INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Dr. Nilanthi Dissanayake (MBBS, Dip. Micro, MD Micro) Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine University of Peradeniya

OBJECTIVES
1. Major morphological and biological characteristics of infective bacteria that determine visualisation/ID

2. Basis of classification and means by which recognised as a cause of disease in a patient

STRUCTURE

HABITAT
? Where are bacteria found EVERY WHERE BUT most are non pathogenic

Skin flora

Space

IMPORTANCE
Basic life form Waste degradation Industry Antibiotic production Vaccine production

CLASSIFICATION
Morphology

A- Bacilli B,C,D- Cocci E- Spiral

Stain characteristics

IDENTIFICATION
Culture

Staining characteristics Antigen detection

 Biochemical tests

Nucleic acid detection

HOST PARASITE RELATIONSHIP

STAPHYLOCOCCI

OBJECTIVES
Habitat, main mode/s of transmission Morphology and growth characteristics in relation to ID Virulence factors, pathogenicity and main clinical diseases Principles of treatment and prevention

Staphylococci Gram positive cocci in clumps

Ubiquitously found in humans, animals and in the environment Important human pathogen

Staphylococci Several species Classified using coagulase

Positive S.aureus

Negative- Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS)

S.aureus

Habitat and transmission

Normal flora of human and animals

Abundant in sweaty hairy areas nose, axilla, scalp Skin scales (10-100,000)/cm2 of skin
Survives for long periods in environment Transmission Direct or indirect contact

S.aureus.. Virulance and disease Several virulence factors eg. Adhesins, hyaluronidase, leucocidin, coagulase, staphylokinase, haemolysins Toxins exfoliatin, enterotoxins, Panton Valentine Leucicidin (PVL) Disease Local Systemic Toxin related

Antibiotic Treatment Development of resistance Penicillinase production Change of Penicillin binding Proteins or the binding target Range of antibiotics which can be used for treatment lactams - penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems Macrolides erythomycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin Glycopeptides vancomycin, teicoplanin Others quinolones, rifampicin, linelozid, daptomycin

Coagulase negative staphylococci. Many species, but only few are important S.epidermidis S.saprophyticus S.saprophyticus common cause of Urinary tract infections in females - very sensitive to antobiotics

 S.epidermidis
- Skin commensal - Not a primary pathogen -Forms biofilms on prosthetic material