PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP

Undocumented Immigrants Right to Earned Residency under the Enactment of the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 Mariah D. Gonzales Linfield College

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP Table of Contents Abstract..3 Preface4 Introduction6

Undocumented Immigrants Struggles...8 Deportation.9 Ineligibility to for Higher Education......9 Inability to Provide for Families...............10 The U.S.s obligation to Undocumented Immigrants...11 Immigrants Desire to Earn U.S. Residency.12 Potential Benefits from the Enactment of the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013..14 Boost in Economy.14 A More Participatory Democracy.15 Increase in the Diversity of Culture in the U.S.........16 Conclusion.............16 Acknowledgements...18 References ....19

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP Abstract There has been an ongoing political debate on various proposed measures that will work to fix the United States current immigration problems, which include illegal immigration, border security and the hiring of undocumented immigrants. There are also debates on what to do with the 11 million undocumented immigrants that reside in the U.S. The Gang of Eights proposed

Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 works to solve the above immigration issues. It also provides a pathway to earned citizenship for undocumented immigrants in the U.S. This paper argues in favor of providing such a pathway to U.S. residency for undocumented immigrants under The Gang of Eights reform act. This paper briefly outlines the history of the migration of foreigners to the U.S. It also identifies the hardships immigrants face being undocumented in the U.S. This paper also discusses the U.S.s role in partially being at fault for creating such struggles. And also addresses why the U.S. government should provide equal rights and the opportunity for the immigrants to earn citizenship. Also, the paper provides the ways the U.S. can benefit economically, politically and socially with the legalization of undocumented immigrants. Overall this paper makes many moral arguments in favor of a pathway to earned residency for undocumented immigrants. In doing so, the paper provides insight into lives of undocumented immigrants. Also, there are well-reasoned opinions, facts and statistics used to support the arguments in favor. Key words: immigration, U.S. citizenship, undocumented immigrants

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP Preface Take shots right after you turn in your final paper, like Blanca and I did. You will deserve it for all the hard work you did on your annotations and final paper! This was Sara Millers first piece of advice to me before Information Gathering began. She has told me all

about how amazing it will feel to be done with the major project, and then she gave me advice on how to get through the class. I am so anxious to be done! I have put many hours of research and writing into this research project, and it feels good. I never thought I would enjoy research, but I do. I never thought I would be a good writer, but I am learning how to be. Before Information Gathering I knew I enjoyed writing and that I could write well at times. However, I was not always confident in my writing abilities. Information Gathering has taught me to write concisely and quickly, how to research and edit my papers thoroughly. I still have room to improve in these three categories, but I have more confidence in my abilities now. Recently, Samantha Sigler asked me to apply to culture editor for Linfield Colleges student newspaper. I have always veered away from any type of journalism related work outside of class. However, since my research and writing skills have been strengthened because of this class I applied for the job. I was hired for the position and I am excited to gain journalism experience. Being culture editor will put some major responsibility on my plate and also challenge my writing abilities. But I know this experience will strengthen my skills in journalism. I never anticipated being a mass communications major. I came to Linfield College wanting to major in psychology. But I am a terrible test taker. I have always done better in classes where I have to write essays or taking short-answer tests. Sara Miller introduced me to the mass communications major. She insisted that I talk to Professor Hansberger and take a

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP couple classes. If it wasnt for her I would be majoring in education, which was my second choice next to psychology. I would not be happy creating lesson plans and scolding kids the rest of my life. I would rather write. In the process of researching and writing the annotations for my policy question I discovered that I have also obtained important life skills. I have learned to manage my time better. I have somehow balanced my other classes, work, clubs and my social life this semester along with this research project. In addition, I have become more patient. For instance, when I write papers I have to leave and come back to them various times throughout the day. In the beginning of the semester I would stress because I was in hurry to get things done. However, I have learned that as long as I allow myself time, I will get the paper done. And by doing this I have seen a difference in my stress level since the beginning of the semester. I have utilized my patience and time management in many other areas of my life as well. I have become more selfdisciplined.

One thing I need to work on is organization. I have always kept a mental note of the tasks I need to get done. And I do a good job at remembering everything I need to do. But this semester tested my mental calendar. I began making a schedule about halfway through this spring semester to help me keep track of all I needed to do. But even the calendar has not been sufficient enough. I forget I have it, even though I write down my weekly tasks. I believe that it is important for me to find a new way of organizing my daily tasks and responsibilities. My life will only get busier as the years go on, and I will not be able to remember everything. Information Gathering has provided me with the skills needed to go into any profession and also has taught me life skills. The scary rumors I heard about this class are somewhat true. However, on the positive side I am becoming a stronger writer, researcher and communicator.

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP Introduction During the first two decades of the 20th century, America witnessed the highest level of immigration in the nations history. The majority of Americas borders had remained open to foreigners migrating to the U.S. Many of these immigrants had migrated from southern and eastern Europe and also China. Then during World War II the U.S. established the Bacero program, which was used to fill the labor shortage in the United States (Bush and Bolick). The U.S. had brought over about five million workers to fulfill the high demand for cheap labor in the country. Much of the jobs consisted of agricultural and construction work (Glasco, 2013). Since then there has been a continual demand among many U.S. companies that are in need cheap and expendable labor. The companies hire immigrants who do not have legal U.S. documentation confirming

their permanent or temporary residency, so they can pay the immigrants under the table and save money. Many immigrants also still come to the U.S. illegally for these work opportunities because they are unable to find jobs in their native countries, due to their countries poor economies. The immigrants send back their earnings to their families in their home country or use them to support themselves and their families in the United States (Godard, 2013). Illegal immigration has caused an ongoing debate for decades on what to do with the undocumented immigrants residing in the U.S. Some Democrats have attempted to pass measures that provide the undocumented immigrants with equal U.S. citizenship rights. Some of the measures have passed through Congress and others have not (Grier, 2013). One example is President Ronald Reagans 1986 reform act that passed through Congress, which granted immediate amnesty, or citizenship, to 3 million undocumented immigrants living in the United States (Margolis, 2013). But the reform caused some negative effects for the United States.

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP There was a rush to the border creating a flow of illegal immigration into the U.S. (Grier, 2013). Also, the term amnesty has become a common word that is misused in political debates over immigration reforms (Smith, 2013). Another example is the DREAM Act of 2010 that did not pass through Congress. This act proposed the idea of providing the opportunity for higher education to undocumented youths in the U.S (Margolis, 2013). These reforms have sparked controversial debates between Republicans and Democrats

on the subject of allowing undocumented immigrants to receive equal U.S. citizenship rights and residency. These debates include the effect of illegal immigration on Americas economy, the issue of deportation, Americas obligation to undocumented immigrants and recognizing the immigrants hardships, which they have faced living in the United States (Obama, 2013). Such arguments have been revamped in the debates over the Gang of Eights Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013. This act proposes to strengthen border security and increase economic stability. In addition, the proposed reform provides undocumented immigrants in the U.S. an opportunity to earn citizenship through a 10 to 13 year process (Duran, 2013). The process to earn residency would allow the immigrants to first obtain a green card and then citizenship (Obama, 2013). There are several requirements outlined in the reforms process that the immigrants would need to accomplish before receiving residency (Obama, 2013). These requirements include paying fines, such as back taxes, and a payment penalty for breaking U.S. law, registering with the government and receiving background checks (DeCosse, 2013). Congress should pass the Gang of Eights Border Security, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 that provides undocumented immigrants with a pathway to earn U.S. residency. This paper will start out explaining the struggles immigrants face being

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP undocumented in the United States. It will then discuss Americas obligation to provide equal rights and residency to immigrants. And then it will explain how the U.S. can benefit economically, socially and politically with the enactment of the Gang of Eights immigration reform that proposes a pathway citizenship for undocumented immigrants. Undocumented Immigrants Struggles When understanding the struggles that many undocumented immigrants and their families face, there is a question of where America stands on its value of morality and empathy. Is it right to deport immigrants who have family living in the U.S.? Is it OK to refuse undocumented youth higher education when they have not intentionally committed the crime of illegally crossing the U.S. border? And is it wrong for undocumented immigrants to be allowed equal work rights, so that they may provide for their families? Deportation One of the major struggles the immigrants have had to face is deportation. According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security there were about 410,000 removals of foreigners in 2012. This statistic includes criminals, immigration fugitives, repeat immigration violators, border removals and other removable aliens. But behind this statistic are stories of the undocumented immigrants that need to be heard. Deportation creates fear in the lives of immigrants and breaks up families (Davis, 2013). One man named Miguel Sanchez, who is an undocumented immigrant, has lived in the U.S. for more than 10 years. Sanchez wakes up every day hoping that he will not be deported and torn

away from his wife and kids, who are all U.S. citizens. He also works long hours to help provide a good life for his family (Carens, 2010). Many immigrants in the U.S. can relate to such worries and fears. And some of these fears become reality for some immigrants and their

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP families. In a recent case an undocumented mother deported and separated from her children, even though her three children were U.S. citizens (Davis, 2013). Many Republicans and Democrats agree that deportations need to stop because of the separating of families and the everyday fear that the immigrants have to face. Many undocumented immigrants may have broken the law by intentionally crossing the U.S. border illegally. However, not all laws that seem good actually produce healthy effects. It is important to also consider the group of persons the law is affecting, and how those people are being affected (Godard, 2013). Ineligibility for Higher Education

In addition, undocumented youths in the U.S. are not eligible to pursue higher education. Marco Antonio Cervantes has lived with the burden of being undocumented in the U.S. and not being able to pursue his dream of attending college. Cervantes states that after high school he watched all of his friends go off to college. He is now stuck working at a diner since he is without a social security number that defines ones legal status (Davis, 2013). Cerventes struggles represent a shared reality among many of the undocumented youths who are not able to achieve their dreams of attending college because of the U.S.s poor immigration laws and the rejection of the DREAM Act. The undocumented youths should not be punished for the actions of their parents who illegally brought over their children to the U.S. A man named Alan Duran (2013), who was once an undocumented youth himself, can relate to Cerventes story being unable to pursue higher education. Duran states that now he has U.S. citizenship. He is now attending Oregon State University and majoring in English at the age of 26. He dreams of being a lawyer some day and work with immigration law. Duran says that undocumented youths have dreams to grow up and be successful like young people in the U.S.

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP Duran says that the enactment of the Gang of Eights Border Security, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 will not only provide a pathway to citizenship for all undocumented immigrants, but also give all immigrants the opportunity to go to college. Inability to Provide For Families Undocumented immigrants are also unable to work legally in the U.S., which makes it difficult for the immigrants to provide comfortable lives for themselves and their families. The immigrants are paid under the table while working long labor-filled hours to make a living (Obama, 2013). However, some people who oppose the idea of equal work opportunities and citizenship for undocumented immigrants say that the immigrants are stealing jobs away from

10

the U.S. citizens (Seminara, 2013). But many U.S. companies hire undocumented immigrants to work for them (Smith, 2013). For instance, a U.S. citizen by the name of Joe Johnson lost his job due to the company hiring undocumented immigrants. He had been working at a factory in Virginia where he worked his way up to a supervisor position. Johnson has a wife and three kids to support. Johnson was soon laid off along with some of his fellow employers. However, the next day a bus of undocumented immigrants were brought into the factory to take the jobs of Johnson and the other employers (Carens, 2010). Legalizing the undocumented immigrants will stop the illegal hiring from the U.S. companies and also stop fraud. Janet Napolitano who works for the Department of Homeland Security says that there are procedures enacted in the workplace that help to detect illegal workers. For example, the E-Verify program that verifies if the people companies hire are able to work legally in the U.S or not. But this program is not a requirement for all U.S. companies. However, she says that with the enactment of a pathway to citizenship reform would also required fraud prevention programs. These programs would train employers and would require

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP

11

companies to use applications that verify the legal status of their employees to be able to work in the U.S. Therefore, such programs would prevent the immigrants from creating fraudulent papers and stop U.S. companies from illegal hiring. Legalizing undocumented immigrants will allow them to work and be paid higher wages. This will enable them to support themselves and their families. Also, fraud would not be an option since they would be working legally. The U.S.S Obligation to Undocumented Immigrants The U.S. government is somewhat at fault for the immigrants struggles and the immigration issues in the U.S. It is important that the U.S. government recognizes that it has a partial influence on illegal immigration because of the continual high demand for cheap and expendable labor since the enactment of the Bacero program. Also, as seen above many U.S. companies are still in need of such labor (Glasco, 2013). The United States also has not been true to its values of a liberal Democracy. Democracy advertises equal rights to all people residing in the United States. These rights include protection and the right to stay. But the failure of the U.S. government to uphold these rights is reflected in the immigrants struggles from the previous section. For example, the action of deporting does not provide undocumented immigrants protection from the removal of their family and the allowance to stay in the U.S. (Lapp, 2013). The undocumented immigrants should be included in the constitutional definition of the people of the United States. The U.S. Constitutions phrase we the people of the United States is broad terminology, which suggests that its meaning of people refers to all people residing in the U.S. (Lapp, 2013). Also, many undocumented immigrants are involved members of the U.S. society, which makes them part of the general public of the United States (Napolitano, 2013). This involvement includes working, children attending school, and creating social ties with U.S.

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP

12

citizens or others residing in the U.S (Cohen, 2013). The only things undocumented immigrants do not have are equal rights and a legal title of U.S. residency (Napolitano, 2013). Providing a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants would provide fair rights for the immigrants. This would allow America to follow its values of providing equal rights of protection and the right to stay, as well as equality. While keeping true to its values, America can also uphold its rule of law (Napolitano, 2013). For example, one way the pathway to citizenship process in the Gang of Eights reform adheres to the rule of law is that it provides a payment penalty. Such a penalty will consist of a set payment fee on top of additional fines and back taxes that that the undocumented immigrants will need to pay in the process of earning citizenship. However, many politicians in opposition to a pathway to citizenship reform argue that there needs to be a harsher penalty, because the undocumented immigrants were intentional in their action of illegally migrating to the U.S. (Seminara, 2013). But The Gang of Eight is attempting to create a reform that pleases both Democratic and Republican parties and the general public. The reform is a positive change to Americas old immigration laws, which do not work with the todays immigration issues in the U.S. It also maintains a consistency with the values of Democracy that America promotes and provides fair and just laws (Duran, 2013). Immigrants Desire to Earn U.S. Residency The U.S. should also consider how important that U.S. citizenship is to immigrants. Many immigrants desire to earn U.S. residency. For instance, at a citizenship class at Mt. Hood Community College in Portland, Ore. the students study the content of the civics test and interview, which are included in the naturalization process. The class is every Monday at 6 p.m. and goes for eight weeks. At the end of the eight weeks the students attend an additional class,

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP

13

which assists the students in filling out and submitting the N-400 naturalization application and other necessary documents. Professor Patricia Dumdeang teaches the citizenship class. She divides the two hour class into three parts. The first part consists of reviewing practice questions from the civics test. The second part is called dictation, which Dumdeang describes as listening and writing. For example, Dumdeang will read a question out loud and the students will have to write down the answer to the question in short answer form. The goal of this exercise is for the students to practice their English writing skills. The third part is called speaking. In this exercise Dumdeang asks interview practice questions that may be asked during a real interview, and the students practice responding with an answer that best fits the question. The students in this class show dedication to learning the material they need to know to pass through the naturalization process and receive U.S. citizenship. For example, one student in the class who speaks little English kept raising her hand in an attempt to answer the practice interview questions. Also, the majority of the students were engaged when the professor would talk and would make an effort to participate in the class exercises. In addition, Professor Dumdeang states that the majority of the class is made up of immigrants who meet the requirements to apply for naturalization. However, in past classes undocumented immigrants attended her classes for the benefits of learning about the U.S. and practicing their English speaking and writing skills. This reflects many immigrants motivation to succeed in their dreams of becoming an American. Duran says that he can relate to the hard work that it takes to earn citizenship. He worked long hours to earn the money to pay for his chance to obtain U.S. citizenship. He believes that other immigrants are determined to work hard, learn Enlgish and pay as much as they need to

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP

14

obtain the honorable title of U.S. citizenship. Duran states that being a U.S. resident liberates an undocumented immigrant and provides many opportunities to achieve ones dreams and desires. Potential benefits from the enactment of the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 There are many ways the United States can benefit from the enactment of the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013. However, many of such potential benefits will only occur by providing undocumented immigrants with the opportunity to earn U.S. citizenship. Below are the ways America can benefit economically, politically and in diversity from a pathway to citizenship reform for undocumented immigrants. Boost in Economy One benefit is that the immigrants will help boost the American economy. Politicians in favor of the reform argue that legalization of undocumented immigrants is essential to support Americas need for highly skilled workers. Such workers would help to ensure that U.S. companies continue their competitiveness in the global economy (Lee, 2013). For example, major U.S. companies, like Intel and Instagram, have been started by immigrants who came to America to study and live. Also, one in four immigrants is a small business owner and other prominent U.S. companies, like Google and Yahoo, were founded with the help of foreign migrants (Obama, 2013). In addition, immigrant-owned businesses generated more than $775 billion in revenue in 2011. The same year 28% of all companies started in the U.S. were founded by immigrants (Preston, 2013). These statistics above are evidence that proves the immigrants abilities to create more U.S. jobs, which help to boost Americas economy (Obama, 2013). A pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants will first provide them with a visa that will allow undocumented immigrants to work legally and have access to equal work

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP rights. Therefore, this allows them to create businesses and also receive the higher education necessary to gain the skills to create new businesses (Papademetriou, 2013). President Barack Obama states in a speech at a Las Vegas high school in January 2013 that once undocumented

15

immigrants are registered with the government and have obtained a visa, this will stop the illegal hiring from U.S. companies. The visa will allow immigrants to use their handwork and intelligence to create new businesses and jobs for undocumented immigrants and U.S. citizens alike in Americas economy. A More Participatory Democracy The ability to participate in U.S. politics, the eligibility to human equal rights and social involvement and belonging in U.S. society is what defines a U.S. resident. As seen earlier, the many undocumented immigrants already have a social belonging within U.S. society. Earning U.S. citizenship will also create more involvement in politics. Citizenship will provide the immigrants with the right to vote and allow them to participate in American politics. This would benefit the U.S. by creating a more active and participatory Democracy (Lapp, 2013). However, many people in opposition of a pathway to U.S. residency argue that allowing undocumented immigrants to participate in U.S. politics is allowing them too much freedom. Duran says that the U.S. congress is creating a different reform from the Gang of Eights that provides intermediate residency for undocumented immigrants. This residency would create a second-class in the U.S. The second-class residents would be entitled to equal human rights, government benefits and equal work and education rights. But they would not be able to participate in U.S. politics (Duran, 2013). Being ineligible to participate in voting and other political activities would be the punishment for breaking U.S. law. However, those in favor of a pathway to citizenship reform say that some European countries have passed measures that

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP create a second-class out of the immigrants residing in their countries. Such measures caused riots and lobbying for equal U.S. citizen rights and caused distrust between the two classes of

16

people (Grier, 2013). Intermediate residency does not follow the U.Ss promise of equal rights to Americas people anyhow. And such a promise promises citizens the right to vote and be active in American politics. Also, the more participation the U.S. receives in politics then the more the general publics voice is heard. Increase in the Diversity of Culture in the U.S. Many people think of Mexicans when they hear the word immigrants or undocumented immigrants (Glasco, 2013). However, there are immigrants in the U.S. legally and illegally from various countries who have migrated to the United States. The immigrants many cultures can help expand diversity within American society. Since the 1700s foriengers have been migrating to the U.S. For instance, there has been the immigration of the Irish Catholics in the early 1800s, the Chinese laborers in the mid 1800s and the Mexican laborers in the early 1900s. These group of foreigners and others of different nationalities makes up Americas diverse and multi-cultural nation (Obama, 2013). The United States has prospered because it is a nation built on such immigration. Providing a pathway to legalization for undocumented immigrants will allow the undocumented foreigners to stay in the U.S. and share in the equal rights that the nation offers. Therefore, this increases diversity within the work place, in the classrooms and communities within Americas society. Conclusion The U.S. immigration laws have been broken for centuries. It is time for a new and updated system. Passing the Gang of Eights Border Security, Economic Opportunity and

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 will fix many of the immigration issues, including providing a pathway to citizenship for all 11 million undocumented immigrants residing in the

17

United States. The process to earned citizenship will be a way for undocumented immigrants to earn U.S. residency through about a 10 to 13 year process that involves many requirements. The requirements include background checks, registering with the government and fines, which includes a penalty fine that the immigrants need to pay for illegally crossing the U.S. border. For the past century undocumented immigrants have also faced many hardships living in the U.S. The United Sates is partially at fault for causing such struggles because of deportation, its inconsistency to Americas values and the U.S. continual demands for cheap and expendable labor by U.S companies. Also, such a demand has caused flows of illegal immigration into the U.S. The U.S. has also neglected the undocumented immigrants basic human rights that Democracy promotes. However, immigrants still desire to obtain the honorable title of U.S. citizenship, which is shown in their dedication to studying the naturalization process and practicing their English. With the consideration of the above arguments, Congress should pass the Gang of Eights Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 that will provide undocumented immigrants with the right to earn U.S. residency. Once the immigrants begin the process they will be allowed equal work and education rights. These rights will then allow the immigrants to start new businesses. This will increase jobs for the general public, which will also increase Americas competition in the global economy. And once the immigrants become citizens they can also increase participation in politics. Also, their many nationalities can enrich the diversity of cultures in the U.S. With a healthy economy, high political participation and a growing culturally diverse society, America will continue to be a prosperous nation.

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP Acknowledgements Thank you is not a big enough word to show my appreciation to those who have been

18

involved in every part of my experience in Information Gathering. First, I want to say that I am grateful to have had two wise and experienced professors teaching this class. Professor Thompson, I value your critical advice and your comments on the various papers you graded of mine. Professor Whyte, thank you for all your advice and corrections on my papers and also for showing me researching techniques. I was terrible at researching before I met with you at the beginning of the semester. Both Professor Thompson and Susan invested a lot time and effort into each one of the students taking this class, even though the class size was enlarged this semester. We all appreciate it! Vanessa So, who I sat by every day in class. In my phone I have a never ending text messaging thread that holds all of our questions, worries and complaints about this class. I am glad we were able to share his experience together. Sara Miller, who has never-ending and humorous advice for how to get through this class. Knowing that one of my good friends made it through Information Gathering has been a positive thought that has helped me get through this class. Dan Hellinger, who likes to give me blunt and honest feedback on my papers. He will literally tell me when my writing and grammar is bad or good. No sugar coating. I am grateful for his help with editing my last few papers. Also, he has been a good source of encouragement. I also appreciate my roommates, friends and family who all listened to my complaining about the amount of research and writing I have had to do. And I am also grateful for their encouragement.

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP References

19

Bush, J., & Clint, B. (2013). Immigration wars; Forging an American solution. Washington, DC: Cato Institute. Cohen, E. F. (2011, September). Reconsidering the immigration reform: The temporal principal of citizenship. Perspectives on Politics, 9(3), 575-583. Carens, J. H. (2010). Immigrants and the right to stay. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Davis, J. (2013, January 24). We are undocumented America: Fighting for immigration reform in 2013. The Nation. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/a9va9k2 Department of Homeland Security. (2013). Removal statistics. Retrieved from http://www.ice.gov/removal-statistics/ DeCosse, D. (2008). Can citizenship be earned? America, 199(11), 10-12. Duram, A. (2013, March 22). Interview by Mariah Gonzales from notes. Glasco, S. B. (2013, March 10). Interview by Mariah Gonzales from notes. Godard, S. (2013, April 3). Interview by Mariah Gonzales from notes. Grier, P. (2013, February 13). Immigration reform 101: Should illegal immigrants be offered citizenship path? The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/bhzeros Lapp, K. (2012). Reforming the good moral character requirement for U.S. citizenship. Indiana Law Journal, 87(4), 1570-1637. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier. Lee, B. (2013, January 23). The U.S. immigration debate. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/aknarg3 Margolis, J. (2013, March 25). Amnesty: Sensative word in the immigration debate. [Web log post]. Retrieved http://tinyurl.com/c664aw9

PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP Mt. Hood Community College. (2013, April 15). Citizenship class. Personal observation by Mariah Gonzales from notes. Napolitano, J. (2013, February 13). Comprehensive immigration reform. Washington DC; Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/bt77r6g

20

North, D. (2013, January). Before considering another amnesty, look at IRCAS lessons. Center of Immigration Studies. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/a84e9nf Obama, B. (2013, January 29). Remarks at Del Sol High School in Las Vegas, Nevada. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/cjjscu7 Papademetriou, D. G. (2013, March 12). The fundamentals of immigration reform. The American Prospect. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/bod5rg7 Preston, R. (2013). Immigration Reform: Find The Middle Ground. InformationWeek, (1360), 36. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier. Seminara, D. (2013). Legalizing illegal immigrants a bad idea. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/al298kl Smith, R. (2012). Overly severe immigration laws weaken the economy. Southwest Farm Press, 39(17), 6-19