo ra 1 = R .
o Mach so sanh 2 co
CC SS CC SS
V v v v
3
1
2 2
= > =
+
nen ngo ra 0 = S .
Tra bang trang thai cua Flip Flop ta c ngo ra cua flip flop 1 = Q se lam transistor T dan va
ngo ra out 0 = Q .
Tu C bat au xa ien vi do ng chay t cc dng cua tu qua
1
R , qua transistor ve GND,
phng trnh xa cua tu:
X
t
CC C
e V t v
t
=
3
2
) (

Tu C tiep tuc xa cho e n khi
CC C SS
V v v
3
2
1
< =
+
th ngo ra 0 = R va cung vi 0 = S th ngo ra
cua flip flop khong oi trang thai nen tu C tiep tuc xa ien cho en khi ien ap tren tu ve 0. Mach
luon trang thai on nh nay. Cho en khi co xung kch tiep theo.
Dang song xung kch, dang song nap xa cua tu va dang song cua tn hieu ra nh hnh 6-26
B
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n

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S
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p
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a
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
168 y :+.~: .+

H|nh 6-26. Dong sc ng cuo moch dcn cn.
Tnh thi gian ton tai cua xung n on:
Ta co phng trnh nap cua tu:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

N
t
CC C
e V t v
t
1 ) (

Tai T t = th CC
T
CC C
V e V T v
N
3
2
1 ) ( =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

t

Suy ra
C R C R T
1 1
1 , 1 3 ln ~ =

|V. MACH A HA| DU NC V| MACH 50:
' / . \/ 33 \
Trong cac vi mach ao thong thng ta gap cac dao ong tai cac sn len hay sn xuong
neu thi gian tre cua xung vao qua ln th dang song ngo ra b dao ong nh hnh 6-27.

H|nh 6-27. Ccng Nct vo dong scng voc ro cu o cc ng N01.
e tranh hien tng nay nen mot so vi mach c thiet ke theo kieu trigger Schmitt co chc
nang sa dang xung nh hnh 6-28.
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p
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a
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 169

H|nh 6-28. Ccng Nct cc 5chm|tt 1r|gger vo dong scng voc ro.
Trong dang song vao va dang song ra ta thay mach ch chuyen oi co 2 trang thai: trang thai
chuyen t mc 1 ve mc 0 tai ng ng ien ap co gia tr 1,7V va chuyen trang thai t mc logic 0
sang mc logic 1 tai ngng ien ap 0,9V.
Co nhieu vi mach co chc nang trigger Schmitt nh 74LS14 la vi mach co 6 cong NOT,
74LS13 co 4 cong NAND vi ngo vao co trigger Schmitt.

H|nh 6-2. Coc v| mo ch sc cc tr|gger 5chm|tt.

\/
Cac vi mach n on dung trong ky thuat so thng co mc tch hp trung bnh MSL, ngoai
chc nang la mach n on th vi mach con co them nhieu chan tn hieu ieu khien linh hoat cho
mach v du nh mach n o n dung vi mach nh hnh 6-30.

B
a
n

q
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S
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p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
170 y :+.~: .+

H|nh 6-30. Dong sc ng moch dcn cn dung 7422 vo 7423.

8ong 6-. 8ong trong tho| |om v|ec cuo v| moch 7422 vo 7423.

\/ / 3 3 . \/ 3 33 \
Mach dao ong dung vi mach 74HCT14 nh hnh 6-31.
B
a
n

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p
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a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 171

H|nh 6-3. Moch doc dc ng dung v| moch cc tr|gger 5chm|tt.
Nguye n ly hoat ong cua mach nh sau: gia s khi mi cap ien th ien ap tren tu C bang
0V. Tn hieu ngo ra bang 1, tu C c nap ien vi do ng ie n chay t nguon
CC
V , qua ien tr R ,
qua tu C ve GND. ien ap tren tu C tang dan cho en khi bang ien ap cua mc logic 1 th ngo ra
ao trang thai bang 0 va tu C xa ien vi dong chay t cc dng cua tu C, qua R ve GND.
Tuy thuoc vao loai vi mach ma ta se co cong thc tnh tan so dao ong.

RC
f
8 , 0
=

V. MACH DA0 0NC DUNC 1kAN5|510k:
' \/ / 3 / / 3 /

H|nh 6-32. Moch doc dcng dung trons|stcr.
Hoat ong cua mach nh sau:
Gia s khi mi cap ien th transistor T1 tat xem nh h mach, transistor T2 dan bao hoa
nen
V V
C
2 , 0
2
~
va
V V
B
6 , 0
2
~
va tu C2 a nap ay ien ap trc o th bay gi tu C2 phong
het ien tch a nap va nap ien theo chieu dong ien chay t nguon qua
2 B
R
, qua
2
C
, qua moi
noi
2 T
CE
ve GND. Cung thi iem o th tu C1 c nap ien theo chie u do ng ie n chay t
nguon qua
1 C
R
, qua
1
C
, qua moi noi
2 T
BE
ve GND ie n ap cua tu C1 tang dan.
Hnh 6-33 minh hoa dong ien nap cho cac tu.
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n

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p
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a
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K
y

t
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u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
172 y :+.~: .+

Qua trnh nap cua tu C2 lam ien ap cc C cua transistor T2 giam va ien ap tai cc B cua
transistor T1 tang va qua trnh nap cua tu C1 se la m ien ap tai cc C cua transistor T1 tang va cc
B cua transistor T2 giam.
Cho en khi ien ap
6 , 0
2
=
C
V
th se lam transistor T1 chuyen t tat sang dan bao hoa
xem nh ngan mach moi noi
1 T
CE
, khi o ien ap cua tu C1 se at len moi noi
2 T
BE
- lam phan
cc ngc transistor T2 nen transistor T2 chuyen t trang thai dan bao hoa sang trang thai tat.
Khi transistor T2 dan bao hoa ne n
V V
C
2 , 0
2
~
va
V V
B
6 , 0
2
~
va tu C1 a nap ay ien ap
trc o th bay gi tu C2 phong het ien tch a nap va nap ien theo chieu dong ien chay t
nguon qua
1 B
R
, qua
1
C
, qua moi noi
1 T
CE
ve GND. Cung thi iem o th tu C2 c nap ien
theo chieu dong ie n chay t nguon qua
2 C
R
, qua
2
C
, qua moi noi
1 T
BE
ve GND ien ap cua
tu C2 tang dan.
Hnh 6-34 minh hoa dong ien nap cho cac tu.

Cho en khi ie n ap
6 , 0
1
=
C
V
th se lam transistor T2 chuyen t tat sang dan bao hoa
xem nh ngan mach moi noi
2 T
CE
, khi o ien ap cua tu C2 se at len moi noi
1 T
BE
- lam phan
cc ngc transistor T1 nen transistor T1 chuyen t trang thai dan bao hoa sang trang thai tat.
C the mach se lap lai chu ky dao ong mi, ngo ra cua mach co the lay ngo ra cua
transistor T1 hoac T2.
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 173
Dang song cua
1 B
V
,
1 C
V
,
2 B
V
,
3 C
V
nh hnh 6-35.

H|nh 6-35. Dong sc ng.
Chu ky dao ong cua mach gom
2 1
T T T + = vi
1 2 1
693 , 0 C R T
B
= va
2 1 2
693 , 0 C R T
B
=
Trong tr ng h p ac biet neu chon
B B B
R R R = =
2 1
va C C C = =
2 1
th chu ky dao o ng cua
mach se la C R T
B
4 , 1 = .
\/ 3 3 /
S o mach n on ghep cc thu nh hnh 6-36.
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y

t
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
174 y :+.~: .+

H|nh 6-36. 5c dc moch dcn c n ghep cuc thu.
Mach n on co the xem la 2 mach ngat dan ghep vi nhau:
- Cc nen cua ma ch dung transistor T1 ghep vi cc thu cua transistor T2 qua R
B1
.
- Cc nen cua transistor T2 ghep ac vi cc thu cua transistor T1 qua tu C.
Mach c thiet ke e che o xac lap sao cho:
- Transistor T1 tat.
- Transistor T2 dan bao hoa.
Transistor T2 dan bao hoa la do cac gia tr
1 B
R
va
2 C
R
c chon e thoa ieu kien
CSat B
I I > |
, khi o
V V
CE
2 , 0
2
~

Do ghep trc tiep vi transistor T1 qua ien tr
1 B
R
nen ta co
V V V V
BET CET
< = ~
1 2
2 , 0

nen lam cho T1 tat. ien ap ra cua mach trang thai on nh la
V V V
CET o
2 , 0
2
~ =
.
Tu C c nap ien vi theo chieu dong ien chay t nguon qua
1 C
R
, qua C , qua moi noi
2 T
BE
ve GND ien ap cua tu C tang dan cho en khi bang ien ap nguon cung cap
CC
V
.
Khi co xung kch dng vao cc nen B cua transistor T1 lam T1 chuyen t trang thai dan
ngng dan sang trang thai dan bao hoa va tu
1
C
bat au xa ien lam phan cc ngc moi noi
2 T
BE
nen lam tat transistor T2 ien ap ra
CC o
V V ~
.
Khi transistor T2 tat th ien ap
CC CT
V V ~
2
lam cho transistor T1 tiep tuc dan bao hoa.
Khi transistor T2 con trang thai tat, T1 dan neu tu
1
C
xa het ien th tu
1
C
nap ien theo
chieu dong ien chay t nguon qua R , qua
1
C
, qua moi noi
1 T
CE
ve GND ien ap cua tu
1
C

tang dan cho en khi
V V
C
>
se lam transistor T2 dan bao hoa tr lai khoa transistor T1 va
ngo ra tr lai trang thai
V V V
CET o
2 , 0
2
~ =
va ch nhan xung kch tiep theo.
Dang song cua xung kch, cua cc B va tn hieu ra nh hnh 6-37.
B
a
n

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p
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t
h
u
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 175

H|nh 6-37. Coc dong scng: V
82
, V
xk
, V
CE
.
Tnh thi gian ton tai xung n o n: e tnh th phai di truc nh hnh 6-38.

H|nh 6-38. Ve |o| dong scng V
82
.

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S
u

p
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t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
176 y :+.~: .+
Phng trnh nap cua tu:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

RC
t
CC C
e V t v 1 2 ) (

Tai 0 = t th
0
2
=
B
V

Tai
X
T t t = =
2
th
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

RC
T
CC CC B
X
e V V V 1 2
2
Hay
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

RC
T
X
e 1
2
1

Suy ra
RC RC T
X
7 , 0 693 , 0 ~ =

Tng t ta co the ap dung phng phap nay cho mach bat on ta tm c

RC T 7 , 0
1
=

RC T 7 , 0
2
=

Chu ky dao ong
2 1
T T T + =

\/ 3 / 3 /
S o mach n on nh hnh 6-39, mach khong dung pha n hoi qua
1 B
R
ma thong qua ien
tr cc phat
E
R
.

H|nh 6-3. Moch dcn cn ghep cuc phot.
Tu C c nap ien vi dong ien chay t nguon qua
1 C
R
, qua C , qua moi noi
2 T
BE
, qua
ien tr
E
R
ve GND ien ap cua tu C tang dan cho e n khi bang ie n ap nguon cung cap
CC
V
.
Dong ie n chay qua ien tr
E
R
tao nen ien ap
E ET E
R I V
2
=
khoa transistor T1 tat.
B
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n

q
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n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 177
ien ap ra cua mach
2 CESatT E o
V V V + =
mach trang thai xac lap.
Khi co xung kch dng se lam transistor T1 dan bao hoa xem nh ngan mach, ien ap cua
tu C se at len moi noi
2 T
BE
lam tat transistor T2.
ien ap ra cua mach
CC o
V V =
mach trang thai bat on.
Khi transistor T1 dan bao hoa th dong ien chay qua ien tr
E
R
tao nen ien ap
E ET E
R I V
1
=
khoa transistor T2 tat.
Sau khi tu C phong het ien th tu C bat au nap ien vi dong ien chay t nguon qua R ,
qua C , qua moi noi
1 T
CE
, qua ien tr
E
R
ve GND ien ap cua tu C tang dan cho en khi
E T E CESatT C B
V V V V V V + ) + + =
2 1 2
th transistor T2 dan bao hoa khoa transistor T1.
ien ap ra cua mach
CC o
V V =
mach tr lai trang thai xac lap va ch xung kch tiep theo.
- \/ 33 \
S o mach Trigger Schmitt nh hnh 6-40

H|nh 6-40. Moch tr|gger 5chm|tt.
Khi T1 tat th ien ap
1 CT
V
co gia tr ien ap ln nen qua mach cau phan ap
1 B
R
,
2 B
R
lam
transistor T2 dan bao hoa, ong thi ien ap
E ESatT E
R I V
2
=
khoa T1 tiep tuc tat.
ien ap ra cua mach
2 CESatT E o
V V V + =

Khi ien vao tang dan cho en khi
KT i
V V >
- ngng kch tren th transistor T1 dan, ien ap
1 CT
V
giam lam tat transistor T2, dong qua ien tr
E
R
khoa transistor T2 tiep tuc tat.
ien ap ra cua mach
CC o
V V ~

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n

q
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T
r
u
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n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
178 y :+.~: .+
Khi ien vao giam dan cho en khi
KT i
V V <
- ngng kch di th transistor T1 tat, ien ap
1 CT
V
tang lam transistor T2 dan bao hoa, dong qua ien tr
E
R
khoa transistor T1 tiep tuc tat.
ien ap ra cua mach
2 CESatT E o
V V V + =

V|. MACH DA0 0NC A HA| DUNC CAC L|NH K|EN C0 VUNC |EN 1k0 AM:
Cac linh kien co ac tuyen von ampe hnh ch S hay ch N co vung ie n tr am th co the
c dung lam mach song on, n on va bat on.
Phan nay se gii thieu lai cac linh kien co vung ien tr am.
'
Diode tunnel la diode P-N co nong o tap chat cao: mat o
2 20 19
/ 10 10 cm so vi diode
thng th mat o ch la
2 17
/ 10 cm . Diode co ac tuyen von-ampe nh hnh 6-41.

H|nh 6-4. Ky h|eu vo doc tuyen vcn-ompe cuo d|cde tunne|.
Cac gia tr :
p
I
,
p
v
: dong ien va ien ap nh cua diode.

v
I
,
v
v
: dong ien va ien ap thung lu ng.

F
v
: gia tr ien ap can thiet e nh cua diode.
Cac u iem:
- Toc o lam viec cao.
- Tieu hao nang lng thap va s o n gian.
- ien ap lam viec thap
Khuyet iem:
- Mang 2 cc nen van e phan cach gia cac tang kho.
- Pham vi s dung t hn BJT va vi mach.
B
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K
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t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 179
Mach tng ng cua diode tunnel nh hnh 6-42

H|nh 6-42. Moch tucng ducng cuo d|cde tunne|.

} /
Co 3 loai chnh UJT thong th ng, PUJT (programmable UJT).
Ky hieu cho ca 2 loai nh hnh 6-43:

H|nh 6-43. K| h|eu UJ1 vo PUJ1.
Trong phan nay ta ch nghien cu loai UJT thong th ng:
Cau tao cua UJT, ky hieu va mach tng ng nh hnh 6-44

H|nh 6-44. Cou toc, k| h|eu vo moch tucng ducng cuo UJ1.
Vi
2 1
10 5
B B BB
R R k k R + = O O =

He so
BB
B
B B
B
R
R
R R
R
1
2 1
1
=
+
= q

Va
q V V V
BB P
+ =

S o mach va ac tuyen cua UJT nh hnh 6-45:
B
a
n

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S
u

p
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a
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y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
180 y :+.~: .+

H|nh 6-45. 5c dc moch vo doc tuyen cuo UJ1.
-
Cau tao, ky hieu va mach tng ng cua diode 4 lp nh cac hnh 6-46:

H|nh 6-46o. D|cde 4 |c p. H|nh 6-46b. D|cde 4 |c p.

H|nh 6-46c. oc tuyen cuo D|cde 4 |c p.
- 3 3 / / .3 /\ / \/ / 3 / /
a. ac tnh cua vung ien tr am:
T dang ac tnh vung ie n tr am kie u ch N nh cua diode tunnel, ta se xay dng c cac
dang mach khong che bang ien ap va dang ac tnh vung ien tr am kieu ch S nh cua UJT,
diode NPNP, SCS th ta co the xay dng cac dang mach khong che bang dong ien.
ac tuyen hnh ch N va hnh ch S nh hnh 6-47
B
a
n

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S
u

p
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a
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ .- : .+
y :+.~: .+ 181

H|nh 6-47. oc tuyen h|nh chu N vo h|nh chu 5.
b. Mach nguyen ly:
Ta khao sat mach ien tr am dung do ng khong che nh hnh 6-48:

H|nh 6-48. Moch d|en trc om dung dcng khcng che vo doc tuyen.
ien ap v ri tre n ien tr am co phng trnh ien ap:
R i V v
R DC
=
(1)
Vi i la dong ien chay qua linh kien co vung ien tr am.
Va
C
i
la dong ien chay qua tu.
Vi
1
V V
DC
=
: la mot gia tr nguon ien ap DC cu the .
che o xac lap th
0 =
C
i
nen
R
i i =

Ta co c ng tai DC vi o doc
R
1

Vi
2
V V
DC
=
hay
3
V V
DC
=
th ta co the xay dng c cac ng tai qua
2
V
va
3
V
vi
cung 1 o doc
R
1
.
T s o nguyen ly hnh 6-48 ta co:
i
dt
dv
C i i i
C R
+ = + =
(2)
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Ket hp 2 phng trnh (1) va (2) ta c
( ) v iR V
dt
dv
CR
DC
+ =
(3)
Neu linh kie n (-r) hoat ong tai 1 iem
E
X
vi
E
i i =
va
E
v v =
th
E E E
V R i v + =
hay
E E E
v R i V + =

Nguon DC cap cho mach luc nay la
S DC
V V =
th ta viet lai phng trnh (3):
E S
X
V V
dt
dv
CR
E
=
(4)
T phng trnh (4) ta nhan thay: Neu linh kien co (-r) hoat o ng tai
E
X
va ien ap nguo n
la
S
V V =
th
0 >
dt
dv
neu
E S
V V >
va
0 <
dt
dv
neu
E S
V V <
.
Nhan xet: khi ap dung nguyen ly nay vao mach ta thay: khi ie n ap nguon cung cap ot ngot
tang v du
2
V V
S
=
th
0 >
dt
dv
v
1 2
V V V V
E S
= > =
va iem lam viec se di chuyen ve ben phai
doc theo chieu tang cua v.
c. Hoat ong che o n on:
Xem mach nh hnh 6-48, ien ap cung cap ban au cho mach la
1
V
vi iem lam viec on
nh la
1
x
. Khi co 1 ien ap ham bc vao lam ien ap nguon ta ng e n gia tr
2
V
lam dch chuyen
ng tai qua khoi iem ti han A nham tao tra ng thai on nh mi tai iem
2
x
.
Ap dung phng trnh (4) tai A ta thay tai ay
0 >
dt
dv
vay iem lam viec co xu hng tang
dan (di chuyen ve ben phai) e at
2
x
.
Nhng iem lam viec khong the di chuyen theo hng AB v khi theo hng nay th
0 <
dt
dv

nen phai chuye n trang thai ot ngot t A en A.
Ap dung phng trnh (4), tai A ta thay
0 <
dt
dv
vay iem lam viec di chuyen theo hng
AB e en
2
x
.
Luc nay neu ien ap nguon lai tr ve
1
V
th iem lam viec se ve
1
X
nhng kho ng theo
hng BA (
0 >
dt
dv
) ma phai giam ot ngot theo BB ve iem lam viec on nh
1
x
. Ta co hoat
ong cua mach n on.
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d. Hoat ong che o song o n:
Trong che o nay th ien ap nguon va ng tai phai c chon sao cho ng tai cat ac
tuyen von-ampe tai 3 iem X, Y, Z nh hnh 6-50.

H|nh 6-50. Hcot dcng scng cn.
Neu ban au mach on nh X, mot xung vuong at vao nguon
S
V
a iem lam viec theo
chieu ben phai e at iem lam viec on nh tai Z, neu xung u l n e dch chuyen iem lam viec
qua khoi A e at A roi ve Z.
Bay gi, khi a on nh tai Z, neu ta a vao 1 xung am co o ln va o rong u e Z chuye n
ve X thong qua BB roi BX.
Ta co 2 trang thai on nh tng ng vi cac gia tr xung kch dng va am.
e. Hoat ong che o bat on:
Trong che o nay th ien ap nguon va ng tai phai c chon sao cho ng tai cat ac
tuyen von-ampe tai 1 iem X nh hnh 6-51. Can phan biet trong che o nay th iem lam viec X
la khong on nh khac vi trng hp mach song o n.
Do o khi co mot tn hieu nhieu th iem lam viec se co khuynh hng di xa iem X.
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H|nh 6-5. Hcot dc ng bot cn.
Khao sat trng hp ie n ap nguon
S
V
tang en gia tr
1
V
:
V
V V >
1
nen
0 <
dt
dv
: iem lam viec co khuynh h ng di chuye n en iem B.
Va tng t ne u
V V <
1
th iem lam viec co khuynh hng di chuyen en iem A.
Ngoai ra ta con co the giai thch tnh bat on cua mach thong qua nh hnh 6-52 vi phan t co
vung ien tr am ang vu ng (-r) khi 0 = V , mach tng ng se co hang so thi gian
RC = t vi
r R
R r
R
=
) (
||

H|nh 6-52. Moch d|en trc om dung dcng khcng che.

Khi co nhieu th iem can bang b thay oi, ap ng se co dang
C R
t
e
||

Khi R r > th
0
||
> R
: ap ng giam theo ham
C R
t
e
||
ve trang thai on nh va on nh tai

o.
Khi R r < th
0
||
< R
: ap ng tang theo ham
C R
t
e
||
, iem lam viec di chuyen ra xa khoi

trang thai on nh ban au.
Tr lai vi hnh 6-50 ta thay Y o n nh v
||
R r >

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Trong hnh 6-51, v tr ban au X co xu hng di chuye n ve A hay B tuy thuoc vao chieu cua
kch thch.
He thong co xu hng ve nen ng BBAA theo chieu mui ten ma khong can kch thch
ben ngoai.
f. Mach a hai dung ien ap khong che va mach ien tr am co hnh ch N:
Xem hnh 6-53 ta thay tu ien mac song song c thay bang cuon day noi tiep vi phan t
co vung ien tr am.

H|nh 6-53o. Moch do ho| du ng d|en op khcng che.

H|nh 6-53b. oc tuyen.
Viec xet on nh cua iem lam viec co the theo 2 hng:
- T hnh 6-52a ta co

v iR V
dt
di
L = =
(7)
Neu iem lam viec ang tam thi
E
X
(
E
i
,
E
v
) th
E E E
V v R i = +

Ta co: E S
X
V V
dt
di
L
E
=

T o ta rut ra: neu linh kien ang hoat ong tai
E
X
va ien ap nguon la
S
V
th

0 >
dt
dv
,
E S
V V >

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y

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a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
+++ \~+ ~ +~ .y-+ ++ +.
186 y :+.~: .+

0 <
dt
dv
,
E S
V V <

- Theo h ng nay ta xet mach tng ng nh hnh 6-54 e tm ap ng ra.

H|nh 6-54. Moch tucng ducng.
T mach ien th ap ng ra co dang ham mu
L
r R t
e
) (

Ham mu se co gia tr dng trng hp bat on neu R r > tng ng vi ng tai 1.
Ham mu se co gia tr am trng hp on nh neu R r < tng ng vi ng tai 2.
Nhan xet:
S khac biet c ban cua cac dang a hai du ng ac tuyen hnh ch S (dung dong ien ie u
khien) va mach a hai dung ac tuyen hnh ch N la:
Trong dang ac tuyen hnh ch S ta co cac bc nhay la dong ien AABB
Trong dang ac tuyen hnh ch N ta co cac bc nhay la ien ap AABB.

V||. 8A| 1AP:

end

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[1] Robert Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky Electronic devices ang circuit theory Prentice Hall.
[2] Donal A. Neamen - Electronic circuit analysis and design McGraw Hill, 2001.
[3] Donal L. Schilling, Charles Belove - Electronic circuits discrete and intergrated - McGraw
Hill, 1989.
[4] Robert T. Paynter - Introductory electronic devices and circuits - Prentice Hall.
[5] Theodore F. Bogart, JR. - Electronic devices ang circuits Maxwell Macmillan, 1991.
[6] Pham Minh Ha Ky thuat ien t .
[7] Le Phi Yen Ky thuat ien t ai hoc Ba ch khoa TP.HCM.
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TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.

V la ien ap ngng: vi diode Si th V V 7 , 0 =

(hoac nam trong khoang

(hoac nam trong khoang V V V 3 , 0 1 , 0 =

V : khi nhiet o tang th

= suy ra cong suat cua diode zener

V th b xen. ac tuyen vao ra nh hnh 4-3.

. Dang song tn hieu vao ra nh hnh 4-11:

V nen tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hieu am nho hn

V . Dang song tn hieu vao ra nh hnh 4-14:

V nen tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hieu am nho hn

V . Dang song tn hieu vao ra nh hnh 4-17:

V : phan tn hieu nho hn

V nen tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hie u dng nho

V . Dang song tn hieu vao ra nh hnh 4-29:

V nen tn hieu ra a b cat bo phan tn hieu am nho hn

V . Dang song tn hieu vao ra nh hnh 4-32:

V : phan tn hie u vao ln hn

V : phan tn hieu vao nho hn

V th cho qua khong suy hao tren R. ac tuyen vao ra nh hnh 4-

V rat nhieu th ta co the bo qua

V xem nh diode ly tng.

V cua diode, khi

V cua diode rat nhieu

= lam transistor chuyen trang

phai bien thie n theo chieu tang cho en

ve trang thai on nh va on nh tai

, iem lam viec di chuyen ra xa khoi

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