1

- ^--'-

^--- --V
.
I ( =\,===
1 ( =,_.
-,\'.\ -,='=\ ,.
, ',\ =. -==== .=. _\= _.=. ( ) _=.
_\, '=
1 ( -====\ _.=. -\ =. _,= ,= =.= _\= , i
_=,
2
1 i =
2 ( =.= > z _= >= _\= .,= -,=, ,.>,
z a ib = + _= ab
3 ( ===\ -= _..=. _'.\\ ,=\ _==\ _.\==, .=
_ ,=\ _==\ _.,\== .',='=\ _. '=,\

=\=>>=
('
{ }
2
/ 1 z a ib ab i = = + =
(' _= =.= > -,.=\ ..=. -==== _==. _==,
_.= ..=
(' _>,\ z a ib = + _= _= ba _=
..=\\ _,=\ >=\ _==. -,'.>\ .= z
..=\ a _,=\ .=\ _==, z ,.>. ( ) R z a =
..=\ b _\,=.\ .=\ _==, z ,.>. ( ) Im z b =
_'> .; 0 b = _, z a =
_'> .; 0 a = _, z ib = . z = _\,=. z i
-\.=l
(' 2 3 z i = '.,.\ ( ) 2 R z = ( ) Im 3 z =
(' 4 z i = ( ) 0 R z = ( ) Im 4 z =
'.,.\ z i
2 ( _ _\=>\! .=!
a ( ,,.s= ,..= \=.
_>,\ z a ib = + z a ib = + _=
_' '=, .,= -,=, ,.>, _.= ..= > _\= _,=\ -\>=
_, z z a a b b = = =
'.,.\
0 0 0
z a ib
i
= +

= +

_= 0 0 0 z a b = = =
-,\>
_>,\ b a ba
_= '.,.\
(' a ib a ib a a b b + = + = = _.=, .=
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) Im Im
R z R z
z z
z z
=

=

=

(' 0 0 0 a ib a b + = = =
_.=, .=
( )
( )
0
0
Im 0
R z
z
z
=

=

=

b ( -,., ( ) , , +
(' _ _\.',. _=,==. _==\
' ( = .,'== =.= ,, _==\ 0 0 0 z z z + = + =
(' =.= > z _= , -\ =. >,'= ,, z
( ) ( ) 0 z z z z + = + =
(' '.\, -,'=\ .',='=\ _=\. ( ) , + -,\.',. =
(' _ _\.',. _=,==. ,=\
(' _==\\ -,=.\', _=,. ,=\ ( ) z z z zz zz + = +
'.\, -,'=\ .',='=\ _=\.
( ) , , + -,\.',. -\=
(' ..=\ 1 .=\ = _ .,'==\ = ,=\\ -,=.\',
(' _= =.= >
*
, -\ =. ',\= ,,
1
z
'
1
z

1 1
1 z z
z z
= =
,'=\ .',='=\ > _=\. '.\, - ( ) , , + ,==
_\.',.
-,\> ( ) , , + _\.',. ,==
c ( _ __\! _=\!
_>,\ z a ib = + z a ib = + _= _= , , , a b a b
(' '.,.\ ( ) ( ) z z a ib a ib + = + + +

( )
a ib a ib
a a ib ib
a a i b b
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +

(' '.,.\ ( )( ) zz a ib a ib = + +

( ) ( )
aa ib a iba bb
aa bb i b a ba
= + +
= + +

-,\>
_>,\ b a ba _= '.,.\
(' ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a ib a ib a a i b b + + + = + + +
(' ( )( ) ( ) ( ) a ib a ib aa bb i ab ba + + = + +

d ( .s= ..= _\s= ,\s=
(' _>,\ z a ib = + _=
_= .=,.\ z .,=, 0 z z + =
_=. z a ib = +
'.,.\
( ) ( ) 0 0
0
0
z z a a i b b
a a a a
b b b b
+ = + + + =
+ = =


+ = =


_.; ( ) z a i b = +
_.; ,'= z a ib = + = ( ) z a i b = +
(' _>,\ z a ib = + _=
*

_= .=,.\ z .,=, 1 zz =
_=. z a ib = +
'.,.\
( ) ( ) 1 1
1
0
zz aa bb i ab ba
aa bb
ba b a
= + + =
=

+ =

2 2
a b
a b
b a

= = +
'.,.\
*
z _.; 0 a '
2
0 b
_.;
2
0 a '
2
0 b _.; 0
2
*
1 1
0 0
a
b
b a
a b
a b

= = = =
_.;
2 2 2 2
;
b a
b a
a b a b

= =
+ +

_.;
2 2 2 2
a b
z i
a b a b

= +
+ +

_.; ,\= z a ib = + =
2 2 2 2
1 a b
i
z a b a b

= +
+ +

-=>>=
= ..= ,\= _\= ==\\ ',\== _\, '= _,., _.
( )( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 a ib a ib
z a ib a ib a ib
a ib
a ib a b
i
a b a b a b

= = =
+ +

= =
+ + +

e ( -=\= =\s,\=.=
_ ',=. _.\ -=',\ .','=.=\ _,== _ -=,== _,.
(f ..=\ _ i
'.,.\
3 2 2
. 1 i i i i i = = =

4 2 2
5 4
. 1
.
i i i
i i i i
= =
= =

_>,\
*
n
(' _'> .; 4 n k =
( )
4 4
1
k
n k
i i i = = =
(' _'> .; 4 1 n k = +
4 1 4
.
n k k
i i i i i
+
= = =
(' _'> .; 4 2 n k = +
4 2 4 2
. 1
n k k
i i i i
+
= = =
(' _'> .; 4 3 n k = +
4 3 4 3
.
n k k
i i i i i
+
= = =
_.;
1; 4
; 4 1
1; 4 2
; 4 3
n
n k
i n k
i
n k
i n k
=

= +

=

= +

= +

_s,,=. ,_=.
(' ,'==
( )
( )
50
100 2
50
2 50
50 4 12 2
12
4 2
1 1
2 2
1
2
2 2
1
i i
z
i
i
i i
i i
+
| |
+ + | | | |
= = |
| |
|
\ \
\
| |
+
| |
| = = = =
|
|
\
\
= =

-=>>=
100 100
1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
i i
i i i i

+ | | | |
=
| |
\ \
+ +


n n
u v u v u v = = =
II ( .s= ..= _!_=
1 ( =,_.
_>,\ z a ib = + _= _= a b _=
..=\ _= _==. z , -\ =. _.\ ..=\ z _\, '=, ==\
z a ib =

-\.=l
(' 2 4 2 4 z i z i = + =
(' 1 1 z i z i = + =
(' 2 4 2 4 z i z i = =
(' 5 5 z z = =
(' 2 2 z i z i = =
2 ( =\,\>
1 - _>,\ z a ib = + _= _= a b _=
(' z a ib =
2 0 2 0 0
z z a ib a ib
ib b b
z a
z
= + =
= = =
=


(' '.,.\
2 0
0
z z a ib a ib
a
a
z ib
z i
= =
=
=
=


_.; z z z =
z z z i =

2 ( ; z z z z z z = = =

3 ( _>,\ z a ib = + z a ib = + _=
'.,.\ ( ) ( ) z z a a i b b + = + + +
_.;
( ) ( ) z z a a i b b
a ib a ib
z z
+ = + +
= +
= +

_.; z z z z + = +

1 2 1 2
.... ....
n n
z z z z z z + + + = + + +

4 ( _>,\ z x iy = + _= _= yx _=
'.,.\ z x iy =

( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 Im
.
z z x R z
z z iy i z
z z x y
+ = =
= =
= +

5 ( _>,\ z a ib z a ib = + = + _= _= , , , b a b a _=
'.,.\
( ) ( ) . z z aa bb i ab ba = + +
_.; ( ) ( ) zz aa bb i ab ba = +
'.,.\

( )( )
( ) ( )
. z z a ib a ib
aa ib a iba bb
aa bb i ab ba
=
=
= +

_.; . . z z z z =
3
_.;
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
. .
. ...... . ......
n n
n
n
z z z z
z z z z z z
z z n
=
=
=

6 ( _>,\ z z _= .,=, 0 z
'.,.\ .
z
z z
z
=

_.; .
z
z z
z
=

_.=, .
z
z z
z
| |
=
|

\

_.;
z z
z z
| |
=
|

\


1 1
z z
z z
z z
| |
=
|

\
| |
=
|

\

7 ( -,..=\ ,.=.
( )
1
1 1 0
....
n n
n n
P z a z a z a z a

= + + + +
==\ .,= .>='
i
a -,,= ( ) a
_' _.. -\.'==\\ = ( ) ( ) 0 p z =
_' _,,.\ -\.'==\\ = ( ) 0 P z = _.=, ( ) 0 P =
.,.\ ' = ( ) 0 P z = _.=, ( ) 0 P =
_.=,
1
1 1 0
... 0
n n
n n
a a a a

+ + + + =
_.=,
1
1 1 0
... 0
n n
n n
a a a a

+ + + + =
_.=,
1
1 0
1
... 0
n n
n n
a a a a

+ + + + =
'.,.\
i
a _.; i
i
a a =
-.=
1
1 1 0
... 0
n n
n n
a a a a

+ + + + =
_.=,
( )
0 P =
_.; -\.'==\\ = ( ) 0 P z =
-,\>
_>.\ ( ) P z -,,= ',.>='== -,..=
_'> .; >= -\.'==\\ ( ) 0 P z = _, = ( ) 0 P z =
=. \ ,s,,=. ,_ -
,_=. 1
_,..=\ ,.=.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 , 2 2
n n n n
u a i a i v a i a i = + + = +
.,= a
' _' _,, u _,= v = _\,=.
'.,.\ ( ) ( ) 2 2
n n
u a i a i = + +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
n n
n n
n n
a i a i
a i a i
a i a i a
u
= + +
= + +
= + +
=

u u = _.; u
_=' -,=
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
n n
n
n
n
n n
u a i a i
a i a i
a i a i R a i
= + +
= + + +
= + + + = +

_.; u
'.,.\ ( ) ( ) 2 2
n n
v a i a i = +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
n n
n n
a i a i
a i a i v
= +
= + =

v v = _.; v i
-,= ) 2 (
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 Im 2
n n
n
n
n
n n
v a i a i
a i a i
a i a i i a i
= +
= + +
= + + = +

_.; v i
,_=. 2
_ = -,\'.\ ...'==\
(1 (1 ) 2 1 3 i z iz i z i + + =
(2 (1 ) (2 1) 1 3 i z i z i z i + + + =
(3 (2 1) 2 1 izz i z i i + + = +
III - _\,= ..= .s= dun complexe Module
1 - =,_.
_>,\ z a ib = + _= _= ba _=
=. ..=\ ',== _= z , -\ =. _.\ ,==\ _,=\ ..=\ z
_\, '=, ==\
2 2
. z z z a b = = +
-\.=l
(' 2 : 1 z z i = =
(' 5 : 3 4 z z i = = +
(' 4 : 4 z z = =
(' 3 : 3 z z = =
(' 5 : 5 z z i = =
=\=>>=
(' ( ) z z
+

(' _'> .; z a = -\== -=,
2 2
0 z a a = + =
',==
(' _'> .; ( ) b z ib =
2
z b b = =
(' _>,\ z x iy = + _= y x _=

2
2 2
. z z z x y = = +
('
2
2
z z _.
2
z
2
z
+

(' _>,\ z z _= .,=, 0 z
'.,.\
2
z zz zz
z z z z

= =





4
\.=

( )( )
( )( )
2
2 2
a ib c id
a ib
c id
c id
a ib c id
c d
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
+

2 ( =\,\>
1 - _>,\ z a ib = + _=
'.,.\
2 2 2
2 2 2
a a b
b a b
+

_.;
2 2
2 2
a a b
b a b
+
+

_.;
2 2
2 2
a a a b
b b a b
+
+

-,\>

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) Im Im
R z R z z
z z z




2 - _>,\ z a ib = + _=
2
2 2 2 2
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
z z
a b a b
a b
= =
+ = = =
= =

-,\> ( ) 0 0 z z z = =
3 - _>,\ z z _=

( )
2
2 2
2
. . .
. . . .
.
zz zz zz zz z z
z z z z z z
z z
= =
= =
=

_.; . zz z z =
-,\>

( )
1 1
. .
n n
i i
i i
n
n
z z z z
z z
z z n
= =
=
=
=

4 - _>,\ z z _= .,=, 0 z

2
2
2
.
z z z
z z z
z
z z zz
z z z z
z
| || |
=
| |

\ \
= = =



_.;
z
z
z z
=


-,\> z z _= .,=, 0 z

1 1
z z
=


z
z
z z
=



5 - _>,\ z z _=
_' _,,.\ z z z z + +
'.,.\

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
.
.
z z z z z z
z z z z
zz zz z z z z
z zz z z z
+ = + +
= + +
= + + +
= + + +

_' _,,.\ 2 zz z z z z +
'.,.\ ( ) 2 zz z z zz zz R zz + = + =
_' ,\=. ( ) R zz zz
_.=, ( ) 2 2 R zz zz
2 zz z z z z +

2 2 2 2
2 z z zz z z z z z z + + + + +
_.;
( )
2 2
z z z z + +
-,\> z z z z + +
,_\=. s,,=. -,
,_=. 1 ..=\ ',== ,==' z -,\'.\ ..'=\ _


(' ( )
100
3 1 3
1
2 2
z i i
| |
= +
|
|
\

'.,.\

( )
( )
100
3
100
3
100
3
2
100
1 3
1
2 2
1 3
1
2 2
1 3
1 3
2 2
3 .1 2 2
z i i
i i
i
| |
= +
|
|
\
| |
= +
|
|
\
= +
= =

('
( )
2
2 2
2 2
3 4
n
i i
z
i
| |
+
|
|
\
=

( )
2
2 2
2 2
3 4
1 .1 1
25 25
n
n
i i
z
i
| |
+
|
|
\
=

= =

,_=. 2 _>,\
2
i
z


`
)

..=\ ,.=.
2
2
z i
u
z i
+
=
+

_' _,, 1 1 u z = =






5
'.,.\
( )( ) ( )( )
2
2
1 1
. 1
2 2
. 1
2 2
2 2
. 1
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 4 4 2 2 1
3 3
1
1
1
u u
u u
z i z i
z i z i
z i z i
z i z i
z i z i z i z i
zz iz iz zz iz iz
zz
zz
z
z
= =
=
+ +
=
+ +
+
=
+
+ = +
+ = + +
=
=
=
=

IV - .s= ..\ _=..\! ,.=.\!
, _\; ,=.= _.==\ _' _\, '= > _ _.. , , , ( )
1 2
, , o e e


1 - -=s. _>\ affixe dun point
a ( =,_.
(' -=. >\ ( ) , M a b .=\ . z a ib = + -=.\ _=\ _==, M
,.>. ( ) aff M z =
(' >\ z a ib = + _= -=.\ ( ) , M a b = _==. z _
=\ _.==\ _. ,.>. ( ) M z
-\.=l
(' ..=\ = 1 i + _= ( ) 1,1 A
(' ..=\ = 1 2i _= ( ) 1, 2 B
(' ..=\ = 2 _= ( ) 2, 0 C
(' ..=\ = 2 _= ( ) 2, 0 D
(' ..=\ = 2i _= ( ) 0, 2 E
(' ..=\ = 3i _= ( ) 0, 3 F
-=>>=
_.==\ ( ) P , _\; ,=.= ( )
1 2
, , o e e

_.= _.== _==,
== _==, -,,=\ ..=. = _= _>= ,='. ==
_,=
_==, = -,\,=.\ ..=. = _= _>= ,,.. ==
_\,=. ==

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
2
,
,
M o e aff M
M o e aff M i

b ( =\,\>
1 - _,,=.\ : f P ,'.
( ) z M z
( ) ( ) aff M aff M M M = =
2 - _>.\ ( ) M z _= z a ib = +
'.,.\ z a ib = _.; ( ) M z -\.'== _= ( ) M z ==\ -,=.\',
,='.
'.,.\ z a ib = _.; ( ) M z -\.'== _= ( ) M z -,=.\',
,\==\ =.

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
,
0
o e
M S M aff M aff M
M S M qff M aff M
= =
= =

3 - _>.\ M ',=\ ( ) , M a b z a ib = +
'.,.\
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
0 0 OM a b
a b z
= +
= + =

-,\>
>\ M _= P ( ) OM aff M =

-,s,,=. ,_\=.
1 - -=.\ ,.=. ( ) 3 4 A i + _' _,, A ..\ _\; _=... ( )
'=>= _.\ o ',='== 5
'.,.\
( ) 3 4
9 16 5
OA aff A i = = +
= + =

_.; ( ) A
2 - -====\ ,.=. ( ) { }
/ 2 5 E M z z = =
-=,,= ..= E ,==\ '=='.=

( ) 2 5
5
2
5
2
5
0,
2
M z E z
z
OM
M
=
=
=
| |

|
\

_.; E ..\ _= ( ) '=>= _.\ o ',='==
5
2

-,= ) 2 (
== ..=.\ -,.'>,. -\.' E
_=. z x iy = + _.;

( )
2
2 2
2 5
5
2
25
4
25
4
M z E z
z
z
x y
=
=
=
+ =

'=>= .. -\.'== .= o ',='==
25 5
4 2
=
_.; E _\=
5
,
2
o
| |
|
\

2 ( -.= _>\
a ( =,_.
-,=.= >\ ( ) , u a b

..=\ z a ib = + -,=.=\ _=\ _==, u

,.>. ( ) aff u z =

>\ z a ib = + -,=.=\ ( ) , u a b

= _==. ..=\ z _
_,=.=\ _.==\
2
v ,.>. ( ) u z

6
b ( =\,\>
1 - _,,=.\
2
: f V ,'.
( ) z u z



( ) ( )
( ) ( )
u v aff u aff v
z z u z v z
= =
= =



2 - _>.\ ( ) u z

( ) v z

_= z a ib = + z a ib = +
'.,.\ ( ) , u a b

( ) , v a b

_.; ( ) , u v a a b b + + +


_.;
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
aff u v a a i b b
a ib a ib
z z aff u aff v
+ = + + +
= + + +
= + = +



_>,\ ( ) , : u a b

( ) ( )
( )
aff u a ib a ib z
aff u

= + = + =
=

-,\>
_>.\ vu

_=
2
V _=
'.,.\ ( ) ( ) ( ) aff u v aff u aff v + = +



( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
aff u aff u
aff u v aff u aff v


=
+ = +




3 - _>.\ ( ) u z

_= ( ) , u a b z a ib = +

'.,.\ ( )
2 2
u a b z aff u = + = =


>\ u

_=
2
V '.,.\ ( ) u aff u =


4 - _>.\ ( ) ( ) M z M z _= ( ) , : M a b z a ib = +
( ) , : M a b z a ib = +

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
, MM a a b b
aff MM a a i b b
a ib a ib z z aff M aff M

= +
= + + = =

'.,.\
( )
( ) ( )
MM MM aff MM
aff M aff M
= =
=


-,\>
>\ M M _= P

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
aff MM aff M aff M
MM aff M aff M
=
=

-,s,,=. ,_\=.
,_=. 1 =.\ ,.=. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ; 3 ; 1 2 ; D C i B i A i + +
_' _,, ABCD _>=' _.=
_' _,,.\ AB DC =


'.,.\
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1
3 2 1
aff AB aff B aff A
i i i
aff DC aff C aff D
i i
=
= + = +
=
= + = +

_.;
( ) ( )
aff AB aff DC =


-.= AB DC =


_\'.\', ABCD _>=. _.=
,_=. 2
=.\ ,.=.
( ) ( ) ( ) ; ; 1 C j B j A _=
1 3
2 2
j i = +
_' _,, ABC .= _'= _>='
'.,.\ ( ) ( ) AB aff B aff A =
2
2
1 3 3 3
1
2 2 2 2
3 3
3
2 2
i i = + = +
| |
| |
= + =
|
|
|
\
\

( ) ( )
2
2
1 3
1
2 2
3 3 3 3
3
2 2 2 2
AC aff C aff A i
i
= =
| |
| |
= = + =
|
|
|
\
\

( ) ( )
2
1 3 1 3
2 2 2 2
3 3
2 4 3
2 2
BC aff C aff B i i
i
= = +
| |
= = =
|
|
\

_.; AB BC AC = =
-.= ABC _>=. _'=.=
5 - _>,\
1
z -.= _.= ..=
1
A
_>,\
2
z -.= _.= ..=
2
A
= ..=.\
1 2
z z +
'.,.\
( ) ( )
( )
1 2 1 2
1 2
z z aff OA aff OA
aff OA OA
+ = +
= +



_>.\ A .,=, -=.\
1 2
OA OA OA = +


)
1 2
OA AA _>=' _.= (
_.;
( ) ( )
1 2
z z aff OA aff A + = =

-,\>
_'> .;
1
z -=.\ _=\
1
A
2
z _=\
2
A _,
2 1
z z + _=\ =
-=.\ A .,=,
1 2
OA OA OA = +

_'
1 2
OA AA _>=' _.=
6 - _>,\ z -.= _.= ..= A _>,\
- = ..=.\ z
'.,.\
( )
( )
z aff OA
aff OA

=
=

_>.\ A .,=, -=. OA OA =


'.,.\
( ) ( ) z aff OA aff A = =

-,\>
_'> .; z -=.\ _=\ M _, _,= ..= z _=\ = M
.,=, OM OM =





7
c ( =\s,,=.
1 - =..,\ ,'.\ _,,=.\\ _ ( ) a z z a +
_,,=.\ ,.=.

( ) ( )
:
/
f P P
M z M z z z a

= +
_= a
-=,,= ..=.\ f
_>.\ ( ) M z _= -=. P ( ) M z ',.=
'.,.\ z z a = +
'.,.\
( )
( ) ( ) aff MM aff M aff M
z a z a
=
= + =

_>.\ u

',=\ a
_.;
( ) ( ) aff MM aff u =

_.=, MM u =

_.; f ',.,=.= -=; ( ) u a

-,\>
_>,\ a _,,=.\ : f P P
( ) ( ) / M z M z z z a = +
-=; ',.,=.= u

',=\ _.\ a

2 - -= =..= _>\
_>.\ I =..= [ ] AB _.=, I _== ( )( ) { }
,1 ,1 A B
'.,.\
( )
1
2
OI OA OB = +


_.; ( )
( ) ( )
1
2
aff I aff OI aff OA OB
| |
= = +
|
\



( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
aff OA aff OB = +


_.; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
aff I aff A aff B = +
> -,\
_'> .; I =..= [ ] AB _,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
aff I aff A aff B = +
-=>>=
_'> .; G _== ( )( ) { }
, , B A
_, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
aff G aff A aff B

= +
+

3 - =s. =>. -,=\s.=! =_=
_>.\ CBA ','=\' , ,
C B A
z z z .,=, A B
( ): AC AB =

) CBA -=,.== (
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
:
:
:
C A B A
C A
B A
C A
B A
aff AC aff AB
z z z z
z z
z z
z z
z z



=
=

-,\>
_>.\ A B C 3 =. ','=\' , ,
C B A
z z z .,=, A B
=.\ _>. A B C _'> .; = .; -=,.==

C A
B A
z z
z z

.
_s,,=. ,_=.
=.\ ,.=. ( ) ( ) ( ) , , M iz M z A i .,= z
= =.\ -==== .. M _= _>. _.\ ' ',\= A M ' M
-,=,.==
V - .=\! :=\! ,..= _,= .s= ..\ _.\
1 ( ,..= _,= .s= ..= i.==
=,_.
_>,\
*
z M ..=\ = z
-,==\ -,\\ _', >
( ) 1
, e OM

.== _==, ..=\\ z
-=>>=
_'> .; -,\\ '=',
( ) 1
, e OM

>= _\= ..= > _,

( ) 2 k k + _', =
( ) 1
, e OM

_.; _'> .; .== z ..= > _, >= _\= 2k + =
.== z
,.>. ( ) arg 2 z k = + ' ( ) [ ] arg 2 z =
-\.=l
..=. _= >\ .== ..= 1 3 ;1 ;1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 3; 2 i i i i i + +
_>.\ , , , , , , G F E D C B A _\= ..=. .,\ = _\.\
'.,.\
( )
( )
[ ] [ ]
( )
( )
[ ] [ ]
( )
( )
[ ] [ ]
( )
( )
[ ] [ ]
( )
( )
[ ] [ ]
( )
( )
[ ] [ ]
( )
( )
[ ] [ ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
*arg 2 , 2 0 2
*arg 3 , 2 2
*arg 3 , 2 2
2
*arg 2 , 2 2
2
*arg 1 , 2 2
4
*arg 1 , 2 2
4
*arg 1 3 , 2 2
e OA
e OB
i e OC
i e OD
i e OE
i e OF
i e OG

+

+

.,= tan 3 =









8
-=>>=

( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( )
*
*
*
*
arg 0 2 (*
arg 2 (*
arg 2 (*
2
arg 2 (*
2
arg (*
arg (*
2
z z
z z
z i z
z i z
z z k k
z z k

2 ( ,..= _,= .s= ..\ _.\.=\! :=\!
. _ =,
_>,\ z _>.\ -..== r ',== z r =
( ) [ ] arg 2 z
_>.\ M = z
'.,.\ ( ) OM aff M z r = = =
.',..=' '.,.\ M
( ) cos , sin M r r
_.; ( ) cos sin aff M r ir = +
( ) aff M z =
_.; ( ) cos sin z r i = +
=,_. -,\>
,.=.= ,= _.= ..= > z _\= .,= -,=, ,.>,
>= ( ) cos sin z r i = + .,= z r = ( )[ ] arg 2 z
\ _.\.=\ >=\ _==. -,'.>\ .= ..=\ z ,.>. [ ] , z r =
-=>>=
' ( 0 z = _.\.= >= . .== . -\ .=,\
' ( _'> .; [ ] , z r = M = z _, ( ) , r _ _==,
-,,=\ .',..=. M
' ( [ ] [ ]
[ ]
, ,
2
r r
r r

=
=

_.=,
( ) ( )[ ] arg arg 2
z z
z z
z z
=

=

=

' ( _>,\ z a ib = + _=
*
_.\.=\ _ _\= ==\\ z '= _,..
_\,
2 2
2 2 2 2
a b
z a ib a b i
a b a b
| |
= + = + +
|
|
+ + \

'.,.\
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
a b
a b a b
+ =
+ +

.=, _.; .,=,
2 2 2 2
sin cos
b a

a b a b
= =
+ +

_.; ( )
2 2
cos sin z a b i = + +
-,\>
z a ib = + _=
*
_.\.=\ >=\ z = ( ) cos sin z r i = +
.,=
2 2
2 2 2 2
cos sin
a b
r a b
a b a b
= = = +
+ +



-,s,,=. ,_\=.
,_=. 1
..=>\ _.\.=\ >=\ ..= -,\'.\
(' 5 z = '.,.\ ( ) [ ] arg 0 2 5 z z =
_.; [ ] 5, 0 z =
(' 3 z =
( ) [ ] arg 2 , 3 z z = _.; [ ] 3, z =
(' 2 z i =
( ) [ ] arg 2 , 2
2
z z

= _.; 2,
2
z
(
=
(


(' 3 z i =
( ) [ ] arg 2 ; 3
2
z z

= _.; 3,
2
z
(
=
(


(' 1 3 z i = +
2 z =

1 3
1 3
2
2 2
2 cos sin
3 3
2,
3
z i
i
i
z

= +
| |
= +
|
|
\
| |
= +
|
\
(
=
(


(' 2 ; 3 z z i = =
'.,.\
3 1
2
2 2
z i
| |
=
|
|
\


2 cos sin
6 6
2 cos sin
6 6
i
i


| |
=
|
\
| |
= +
|
\

2,
6
z
(
=
(


(' 2 6 z i = +


2 6
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 3
2 2 2 2 cos sin
2 2 3 3
2 2 cos sin
3 3
2
2 2,
3
z i
i i
i
z

| |

= +
|
|
\
| |
| |
= + = +
|
|
|
\
\
| | | | | |
= +
| | |
\ \ \
(
=
(










9
(' 2 2 6 2 z z i = =
6 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
3 1
2 2
2 2
2 2 cos sin
6 6
2 2 cos sin
6 6
z i
i
i
i



| |

=
|
|
\
| |

=
|
|
\
| |
=
|
\
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ \ \

_.;
7
2 2,
6
z
(
=
(


(' sin cos z i = + .,=
'.,.\ 1 z =

sin cos
cos sin
2 2
1,
2
z i
i
z

= +
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \
(
=
(


(' sin cos z i = '.,.\ 1 z =

sin cos
cos sin
2 2
cos sin
2 2
3 3
cos sin
2 2
z i
i
i
i







=
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ \
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

_.;
3
1,
2
z

(
=
(


(' ( ) cos sin z a i = + _=
*
, a
'.,.\ z a =
_'> .; 0 a _, z a =
'.,.\ ( ) cos sin z a i = +
_.; [ ] , z a =
_'> .; 0 a _, z a =

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
z a i
a i
a i



= +
=
= + + +

_.; [ ] , z a = +
-=>>=
_'> .; ( ) cos sin z a i = + _= 0 a _, [ ] , z a =
,_=. 2
1 cos sin z i = + + _= [ ] 0, 2
== ..= .== ', z

2
1 cos sin
2cos 2 sin cos
2 2 2
2cos cos sin
2 2 2
z i
i
i



= + +
= +
| |
= +
|
\

'.,.\ 2cos
2
z

=
- '=; _..\ cos
2

_ [ ] 0, 2
cos 0 cos cos
2 2 2
2 2
2
k
k

= =
= +
= +

'.,.\ [ ] 0, 2 _.; =
- _'> .; [ [ 0, _, cos 0
2

_.; 2cos
2
z

=
_.; 2cos cos sin
2 2 2
z i
| |
= +
|
\

-.= 2cos ,
2 2
z
(
=
(


( ) [ ] 2cos arg 2
2 2
z z

=
- _'> .; ] ] , 2 _, cos 0
2

_.; 2cos
2
z

=

2cos cos sin
2 2 2
2cos cos sin
2 2 2
2cos cos sin
2 2 2
2cos ,
2 2
z i
i
i
z

| |
= +
|
\
| |
=
|
\
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ \ \
(
= +
(


_.; ( ) [ ] arg 2
2
z


| |
+
|
\
2cos
2
z

=
- _'> .; = _, 0 z = _.=, 0 z =
_.; z .== -\ _,\
3 ( ..\! i.== z z
_>,\ [ ] , z r =
' '.,.\ ( ) , cos sin z r r i
(
= = +



( )
( ) ( ) ( )
cos sin
cos sin
r i
r i


=
= +

_.; [ ] , z r


( ) [ ]
( )[ ]
arg 2
2
z
ar z

=
=

' '.,.\ ( ) cos sin z r i = +

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
cos sin
cos sin
r i
r i


=
= + + +

[ ] , z r = +
( ) ( ) [ ] arg arg 2 z z = +
-,\>
(' ( ) ( )[ ] [ ] arg arg 2 ; , , z z r r
(
= =


(' ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ] [ ] arg arg 2 ; , , z z r r = + = +
10
4 ( =\! i.=\! _ =\,\
a ( s!.\!
_>,\ [ ] [ ] , , z r z r = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
cos sin cos sin
cos cos sin sin cos sin sin cos
cos sin
zz r i r i
rr i
rr i



= + +
= + + (

= + + +
_.; [ ] , zz rr = +
( ) ( ) ( )[ ] arg arg arg 2 zz z z = +
-,\>
' ( [ ] [ ] [ ] , , , r r rr = +
' ( ( ) ( ) ( )[ ] arg arg arg 2 zz z z = +
-=>>=
' ( [ ]
1 1 1
, ,
n n n
i i i i
i i i
r r
= = =
(
=
(



' ( ( )[ ]
1 1
arg arg 2
n n
i i
i i
z z
= =
| |
=
|
\


' ( ( ) [ ] , ,
n
n
n r r n ( =


('
( ) ( ) [ ] arg arg 2
n
z n z = ( ) n IN
b ( _\s=\! _>,\ [ ] , z r =
[ ] ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 cos sin
, cos sin 1
1 1 1
cos sin ,
i
r r i r
i
r r z



| |
= =
|
+
\
(
= + = =
(


( )[ ]
1
arg arg 2 z
z

| |

|
\

-,\>
('
[ ]
1 1
,
, r r

(
=
(


(' ( )[ ]
1
arg arg 2 z
z

| |

|
\

-=>>= ( ) n
[ ]
[ ]
1 1 1
, ,
, ,
n
n n n
r n
r r n r


(
= = =
(
(


_.; [ ] , ,
n
n
r r n

( =



( ) ( )[ ] arg arg 2
n
z n z

_.; ( ) [ ] , ,
n
n
n r r n ( =



( ) ( )[ ] arg arg 2
n
z n z
c ( y_\>\!
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
,
1
,
, ,
1
, . , ,
r
r
r r
r
r
r r

=

( (
= =
( (




[ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )[ ]
1
arg arg 2
1
arg arg 2
arg arg 2
z
z
z z
z
z
z z

| | | |

| |

\ \
| |
+
|

\


-,\>

[ ]
[ ]
( ) ( )[ ]
,
,
,
arg arg arg 2
r
r
r r
z
z z
z

(
=
(


| |

|

\

-,s,,=. ,_\=.
,_=. 1
_.\.=\ >=\ ..= z -,\'.\ ..'=\ _
( )
( )
( )
4
2
1 3
2
5 3 3
i i
z i
i
+
=

'.,.\ * 2 2,
2
i
(
=
(



2 2
1 2
2 2
2 cos sin
4 4
i i
i

| |
=
|
|
\
| |
= +
|
\

* 1 2,
4
i
(
=
(


3 1
3 2
2 2
2 cos sin
6 6
i i
i

| |
+ = +
|
|
\
| |
= +
|
\

[ ]
* 3 2,
6
* 5 5, 0
1 3
* 3 3 2 3 2 3 cos sin
2 2 3 3
3 3 2 3,
3
i
i i i
i

(
+ =
(

=
| |
| |
= = +
|
|
|
\
\
(
=
(


_.;
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
2
2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 2,
2 4 6 2 6
5, 0 12, 2
5, 0 2 3,
3
3
16,
16 3
,
60 3
60, 2
3
n
z

( ( ( ( (

( ( ( ( (

= =
(
(


(
(


(

(
(
= =
(
(

(


,_=. 2
_>,\
1
2 1
2
, 1 , 1 3
z
z z i z i
z
= = + = +
- _= >\ _.\.=\ >=\ ..=
2 1
z z
11
- g...= sin cos
12 12

'.,.\
1
1 3
1 3 2
2 2
z i i
| |
= + = +
|
|
\

2 cos sin
3 3
i
| |
= +
|
\


1
2
2
1
2
2,
3
2 2
1 2
2 2
2 cos sin
4 4
2,
4
2,
3
2,
12
2,
4
z
z i i
i
z
z
z
z

(
=
(

| |
= + = +
|
|
\
| |
= +
|
\
(
=
(

(
(
(
= = =
(
(
(


(' '.,.\ 2,
12
z
(
=
(


( ) 2 cos sin 1
12 12
z i
| |
= +
|
\

'.,.\
( )
( )
1
2
1 3 1
1 3
1 2
i i
z i
z
z i
+
+
= = =
+


( )
1 3 3 1 3 3 1
2
2 2 2
i i
i z
| |
+ + +
= = + =
|
|
\

_= ) 1 ( ) 2 ( _' g...=.

4 3
2 cos
12 2
3 1
2 sin
12 2

_'
3 1
cos
12 2 2
3 1
sin
12 2 2

+
=

_.=,
6 2
cos
12 4
6 2
sin
12 4

+
=

-=>>=
[ ] [ ]
, , 2 r r k = +
,_=.
..=\ ,.=.
1 3
2 2
z i =
(1 ,=='
2000
z
(2 _,=.\ ..=\ ,, ..= n ',\=' _= _>, _.\
n
z IR
(3 _=,,=\ ..=\ ,, ,== ..= n
n
z
5 ( ,..= -,!_
_>.\ vu

_\.\ _\= '=='=\ _,.=.=.= ,= _,.,=.=
v u
z z


_>.\ BA .,=, _,.=.\ OB v OA u = =



( ) ( ) ( )
u
aff A aff OA aff u z = = =

( ) ( ) ( )
v
aff B aff OB aff v z = = =

'.,.\

( )
( )
[ ]
( ) ( )
[ ]
( ) ( )
[ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]
( ) ( )[ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]
1 1
1 1
, , 2
, , 2
, , 2
arg arg 2
arg arg 2
arg arg 2
v u
u v OA OB
OA e e OB
e OB e OA
aff B aff A
z z
aff v aff u

+













-,\>

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ] , arg arg 2 u v aff v aff u


-,\> =v\>
('
( ) ( ) ( )
( )[ ]
1
, arg arg 1 2 e AB aff AB

( ) ( ) ( )
( )[ ]
arg
arg 2
B A
aff B aff A
z z




( )
( )[ ]
1
, arg 2
B A
e AB z z

('
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ] , arg arg 2 AB CD aff CD aff AB


( ) ( )[ ] arg arg 2
D C B A
z z z z
( )
[ ] , arg 2
D C
B A
z z
AB CD
z z

| |

\


=. \ _s,,=. ,_
,_=. 1
=.\ ,.=. ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
, , C z B z A i .,=
2 1
z z _= _'=,
2 1
1 z iz i = + +
.\.=\ _' _,, ABC _ _,'=\ _'=.= -,\ ,.' A
'.,.\
( )
[ ] , arg 2
C A
B A
z z
AB AC
z z

| |

\


'.,.\

( )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1,
2
C A
B A
z z iz i i
z z z i
iz
z i
i z i
i
z i

+ +
=

+
=

(
= = =
(

-.=
( )[ ] [ ] arg arg 2 2
2
C A
B A
z z
i
z z

| |

|

\

_\'.\',
( )
[ ] , 2
2
AB AC




_.; ABC _ _,'=\ _'=.= -,\ ,.' A
,_=. 2
..= _=. -====\
[ ]
2
( ) / arg( ) 2
3
E M z z i

=
`
)



12
6 ( \.\s,,=. _.!= -,
_>,\ n [ ] [ ] 1, 1,
n
n =
_.=, ( ) ( ) ( ) cos sin cos sin
n
i n i n + = +
-,\>
( )( ) n
( ) ( ) ( ) cos sin cos sin
n
i n i n + = +
=\s,,=.
,'== cos( ) nx sin( ) nx -\.., cos x sin x
- '.,.\ ( ) ( ) cos sin cos sin
n
nx i nx x i x + = +
( ) ( )
0
cos . sin
n
k n k
k
n
k
C x i x

=
=


-.= ( ) ( ) ( )
0
cos cos . sin
n
k n k
k
n
k
nx R C x i x

=
(
=
(

( ) ( ) ( )
0
sin Im cos . sin
n
k n k
k
n
k
nx C x i x

=
(
=
(

\.=
,== cos5x sin5x -\.., cos x sin x
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
5
2
5 4 3
3 4 5
2
5 4 3 2
2 3 4 5
5 3 2 4
4 2
cos5 sin5 cos sin
cos 5cos sin 10cos sin
10cos sin 5cos sin sin
cos 5cos sin 10cos sin
10 cos sin 5cos sin sin
cos 10cos sin 5cos sin
5cos sin 10cos s
x i x x i
x i x x i x
x i x i x i x
x x i x x x
i x x x x i x
x x x x x
i x x x
+ = +
= + +
+ + +
= +
+ +
= +
+
( )
3 5
in sin x x +

.= -

( )
( )
5 3 2 4
4 2 3 5
cos5 cos 10cos sin 5cos sin
sin5 5cos sin 10cos sin sin
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
= +
= +

7 ( .s= ..\ _=v! _,=_.\!
a ( _,=_.\!
..=\\ =. [ ] 1, =\',
i
e

[ ] 1, cos sin
i
e i

= = +
-=>>=
[ ] ( ) , cos sin
i
r r i re

= + =

[ ]
,
i
r re

=

-\.=l

4
2
6
2 2
*) cos sin
4 4 2 2
*) cos sin
2 2
*) cos sin 1
3 1
*) 3 2 2 cos sin 2
2 2 6 6
i
i
i
i
e i i
e i i
e i
i i i e

= + = +
= + =
= + =
| |
| |
+ = + = + =
|
|
|
\
\


b ( =\,\>
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
. (*
(*
1
(*
(*
(*
. (*
i i i
i
i
i
i
i
n
i in
i i
i i i i
e e e
e
e
e
e
e
n e e
e e
e e e e

+
=
=
=
=
=
= =

8 ( ., \ _,\l Euler
_>,\ x ( ) 1 cos sin
ix
e x i x = +
( ) ( ) cos sin
ix
e x i x

= +
( ) 2 cos sin
ix
e x i x

=
_= ( ) ( ) 1 2 + _' g...=.
2cos
ix ix
x e e

= +
_.;
( )
1
cos
2
ix ix
x e e

= +
_= ( ) ( ) 1 2 _' g...=.
2 sin
ix ix
i x e e

=
_.;
( )
1
sin
2
ix ix
x e e
i

=
-,\>

( )
( )
1
cos
2
1
sin
2
ix ix
ix ix
x e e
x e e
i

= +
=

-=>>=

2cos
2 sin
ix ix
ix ix
e e x
e e i x

+ =
=


_,,=. -,.\.= -,..= ='==
-\.., ',.,'.> _.=, cos x sin x
. ,_=
-,..=\ === ( )
3 3
cos sin P x x x =
_' ,\=.
( )
( )
1
cos
2
1
sin
2
ix ix
ix ix
x e e
x e e
i

= +

= +

_.;
13

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
2 2
2
2 2
4 4
5 3 3 5
5 5 3 3
1 1
8 4
1
32
1
32
1
2
32
1
2 2
32
1
2
32
1
2cos
32
ix ix ix ix
ix ix ix ix ix ix
ix ix ix ix
ix ix ix ix
i x ix ix ix ix ix
i x i x ix ix ix ix
P x e e e e
e e e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e e e
e e e e e e






| |
= + +
|
\

= + + +

= + +

= + +

= + + + +

(
= + + + +

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 2cos 3 4cos
1
cos 5 cos 3 2cos
16
x x x
P x x x x
+

= +

-=>>= -,= _,..= _===\ _.\.=\ >=\ _= .=,\
',==\ _. '=,\ _,,.=\
_,= 1

(cos cos ) (sin sin )
2cos( ) cos( ) 2sin( ) cos( )
2 2 2 2
2cos( ) cos( ) sin( )
2 2 2
i i
e e i
i
i




+ = + + +
+ +
= +
+ + (
= +
(


(cos cos ) (sin sin )
2sin( ) sin( ) 2cos( ) sin( )
2 2 2 2
2sin( ) sin( ) cos( )
2 2 2
i i
e e i
i
i




= +
+ +
= +
+ + (
= +
(


-,= 2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
*)
2cos
2
2cos cos sin
2 2 2
*)
2 sin
2
2sin . .
2
2sin .
2
2sin cos
2 2
i
i
i i
i i
i
i i
i i
i
i i
i
e e e e e
e
i
e e e e e
e i
e e
e

+
+
+
+
+
+ + | |
|
\
| |
+ = +
|
\

=
+ + | |
= +
|
\
| |
=
|
\

=
+ +
= + sin
2
i
+ + | |
|
\



VI - ,..= _,= .s= ..\ -,..\! _.\!
1 ( =,_.
_>,\ z _= { }
*
1 n
-,.\ _= .=\ ' _..\ .=\ _==. n ..=\\ z ..= >
_.= z _=,
n
z Z =
-\.=l
(' ( )
2
2
1 , 1 i i = =
_= > i i -,.\ _= .= 2 ..=\\ 1 -
(' ( ) ( )
4 4
4 4
1 , 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 i i = = = =
..=. , , 1,1 i i -,.\ _= .= 4 ..=\\ 1
2 ( -,._\! = _.\! .,.>. n
_>,\
i
z re

= _= 0 r
_=.
iq
z ee = _= 0 q
'.,.\
n n in i
z Z e e re

= =

[ ]
( )
[ ] ( ) { }
( ) { }
2
2
2 2
2
2 / 0,1, 2,..., 1
/ 0,1, 2,..., 1
n
n
n
n
k
i
n n n
e r
n
e r
r
k
k
n n n n
r
k
k n
n n
z re k n

| |
+
|
\
=

=
=



(
= +

(

='.= _.; n _.. .=
-,\>
_>,\
i
Z re

= ) _= 0 r ( { }
*
1 n
..=\ Z ,, n _.. .= ..=. _= -,..\ .=\ .=
( ) { }
2
. / 0,1, 2,..., 1
k
i
n n n
k
z r e k n
| |
+
|
\
=
,-
, _,- - 3 2 2 Z i =
' - Z
'.,.\ 2 2 Z i =

2 2
2
2 2
2 cos sin
4 4
i
i


| |

=
|
|
\
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ \ \

_.;
5
4
2
i
Z e

=
-,.\ _= .=\ _.; 3 Z ..=. _=
_.;
14

{ }
5 2
3
12 3
5
3
12
0
3
3
12
1
21 7
3 3
12 4
2
3
3
3
2
2. 0,1, 2
2.
2.
2. 2.
7 7
2 cos sin
4 4
2 cos 2 sin 2
4 4
2 2
2
2 2
k
i
k
i
i
i i
z e k
z e
z e
z e e
i
i
z i

+
=
=
=
= =
| |
= +
|
\
| | | | | |
= +
| | |
\ \ \
| |
=
|
|
\

3 ( -,..\! _.\! _
_>,\ ( ) 0
i
r Z re

=
-,..\ .=\ Z ..=. _=
( ) { }
2
. / 0,1, 2,..., 1
k
i
n
n n
k
z r e k n

+
=
_>.\
1 1 0
..., ,
n
M M M

=
1 1 0
,..., ,
n
z z z

_\.\ _\=
( )
n
k k k
OM aff M z r = = =
=.\ _.;
k
M _\; _=... ..\ '=>= _.\ o ',='==
n
r
'.,.\
( )
( ) ( )[ ]
( )
[ ]
[ ]
1
1
, arg arg 2
2 1 2
2
2
2
k k
k k
OM OM z z
k k
n n n n
n

+
+

+
+

-,\ _.;
( )
1 , k k OM OM +

-.,'.
=.\ _.;
k
M '==..= '=\== _>.
-,\>
_>,\ ( ) 0
i
r Z re

=
..=\\ -,..\ .=\ = Z . '==..= '=\== _>. n _\=
'=>= _.\ ..\', ='== o ',='==
n
r
4 ( -,._\! = _.\! n i.>\\ unit
(a .,.>. -,._\! = _.\! n i.>\\
_>,\ 1 z =
'.,.\
io
z e =
-,.\ _= .=\ _.; n 1 ..=. _=

2
1
o k
i
n n n
k
w e

+
=
( ) { }
2
/ 0,1,..., 1
k
i
n
k
w e k n

=
-,\>
-,.\ _= .=\ n ..=\\ 1 ) .=\\ ( ..=. _=
( ) { }
2
/ 0,1,..., 1
k
i
n
k
w e k n

=
-\.=l
1 ( ..=\\ -=,=\ .=\ 1 ..=. _=
{ }
2
2
/ 0,1
k
i
ik
k
w e e k

= =
'== _.=\ _.=

0
1
1
1
io
i
w e
w e

= =
= =

2 ( -,.\ _= .=\ 3 ..=. _= .=\\
{ }
2
3
/ 0,1, 2
k
i
k
w e k

=
_= .=\ .=


0
2
3
1
2
3
1
4
3
2
1
2 2
cos sin
3 3
cos sin
3 3
cos sin
3 3
1 3 1 3
2 2 2 2
cos sin
3 3
1 3
2 2
io
i
i
i
w e
w e i
i
i
w i j j e i
w e i
i

= =
= = +
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \
= +
= + = = = +
| | | |
= = + + +
| |
\ \
=

_.; -,=>=\ .=\ 1 _= , ,1 j j
-=>>=
('
2 3
; 1 j j j = =
(' 1 0 j j + + = _.;
2
1 0 j j + + =
('
2
1 j j =
3 ( -,.\ _= .=\ 4 1
{ }
2
4 2
/ 0,1, 2, 3
k k
i i
k
w e e k

= =
_= .=\ .=

0
2
1
2
3
2 2
3
1
1
io
i
i
i i
w e
w e i
w e
w e e i

= =
= =
= =
= = =

_.; .\ _= .=\ -, 4 1 _= , , 1,1 i i
b ( =\,\>
1 - _>.\
k
w -,.\ _= .=\ n 1
'.,.\
2
2
1
k
i
n
k
k
i
k
n
w e
e w

=
| |
= =
|
\

-,\>
_>.\
k
w \ -,..\ .=\ . 1
( ) { }
1
0,1,..., 1
k
k
k n w w = _=
2
1
i
n
w e

=
_.; -,.\ _= .=\ n \ . 1 _=
2 3 1
1 1 1 1
1, , , ,...,
n
w w w w







15
2 - _>.\
k
w -,..\ .=\ 1
( )( )
( )
2 1
0 1 2 1 1 1 1
2 1
1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
... 1 ...
1 1 ...
1
1 1 1
0
1 1
n
n
n
n
w w w w w w w
w w w w
w
w
w w

+ + + + = + + + +
+ + + +
=

= = =


)
1 1
, 1
n
w w = .= _.. 1 (
-,\>
..=\\ -,..\ .=\ _=== 1 ,.=.=

-=>>=
(' _'> .; w ..=\\ _.. .= 1 _= > _,
1
w
w
_.. .=
..=\\ 1
(' _'> .; w w ..=\\ _,,.. _,.= 1 _= > _, ww
w
w
..=\\ _.. .= 1
c ( -,..\! _.\! ,, ->\! 1 -,..\! _.\!
= ..\
*

_>,\ Z _=
*

_' _.. 0 a _.. .= Z
( )
n
a Z =
- _=. .=\ .,.=.\

1
n n n
n
z Z z a
z
a
= =
| |
=
|
\

_' _.=, .=
z
a
_.. .= 1
_.=, ( ) { }
/ 0,1,..., 1
k
z
w k n
a
=
_.=, ( ) { }
/ 0,1,..., 1
k
z aw k n =
-,\>
_>,\ Z _=
*
a _.. .= Z
-,..\ .=\ _\= ==. Z ,=, a -,..\ .=\ _
\ .=\ 1
\.=
,==' ( )
3
1 2i + -,.\ _= .=\ g...= 3 ..=\\ 1 2 Z i = +
'.,.\
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
3 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 4 4 1 2 1 2 4 8 4 8
11 2
i i i
i i i i i
i
+ = + +
= + + = + +
=

- '.,.\ ( )
3
1 2i Z + =
_.; 1 2i + -,.\ _= .= 3 Z
-,.\ _= .=\ _' ,\=. 3 1 _= , ,1 j j
- -,.\ _= .=\ _.; 3 Z _=

( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
1
2
1 1 2 1 2
1 3
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 2
z i i
z j i i i
z j i
= + = +
| |

= + = + +
|
|
\
= +

5 ( = ..\ -,_=\! _.\!
*

a ( -,.\.=\! -s,_=\!
_>,\ ( ) 0
i
r Z re

=
_,=,=\ _,.=\ ..=.\ Z

( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
i
i
i
i
z Z z re
z r e
z r e
z r e

= =
| |
=
|
\

_.; _'=,=\ _.=\ Z '==
2
i
r e

,
2
i
r e

b ( -,- -,=|
1 ( . .,
*
Z a
+
=
'.,.\
( )
2
Z a a = =
_.; a a '== \ .= _ =,=\ ' _ ..=\\ Z
2 ( \: !.} ( )
*
Z a a
+
=
( ) ( )
2 2
2
Z a i a i a = = =
.= _.; Z '== i a i a
3 - \: !.} ( )
*
Z ib b
+
=

( )
( )
2
2
2
2 . 1
2 2
1
2
b b
Z ib i i
b
i
| |
= = = +
|
|
\
| |
= +
|
|
\

.= _.; Z '== ( ) 1
2
b
z i = + z
4 ( \: !.} ( )
*
Z ib b
+
=
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 . 1
2 2
1
2
b b
Z ib i i
b
i
| |
= = =
|
|
\
| |
=
|
|
\

.= _.; Z '== ( ) 1
2
b
z i = z








16
5 ( \: !.} Z a ib = + _= ( ) 0 0 b a
\.=
..=\\ _,=,=\ _,.=\ ..=.\
3 4 Z i = +
_=. z x iy = + ) _= xy _= (
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 z x y z x y ixy = + = +
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 1
2 4 2
5 3
x y
z Z
z Z xy
z Z
x y
=
=

= =

=

+ =


_= ) 1 ) ( 3 ( _' g...=.
2
2 2 x = _.=, 1 x = ' 1 x =
_= ) 1 ( ) 3 ( _' g...=.
2
2 8 y =
_.=,
2
4 y =
_' 2 y = ' 2 y =
>= _= ) 2 ( '.,.\ 2 0 xy = _.; y x '=, _. '=,\
_.;
1
2
x
y
=

'
1
2
x
y
=

.= _.; Z '==
1 2 z i = + z
VII ( -_.\! = =v.\=\! II
-\.'==\ ,.=.
2
0 az bz c + + = _= 0 a
'.,.\ ( )
2
: 0 E az bz c + + =

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2 4
4
0
2 4
b c
a z z
a a
b b c
z
a a a
b b ac
z
a a
| |
+ + =
|
\
| |
+ + =
|
\
| |
+ =
|
\

_=.
2
4 b ac =
( )
2
2
0
2 4
b
E z
a a
| |
+ =
|
\

(' _'> .; 0 = _,
( )
2
0
2 2
b b
E z z
a a
| |
+ = =
|
\

_.;
2
b
S
a

=
`
)

(' _'> .; 0 _, _,=,= _,.= ,, u u
_.;


( )
2
2
2
0
2 4
0
2 2 2 2
2 2
b u
E z
a a
b u b u
z z
a a a a
b u b u
z z
a a
| |
+ =
|
\
| || |
+ + + =
| |
\ \
+
= =






-,\>
-\.'==\ ,.=.
2
0 az bz c + + = _= 0 a
_=.
2
4 b ac =
1 - _'> .; 0 = .,= >= ,. -\.'==\ _,
2
b
z
a
= .
2 - _'> .; 0 _, _,=,= _,.= ,, u u
_>= -\.'==\\ _>,
2
b u
z
a
+
=
2
b u
z
a

= .
=\=>>=
(' -\.'==\ ,.=.
2
0 az bz c + + = _= 0 a
_'> .;
2 1
z z _, -\.'==\ _\=

1 2
1 2
b
z z
a
c
z z
a

+ =

(' -\.'==\ ,.=.
2
2 0 az b z c + + = _= 0 a
=.==\ ,==\ ==.=. -\.'==\ = =' _=
b ac =
1 - _'> .; 0 = .,= = ',\ -\.'==\
b
z
a

=
2 - _'> .; 0 =\ _>= ',\ -\.'=
1
2
b u
z
a
+
=
2
2
b u
z
a

= . .,= u _,= .=
_s,,=. ,_=.
_ = -,\'.\ ...'==\
1 (
2
1 0 z z + + =

( )
2
2
1 4 3 3 3 i i = = = =
.= _.; '== 3 u u i =
_.;
1
2
1 3
2
1 3
2
i
z j
i
z j
+
= =

= =

_.;
{ } , S j j =
2 ( ( ) ( )
2
2 3 2 1 0
2
i
i z i z + + + =

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
3 2 4 2 1
2
5 12
2 3 2.2.3
2 3
i
i i
i
i i
i
| |
= + +
|
\
= +
= + +
= +

.= _.; '== 2 3 u u i = +
_.;
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 1
2 1
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3
;
2 2 2 2
5 5 2 1 2 5 5 1
;
2 2 10 2 2 10
3 1 1 3
;
2 2 10 10
i i i i
z z
i i
i i i i i i
i i
z i z i
+ + + + +
= =
+ +
+ +
= = = =
+ +
= + =

_.; { }
1 2
, S z z =
17
VIII ( _.==\! _ !_.\!
1 ( !_.\\ .s\! ,.=.\!
_>,\ R >= _. ( ) g -.,
_>.\ ( ) ( ) M z M z .,=, M


( )
( )
[ ]
[ ]
( ) [ ]
( )
( )
, 2
arg 2
1
arg 2
i
i
i
M M
R M M
M M
z w z w
z w
z w
z w
z w
z w
e
z w
z w e z w
z e z w w

| |

|

\

=

=
= +


-,=.\', =\.> -=,== _,. ->=\ .= _' ==>.



-,\>
_>,\ R >= _. ( ) w -.,
>\ ( ) ( ) M z M z _= P '.,.\
( ) ( )
i
R M M z e z w w

= = +
-,'.>\ ( )
i
z e z w w

= + , _ R .
,-
, R >= _. ( ) 1 i + -.,
2

= ..=.\ ( ) 1 R i
_>.\ ( ) M z ( ) M z _' ,\=.

( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
1 1
1 1
2
i i
R M M z e z i e
z iz i i
z iz

| |
= = + +
|
\
= + +
= +

_>.\ ( ) A z = ( ) 1 A i
'.,.\

( ) 1 2
3
z i i
i
= +
= +

_.; ( ) 3 A i +
2 ( _,,=.\\ _=..\! ,\.\!
( )
1 ; 1 a a z az b =
_,,=.\ ,.=. : f P P
( ) ( ) / M z M z z az b = +
) _= b a _= 1 1 a a = (
_' _,,.\ f _.
' .='=\ -=.\ _= .=,.\
_>.\ ( ) M z

( )
( )
( )
1
1
f M M z az b
z a b
b
z
a
= = +
=
=

_.; f ='= -=. ,, _= .,= . ( ) w _=
1
b
w
a
=

' _>.\ ( ) M z ( ) M z _= P .,=, M
( ) f M M z az b = = +
'.,.\ ( ) w _.; .='= w aw b = +
_.=, b w aw =
_.; ( ) f M M z az w aw = = +


( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )[ ]
( )
( )[ ]
arg arg 2
arg arg arg 2
arg arg arg 2
, arg 2
z w a z w
z w a z w
z w a z w
z w a z w
z w a z w
z w z w
z w z w a
M M
M M a

=
=

_.; f >= _. -., ( ) arg a
\> -,
_>,\ b a _= .,=, 1 a 1 a =
_,,=.\ : f P P
( ) ( ) / M z M z z az b = +
>= _. ( ) w .,=,
1
b
w
a
=

-., ( ) arg a
_s,,=. ,_=.
_,,=.\,.=. : f P P
( ) ( )
1 3
/ 1
2 2
M z M z z i z
| |
= + +
|
|
\

_,,=.\ -=,,= ..= f
' '.,.\

1 3
1
2 2
1 3
1
2 2
i
i

+ =

_.; f >= _. ( ) w .,=,
1
1 3
1
2 2
w
i
=

_'
1
1 3
2 2
w
i
=

1 3
2 2
w i = +
18
-.,
1 3
arg
2 2
i
| |
+
|
|
\


1 3
cos sin
2 2 3 3
1,
3
i i

+ = +
(
=
(


_.; [ ]
1 3
arg 2
2 2 3
i

| |
+
|
|
\

', _\'.\ f >= _.
1 3
2 2
i
| |
+
|
|
\
-.,
3