Trn Thnh Minh Phan Lu Bin - Trn Quang Ngha

H NH H C 10 Ch ng 2.

Tch V Hng V ng Dng

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

1.Tch v hng ca hai vect

A .Tm tt gio khoa :
1 . Gc gia hai vect : a) Gc hnh hc : Gc hnh hc l hnh to bi hai tia c chung gc .S o a ( tnh bng ) ca mt gc hnh hc tha : 0o a 180o Nu 0o a 90o v a khng phi l gc c bit (0o ;30o ; 45o ;60o ;90o ) cc gi tr lng gic ca a c tnh bng my tnh b ti y G Nu 90o < a 180o , ta dng gc b tnh gi a tr lng gic ca a : G sin a = sin(180o a ) b
cos a = cos(180o a ) tan a = tan(180o a ) cot a = cot(180o a )

O x G G G b) Gc gia hai vect : Cho 2 vect a ; b ( 0 ) ; JJJ G G JJJ G G G G V cc vect OA = a ; OB = b Gc AOB c gi l gc gia 2 vect a ; b G JJ G K hiu : (a, b) 2 . Tch v hng ca hai vect : GG G G a ) nh ngha : Tch v hng ca hai vect a , b k hiu l a.b l mt s xc nh bi : JGG G G G G a.b = a b cos(a, b) b) Tnh cht : GG GG a.b = b.a G G G JGG G G a.(b + c) = a.b + ac G G G G G JJ G (k a )b = k (a.b) = a.(kb) D C

Ta cng c cc kt qa sau : G2 G 2 GG G G a = a ; a.b = 0 a b

A F

Ch : S dng cc tnh cht ta s c cc h thc : JJ G G G2 G G G2 (a + b) 2 = a + 2a.b + b G G G G G2 G2 (a + b)(a b) = a b JJJ G JJJ G c) Cng thc hnh chiu : Cho hai vect bt k , AB ; CD . Gi E , F ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca C , D xung ng thng AB . Ta c cng thc : JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G AB.CD = AB.EF d) Cng thc v ta G : G Cho cc vect : a = ( a1 , a2 ) ; b = (b1 , b2 ) . Ta c cc cng thc :

2
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

G 2 2 a = a1 + a2 GG a.b = a1b1 + a2b2 G G a b a1b1 + a2b2 = 0 G G a1b1 + a2b2 cos(a, b) = 2 2 2 2 a1 + a2 . b1 + b2

3 . p dng : JJJG JJJG Bi ton 1 : Tm tp hp im M tha : MA.MB = k (1) ( A , B c nh ; k l hng s ) Gi I l trung im ca AB , ta c : JJJ G JJ G JJJ G JJ G (1) ( MI + IA)( MI + IB ) = k MI 2 IA2 = k
IM 2 = k + IA2

k + IA2 > 0: Tp hp cc im M l ng trn ( I , k + IA2 = 0: Tp hp cc im M l : { I } k + IA2 < 0 : Tp hp cc im M l tp rng

k + IA2 )

Bi ton 2 : Phng tch ca mt im i vi mt ng trn . Cho ng trn tm I JJJ , bn knh R v mt im M . Mt ng thng bt k qua M ct ng G JJJG trn ta A v B . Biu thc MA.MB c gi l phng tch ca im M i vi ng trn (I) . Ta c : JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJ G JJJ G JJ G JJJ G JJJ G M /( I ) = MA.MB = MB.MB ' = ( MI + IB).( MI + IB ') JJJ G JJ G T = MI 2 IB 2 (do IB ' = IB) A = MI 2 R 2 Ch : Do biu thc trn , ta cng c : M /( I ) = MT 2 ( MT l tip tuyn v t M n ng trn (I) )

B'

B . Gii ton :
Dng ton 1 : S dng my tnh fx-500MS tnh gi tr lng gic ca mt gc V d 1 : Tnh cc gi tr sau a) sin 65o 43'36"; b) tan(62o 25'16"); c) cot(42o12 ') Gii : n phm MODE nhiu ln mn hnh hin ln dng ch Deg Rad Gra 1 2 n phm 1 chn n v o gc l a) n lin tp cc phm : sin 6 5 o 4 3 o 3 6 o = 0,9115 b) n lin tip cc phm :tan 6 2 o 2 5 o 1 6 o = 1,9145 c) n lin tip cc phm : 1 tan 4 2 o 1 2 o = 1,1028 Vy sin 65o 43'36" = 0,9115; tan(62o 25'16") = 1,9145;cot(42o12 ') = 1,1028 V d 2 : Tnh x bit : a) sinx = 0,3502 b) tanx = 2 c) cotx = 2,619 Gii : 3
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

a) n lin tip cc phm : shift sin 0 . 3 5 0 2 = o mn hnh hin ln 20o 29 '58" Vy : x = 20o 29 '58" b) n lin tp cc phm : shift tan 2 = o mn hnh hin ln Vy : x = 63o 26 '5" 63o 26 '5" c) n lin tip cc phm :shift tan ( 1 2 . 6 1 9 ) = o mn hnh hin ln Vy : x = 20o 53'53" 20o 53'53" Dng ton 2 : Tnh gi tr lng gic ca gc gia 2 vect V d 1 :JJJ Cho hnh J G JJJ G vung JJJ G ABCD JJJJJ G ; tnh gi tr lng gic ca gc gia cc cp vect sau : ( AC ; BC ) . (CA ; DC ) Gii : Ta c : G JJJG JJJG JJJ G JJJG JJJG JJJ : BC = AD ( AC , BC ) = ( AC , AD ) = DAC = 45o JJJG JJJ G 2 Do : sin( AC , BC ) = sin 45o = 2 JJJG JJJ G 2 cos( AC , BC ) = cos 45o = 2 JJJG JJJ G JJJG JJJ G o tan( AC , BC ) = tan 45 = 1 = cot( AC , BC )
JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJ G Tng t , v CE = DC ; = (CA, DC ) = (CA, CE ) = 135o v ta c :

sin = sin135o = sin 45o =

2 2 ;cos = cos135o = cos 45o = ; 2 2 tan = tan135o = tan 45o = 1; cot = 1

(v 135o ; 45o b nhau )

V d 2 : Cho tG ABCD JJJG hnh JJJG ch nh J JJJ JJ G c AB = 4cm ; AD =3cm . Tnh cc gc : a = ( AC , AD ) ; b = (CA, BC ) Gii : Ta c : a = gc CAD Suy ra : CD 4 = = 1,333 a = 53o 7 ' tan a = AD 3 JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G b = (CA, BC ) = (CA, CE ) ; (CE = BC ) Suy ra b = gcACE .M gcACE v gc CAD b nhau Nn b = 180o 53o 7 ' = 126o53 ' Dng ton 3 : Tinh tch v hng V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC u cnh bng 3a . M , N l hai im thuc cnh AC sao cho AM = MN = NC Tnh nhng JJJ tch v ng sau G JJJ G h JJJ GJ JJ G : JJJJ G JJJG AB. AC ; AC.CB ; BM .BN Gii : Ta c JJJ G JJJG 1 9a 2 o AB. AC = AB. AC cos 60 = 3a.3a. = 2 2
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A D
A M N B

B C E

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJJ G JJJG JJJJ GJJJJ G JJJJ GJJJ G V CE = AC ; ( AC , CB ) = (CE ,CB ) = BCE = 120o JJJG JJJ G 1 9a 2 o AC.CB = AC.CB cos120 = 3a.3a.( ) = 2 2 JJJJ G JJJG JJJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G BM .BN = ( AM AB )( AN AB ) JJJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G2 = AM . AN AB. AM AB. AN + AB

= AM . AN cos 0o AB. AM cos 60o AB. AN cos 60o + AB 2 1 1 = a.2a.1 3a.a ( ) 3a.2a ( ) + 3a.3a 2 2 13 2 = a 2 V d 2 : Cho tam gic ABC , trng tm G ; JJJG M l m m nGng thng (d) qua G v JJJ Gt iJJJ J G trJJJ vung gc vi cnh BC . Chng minh rng ( MA + MB + MC ).BC = 0

Gii : JJJJ G JJJ G G JJJG JJJG JJJJ G JJJJ G JJJG JJJG JJJJ G JJJ G JJJJ G JJJ Ta c : MA + MB + MC = 3MG ( MA + MB + MC ).BC = 3MG.BC = 0 v MG BC V d 3 : Cho hnh vung ABCD c G nh b ; GJJJG M , N ln lt l trung im ca BC v CD . JJJ JJJJ Gng a JJJJ Tnh cc tch v hng sau : AB. AM ; AM AN Gii : Ta c : JJJ G JJJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJJ G JJJ G 2 JJJ G JJJJ G AB. AM = AB( AB + BM ) = AB + AB.BM JJJ G JJJJ G JJJ G JJJJ G = a 2 + 0 = a 2 ( AB BM AB.BM = 0) JJJJ GJJJG JJJ G JJJJ G JJJG JJJJ G AM AN = ( AB + BM )( AD + DN ) G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJJ G JJJJ G JJJG JJJJ G JJJJ = AB. AD + AB.DN + BM . AD + BM .DN
= 0 + AB.DN cos 0o + BM . AD cos 0o + 0

B M

a a N = a. .1 + .a.1 = a 2 ( AB AD; BM DN ) 2 2 Dng ton 4 : S dng nh l chiu JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v AB.CB = 4 ; AC.BC = 9 . Tnh ba cnh ca tam gic

Gii : Ta c : , JJJ JJJ JJJ GC JJJ G B c Ghnh G chiu2 xung ng thng AB ln lt l A , B .Do : 4 = AB.CB = AB. AB = AB AB = 2 . Tng t : C JJJG JJJ G JJJG JJJG 2 9 = AC.BC = AC. AC = AC AC = 3

BC = AB 2 + AC 2 = 4 + 9 = 13
V d 2 : Cho ABC JJJ G tam JJJgic J G JJJ G . Tm tp hp cc im M tha h thc: BC.(2 AM BC ) = 0 (1) Gii : JJJJ G JJJ G JJJ G2 (1) 2 AM .BC = BC JJJJ G JJJ G BC 2 AM .BC = 2 B Gi A , M ln lt l hnh chiu ca A , M xung ng
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AA

A'

M'

C
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJJJ G JJJ G JJJJJJ G JJJ G JJJJJJ G JJJ G BC 2 thng BC , theo nh l hnh chiu , ta c : AM .BC = A ' M '.BC Do : A ' M '.BC = >0 2 JJJJJJ G JJJ G Suy ra 2 vect A ' M ' , BC cng hng JJJJJJ G JJJ G BC 2 BC 2 BC A ' M '.BC = A'M '= Do ; A ' M '.BC = 2 2 2 Vy im M c nh ( v A c nh v BC khngi ) Do : Tp hp cc im M l ng thng ( d ) vung gc vi BC ti M
V d 3 : Cho tam gic ABC c ba ng caoJJJJJ l :GAA GG i JJJ MG, N , P ln lt l JJJ G , BB JJJJJ G,CC. JJJ G JJJJ trung im ca BC , CA , AB . Chng minh : A ' M .BC + B ' N .CA + C ' P. AB = 0 Gii : Gi O l tm ng trn ngai tip v H l trc tm ca tam gic , ta c : A , B , C ln lt l hmh chiu ca H xung BC , CA , AB . M , N , PJJJJJ lG nJJJ lG t l hmh JJJ G JJJ Gchiu ca O xung BC , CA , AB Do : A ' M .BC = HO.BC (theo nh l hnh chiu ) N Tng t JJJJJ : G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G B' B ' N .CA = HO.CA : C ' P. AB = HO. AB G JJJ G JJJG JG JJJJJ G JJJ G JJJJJ G JJJ G JJJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJ Do : A ' M .BC + B ' N .CA + C ' P. AB = HO.( BC + CA + AB ) = HO.O = 0
JJJ G2 Ta thng s dng cc tnh cht ca tch v hng v tnh cht AB = AB 2

C A' O C' P B M

Dng ton 5 : Chng minh mt h thc gia cc di

V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC c gc BAC = 120o ; AB =3 ; AC = 6 Tnh cnh BC Gii : Ta c JJJ G 2 JJJG JJJ G JJJG 2 JJJGJJJ G JJJ G2 BC 2 = BC = ( AC AB) 2 = AC 2 AC AB + AB = 36 2.6.3cos120o + 9 = 36 + 18 + 9 = 63 BC = 63 = 3 7 V d 2 : Cho tam gic ABC trng tm G ; BC = a ; CA = b ; AB = c JJJ G JJJG AB 2 + AC 2 BC 2 a) Chng minh rng AB. AC = 2 b) Tnh AG theo ba cnh a , b , c JJJ G JJJG AB 2 + AC 2 BC 2 JJJ G 2 JJJG JJJ G JJJGJJJ G Ta c : BC 2 = BC = ( AC AB ) 2 = AC 2 + AB 2 2 AC AB AB. AC = 2 Gi M l trung im ca BC , ta c : JJJG 2 JJJJ G 2 1 JJJ G JJJG AG = AM = . ( AB + AC ) 3 3 2 JJJG JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJG 2 1 1 AG 2 = AG = ( AB + AC ) 2 = ( AB 2 + AC 2 + 2 AB. AC ) 9 9 1 1 = (b 2 + c 2 + b 2 + c 2 a 2 ) = (2b 2 + 2c 2 a 2 ) 9 9 1 Vy : AG = 2b 2 + 2c 2 a 2 3 6
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Gii :

Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

V d 3 : Cho hnh vung ABCD tm l O , cnh bng a .Chng minh rng vi mi im M ta c : MA2 + MB 2 + MC 2 + MD 2 = 4 MO 2 + 2a 2 Gii : Ta c :

JJJG 2 JJJJ G JJJ G JJJJ G JJJ G MA2 = MA = ( MO + OA) 2 = MO 2 + OA2 + 2MO.OA JJJG 2 JJJJ G JJJ G JJJJ G JJJ G MB 2 = MB = ( MO + OB) 2 = MO 2 + OB 2 + 2 MO.OB JJJJ G 2 JJJJ G JJJG JJJJ G JJJG MC 2 = MC = ( MO + OC ) 2 = MO 2 + OC 2 + 2 MO.OC JJJJ G 2 JJJJ G JJJG JJJJ G JJJG MD 2 = MD = ( MO + OD)2 = MO 2 + OD 2 + 2MO.OD JJJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJG MA2 + MB 2 + MC 2 + MD 2 = 4MO 2 + 4OA2 + 2MO(OA + OB + OC + OD) = 4 MO 2 + 4( a 2 2 ) +0 2

= 4MO 2 + 2a 2 JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJG JG a 2 (OA + OB + OC + OD = O ; OA = OB = OC = OD = ) 2

Dng ton 6 : Chng minh 2 vect vung gc (hay 2 ng thng vung gc)
G G JGJJ G 1 G G G JJJ G V d 1 : Cho a = 6 ; b = 4 ; cos(a,b) = Chng minh rng hai vect ( a + b) ; (a 2b) 6 vung gc

Gii : Ta c G G G G G2 G G G G G2 GG (a + b).(a 2b) = a 2ab + b.a 2b = 36 a.b 2.16 G G 1 1 = 36 a b . 32 = 36 6.4. 32 = 0 6 6 G G G G (a + b) (a 2b) V d 2 : Cho hnh thang vung ABCD c 2 y l AD = 2a ; BC = 4a ; ng cao AB = 2a 2 . Chng minh rng hai ng cho AC v BD th vung gc vi nhau Gii : Ta c G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ JJJG JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJG AC.BD = ( AB + BC )( BA + AD) = AB.BA + AB. AD + BC.BA + BC. AD

= AB.BA cos180o + 0 + 0 + BC. AD cos 0o = 2a 2.2a 2(1) + 4a.2a.1 = 8a 2 + 8a 2 = 0 JJJG JJJ G AC BD Vy hai ng cho AC v BD vung gc vi nhau

Dng ton 7 : S dng cng thc v ta V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC v A( 10 , 5 ) ; B( 3 , 2 ) ; C( 6 , -5 ) .Chng minh rng tam gic ABC vung ti B . Gii : JJJ G JJJ G Ta c : AB = (3 10, 2 5) = (7, 3) ; BC = (6 3, 5 2) = (3, 7) 7
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G Suy ra : AB.BC = ( 7).(3) + (3).( 7) = 0 AB BC . Vy tam gic ABC vung ti B

V d 2 : Cho tam gic ABC c A( 3 , 1 ) ; B( -1 , -1 ) ; C( 6 , 0 ) a) Tnh gc A ca tam gic ABC . *b) Tnh ta giao im ca ng trn ng knh AB v ng trn ng knh OC Gii : JJJ G JJJG Ta c : AB = ( 4, 2) ; AC = (3, 1) JJJ G JJJG 4.3 + (2).(1) 10 1 = cos A = cos( AB, AC ) = = 16 + 4. 9 + 1 10 2 2 o Vy gc A bng 135

*b) Gi MJJJ lGgiao im ca ng trn ng knhJJJ AB JJJG JJJ J G v ng trn J G ng knh OC , ta c : M ( x , y ) ; MA = (3 x,1 y ); MB = (1 x, 1 y ); MC = (6 x, y ); MO = ( x, y ) v JJJG JJJG (3 x)(1 x) + (1 y )(1 y ) = 0 MA MB MA.MB = 0 JJJJ G JJJJ G MC MO (6 x)( x) + ( y )( y ) = 0 MC.MO = 0 x 2 + y 2 2 x 4 = 0 (1) 4 x 4 = 0 [ (1) (2)] 2 2 2 2 (2) x + y 6x = 0 x + y 6x = 0
x =1 x =1 2 y = 5 1 + y 6 = 0

Vy c hai giao im M : M 1 (1, 5) ; M 2 (1, 5)

V d 3 : Cho tam gic ABC c A( 5 , 3 ) ; B( 2 , - 1 ) ; C( -1 , 5 ) a) Tnh ta trc tm H ca tam gic b) Tnh ta chn ng cao v t A Gii : a) t tm JJJJ JJJ G Gi H( x , y ) l Ga trc JJJ G , ta c : JJJG AH = ( x 5, y 3); BC = (3, 6); BH = ( x 2, y + 1); AC = (6, 2) JJJJ G JJJ G AH BC AH .BC = 0 ( x 5)(3) + ( y 3)(6) = 0 JJJG JJJG BH AC ( x 2)(6) + ( y + 1)(2) = 0 BH . AC = 0 x 2 y = 1 x = 3 3 7 x y = y = 2 Vy ta trc tm H l : H( 3 , 2 )

b) Gi A( x ) l JJJ J G, y JJJ G ta chn ng cao v t A , ta c : AA ' BC x 2 y = 1 (1) ( tng t cu a ) JJJ G JJJG JJJG BA ' = ( x 2, y + 1) ; BA ' cng phng BC = ( 3, 6) . Suy ra : 6( x 2 ) + 3( y + 1 ) = 0 (2) .Gii (1) v (2) ta c : x = y = 1 Vy ta chn ng cao A v t A l : A( 1 , 1 )
Dng ton 8 : Tm tp hp im
JJJG JJJG JJJJ G JJJG a ) ( MA + MB ).( MC MB ) = 0 (1) V d 1 :Cho tam gic ABC . Tm tp hp cc im M tha : JJJG JJJG b) MA2 + MA.MB = 0 (2)

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

Gii : JJJG JJJG JJJ G JJJJ G JJJG JJJ G a) Ta c : MA + MB = 2 MI ; MC MB = BC ( I l trung im ca AB ) JJJ G JJJ G ( 1 ) 2MI .BC = 0 MI BC : Vy tp hp cc im M l ng thng ( d ) qua I v vung gc vi BC JJJG 2 JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG (2) MA + MA.MB = 0 MA.( MA + MB ) = 0 b) JJJG JJJ G 2MA.MI = 0 MA MI Vy tp hp cc im M l ng trn ng knh AI ( I l trung im ca AB ) *V d 2 : Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a . Tm tp hp cc im M tha : JJJG JJJJ G a2 a) MA.MC = 4 JJJG JJJJ G JJJG JJJJ G b) MA.MC + MB.MD = a 2 JJJG JJJG JJJJ G JJJG JJJJ G c)( MA + MB + MC ).( MA + MC ) = a 2 Gii : Gi O l tm hnh vung ( cng l trung im AC ) . Ta c : JJJG JJJJ G JJJJ G JJJ G JJJJ G JJJG a2 a2 MA.MC = ( MO + OA).( MO + OC ) = 4 4 2 JJJG JJJ G a MO 2 OA2 = (do OC = OA) 4 2 2a 2 a 2 a 2 a a 2 2 OM = OA = = OM = 4 4 4 4 2 a Vy tp hp cc im M l ng trn tm O , bn knh bng 2 T t ,JJJ ta Gc :J JJJ JJJJ JJJ G ng G G MA.MC + MB.MD = a 2 MO 2 OA2 + MO 2 OB 2 = a 2

MO 2 = a 2 OM = a (do OA = OB =

a 2 ) 2

Vy tp h cc m trn tm , bn JJJ JJJ JJJG JJJ Gp JJJ G iJJJ J G M l J G ng J G OJJJ J G knh bng a Ta c MA + MB + MC = 3MG ; MA + MC = 2 MO ( G l trng tm tam gic ABC ) . Do : JJJG JJJG JJJJ G JJJG JJJJ G JJJJ G JJJJ G a2 ( MA + MB + MC ).( MA + MC ) = a 2 MG.MO = 6 2 2 2 a a 1 a 1 a 2 2 26a 2 ) = MJ 2 JO 2 = JM 2 = + ( GO) 2 = +( . 6 6 2 6 6 2 144 a 26 JM = 12 1 1 1 a 2 ( J l trung im ca OG ; JO = GO ; GO = BO = . ) 2 3 3 2 a 26 Vy tp hp cc im M l ng trn tm O , bn knh bng 12 Dng ton 9 : Tnh phng tch . Tnh on tip tuyn .
V d 1 : Cho 4 im A( - 2 , 1 ) ; B( 4 , 7 ) ; M( 0 , 2) ; N(- 3 , - 5 ) Tnh phng tch ca im M , N i vi ng trn ng knh AB

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

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Gii : Ta c : ta tm I ca ng trn ( cng l trung im ca AB ) : 2 + 4 1 + 7 I( , ) I( 1 , 4 ) 2 2 Ta cng c : JJ G IA = (2 1,1 4) = (3, 3) R 2 = IA2 = 9 + 9 = 18 JJJ G IM = (0 1, 2 4) = (1, 2) M /( I ) = IM 2 R 2 = (1 + 4) 18 = 13 JJG IN = (3 1, 5 4) = (4, 9) N /( I ) = IN 2 R 2 = (16 + 81) 18 = 79 V d 2 : Cho 4 im A( - 2 , - 1 ) ; B( - 1 , 4 ) ; C( 4 , 3 ) ; M( 5 ,- 2 ). Chng minh rng im M ngoi ng trn ngai tip tam gic ABC v tnh on tip tuyn MT v t M n ng trn ngai tip tam gic ABC ( T l tip im ) Gii : Gi I ( x , y ) l tm ng trn (ABC) ,ta c : JJ G JJ G JJG IA = ( x + 2, y + 1) ; IB = ( x + 1, y 4) ; IC = ( x 4, y 3)

IA2 = IB 2 ( x + 2) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + ( y 4) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 IA = IC ( x + 2) + ( y + 1) = ( x 4) + ( y 3) ` x + 5y = 6 x =1 3x + 2 y = 5 y = 1 Suy ra : I( 1 , 1 ) ; MI 2 = (5 1) 2 + (2 1) 2 = 16 + 9 = 25 ; R 2 = IA2 = 9 + 4 = 13 Do : M /( ABC ) = MI 2 R 2 = 25 13 = 12 MI > R Vy im M ngoi ng trn (ABC) Ta cng c : MT 2 = M /( ABC ) = 12 MT = 12 = 2 3 .

C . Bi tp rn luyn :
2 .1 Cho tam u ABC c bG ng a . Tinh cc tch v hung JJJ JJJ JJJ G JJJ G gic G JJJ J G G JJJ GnhJJJ sau : AB.GB ; AB.CM ; AB ( AB 2 AC ) ( G l trng tm tam gic ABC v M l trung im ca BC ) 2 . 2 .Cho tam vung ti A : AB = 3 ; AC = 4. T n c c JJJ Gh JJJ Gcg JJJ J GJJJ G JJJ JJJ JJJG JJJ G Ggic ABC G ( AB, BC ) ; ( AC , BC ) v cc tch v hng sau : AB.BC ; AC .BC 2. 3 .Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A ; AB =G 3 ,JAC = 4 . Trn tia AB ly im D sao cho JJJJ G JJJ JJG JJG BD = 4 Tnh cc tch v hng sau : BC .BD ; AC.BI ( I l trung im ca CD ) 2 .4 . Cho tam gic ABC uJJJ ,c ng , GJJJJ lGtr G ng tm tam gic ; M l mt im bt G Jnh JJ G b JJJ G Ja JJG JJJ k . Chng minh rng T = ( MA.GB + MB.GC + MC.GA ) c gi tr khng i . Tnh gi tr ny . 2 .5 . Cho hnh vung ABCD , cnh bng a . Dng nh l hnh chiu tnh cc tch v hng s au : G JJJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ AB.BD ; ( AB + AD ).( BD BC ) ; (OA + OB + OC ). AB ( O l tm hnh vung ) * 2 .6 . Cho tam gic ABC u , cnh bng a . Tm tp hp cc im M tha : JJJ G JJJ G JJJJ G 3a 2 (CA + 2 BC ).CM = 4 2 . 7 .Cho tam gic ABC c trng tm l G .Chng minh rng :

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

11

JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJG JJJ G 1 GA.GB + GB.GC + GC.GA = (GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 ) 2 2 .8. Cho hnh vung ABCD c nh b ng a ; I l trung im ca CD . Tnh cc tch v JJJ G JJG JJJ GJJJG hng sau : BD.BI ; BI .BG ( G l trng tm tam gic ABD ) JJJJ G JJG J 2 .9 .Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c AB = 4 ; AD = 3 v im M tha AM = k AB .nh k 2 ng thng AC v DM vung gc

2 . 10 . Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A . Trn tia i ca tia AB ,ly im D sao cho AD = AC ; trn tia i ca tia AC , ly im E saocho AE = AB . Chng minh rng ng trung tuyn ca tam gic ADE th vung gc vi BC G G G G G JJ G 2 . 11 . Cho : a = 6 ; b = 3 .nh x hai vect sau vung gc vi nhau ( a + xb) ; (a xb) 2 . 12. Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A ; D thuc tia AC v AD = 3AC Chng minh rng 1 AG 2 = ( AB 2 + 16 AC 2 ) (G l trng tm tam gic BCD ) 9 * 2 .13. Cho t gic ABCD JJJGJJJ G a) Chng minh rng ; AB 2 BC 2 + CD 2 DA2 = 2 AC DB b)Suy ra rng iu kin cn v t gic ABCD c 2 ng cho vung gc l AB 2 + CD 2 = BC 2 + AD 2 2 . 14 . Cho tam gic ABC . Tm tp hp cc im M tha : JJJ G JJJG JJJJ G a ) ( AB + AC ). AM = 0 JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJ G * b) MA.( MA + 2 MB + MC ) = 0 * JJJG 2 .15JJJG . Cho tam ABC u , cnh bng a . Tm tp hp cc im M tha : JJJJ G gic 2 ( MA + MB ).MC = a 2 . 16 . Cho hai im A( 1 , 2 ) ; B( 6 , 3 ) . Tm ta im C nm trn trc Ox bit rng tam gic ABC vung ti C . 2 . 17 . Cho 4 im A( - 1 , 0 ) ; B( 0 , 3 ) ; C( 3 , 2 ) ; D( 5 , - 2) . Chng minh rng t gic ABCD l mt hnh thang vung . Tnh din tch ca hnh thang ny .

D. Hng dn gii hay p s

JJJ G JJJ G a 3 3 a2 o 2 .1 AB.GB = AB.GB.cos 30 = a. . = 3 2 2 2 JJJ G JJJJ G a 1 a AB.CM = AB.CM .cos 60o = a. . = . 2 2 4 JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJG 1 AB.( AB 2 AC ) = AB 2 2 AB. AC = a 2 2a.a.cos 60o = a 2 2a 2 . = 0 2 JJJ G JJJ G 2 .2 . ( AB, BC ) v gc ABC b nhau ;cosABC = (3 : 5) = 0,6 Suy ra JJJ G JJJ G ABC = 53o 7 ' 48" ( AB, BC ) = 180o 53o 7 ' 48" = 126o52 '12"

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AC 4 cosACB= = = 0,8 BC 5 JJJG JJJ G ( AC , BC ) = ACB = 90o ABC = 36o52 '12 " JJJ G JJJ G 3 3 AB.BC = AB.BC.( ) = 3.5.( ) = 9 5 5 JJJG JJJ G 4 4 AC.BC = AC.BC. = 4.5. = 16 5 5 JJJ G JJJ G 2.3 BC.BD = BC.BD.cos CBD

C I A B D

3 = 5.4.( ) = 12 5 JJJJ G JJG JJJG JJG JJJ G JJJG JJG JJJG JJJ G AC.BI = AC ( AI AB) = AC. AI ( AC. AB = 0) JJJG 1 JJJG JJJG 1 = AC. ( AC + AD) = AC 2 = 8 2 2 2 . 4 .Ta :JJ G JJJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJJ G JJJJ G JJJG JJJJ G JJJGc J MA = GA GM ; MB = GB GM ; MC = GC GM JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJG JJJ G JJJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJG T = GA.GB + GB.GC + GC.GA GM (GA + GB + GC )
= GA.GB.cos120o + GB.GC.cos120o + GC.GA.cos120o 0 a 3 2 1 a2 2 a 3 a 3 = 3( ) .( ) = (do GA = GB = GC = . = 3 2 2 3 2 3 JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G 2 2.5. AB.BD = AB.BA = a JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJG JJJ G ( AB + AD)( BD BC ) = AC.CD = DC.CD = a 2 JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G a 2 2 a2 (OA + OB + OC ). AB = OB. AB = OB.OB = OB 2 = ( ) = 2 2 *2 .6 . Ta c : JJG JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJG JJG V AI = 2 BC ; CA + 2 BC = CA + AI = CI ( I c nh v tam gic ACI l na tam gic u) G JJJ G JJJJ G JJG JJJJ G JJJ (CA + 2 BC ).CM = CI .CM JJG JJJJJ G = CI .CM '
JJG JJJJG 3a 2 a 3 1 Theo gi thit : CI .CM ' = CM ' = = CI 4 2 2 Vy tphp cc im M l ng trung trc ca on CI

A B

M M' C

2 . 7 .Ta c : G JJJ G JJJG G JJJGJJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJG JJJ G JJJ GA + GB + GC = 0 GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 + 2GA.GB + 2GB.GC + GC.GA = 0 JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJG JJJG JJJ G 1 GA.GB + GB.GC + GC.GA = (GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 ) 2 2 .8 .

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JJJ G JJG JJJJ G 1 JJJ G JJJ G 1 JJJ G 2 1 JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G BD.BI = BD. ( BD + BC ) = BD + BC.( BC + CD) 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3a 2 = BD 2 + BC 2 + 0 = (a 2) 2 + a 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 . JJG JJJG JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G 1 1 BI .BG = ( BC + BD) ( BA + BD + BB ) 2 3 1 2a 2 = (0 + a 2 + a 2 + 2a 2 ) = 6 3 JJJG JJJJ G 2.9. AC DM AC.DM = 0 JJJJ G JJJG JJJJ G JJJG ( AB + AD)( AM AD) = 0 JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJG ( AB + AD)(k AB AD) = 0 9 kAB 2 AD 2 = 0 k .16 9 = 0 k = 16 2 . 10 . Gi AI l trung tuyn ca tam gic ADE , ta c : JJG 1 JJJG JJJ G AI = ( AD + AE ) 2 JJG JJJ G 1 JJJG JJJ G JJJG JJJ G 1 AI .BC = ( AD + AE ).( AC AB) = (0 + AD. AB AE. AC 0) 2 2 1 = ( AC. AB AB. AC ) = 0 AI BC 2 2. 11 . x = 2 2 .12 .Ta c : JJJG 1 JJJ G JJJG JJJG 1 JJJ G JJJG JJJJJ G AG = ( AB + AC + AD) = ( AB + AC + 3 AC ) 3 3 JJJG JJJ G JJJG 2 1 AG 2 = AG = ( AB 2 + 16 AC 2 + 8 AB. AC ) 9 1 = ( AB 2 + 16 AC 2 ) 9 JJJ G 2 JJJ G 2 JJJ G 2 JJJ G2 2.13. a) AB 2 BC 2 + CD 2 DA2 = AB BC + CD DA JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G = ( AB + BC )( AB BC ) + (CD + DA)(CD DA) JJJG JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJ G = AC ( AB BC CD + DA) = AC ( DB BD) JJJG JJJ G = 2 AC.DB JJJG JJJ G b) AC BD AC.BD = 0 AB 2 BC 2 + CD 2 DA2 = 0
AB 2 + CD 2 = BC 2 + AD 2 2 .14 . a) Tp hp cc im M l ng thng d qua A v vung gc vi trung tuyn AI ca tam gic ABC JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJ G JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJJ G MA( MA + 2 MB + MC ) = 0 MA.( MA + MB + MB + MC ) = 0 b) JJJG JJJG JJJ G JJJG JJJJ G MA.(2 MJ + 2 MI ) = 0 4 MA.MK = 0 MA MK ( J , I , K ln lt l trung im ca AB , BC , IJ) .Vy tp hp cc im M l ng trn dng knh AK

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JJJG JJJG JJJJ G JJJ G JJJJ G a2 2.15.( MA + MB).MC = a 2 2MI .MC = a 2 MJ 2 JC 2 = 2 . 2 2 2 2 a a 3 2 8a + 3a 11a a 11 2 JM = + ( ) = = JM = 2 4 16 16 4 ( I , J ln lt l trung im ca AB , CI ) . Vy tp hp cc im M l ng trn ( J , a 11 ) 4 2 16 , C hai im C : C( 2 , 0 ) ; C( 7 , 0 ) 2 17 . Hnh thang ABCD vung ti A v D . Din tch ca hnh thang ny bng 15

2. H thc lng trong tam gic

A . Tm tt gio khoa
1 .nh l cosin : Trong mt tam gic ABC , bnh phng mt cnh bng tng cc bnh phng ca hai cnh cn li tr i tch ca hai cnh nhn vi cosin ca gc xen gia chng . A a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos B c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C
c b

Suy ra : cos A =

b2 + c2 a 2 c2 + a 2 b2 a 2 + b2 c2 ;cos B = ;cos C = 2bc 2ca 2ab

2 .nh l sin : Trong mt tam gic ABC , t s gia mt cnh v sin ca gc i din cnh bng ng knh ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic
a b c = = = 2R sin A sin B sin C

3 .Cng thc tnh di ng trung tuyn .

A ma mb B mc C

2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2 4 2 2(c + a 2 ) b 2 2 mb = 4 2 2(a + b 2 ) c 2 2 mc = 4 ma =

2

(AB = c ; BC = a ; CA = b ; ma ; mb ; mc l cc trung tuyn v t A ,B ,C )

4 . Cng thc tnh din tch : Din tch S ca tam gic ABC c tnh bi cc cng thc sau :

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A

1 1 1 ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B 2 2 2 abc S= 4R S = pr S= S= ( vi p = p( p a)( p b)( p c)

ha

1 (a+b+c) ; R l bn knh ng trn ngai tip ; r l bn knh ng trn ni tip ) 2

5 . Gii tam gic : Gii tam gic l tm mt s yu t ca tam gic khi bit mt s yu t ca tam gic

B . Gii ton
V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC c BC = 40cm ; CA = 13cm ; AB = 37cm Tinh gc nh nht ca tam

gic ABC .
Gii : Ta bit rng : i din vi cnh nh nht l gc nh nht .Ta li c : CA < AB < BC nn B < C < A . Vy B l gc nh nht . Theo cng thc ta c : c 2 + a 2 b 2 37 2 + 402 132 2800 = = = 0,9459 cos B = 2ca 2.37.40 2960 B = 18o55' Vy gc nh nht ca tam gic ABC l gc B v B = 18o 55 ' V d 2 : Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v AB = 3 ; AC = 4 . Trn cnh BC ly im D sao cho CD = CB . Tnh cc cnh BD , AD ; cc gc B , D , A ca tam gic ABD ; bn knh ng trn ngai tip v din tch ca tam gic ny Gii

BC = AB 2 + AC 2 = 9 + 16 = 5 ; BD = 2 BC = 10 AB 3 AC 4 = ; sin B = = cos B = BC 5 BC 5 Ta c AD 2 = BA2 + BD 2 2 BA.BD cos B 3 = 9 + 100 2.3.10. = 73 5 AD = 73 Ta cng c

D C

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16

cos B =

3 = 0, 6 B = 53o 7 ' 5

4 3. AB AD AB sin B = sin D = = 5 = 0, 2808 sin D sin B AD 73 o D = 16 18' Suy ra : BAD = 180o (53o 7 '+ 16o18') = 110o 25' Bn knh ng trn ngai tip tam gic ABD cho bi cng thc : AD 73 5 73 R= = = = 5,34 2sin B 2 4 8 5 Ta li c 2 tam gic ABC v ACD c din tch bng nhau (v c chung ng cao v t A v 2 cnh y BC ,CD bng nhau ) Do : 1 S ABD = 2 S ABC = 2. . AB. AC = 3.4 = 12 2 4 V d 3 : Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 5cm ; AC = 7cm ; cosA= Tnh din tch , bn knh 5 ng trn ngai tip , ni tip ca tam gic v ng cao v t A
Gii : Ta c :

sin A = 1 cos 2 A = 1

16 3 1 1 3 21 = = 10, 5cm2 ; S = AB. AC.sin A = 5.7. = 25 5 2 2 5 2 4 BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC.cos A = 25 + 49 2.5.7. = 18 BC = 3 2cm 5 3 2 5 2 BC BC 2R = R= = = cm sin A 2sin A 2. 3 2 5 21 S 21 2 r= = = cm p 5 + 7 + 3 2 12 + 3 2 2 1 2S 21 7 2 S = AH .BC AH = = = cm BC 3 2 2 2

V d 4 : Cho hnh vung ABCD c cnh bng 6cm ; E l trung im ca CD . Tnh bn knh

ng trn ngai tip tam gic ACE v cc gc ca tam gic ny

Gii : Tac

D
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C
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

17

AC = AB 2 = 6 2cm ; AE = AD 2 + DE 2 = 3 5cm; ACE = 45o AE 3 5 3 10 cm = = 2sin ACE 2 2 6 AD sin AED = = = 0,8944 => AED = 63o 25' AE 3 5 o AEC = 180 63o 25' = 116o 35' => CAE = 180o (116o35'+ 45o ) = 18o 25' R( ACE ) =

V d 5 : Trong mt tam gic ABC bt k , chng minh rng : a) ha = 2 R sin B sin C

b) S = 2 R 2 sin A sin B sin C ( ha l ng cao v t A ; R l bn knh ng trn ngai tip v S l din tch ca tam gic ABC )
Gii : Ta c :
1 2 S bc 2 R sin B.2 R sin C aha ha = = = = 2 R sin B sin C 2 a a 2 R sin A a = 2 R sin A a b c = = = 2 R b = 2 R sin B (do sin A sin B sin C c = 2 R sin C Theo cu a) ta cng c : 1 1 S = aha = (2 R sin A).(2 R sin B sin C ) = 2 R 2 sin A sin B sin C 2 2 S=

V d 6 : Cho hnh vung ABCD c cnh bng a . Mt ng trn c bn knh bng

a 6 , qua 2 3

nh A , C v ct cnh BC ti E . Tnh on AE v gc BAE

Gii : Ta c :ACE = 45o v bn knh ng trn ngai tip a 6 tam gic ACE bng Do , theo nh l sin D A 3 AE a 6 a 6 2 2a 3 = 2. AE = 2. . = o sin 45 3 3 2 3 Tam gic vung ABE cho : AB a 3 cos BAE = = = => BAE = 30o AE 2a 3 2 B E C 3 o V d 7 : Cho tam gic ABC c BAC = 120 .AD l phn gic trong ca gc A (D thuc cnh BC ) .Chng minh rng tng hai bn knh ng trn ngai tip tam gic ABD v tam gic ADC bng bn knh ng trn ngai tip tam gic ABC Gii : Ta c

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BAD = DAC = 60o sin BAD = sin DAC = sin BAC = 3 2

Theo nh l sin , ta c : BD BD DC DC 2 R( ABD ) = ; 2 R( ADC ) = = = sin BAD sin DAC 3 3 2 2 BC BC BD + DC 2 R( ABC ) = = = = 2 R( ABD ) + 2 R( ADC ) sin BAC 3 3 2 2 R( ABC ) = R( ABD ) + R( ADC )
V d 8 : Cho tam gic ABC v im M thuc cnh BC .Bit rng : bc sin( + ) BAM = ; CAM = .Chng minh rng AM = c sin + b sin Gii : Ta c : 1 1 S( ABC ) = AB. AC.sin A = bc sin( + ) 2 2 1 1 S( ABM ) = AB. AM .sin BAM = AM .c.sin 2 2 1 1 S( ACM ) = AC. AM .sin CAM = AM .b.sin 2 2

M : 1 1 bc sin( + ) = AM (c sin + b sin ) 2 2 bc sin( + ) Suy ra AM = c sin + b sin S( ABC ) = S( ABM ) + S( ACM )
V d 9 : Chng minh rng iu kin cn v tam gic ABC vung ti A l 2 2 2 mb + mc = 5ma (ma , mb , mc l 3 trung tuyn v t A,B,C ) Gii : Ta c :

mb + mc = 5ma

2(c 2 + a 2 ) b 2 2(a 2 + b 2 ) c 2 2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2 + =5 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2c + 2a b + 2a + 2b c = 10b + 10c 5a 2 9a 2 = 9(b 2 + c 2 )

a 2 = b2 + c2 Vy tam gic ABC vung ti A

V d 10 : Cho tam gic ABC c AB = c = 45 ; AC = b = 32 ; BAC = 87 o . Tnh cc cnh v cc

gc cn li
Gii : Ta c :

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a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos87 o = 322 + 452 2.32.45.cos87o = 2898 a = 2898 = 53,8 cos B = c 2 + a 2 b 2 452 + 2898 322 = = 0,8052 2ca 2.45.53,8

ABC = 36o 22 ' ACB = 180o (87 o + 36o 22 ') = 56o38'

C. Bi tp rn luyn .
2 . 18 .Cho tam gic ABC c ba cnh bng 10cm ; 13cm ; 17cm . Tnh din tch ,bn knh ng trn ngai tip v bn knh ng trn ni tip ca tam gic 2 . 19 . Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A ; AB = 3 ; AC = 4 . Trn tia BC ly im D saocho CD = 7 ; trn tia BA ly im E sao cho AE = 5 .Tnh cc cnh v cc gc ca tam gic ADE c 2 . 20 Tam gic ABC c 3 cnh l BC = a ; CA = b ; AB = c v trung tuyn AM = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Chng minh rng 2b = a c ; sin A = 2sin B + sin C 2 .21 Cho tam gic ABC nhn c AB = 3cm ; AC = 4cm v din tch S = 3 3cm 2 Tnh cnh BC v .ng cao AH ca tam gic ny . 2 .22 . Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a , O l tm ca hnh vung v E l trung im ca AB . Tnh bn knh ng trn ngai tip , din tch v cc gc ca tam gic OCE 2 .23 .Cho tam gic ABC c BC = a ; CA = b ; AB = c .Chng minh rng tan A c 2 + a 2 b 2 = tan B b 2 + c 2 a 2 2 . 24 . Cho tam gic ABC c : BAC = 60o ; BC = 7 ; AC = 2 . Tnh cnh AB v cc gc ca tam gic ny 2 .25. Cho tam gic ABC c BC = a ; CA = b ; AB = c v cc cnh ny tha iu kin b 2 + c 2 = 5a 2 Chng minh rng hai trung tuyn v t B v C th vung gc vi nhau 2 . 26 . Cho tam gic ABC c : AB = 3cm ; AC = 2x(cm) ; BC = 5cm . a) nh iu kin ca x ( ABC l mt tam gic ) b) nh x gc BAC = 60o * 2 . 27 . a) Cho tam gic MPQ c trung tuyn l MR .Chng minh rng PQ 2 MP 2 + MQ 2 = 2 MR 2 + 2 b) Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v c BC = 6 . Trn ng thng BC ly 2 im D v E sao cho BD = BE = 1 .Chng minh rng AD 2 + AE 2 + 2 AC 2 = 74 2 .28 .Cho hnh thang vung ABCD ( A = B = 90o )v AB =4cm ;AD = 3cm ; BC = 11cm . Tnh bn knh ng trn ngai tip tam gic BCD ..

D . Hng dn gii hay p s

2 .18 .

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1 (10 + 13 + 17) = 20cm 2 S = p( p a)( p b)( p c) = 20.10.7.3 = 10 42 = 64,80cm 2 p= R= r= abc 10.13.17 221 = = = 8,52cm 4 S 4.10 42 4 42 S 10 42 = = 3, 24cm p 20

2.19. BC = AB 25 + AC 2 = 9 + 16 = 5 BD = 5 + 7 = 12 BE = 3 + 5 = 8 DE 2 = BD 2 + BE 2 2 BD.BE.cos B 3 464 = 144 + 64 2.12.8. = DE = 9, 63 5 5 3 cos B = = 0, 6 B = 53o 7 ' 5 4 DE BE BE sin B sin B = = 0,8 ; = sin D = 5 sin B sin D DE 8.0,8 = 0, 6645 D = 41o38' sin D = 9, 63 E = 180o (41o38'+ 53o 7 ') = 75o15'

2 .20 . p dng cng thc v ng trung tuyn : 2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2 c 2 2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2 2 AM 2 = ma = = 4 4 4 2 2 2 a c = 2b Theo nh l sin , ta c : a = 2RsinA ; b =2RsinB ; c = 2RsinC nn : 4 R 2 sin 2 A 4 R 2 sin 2 C = 2( 4 R 2 sin 2 B)
sin 2 A sin 2 C = 2sin 2 B sin 2 A = 2sin 2 B + sin 2 C

2 .21 .Ap dng cng thc :

S=

1 1 AB. AC.sin A 3 3 = 3.4.sin A 2 2 ( v gc A nhn ) 3 o sin A = A = 60 2

Ta li c :
1 BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC.cos 60o = 9 + 16 2.3.4. = 13 => BC = 13 2 2S 2.3 3 6 39 AH = = = BC 13 13 2 . 22 . Ta c :

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21
2 2

a2 a 5 EOC = 135 ; EC = EB + BC = a + = 4 2
o 2

EC a 5 a 10 = = 2sin EOC 4 2 4. 2 EB a 1 OEC = ECB ; tan ECB = = = = 0,5 BC 2a 2 OEC = ECB = 26o33' R( EOC ) = OCE = 180o (135o + 26o 33') = 18o 27 '

A O D

2 .23 .Ta c :

sin A = tan B =

a b2 + c2 a 2 sin A abc ;cos A = tan A = = 2 2R 2bc cos A R(b + c 2 a 2 ) sin B tan A c 2 + a 2 b 2 abc = => = cos B R(c 2 + a 2 b 2 ) tan B b 2 + c 2 a 2

2 .24 .t AB = x ( x > 0 ) . Ta c : BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC.cos A 1 7 = x 2 + 4 2.x.2. x 2 2 x 3 = 0 x = 3 : AB = 3 2 3 AC BC AC sin 60o = sin B = = = 0, 6546 sin B sin A BC 7 B = 40o53' ; C = 180o (60o + 40o 53') = 79o 7 ' 2 .25 . Gi G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC . chng minh BM vung gc vi CN ta ch cn chng minh tam gic BGC vung ti G. Ta c: 2 2 GB 2 + GC 2 = ( BM ) 2 + ( CN ) 2 A 3 3 4 2(c 2 + a 2 ) b 2 4 2(a 2 + b 2 ) c 2 + . = . 9 4 9 4 M 1 = 2(c 2 + a 2 ) b 2 + 2(a 2 + b 2 ) c 2 N 9 1 1 G = (4a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = (4a 2 + 5a 2 ) = a 2 = BC 2 9 9 C B Vy tam gic BGC vung ti G 2 .26 a) iu kin ABC l mt tam gic l : BC AB < AC < BC+AB 5 - 3 < 2x < 5+3 1 < x < 4 AB 2 + AC 2 BC 2 1 4 + 4 x 2 25 = cos A = 2 AB. AC 2 2.3.2 x b) Ta li c : 3 + 73 2 x 2 3x 8 = 0 x = (do 1 < x < 4) 4

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JJJG 2 JJJJ G 2 JJJG JJJ G JJJG JJJ G 2.27. a ) MP 2 + MQ 2 = MP + MQ = ( MR + RP) 2 + ( MR + RQ)2 JJJG JJJ G JJJG JJJ G = MR 2 + RP 2 + 2MR.RP + MR 2 + RQ 2 + 2 MR.RQ JJJG JJJ G JJJ G = 2MR 2 + RP 2 + RQ 2 + 2MR( RP + RQ) G JJJ G G PQ 2 PQ JJJ = 2MR 2 + ( RP = RQ = ; RP + RQ = 0) 2 2 Theo cu a) , ta c : DE 2 2 2 2 = 2 AB 2 + 2 (do DE = 2) AD + AE = 2 AB + 2 2 2 2 AD + AE + 2 AC = 2 AB 2 + 2 + 2 AC 2 = 2( AB 2 + AC 2 ) + 2

= 2 BC 2 + 2 = 2.36 + 2 = 74
2 . 28 . DC 2 = AB 2 + ( BC AD) 2 = 16 + 64 = 80 DC = 4 5

DBC = ADB ;sin ADB = R( BDC ) =

AB 4 = BD 5

DC 4 5 = =5 5 4 sin DBC 5

A D B E C

3. Cu hi trc nghim cui chng

A.
G G GG G G 1 1 . Cho a = b = 1 ; a.b = . Gc (a, b) (tnh ra ) bng : 2 o b . 120o a . 60 c . 30o d . mt p s khc JGG G G G G G G 2 . Cho a = b = 1 ; (a + b) (a 2b) . Tch v hng a.b bng :

a.1 b.1 c.2 d.2 GG G G JJ G G 3 . Cho a = 1 ; b = 2 ; (a + 3b) = 5 . Tch v hng a.b bng : a.2 b.3 c.4 d . mJJJJ t khc Gp s JJJ G JJJG 4 . Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a . Nu AM = 2 AB + AD th on AM bng : b. a 3 a .3a c. a 5 d .mt p s khc 5 . Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c AB = 5 ; AD = 3 v im I xc nh bi 22
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

23 JJG JJJ G CI = k AB . Nu 2 ng thng AC v BI vung gc vi nhau th k bng: a . 0,36 b. 0,36 c , 0,6 d . mt p s khc 6 . Tam gic ABC c BC = a = 2 x + 1 ; AC = b = 2 ; AB = c = 3 . Nu gc A ca tam gic bng 60o th gi tr ca x l : a.2 b.3 c.4 d . mt p s khc 2 7 .Cho tam gic ABC c 3 cnh tha : BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 + AB. AC . Gc A ca tam gic gn bng 3 gc no di y nht : b . 110o a . 109o d . 71o c . 70o 8 . Tam gic ABC c B = 30o ; C = 45o . H thc no sau y ng a . AB = 2AC b . AC 2 = AB c . AC = 2AB d . 2AB = AC 3

9 . Trong mt tam gic , nu tng bnh phng 3 ng trung tuyn bng 30 th tng bnh phng 3 cnh ca tam gic s bng : a .34 b . 36 c . 38 d .mt p s khc 10 . Cho tam gic c ba cnh l : 3m ; 4m ; 6m .Gc ln nht ca tam gic gn bng gc no di y nht b. 640 a. 63o 0 c. 116 d. 1170 11 . Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v c AB = 2a ; BC = 4a . E l mt im thuc tia i ca tia BC . Nu bn knh ng trn ngai tip ca tam gic ACE bng 3a th on AE s bng a . 3a b . 4a c . 5a d . mt p s khc 12 .Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a . Trn tia i ca tia CB , ly im E sao cho AE = 3a 2 . Bn knh ca ng trn ngai tip tam gic ACE bng a .5a b. 4a c .3a d . mt p s khc 13 . Mt tam gic c ba cnh l 4 , 5 , 7 . ng cao nh nht ca tam gic ny gn bng s no di y nht b.3 a . 2,8 d . 3,4 c . 3,2 14 . Tam gic ABC c : AC+BC = 6 ; sinA + sinB = 1,5 . H thc no di y ng : a . AB = 2sinC b .AB = 3sinC c . AB = 4sinC d AB = 6sinC 15 . Tam gic ABC vung ti A v c AB = a ; BC = 2a . Trn tia i ca tia BC ly im D sao cho BD = 3a .on AD gn bng on no di y nht : b . 3,5a a. 3,4a c . 3,6a d . 3,7a 16 .Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 3 ; AC = 5 . Gi R ,R ln lt l bn knh ng trn ngai tip ca tam gic ABM v tam gic ACM ( M l mt im thuc cnh BC ) H thc no sau y ng a . R = 0,5R b . R = 0,6R 23
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

24 d . R = 0,8R

c . R = 0,7R

17 .Tam gic ABC c cc cnh tha BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 AB. AC; CA2 = BA2 + BC 2 BC.BA Gc C ca tam gic bng : a . 30o b . 45o c . 60o d . mt p s khc 18 . Tam gic ABC c cc cnh tha :
6 BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 ; AC 2 = BC 2 + BA2 BC.BA 5 cosC ca tam gic bng : a . 0,5 b .0,6 c . 0,7 d .0,8

19 . Tam gic ABC c AB = 4 ;BC = 10 ; trung tuyn AM = 3 . Bnh phng ca cnh AC bng : a. 50 b . 51 c . 52 d . mt p s khc 20 . Cho tam gic ABC c bn knh ng trn ngai tip l R = 4 .Nu sinB + 2sinC = 1 th (AC + 2AB) bng : a .5 b .6 c .7 d .8

B. Bng tr li
1.b 2 .a 3 .d 4 .c 5 .b 6 .b 7.a 8 .b 9 .d 10 .d 11 .a 12 .c 13 .a 14 . c 15 .c 16 .b 17 .c 18 .d 19 .c 20 .d

C. Hng dn gii :

GG G G G G G G 1 a.b = a . b cos(a, b) = 1.1cos(a, b) 2 1b . Ta c G G G G 1 cos(a, b) = (a, b) = 120o 2 G G G G G G G G G2 G G G G G2 (a + b) (a 2b) (a + b)(a 2b) = 0 a 2a.b + b.a 2b 2a. GG JGG 1 a.b 2 = 0 a.b = 1
G G G G G 2 G2 JGG JJ a + 3b = 5 (a + 3b) = 25 a + 6a.b + 9b 2 = 25 3d . GG GG 1 + 6a.b + 9.4 = 25 a.b = 2

JJJJ G2 JJJ G JJJG JJJ G JJJG 4b. AM 2 = AM = (2 AB + AD) 2 = 4 AB 2 + AD 2 + 4 AB. AD JJJGJJJG . = 5a 2 (do AB. AD = 0)

AM = a 5 5b . 24
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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

JJG JJJG JJJ G JJG JJJ G JJJ G BI AC BI . AC = 0 ( BC + CI )( BC BA) = 0 JJG JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G JJJ G . BC 2 + kBA2 = 0(do CI = k AB = k BA ; BC.BA = 0) 9 9 + 25k = 0 k = = 0,36 25

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6 b . nh l cos cho

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A 2 x + 1 = 4 + 9 2.3.2. x=3

7a . nh l cos cho :

1 2

BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC.cos A AB 2 + AC 2 +

2 AB. AC = AB 2 + AC 2 2 AB. AC cos A 3

1 cos A = = 0,3333 A = 109o 29 ' 3 o ( cos 70 31' = 0,3333 v A l gc b ca gc ny ) 8b . nh l sin cho AC AB AC AB AC AB = = = o o 1 sin B sin C sin 30 sin 45 2 2 2 AB = AC 2

9d . Theo cng thc tnh di ng trung tuyn ,ta c : 2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2 + 2(c 2 + a 2 ) b 2 + 2(a 2 + b 2 ) c 2 2 2 2 ma + mb + mc = 4 2 2 2 3(a + b + c ) 30 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 40 4 10d . i din vi cnh ln nht BC = 6m s l gc A ln nht ,m b 2 + c 2 a 2 9 + 16 36 11 = = = 0, 4583 cosA= 2bc 2.3.4 24 A = 117 o17 ' 11a . Tam gic ABC l na tam gic u .nh l sin cho : AE AE = 2R R = = 3a o 2sin 30o sin 30 12c . Ta c ACE = 135o ;

AE 3a 2 = 2R R = = 3a o sin135 2 2. 2

13 a. ng cao nh nht h l ng cao tng ng vi cnh ln nht ngha l cnh bng 7 . Ta li c

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Chng 2. Tch v hng v ng dng

26

1 p = (4 + 5 + 7) = 8 2 S = p( p a)( p b)( p c) = 8.4.3.1 = 4 6 h= 2S 8 6 = = 2, 79 7 7

14c . nh l sin cho : BC AC AB AC + BC 6 = = = = =4 sin A sin B sin C sin A + sin B 1,5 AB = 4sin C 15c . Tam gic ABC l na tam gic u ABD = 120o ; AD 2 = BD 2 + BA2 2 BA.BD.cos120o

1 AD 2 = 9a 2 + a 2 2.a.3a.( ) = 13a 2 2 AD = a 13 = 3, 605a

16b . Ta c sinAMB = sinAMC (gc b nhau ) nh l sin cho AB AC R AB 3 = = = 0, 6 2R = ; 2R ' = R ' AC 5 sin AMB sin AMC R = 0, 6 R ' 17c . Gi thit cho A = B = 60o C = 60o 18d . Tam gic ABC vung ti A (do BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 ) H thc hai cho : 3 9 4 cos B = cos C = sin B = 1 cos 2 B = 1 = =0,8 5 25 5 19c . Cng thc tnh di trung tuyn cho 2( AB 2 + AC 2 ) BC 2 AM 2 = 4 2(16 + AC 2 ) 100 1 AC 2 = (100 + 36 32) = 52 9 = 4 2 20d . nh l sin cho : AC AB AC + 2 AB 2 AB 2R = = = = sin B sin C 2sin C sin B + 2sin C AC + 2 AB 8= 1

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