Chapter 1: Introducing Social Psychology & Methodology 1) Not all social influence is direct or deliberate.

Which of the following is the best example of more indirect or subtle social influence? a. An advertising campaign is launched to promote a new soft drink. b. A senatorial candidate delivers a speech to convince voters that she is not really liberal. c. A parent disciplines his child by taking away her favorite toy. d. A child sees other kids wearing their sweatshirts inside out and starts wearing his the same way. 2) Which of the following is an example of social influence? a. You feel guilty because you lied to your trusting professor about your assignment. b. When you get hungry, you have trouble concentrating. c. You didn't do well on the test because you stayed up all night cramming. d. You almost fall asleep at the wheel, so you pull off the road to take a short nap. 3) Social psychology is set apart from other ways of interpreting social behavior such as folk wisdom or literature because it is ________. a. based on observations of human nature b. an experimental science c. a theoretical approach d. reliant on objective measurement 4) Naturalistic observation relies on _____. a) asking a large number of people to answer questions about their attitudes or behaviour b) providing people with as much information as possible before they decide whether to participate in the study c) generalizing the results of laboratory research to real-life social situations d) the manipulation of one variable to see what effect it has e) systematic observation that occurs in natural settings 5) Four important core values of science are accuracy, objectivity, skepticism and openmindedness. (T / F) 6) Social psychology focuses on the behavior of social groups. (T / F) 7) Which core concern of social psychology is most likely to be interested in interpersonal motivations such as interpersonal attraction and persuasion? a.the study of the impact of the individual on another individual b.the study of the impact of one group on another group c.the study of the impact of an individual on a group d.the study of the impact of individual members on a group 8) Consider the following research question: "Have no-fault divorce laws increased the rate of divorce in the United States?" This question is most likely to be asked by a. a personality psychologist. b. a sociologist. c. a social psychologist. d. a philosopher. 9) Professor Hume has spent the last ten years studying the effects of people's levels of self-esteem on their tendency to discriminate against others. She is most likely to be a. a social psychologist. b. a sociologist. c. an anthropologist. d. a political scientist. 10) A researcher wants to see if there is a relationship between a person's birth order and his or her leadership ability. The best method for answering this question would be a. experimental. b. correlational. c. observational. d. archival analysis.

Chapter 2: The Self 1) Earl wants to understand his self-concept better, so he sits quietly by himself and thinks about who he is and what his values and attitudes are. What is Earl engaging in? a. self-awareness b. self-conceptualization c. introspection d. meditation 2) The fact that people do not spend much time thinking about themselves and that when they do, they are often unable to find the reasons for feelings and behavior are two reasons why ____________ can be considered a source of faulty information about the self. a. meditation b. self-actualization c. self-perception d. introspection 3) When we are in a state of _______, we evaluate or compare our current behavior against our internal standards and values. a. self-awareness b. self-centeredness c. self-perception d. distraction 4) Its Halloween, but you dont want to be running back and forth to answer the door. To avoid any tricks, you decide to leave a large container of candy on the porch. Youve just read about self -awareness theory, and you have a hunch about how to keep greedy trick-or-treaters from taking more than their fair share of the candy. You decide to a. install a one-way mirror to catch and punish offenders, and to make an example of them. b. place a large mirror behind the candy, so that children can see themselves as they approach. c. set up a tape-recorder that plays songs about cooperation and giving. d. place a picture of the Wicked Witch of the West behind the candy to warn them of what will happen if they take too much. 5) A basic tenet of self-perception theory is that we infer our feelings from our behavior when a. the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous. b. the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are clear. c. we can easily identify external reasons for our feelings. d. we think about how others perceive us. 6) The rejection of in-group members who threaten the positive image of the group is known as ________. a. the black sheep effect b. ingratiation c. the rejective-disjunctive effect d. social comparison theory 7) According to social comparison theory, we are most likely to compare our abilities to those of another person when ________. a. there is no objective measure to judge ourselves by b. the other that we are comparing ourselves to belongs to a different group c. available objective measures may result in decreased self-esteem d. available subjective measures may result in increased self-esteem 8) The self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that we will ________ others who perform more poorly than we do in an important area. a. distance ourselves from b. share an identity with c. strongly dislike d. move closer to

9) Hai has been taking expensive beta-carotene supplements for years because he believes they will reduce his risk of cancer. Hai has just learned that a well-controlled study published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine showed that beta-carotene supplements do not reduce cancer risk. Hai is probably experiencing a. cognitive dissonance. b. self-affirmation. c. the rationalization trap. d. self-discrepancy. 10) A tobacco grower says, Im not the only one growing it. If I stop, someone else will be there. Assuming that the man was experiencing dissonance from the fact that he was making his living from a crop that is bad for peoples health, he appears to be reducing this dissonance by a. changing his behavior. b. changing his cognitions. c. adding new cognitions. d. self-affirmation in an unrelated domain. 11) Live fast and die young, thats what I always say, Rosie pronounces, as she stuffs down three more Ding Dong snack cakes and opens another pint of high-fat ice cream. Rosie knows that her diet is unhealthy and harmful, of course. To reduce her dissonance, Rosie is a. changing her behavior to bring it in line with her cognitions. b. changing a problem cognition to make it more consonant with her behavior. c. adding a cognition that is consonant with her problem behavior. d. engaging in self-affirmation to combat cognitive dissonance. 12) Social identity in the workplace refers to ________. a. the extent to which employees feel they can act together as a unit to achieve important outcomes b. the extent to which employees feel that their company is a group to which they belong c. the extent to which an employee subordinates his or her personal identity to that of the organization d. the extent to which an employee's personal identity has expanded to include subordinates 13) Which of the following is a major source of self-esteem? a.family experience b.performance feedback c.social comparison d.all of the above 14) In an attempt to better understand and predict his bosss behavior, Sam tries to imagine what it would be like to be the boss. This is an example of a.role making b.role taking c.role expectation d.generalized other 15) Significant others are a.conceptions of the attitudes and expectations held in common by a group b.people whose reflected views of us strongly affect our self-concept c.important people in politics d.all of the people we know on a first name basis 16) When an aspect of the actual self is the opposite of an aspect of the ideal self, it is called a.self comparison b.self discrepancy c.self esteem d.self doubt

Chapter 4: Social Cognition 1) A schema that describes the personality of others is a a. person schema b. self-schema c. group schema d. role schema 2) A schema regarding the members of a social category is a a. person schema b. self-schema c. group schema d. role schema 3) Heuristics exert a strong influence on our thinking in large measure because ________. a. they rely on our internal personal biases and unknown prejudices b. they are effortful processes that require an expenditure of mental energy c. they activate critical brain structures such as the amygdala d. they allow us to process more information than would otherwise be considered e. they reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments and decisions 4) Amanda has lost some money she needs for next semester's tuition. While betting on red, the roulette wheel has come up with five blacks in a row. To try to get her money back, Amanda is now doubling up her bet each time on red, believing that red will come up soon. She bases her belief on the (roughly) 50/50 odds of red and black occurring over a large number of spins of the wheel. Amanda's strategy appears to be based on ________. a. the representativeness heuristic b. the advice of a successful gambler c. a magical thinking perspective d. the availability heuristic e. the anchoring and adjustment heuristic 5) Suppose you are telling your friend about a woman you just met. You tell your friend that this person seemed very compassionate and was interested in helping others; however, you couldn't recall whether she said she was a nurse or a businesswoman. On the basis of the ________ heuristic, your friend would probably think that she is a ________. a. availability; nurse b. availability; businesswoman c. representativeness; nurse d. representativeness; businesswoman e. priming; businesswoman 6) Blair often eats at Herby's Fried Snacks, a restaurant located in a brick building, despite the fact that her eating there has resulted in bad indigestion several times. She avoids the well-respected Korean restaurant, because the Korean restaurant is in a brick building. Blair's eating habits are probably being guided by ________. a. the availability heuristic b. an anti-Korean prejudice c. the anchoring and adjustment heuristic d. an addiction to fried snacks e. the representativeness heuristic 7) The tendency to use a particular number or value as a starting point to which changes are made is known as ________. a. the rating and sliding heuristic b. the anchoring and adjustment heuristic c. the representativeness heuristic d. the priming heuristic e. the availability heuristic

8) The automatic processing of social information involves ________. a. a relatively quick, effortless way of reaching conclusions b. combining affective state with schemas and cognitions c. encoding of new social information for later retrieval d. information overload and counterfactual thinking e. effortful cognitions, heuristics, and inferences 9) Despite the fact that Lance has had to overcome many obstacles in his life and that things don't always turn out the way he wants them to, Lance still thinks that his future is very bright and that things will turn out for the best in the long run. This is an example of ________. a. counterfactual thinking b. the negativity bias c. the optimistic bias d. the narrative mode of thought e. automatic priming 10) Andrew saw a TV commercial for a new video game that he had been wanting. The game was on sale for 50% off, but the store was set to close in two hours. Andrew was fifteen minutes late getting to the store and missed the sale. To ease his distress about missing the sale, Andrew reasoned that he never really had a chance to get to the store before it closed because traffic was too heavy, even though he could have taken a different, quicker route. This is an example of ________. a. affective shifting b. contra-affective cognition c. affective heuristics d. wishful thinking e. counterfactual thinking 11) Efforts to prevent certain thoughts from entering conscious awareness are known as ________. a. thought suppression b. counterfactual thinking c. thought monitoring processes d. the rebound effect e. high reactance 12) When people engage in magical thinking, they tend to ________. a. resist suggestions to suppress unwanted thoughts b. experience mood congruence effects very strongly c. overuse the representativeness heuristic d. make compelling assumptions that are not rational e. create or notice self-fulfilling prophecies

Chapter 5: Social Perception 1. Neil meets Lora and learns that she is a hard worker. Later many people tell him that she is lazy, but he still thinks she is a hard worker. This illustrates the a.primacy effect b.principle of covariation c.recency effect d.fundamental attribution error 2. The process by which we link behaviors to their causes is referred to as a.categorization b.schemas c.attribution d.social perception 3. Ali feels his acing his math exam is due to an internal locus of control and a stable feature of mathematics. What will he attribute his success to? a.ability b.task difficulty c.effort d.luck 4. The tendency to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes is the a.actor-observer bias b.fundamental attribution error c.focus of attention bias d.motivational bias error 5. Jen and all of her friends are afraid of her neighbor's dog. However, Jen is not afraid of any other dog. The attribution that follows from this information is ________. a. a mixed one (Jen's behavior stems from internal and external causes) b. a specific one c. unable to be determined based on the information given d. an external one (about the dog) e. an internal one (about Jen) 6. Your grocery cart is filled with beer, wine, vegetables, hamburger, buns, candy, popcorn, chocolate chip cookies, and ice cream. You attribute these items to the fact that you are having the neighbors over for dinner. The neighbor sees this as the actors normal eating patterns. This is called ___________________. 7. Abbie noticed that Kayla spends time talking to almost everyone she meets at work, and believes that this is because Kayla is a friendly, outgoing person. In fact, Kayla is rather shy and withdrawn most of the time, but her job at a local bank requires that she talk with most of the bank's customers periodically. Abbie's perception of Kayla is mistaken because of ________. a. a discounting error b. the correspondence bias c. her perceptual salience d. impression formation errors 8. Mary sees Greta trip while walking down an outside flight of steps, and thinks to herself, "What a clumsy person!" Five minutes later, though, Mary trips on the same flight of steps, and says to an onlooker, "It's very icy today!" This is an illustration of the ________. a. actor-observer effect b. self-serving bias effect c. blame avoidance principle d. categorization principle

9. Jeremy has always been a very fluent speaker and speech-writer. For his college English class Jeremy was recently required to write and deliver a speech in support of capital punishment. Although Jeremy is strongly opposed to the death penalty, he wrote and delivered a very powerful speech in support of the death penalty. As a result, his professor and several students now believe Jeremy actually supports the death penalty. Why might this be the case? a.The professor and students must have been persuaded to support capital punishment by Jeremys speech. b. The professor and students implicitly believe that only someone who really hold a particular opinion can persuasively write or speak about it. c. The professor and students themselves must strongly support capital punishment and see Jeremy as a potential ally in their beliefs. d. The theory of correspondent inference suggests that most people will accept Jeremy's position as his own if certain conditions are not met. 10. We often fall prey to correspondence bias because a. the actor's situation is invisible to us, while the actor's behavior is obvious. b. although there are taxonomies of people, there are no taxonomies of situations. c. understanding current behavior is of no help in predicting future behavior. d. we seldom if ever have consensus information. 11. Both the fundamental attribution error and the actor/observer difference are due in large part to a. heuristic cues. b. the false consensus effect. c. perceptual salience. d. schematic interference.