58

CAM BIEN VA NG DUNG.

Trong cac he thong ieu khien t ong, cam bien ong vai tro het sc quan trong v
no la thiet b cung cap thong tin cua qua trnh ieu khien cho bo ieu khien e bo ieu khien
a ra nhng quyet nh phu hp nham nang cao chat lng cua qua trnh ieu khien. Co the
so sanh cac cam bien trong he thong ieu khien t ong nh la cac giac quan cua con ngi.
Noi dung cua chng nay se trnh bay mot so loai cam bien thong dung trong cong nghiep
va cac ng dung cua no.
I. CAC NH NGHA VA AC TRNG CHUNG:
I.1 nh Ngha Cam Bien:
Cac he thong ieu khien t ong trong cong nghiep co vo so cac ai lng vat ly can
o nh: nhiet o, ap suat, dch chuyen, lu lng, trong lng can o. Cac ai lng vat ly
nay khong co tnh chat ien, trong khi o cac bo ieu khien va cac c cau ch th lai lam viec
vi tn hieu ien v the phai co thiet b e chuyen oi cac ai lng vat ly khong co tnh chat
ien thanh ai lng ien tng ng mang ay u cac tnh chat cua ai lng vat ly can o.
Thiet b chuyen oi o la cam bien.
a. Cam bien:
Cam bien la thiet b chu tac ong cua cac ai lng vat ly khong co tnh chat ien m
va cho ra mot ai lng vat ly co tnh chat ien x nh: ien tr, ien tch, ien ap, dong ien
tng ng vi m.


Quan he gia s va m x = f(m) c goi la phng trnh chuyen oi cua cam bien, ham f()
phu thuoc vao cau tao, vat lieu lam cam bien e che tao cam bien, ngi ta s dung cac
hieu ng vat ly.
b. Cam bien tch cc:
Cam bien tch cc hoat ong nh mot nguon ap hoac nguon dong c bieu dien bang
mot mang hai ca co nguon.
c. Cam bien thu ong:
Cam bien thu ong c mo ta nh mot mang hai ca khong nguon, co tr khang phu
thuoc vao cac kch thch.
I.2 Cac Hieu ng Vat Ly:
a. hieu ng hoa ien:
Mot so tinh the goi la tinh the hoa ien (th du nh tinh the sulfate triglycine), co tnh
phan cc ien t phat phu thuoc vao nhiet o. Tren cac be mat oi dien cua chung ton tai
nhng ien tch trai dau co o li ty le thuan vi o phan cc ien. Hieu ng hoa ien c
s dung e che tao cam bien o thong lng buc xa cua anh sang. Khi tinh the hoa ien hap
thu anh sang, nhiet o cua no tang len lam thay oi phan cc ien. S thay oi phan cc nay
co the xac nh c bang cach o s bien thien ien ap tren hai cc cua tu ien.
Cam bien
ai lng
ien x
ai lng
can o m

59





b. Hieu ng ap ien:
Khi tac ong mot lc c hoc len mot vat lam bang chat ap ien (V du nh Thach
anh), se lam cho vat o b bien dang va lam xuat hien tren hai mat oi dien cua vat o mot
lng ien tch bang nhau nhng trai dau. Hieu ng nay c dung e che tao cac cam bien
o lc, o ap suat, gia toc thong qua viec o ien tch tren 2 cc cua tu ien.







Hieu ng nay do nha vat ly hoc ngi phap la Pierre Curie phat hien vao nam 1880.
c. Hieu ng cam ng ien t:
Khi mot thanh dan chuyen ong trong t trng se xuat hien mot sc ien ong ty le
vi bien thien cua t thong ngha la ty le vi toc o chuyen ong cua thanh dan. Hieu ng
ien t c ng dung e che tao cam bien o toc o dch chuyen cua vat thong qua viec o
sc ien ong cam ng.





Hieu ng nay do nha vat ly hoc ngi Anh la M.Faraday phat hien vao nam 1831.
d. Hieu ng quang ien:
Ban chat cua hieu ng quang ien la hien tng giai phong cac hat dan t do trong
vat lieu di tac dung cua bc xa anh sang. Hieu ng nay do Einstein phat hien vao nam
1905 va c ng dung e che tao cac cam bien quang.
e. Hieu ng quang ien trong chat ban dan:
Khi mot chuyen tiep P-N c chieu sang se phat sinh ra cac cap ien t lo trong,
chung chuyen ong di tac dung cua ien trng cua chuyen tiep lam thay oi hieu ien
the gia hai au chuyen tiep. Hieu ng nay cung thng c dung e che tao cam bien
quang.
V

Hnh 1.2 Hieu ng hoa ien

V
F
Hnh 1.3 Hieu ng ap ien
e
B
Hnh 1.4 Hieu ng ien t

60
f. Hieu ng nhiet ien:
Khi hai day dan co ban chat hoa hoc khac nhau, c han kn se xuat hien mot sc
ien ong ty le vi nhiet o moi han. Hieu ng nay do Seebeck phay hien vao nam 1821 va
c ng dung e che tao cam bien nhiet o.
I.2 Cac thong so ac trng cua cam bien:
a. o nhay cua cam bien:
o nhay cua cam bien gia tr m = m
0
la ty so gia bien thien ngo ra ca cam bien
x va bien thien ngo vao m trong lan can cua m
0
. Goi s la o nhay cua cam bien:
( ) 1 . 1 lim
0
0
0
m m
m m
m m
m
x
m
x
m
x
s
=

=
b. Sai so cua cam bien:
Sai so cua cam bien la sai lech gia gia tr o c bang cam bien va gia tr thc cua
ai lng can o, c anh gia bang %. Neu goi x la gia tr thc cua ai lng can o, x
la sai lech gia gia tr o va gia tr thc (goi la sai so tuyet oi), th sai so cua cam bien la
c xac nh nh sau:
( ) 2 . 1 100 .
x
x
=
V du: Mot cam bien nhiet o co o nhay la: s = 0,1 [mV/
o
C], tao ra ien ap 100 [
0
C] la
10,5 [mV] th sai so cua cam bien la:
( ) 3 . 1 % 5 100 .
10
10 5 , 10
=

=
Sai so cua cam bien c chia thanh 2 loai: sai so he thong va sai so ngau nhien.
Sai so he thong:
Sai so he thong la sai so khong phu thuoc vao so lan o, co gia tr khong oi hoac
thay oi cham theo thi gian. Cac nguyen nhan gay ra sai so he thong:
- Do nguyen ly cua cam bien.
- Do ac tnh cua bo cam bien.
- Do che o va ieu kien s dung cam bien.
- Do x ly ket qua o.
Sai so ngau nhien:
Sai so ngau nhien la sai so xuat hien co o ln va chieu khong xac nh. Nguyen
nhan gay sai so ngau nhien:
- Do s thay oi ac tnh cua thiet b.
- Do tn hieu nhieu ngau nhien.
- Do anh hng bi cac thong so moi trng nh: t trng, nhiet o, o am, o rung
c. o tuyen tnh cua cam bien:
Cam bien c goi la tuyen tnh trong mot dai o neu co o nhay khong oi trong
moi iem trong dai o.


61
I.3 Mach X Ly Tn Hieu Cam Bien:
ap ng ngo ra cua cam bien thng la khong phu hp vi cac c cau ch th hoac cac
thiet b oc tn hieu hoi tiep trong cac he thong ieu khien v vay can co mot mach x ly
(chuyen oi tn hieu) cho phu hp vi cac c cau nay. S o khoi minh hoa viec ket hp
gia cam bien va mach x ly tn hieu nh hnh I.5



a. Cac mach khuech ai trong o lng:
Do cac tn hieu ien ngo ra cua cac cam bien thng rat nho, e tang gia tr cua cac
tn hieu nay ta dung cac mach khuech ai.
- Mach khuech ai ao:
au ra
au vao
+
-
OP-07
3
2
6
7
1 4 8

1
3
2
R2

R2


Hnh 1.6 Mach khuech ai ao vi bien tr chnh offset
( ) 4 . 1
1
2
i o
V
R
R
V =
Vi V
o
la ien ap au ra, V
i
la ien ap au vao.
- Mach khuech ai khong ao:
au ra
au vao
+
-
OP-07
3
2
6
7
1 4 8

1
3
2
R2

R1


Hnh 1.7 Mach khuech ai khong ao vi bien tr chnh offset
Ti c cau o
Hnh 1.5 Mach o va cam bien
ai lng o
Cam bien
Mach xu ly
tn hieu o

62
( ) 5 . 1 1
1
2
i o
V
R
R
V
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Vi V
o
la ien ap au ra, V
i
la ien ap au vao.
- Mach lap lai ien ap:
au ra
au vao
+
-
U2
OP07
3
2
6
7 1
4 8

Hnh 1.8 Mach lap lai ien ap
V
o
= V
i
(1.6)
Vi V
o
la ien ap au ra, V
i
la ien ap au vao.
- Mach khuech ai vi sai:
+
-
U2
OP07
3
2
6
R1

R3
R2

R4

V1
V2
Vo

Hnh 1.9 Mach khuech ai vi sai
Chon R
1
= R
3
, R
2
= R
4
th: ( ) ( ) 7 . 1
2 1
1
2
V V
R
R
V
o
=
- Mach khuech ai dung cu:






Hnh 1.10 Mach khuech ai dung cu
R

R3

+
-
OP07
3
2
6
+
-
OP07
3
2
6
+
-
OP07
3
2
6
Ra

R

R2

R2

R3

Vo
V2
V1

63
( ) ( ) 8 . 1
2
1
2 1
2
3
V V
R
R
Ra
R
V
o

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
b. Mach cau Wheatstone:
Mach cau Wheastone dung e chuyen oi s thay oi cua ien tr thanh s thay oi
cua ien ap tren ng cheo cua cau.
Vcc
Ro
Ro
Ro
Rx
V+
V-

Hnh 1.11 Mach cau wheastone
Trong s o tren Rx = Ro + R, U = V
+
- V
-
ta co:
( )
( ) 9 . 1
2 2 2
1
2
cc
o
cc
o
o
V
R R
R
V
R R
R R
U
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
=
Neu R << R
o
th bieu thc tren co the viet lai nh sau:
( ) 10 . 1
4
cc
o
V
R
R
U

=
II. CAM BIEN VA NG DUNG:
II.1 Cam Bien Quang:
a. Te bao quang dan:
Te bao quang dan la mot loai cam bien quang dua tren hien tng quang dan do ket
qua cua hieu ng quang ien ben trong. o la hien tng giai phong cac hat tai ien trong
vat lieu ban dan di tac dung cua anh sang.




Hnh 1.12 Te bao quang dan

64
- Cac vat lieu dung e che tao te bao quang dan:
Te bao quang dan thng c che tao bang cac ban dan a tinh the ong nhat hoac
n tinh the, ban dan rieng hoac pha tap.
+ a tinh the: CdS, CdSe, CdTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe.
+ n tinh the: Ge, Si tinh khiet hoac pha tap Au, Cu, Sb, In, SbIn, AsIn, CdHgTe.
- Cac tnh chat c ban cua te bao quang dan:
+ ien tr vung toi R
co
phu thuoc vao hnh dang, kch thuc, nhiet o va ban chat ly hoa
cua vat lieu
Cac chat PbS, CdS, CdSe co ien tr vung toi rat cao ( t 10
4
ti 10
5
25
o
C), trong
khi o SbIn, AbSs, CdHgTe co ien tr vung toi tng oi nho (t 10 ti 10
3
25
o
C).
Khi c chieu sang, ien tr ca te bao quang dan giam xuong rat nhanh, quan he
gi ien tr cua te bao quang dan va o roi sang:
( ) 1 . 2 .

= a R
c

Trong o a la hang so phu thuoc vao vat lieu, 0,5 < < 1
Hnh 2.1 bieu dien quan he gia ien tr cua te bao quang dan va o roi sang.







Hnh 2.1 Quan he gia o roi va ien tr cua te bao quang dan.
Ky heu cua te bao quang dan tren s o mach:

Hnh 2.2 Ky hieu cua te bao quang dan.
+ o nhay cua te bao quang dan: Neu at len 2 au te bao quang dan mot ien ap V, th se
co mot dong ien I chay qua te bao quang dan:
( ) 2 . 2

= =
a
V
R
V
I
c

o roi sang (Lux)
ien tr ()
10
7
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
8
0,01 0,1 1 10 1001000

65
o nhay cua te bao quang dan: ( ) 3 . 2
1
=

a
V
d
dI
s
- ng dung cua te bao quang dan:
Te bao quang dan thng c dung e o thong lng anh sang, ket hp vi nguon
sang e do vach dan dng cho cac mobile robot, oc ma vach, phat hien au bang trang,
ieu khien ong ngat Relay theo anh sang
S o dung te bao quang dan:
VCC
Q1
1
3
2
K2
RELAY SPDT
3
5
4
1
2


Hnh 2.3 S o ieu khien ong ngat Relay theo anh sang.
VCC
Ti VK hoac PLC 1
3
2 Q1
R3

Hnh 2.4 S o dung te bao quang dan e do vach dan ng, oc ma vach.
b. Photo Diode:
- Cau tao cua Photo Diode:
Photo diode la mot tiep giap p-n c tao bi cac vat lieu nh: Ge, Si (Cho vung anh
sang trong thay va gan hong ngoai), GaAs, InAs, CdHgTe, InSb cho vung anh sang hong
ngoai.



Hnh 2.5 Cau tao cua photo diode
- Nguyen ly lam viec cua photo diode:
Khi chieu sang len be mat cua photo diode bang bc xa co bc song nho hn bc
song ngng <
n
se xuat hien them cac cap ien t lo trong. e cac hat nay co the
tham gia vao o dan va lam tang dong ien I ta can phai ngan qua trnh tai hp cua chung
Vung ngheo
p
n
Chuyen tiep
E

66
ngha la phai nhanh chong tach cap ien t lo trong di tac dung cua ien trng. Qua
trnh nay ch xay ra trong vung ngheo va lam tang dong ien ngc.
- Cac che o lam viec cua photo Diode:
+ Che o quang dan:
che o quang dan, photo diode c phan cc ngc bi nguon sc ien ong E nh hnh
2.6:



Hnh 2.6 S o phan cc cho photo diode o che o quang dan.
Dong ien ngi I
r
chay qua diode:
( ) 4 . 2 exp 1
p
d
o r
I
kT
qV
I I +
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
Trong o: I
o
la dong ngc khi khong c chieu sang, I
p
la dong quang ien khi anh
sang at ti vung ngheo sau khi qua be day X cua lp ban dan.
( ) 5 . 2
X
o p
e K I

=
K la hang so,
o
la quang thong ben ngoai lp ban dan, 10
5
[cm
-1
], V
d
la ien ap
ngc tren photo diode.
Khi V
d
co gia tr u ln th: I
r
= I
o
+ I
p
(2.6)
do I
o
thng rat nho nen: I
r
= I
p
(2.7)
Viet phng trnh cho mach ien hnh 2.6: E = V
R
- V
d
(2.8)
Trong o V
R
= R*I
r
la ng thang tai.
Hay ( ) 9 . 2
R
V
R
E
I
d
r
+ =






Hnh 2.7 ac tuyen I-V vi thong lng anh sang khac nhau cua photo diode
R
E
I
r
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -E -30 -35
10
20
30
70
50
60
I
r
0 V
d
50 W
100 W
150 W
200 W

67
+ Che o quang the:
Trong che o quang the khong co ien ap ngoai at vao Diode, Photo diode lam viec
nh mot nguon dong. ac iem cua che o nay la khong co dong ien toi do khong co
nguon phan cc ngoai nen giam c anh hng cua nhieu va cho phep o quang thong nho.
Khi chieu sang vao photo diode, cac hat dan khong c ban tang len lam cho hang rao
ien the cua tiep giap thay oi mot lng v
b
khi o ta co :
( ) 10 . 2 0 1 = +
|
|
.
|

\
|

p
kT
v q
o
I e I
b

( ) 11 . 2 1 ln
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o
p
b
I
I
q
kT
v
S thay oi cua hang rao ien the nay c xac nh bang cach o hieu ien the tren
photo diode trang thai h mach.
Khi chieu sang yeu: I
p
<< I
o
, phng trnh (2.11) co the viet lai:
( ) 12 . 2
o
X
o
o
p
b
I
e K
q
kT
I
I
q
kT
v

= =
T (2.12) ta thay ien ap tren diode phu thuoc tuyen tnh vao thong lng anh sang
.
Khi chieu sang manh: I
p
>> I
o
, (2.11) c viet lai: ( ) 13 . 2 ln
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
p
b
I
I
q
kT
v
Vi I
p
c tnh trong cong thc (2.5) th t (2.13) ta thay ien ap tren photo diode
phu thuoc theo thong lng anh sang theo ham logarit.
- o nhay cua photo diode :
( ) 14 . 2
X
o
p
Ke
d
dI
s

=

=
- ng dung cua photo diode:
Photo diode co the dung e do thong lng anh sang, do vach dan ng cho mobile
robot, lam dau thu trong cac bo ieu khien t xa khong day, oc ma vach
S o dung photo diode:





Hnh 2.7 S o mach o dong ngc che o quang dan
E
Vo
+
-
3
2
1
8
4
R1
R2
R3

68
Vo
+
-
3
2
1
8
4
R1
R2

Hnh 2.8 S o mach o dung photo diode che o quang the
c. Photo transistor:
- Cau tao cua photo transistor va nguyen ly lam viec cua transistor quang:
Photo transistor la transistor silic loai NPN ma vung Baz co the c chieu sang. Khi
khong co ien ap at len Baz ch co ien ap at len Colector, chuyen tiep BC b phan cc
ngc nh hnh 2.9.








Hnh 2.9 S o mach o dung transistor quang
ien ap at vao E hau nh tap trung toan bo tren chuyen tiep B-C, trong khi o s
chenh lech ien the gia Emiter va Baz la khong ang ke (V
BE
0,7 [V]). Khi chuyen tiep
B-C c chieu sang, no hoat ong nh mot photo diode che o quang dan vi dong ien
ngc
I
r
= I
o
+ I
p
(2.15)
Trong (2.15) I
o
la dong ien ngc khi khong c chieu sang, I
p
la dong quang ien
khi co quang thong
o
chieu qua be day X cua lp ban dan. I
r
ong vai tro nh dong Baz,
no se gay nen dong colector I
c
:
I
c
= ( +1)I
r
(2.16)
Trong (2.16) th la he so khuech ai dong khi emiter noi chung.
- o nhay cua transistor quang:
( ) ( ) 17 . 2 1
X
o
c
e K
d
dI
s

+ =

=
- ng dung cua transistor quang:
Transistor co the dung e do thong lng anh sang, do vach dan ng cho mobile
robot, lam au thu trong cac bo ieu khien t xa khong day, oc ma vach, che tao caac cam
bien quang trong cong nghiep

E
R
E
Q3
NPN BCE
R
a. S o phan cc transistor quang b. S o tng ng

69
d. Cam bien quang trong cong nghiep:
- Cau tao:
Cam bien quang trong cong nghiep co cau tao:













Cam bien gom phan phat va phan thu:
+ Phan phat gom mot Led phat hong ngoai hoac Led phat Laser co vai tro nh mot nguon
phat sang c at ngay tai tieu iem cua thau knh hoi tu phat nham muc ch tao ra chum
tia sang hep e chieu en phan thu.
+ Phan thu gom mot transistor quang at ngay tai tieu iem cua thau knh hoi tu thu mham
muc ch tap trung anh sang roi vao trasistor. Transistor quang thu c noi vao mach ra e
tao mc logic ngo ra.
- Mot so dang cua cam bien quang trong cong nghiep:
Sau ay la mot so dang cua cam bien quang trong cong nghiep cua hang OMRON:





Hnh 2.11 Dang thu phat chung khong can gng phan xa
au thu
R
Mach ra
Led phat Transistor
quang thu
Thau knh
hoi tu
au phat
Hnh 2.10.a Cau tao cam bien quang dang thu phat rieng
R

Led phat
Transistor
quang thu
Thau knh
hoi tu
Cam bien
thu phat
Hnh 2.10.b Cau tao cam bien quang dang thu phat chung
Mach ra

70





Hnh 2.12 Dang thu phat rieng




Hnh 2.13 Dang thu phat chung co gng phan xa




Hnh 2.14 Cam bien si quang
- Cau truc mach ra cua cam bien quang:













1
8
3
Mach cam
bien
Tai
GND
10-
Nau
en
Xanh
en bao
Hnh 2.15 Mach ra kieu transistor NPN cc thu e h
1
8
3
Mach cam
bien
Tai
GND
10-30VDC
Nau
en
Xanh
en bao
Hnh 2.16 Mach ra kieu transistor PNP cc thu e h

71

II.2 ng Dung Cua Cam Bien Quang:
Dung e phat hien s vat the tai mot v tr nh trc nh: dung lam cam bien phat
hien san pham trong cac he thong em san pham va ong thung san pham, phat hien co vat
can ngay ca cua cac thang may, phat hien cham en au bao b trong cac he thong ong
goi san pham, dung o toc o ong c Di ay trnh bay mot so v du ng dung cua cam
bien quang.
V du 1: ng dung cam bien quang e phat hien au vat lieu trong he thong cat san pham
theo chieu dai

Hnh 2.17 He thong cat san pham theo chieu dai
V du 2: ng dung cam bien quang e phat hien cham en au bao b trong he thong ong
goi san pham.

Hnh 2.18 He thong ong goi bao b
V du 3: ng dung cam bien quang e phat hien hop sa bang giay tren bang tai trong he
thong san xuat sa hop giay (hnh 2.19).
Dao cat
Cam bien quang
PLC
Cam bien quang
Cham en
Dao cat
Rulo keo phim

72
V du 4: ng dung cam bien quang e phat hien thc pham tren bang tai trong he thong san
xuat thc pham (hnh 2.20).
V du 5: ng dung cam bien quang e phat hien chai tren bang tai va em so chai trong he
thong san xuat nc uong (hnh 2.21).

Hnh 2.19 Phat hien hop sa.

Hnh 2.20 Phat hien thc pham.

Hnh 2.21 Phat hien va em chai.


Cam bien quang
Hop sa
Bang tai
Thanh bang tai
Cam bien quang
Bang tai
Thc pham
Cam bien quang
Bang tai
Gng phan xa

73

III. CAM LAN CAN (Proxmity Sensor) VA NG DUNG:
III.1 Cam Bien Lan Can Dang ien Cam:
a. Cau tao:
Cam bien lan can dang ien cam co cau tao gom 4 bo phan chnh nh hnh 3.1








- au phat hien gom 1 cuon day quan tren loi sat t co nhiem vu tao ra t trng bien
thien trong khong gian pha trc. Cau tao va cach bo tr cuon day va loi sat cua au phat
hien nh hnh 3.2





- Mach dao ong co nhiem vu tao dao ong ien t tan so radio.
- Mach phat hien mc dung e so sanh bien o tn hieu cua mach dao ong.
- Mach ngo ra dung e tao mc logic cho tn hieu ngo ra cua cam bien.
b. Nguyen ly hoat ong cua cam bien lan can ien cam:
Khi co muc tieu can phat hien (oi tng) bang kim loai ti gan cam bien (vao vung
t trng bien thien cua cam bien), t trng bien thien do mach dao ong gay ra tap trung
loi sat se gay nen mot dong ien xoay tren be mat cua oi tng. Dong ien xoay sinh ra
tren be mat oi tng tao nen mot tai lam giam bien o tn hieu cua mach dao ong. Khi
bien o cua tn hieu ao ong nho hn mot ngng nh trc, mach phat hien mc se tac
ong mach ngo ra e at trang thai ngo ra len ON. Khi oi tng ri khoi vung t trng cua
cam bien, bien o tn hieu mach dao ong tang len, khi tn hieu mach dao ong co bien
au phat
hien
Mach dao
ong
Mach phat
hien mc
Mach ngo ra Muc tieu
Hnh 3.1 Cau tao cua cam bien lan can ien cam
Hnh 3.2 Cau tao cua au phat hien
Cuon day Vo boc Loi sat t
Bo tr cua au
phat hien

74
o ln hn ngng, mach phat hiem mc se tac ong mach ngo ra tao trang thai ngo ra la
OFF. Hoat ong cua cam bien c minh hoa nh hnh 3.3








c. Mot so dang cam bien lan can ien cam trong cong nghiep:
Sau ay la mot so dang cua cam bien lan can ien cam trong cong nghiep cua hang
OMRON.





Hnh 3.4 Cam bien lan can ien cam dang tron


Hnh 3.4 Cam bien lan can ien cam dang vuong
III.2 Cam Bien Lan Can Dang ien Dung:
a. Cau tao:
Cam bien lan can dang ien dung co cau tao gam 4 phan t nh cam bien lan can
dang ien cam nh hnh 3.5:


oi tng
Cam bien
Tn hieu
mach dao
Song ra
Mach ra OFF ON
Mc tac ong
Hnh 3.3 Hoat ong cua cam bien

75








au phat hien trong cam bien lan can ien dung la mot ban cc cua tu ien.
b. Nguyen ly hoat ong cua cam bien lan can ien dung:
Khi muc tieu can phat hien di chuyen en gan au phat hien cua cam bien se lam
ien dung cua tu ien (c tao bi mot ban cc la be mat cua au thu va ban cc con lai
chnh la oi tng) C b thay oi. Khi ien dung cua tu ien b thay oi th mach dao ong se
tao ra tn hieu dao ong. Khi tn hieu dao ong co bien o ln hn mot ngng at trc
mach phat hien mc se ieu khien mach ra trang thai ON. Khi oi tng xa cam bien,
bien o tn hieu mach dao ong se nho, mach phat hien mc se ieu khien mach ra trang
thai OFF.
c. Mot so dang cua cam bien lan can ien dung:
Di ay gii thieu mot so dang cam bien lan can ien dung:






Hnh 3.6 Mot so dang cam bien lan can ien dung cua hang OMRON
III.3 Cau Truc Mach Ra Cua Cam Bien Lan Can:






au phat
hien
Mach dao
ong
Mach phat
hien mc
Mach ngo ra Muc tieu
Hnh 3.5 Cau tao cua cam bien lan can ien dung
100
Mach cam bien
Tai
24 VDC
OUT
0 V
Hnh 3.7 Mach ra dang NPN cc thu e h

76








III.4 ng Dung Cua Cam Bien Lan Can:
- Cam bien lan can ien cam c dung e phat hien s xuat hien cua mot vat the kim
loai tai mot v tr xac nh trc (v tr at cam bien) nh: Phat hien Cabin thang may tai cac
tang, phat hien chai nc ngot co nap hay khong (Nap cua chai nc ngot lam bang kim
loai), xac nh v tr hai au mut cua mui khoan, phat hien trang thai ong hay m van, o
toc o quay cua ong c, phat hien trang thai ong- m cua cac xi lanh
- Cam bien lan can ien ung c dung e phat hien s xuat hien cua mot vat the kim loai
hoac phi kim loai tai mot v tr xac nh trc (v tr at cam bien) nh: Phat hien thuy tinh,
nha, chat long
- Di ay trnh bay mot so v du ng dung cam bien lan can.
V du 1: Dung cam bien lan can ien cam o toc o ong c hnh 3.9
V du 2: Dung cam bien ien dung e xac nh mc cua chat long hnh 3.10.
V du 3: Dung cam bien ien dung e phat hien hop sa khong ay trong day chuyen san
xuat sa hop hnh 3.11.




Hnh 3.9 ng dung cam bien ien cam trong he thong o toc o ong c





Tai
24 VDC
OUT
0 V
Hnh 3.8 Mach ra dang PNP cc thu e h
100
Mach cam bien
ong c
Cam bien

77


Hnh 3.10 ng dung cam bien ien dung e phat hien hop sa khong ay

Hnh 3.11 ng dung cam bien lan can ien dung e phat hien mc chat long.
IV. CAM BIEN NHIET O:
IV.1 Cam Bien Nhiet ien Tr:
Cam bien nhiet ien tr la cam bien co ien tr thay oi theo nhiet o. Cam bien
nhiet ien tr co 2 loai:
- Cam bien nhiet ien tr kim loai.
- Thermistor.
Cam bien
Xy lanh
PLC
Ho cha
Van xa
Bm
Cam bien
Cam bien
Ong nha

78
a. Cam bien nhiet ien tr kim loai:
a.1 Cau tao cua cam bien nhiet ien tr kim loai:
Cam bien nhiet ien tr kim loai gom mot day dan bang kim loai nh: Platin, Niken,
ong quan tren mot loi cach ien nh hnh 4.1.







a.2 Hoat ong va phng trnh chuyen oi cua cam bien nhiet ien tr kim loai:
Khi nhiet o cua cam bien thay oi, ien tr cua cam bien thay oi theo phng trnh
(4.1):
) 1 . 4 ( ) 1 ( ) (
3 2
0
CT BT AT R T R + + + =
Trong o T o bang
o
C, R(T) la ien tr cua cam bien nhiet o T, R
0
la ien tr cua
cam bien 0
o
C, A, B, C la cac hang so va c xac nh bang cach o ien tr cua cam
bien tai cac nhiet o a biet trc. nhiet o thap, phng trnh chuyen oi cua cam bien la
tuyen tnh (4.2)
) 2 . 4 ( ) 1 ( ) (
0
T R T R + =
Vi la he so nhiet cua ien tr, tuy thuoc vao kim loai nh bang sau:
Kim loai Platin ong Niken
(/
o
C) 3,9.10
-3
4,3.10
-3
5,4.10
-3
Do tnh chat cua cac kim loai dung che tao cam bien co tnh chat ly hoa khac nhau
nen tam o cua cac cam bien su dung cac kim loai khac nhau cung khac nhau.
Cam bien Platin ong Niken
Tam o
(
o
C)
-200 - 1000

< 100

< 300

Do bach kim co o ben vat ly cao va khong b oxy hoa nen cam bien nhiet ien tr
bach kim la thong dung nhat. Cac cam bien nhiet ien tr dung bach kim thng c chet
tao co ien tr R
o
la 100; 200; 500; 1000 []. Cam bien nhiet ien tr kim loai nh hnh 4.2.

Vo cam bien
Day kim loai
S cach ien
Bot cach ien va nh hnh
Hnh 4.1 : Cau tao cua cam bien nhiet ien tr kim loai trong cong nghiep

79






Hnh 4.2 Cam bien nhiet ien tr kim loai.
a.3 Mach o s dung cam bien nhiet ien tr kim loai:
e chuyen s thay oi ien tr cua cam bien theo nhiet o thanh s thay oi ien ap, ta ket
noi cam bien vi mach o nh hnh 4.3.
VCC
Vo
R
R
R
Rx
+
-
OP-07
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
R1
R3
R2
R4

Hnh 4.3: Mach o dung cam bien nhiet ien tr.
Goi Rx = R+R la ien tr cua cam bien. Vi R la ien tr cua cam bien 0 [
o
C],
chon R
1
= R
3
, R
2
= R
4
th ien ap ngo ra cua mach o la:
) 3 . 4 (
2 ) 2 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Vcc
R R
R
R
R
Vcc
R R
R R
R
R
V
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= |
.
|

\
|

+
+
=
b. Thermistor:
b.1 Cau tao cua Thermistor:
Thermistor c che tao t cac hon hp oxyt ban dan a tinh the nh: MgO, MgAl
2
O
4
,
Mn
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, Co
2
O
3
, NiO, ZnTiO
4
di dang bot va c tron vi nhau theo mot ty le nhat
nh. Sau khi tron vi nhau, ngi ta nen nh dang hon hp thanh phien va nung nhiet o
1000
o
C. Tren be mat cua phien sau khi nung, ngi ta han cac day noi va phu len mat phien
mot lp kim loai.


Hnh 4.4: Thermistor
b.2 Phng trnh chuyen oi cua Thermistor:
Khi nhiet o cua Thermistor thay oi th ien tr cua no thay oi theo phng trnh:
) 4 . 4 ( ) (
0
1 1
0
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
T T
e R T R


Phien ban dan
Day noi
Mang kim loai

80
R(T) va R
0
la ien tr nhiet o T va T
0
, T c o theo thang
o
K. la hang so co
gia tr t 3000 en 5000 tuy thuoc vao cach che tao.
Thermistor hoat ong trong khoang nhiet o t 50 en 150
o
C. Tuy nhien do tnh phi
tuyen cua no nen ngi ta khong dung e o nhiet o ma thng dung trong cac mach canh
bao qua nhiet o hay mach bu nhiet.
VCC
VCC
Tn hieu canh bao
Q1
Rx
R1 R2
+
-
LM339
7
6
1
3
1
2
R3
1
3
2

Hnh 4.5: Mach canh bao nhiet o dung thermistor
c. Cam bien nhiet o ban dan:
c.1 Cau tao cua cam bien nhiet o ban dan:
Cam bien nhiet o ban dan c che tao gom cac tiep giap P-N, ket hp vi mach o
roi tch
hp thanh cac vi mach. Bang sau gii thieu mot so vi mach o nhiet o thong dung cua hang
National Semiconductor.
Ten vi mach Tam o o chnh xac o nhay
LM 34 -50 -> 300
o
F 3
o
F 10 mV/
o
F
LM 35A -55 -> 150
o
C 1
o
C 10 mV/
o
C
LM 45B -20 -> 150
o
C 2
o
C 10 mV/
o
C
LM 135A -55 -> 150
o
C 1,3
o
C 10 mV/
o
K
LM 335A -40 -> 150
o
C 2
o
C 10 mV/
o
K

Hnh 4.6: Hnh dang, s o chan cua vi mach LM 335

81
c.2 Hoat ong va phng trnh chuyen oi cua cam bien nhiet o ban dan:
Cam bien ban dan hoat ong tren nguyen tac cua tiep giap P-N.



Hnh 4.7 Tiep giap P-N.
Phng trnh chuyen oi cua tiep giap P N
) 5 . 4 ( 1
.
0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
KT
V q
D
AK
e I I
Trong o: q la ien tch cua 1 ien t, K la hang so Brizman, T la nhiet o tuyet oi
o
K, I
o
la dong ien ngc.
Phng trnh (4.5) co the viet lai:
) 6 . 4 ( ln
0
0
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
I
I I
q
KT
V
D
AK

Vi mot tiep giap cu the th I
0
la hang so. Neu ta cho mot dong ien khong oi I
D

chay qua tiep giap P-N th V
AK
phu thuoc tuyen tnh vao nhiet o cua tiep giap.







Phng trnh chuyen oi cua cam bien: ) 7 . 4 ( ]) [ 273 .( ] [ . C t s K T s V
o o
o
+ = =
c.3 Mach o dung cam bien nhiet o ban dan:
Vcc
Vcc
Vo
1
3
2 +
-
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
1
3
2
LM 335
2,73 V

Hnh 4.9: Mach o nhiet o dung vi mach ban dan.

d. Cap nhiet ien (Thermocouple):
d.1 Cau tao cua Thermocouple:
Thermocouple gom 2 kim loai khac nhau c han chung vi nhau mot au goi la au
nong, hai au con lai khong han chung goi la au lanh hay au chuan.
N P
V
AK
V
AK
I
D
Hnh 4.8: Mach nguyen ly cua cam bien vi mach
V
AK

Mach o

V
o

82
















Hnh 4.11 Mot so dang thermocouple trong cong nghiep
Tuy vao vat lieu dung e che tao thermocouple, thermocouple co cac loai nh sau:
Loai cap
nhiet ien
Vat lieu Dai o (
o
C) o chnh
xac
Sc ien ong
(mV)
B Platin 30% - Rhodium (+)
Platin 6% - Rhodium (-)
0 1700

0,5 % 0 12,426
T ong - Constantan -270 370 2 % -6,258
19,027
J Sat Constantan -210 800 3 % -8,095
45,498
K Crom Alumel -270 1250 3 % -5,354
50,633
E Crom Constantan -276 870 3 % -9,835
66,473
S Platin Rhodium 10% -50 1500 2,5 % -0,236
15,576
R Platin Rhodium 13% -50 1500 1,4 % 0,226
17,445
d.2 Nguyen ly hoat ong cua Thermocouple:
Nguyen ly hoat ong cua thermocouple da tren hieu ng Seebeck. Theo hieu ng
Seebeck, khi co chenh lech nhiet o gia au nong va au lanh cua cap nhiet th ngo ra
Vo cam bien
Kim loai A
Kim loai B
Hnh 4.10 : Cau tao cua Thermocouple
au nong T
1
au lanh T
2

83
cua thermocouple se xuat hien sc ien ong e phu thuoc vao cheng lech nhiet o va phu
thuoc vao ban chat cua vat lieu dung che tao cam bien.
Xet mot cap nhiet c che tao t 2 kim loai A va B:



Theo hieu ng Seebeck th sc ien ong e sinh ra tren cap nhiet:
) 8 . 4 ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1 / / / / / /
2 2 1 2 2 1
T T K T T K P P P e e P P P e
B A
T
B M
T
A M
T
B A B A
T
B M
T
A M
T
B A
+ + + = + + + =
Trong o:
2 2 1
/ / /
, ,
T
A M
T
B M
T
B A
P P P la sc ien ong Peltier, ch phu thuoc vao nhiet o cua
tiep xuc gia 2 kim loai va ban chat cua 2 kim loai. e
A
, e
B
la sc ien ong Thomson, K
A
,

K
B

la he so sc ien ong nhiet ien. (4.8) c viet lai:
) 9 . 4 ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1 / / /
2 2 1
T T K T T K P P P e
B A
T
B M
T
M A
T
B A
+ + =
) 10 . 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1 / / 2 1 2 1 / /
2 1 2 1
T T K T T K P P T T K T T K P P e
B A
T
B A
T
B A B A
T
A B
T
B A
+ = + + = =>
hay: ) 11 . 4 ( ) ( ) )( ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
T T K T T P K K T T K T T K T T P e
B A B A
= = + =
Vi K = K
A
K
B
P, P la he so phu thuoc vao ban chat kim loai. Ta co sc ien ong sinh
ra 2 au cap nhiet:
) 12 . 4 ( ) (
2 1
T K T T K e = =
Trong o he so K co the xac nh bang thc nghiem bang cach o sc ien ong cua
cam bien nhiet o a biet, da vao phng trnh (4.12) ta xac nh c K
ac tuyen vao ra cua thermocouple nh hnh 4.12







Hnh 4.12 Quan he vao ra cua thermocouple
T (4.12) ta thay: Sc ien ong nhiet ien sinh ra tren Thermocouple phu thuoc vao
hieu so cua nhiet o au nong T
1
va nhiet o au lanh T
2
v vay khi o nhiet o dung
thermocouple, ta phai gi nhiet o au lanh khong oi. Tuy nhien nhiet o au lanh T
2

T
2
T
1
A

B

e

M

M

Day noi

0
200 600 1000 1400 T[
o
C]
E[mV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
E
J
K

84
thng chnh la nhiet o moi trng nen viec gi co nh rat kho v vay ngi ta thng
dung bien phap loai bo s anh hng cua nhiet o au lanh bang chach bu nhiet.





Hnh 4.12: S o bu nhiet o au lanh cho thermocouple.
d.3 Mach o dung Thermocouple:











Trong mach tren :
) 13 . 4 (
2 1 1
KT KT V =
) 14 . 4 ( . 10 . ) 73 , 2 ) 273 ( 10 (
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
T
R
R
T
R
R
V

= + =
( ) ) 15 . 4 ( 10 1 1
2
2
1
2
2 1
7
8
2 1
7
8
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

T
R
R
KT KT
R
R
V V
R
R
V
o

Chnh ty so
1
2
R
R
sao cho
2
2
1
2
10 KT
R
R
=

khi o:
) 16 . 4 ( 1
1
1
2
KT
R
R
V
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =


Mach o
Mach bu
KT
2
V
o
= KT
1
KT
2
+ KT
2
= KT
1
T
1
Hnh 4.13: Mach o nhiet o dung Thermocouple bu nhiet dung LM 335

Vcc
Vcc
Vo
+
-
U2
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
1
3
2
1
3
2
+
-
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
+
-
U3
OP-07
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
2,73[V]
R1
R3
R2
R4
R5
R6
R7 R8
R9
Mach bu nhiet dung LM 335
V
1
V
2

85

V. CAM BIEN V TR VA DCH CHUYEN:
V.1 Cam Bien Bien Tr:
a. Cau tao cua cam bien bien tr:
Cam bien bien tr co cau tao n gian va gia thanh re. Cam bien bao gom day quan
thng c lam bang hp kim co kha nang chu mai mon tot nh: Ni-Cr, Ni-Cu, Ni-Cu-Fe,
Ag-Pd , co ng knh t 0,02 en 0,1 mm, c quan c quan tren mot loi lam bang vat
lieu cach ien nh : gom, s, bakelit . Day quan thng co ien tr t vai chuc ohm ti vai
nghn ohm, c trang mot lp cach ien e co the quan sat nhau. Tren loi va day quan co
mot con trt c lam bang hp kim co lc an hoi va tiep xuc tot.









Hnh 5.1 Cam bien dch chuyen bien tr va quan he gia bien tr va di chuyen cua con trt
b. Hoat ong va phng trnh chuyen oi cua cam bien bien tr:
Con trt c lien ket c kh vi oi tng can o ch chuyen. Khi oi tng di
chuyen se lam cho con trt di chuyen lam cho ien tr Rx thay oi.
) 1 . 5 ( x
L
R
R
x
=
Trong (5.1) L la chieu dai cua cam bien, x la dch chuyen cua con chay.
Cam bien bien tr ch cho phep phat hien bien thien cua di chuyen bang khoang cach
gia 2 vong day. Neu goi khoang cach gia 2 vong day la l
o
, so vong day cua cam bien la W
th cam bien bien tr ch phat hien c bien thien di chuyen la: ) 2 . 5 (
W
L
l
o
=
Nh vay sai so cua cam bien la: ) 3 . 5 (
2 2 R
R L
W
L l
o

= = =
Trong he thc (5.3) th R la ien tr cua mot vong day.
c. Mach o dung cam bien bien tr:
e chuyen s thay oi ien tr cua cam bien theo dch chuyen thanh s thay oi ien
ap, ta ket noi cam bien vi mach o nh hnh 5.2.
Rx

x

0

Rx

Loi cach ien

Con trt

R


86






Hnh 5.2: Mach o dung cam bien bien tr.
) 4 . 5 ( 1 1
1
2
1
2
x V
L
R
R
R
V
R
R
R
R
V
cc cc
x
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
T he thc (5.4) ta thay ien ap ra cua mach o tuyen tnh theo dch chuyen.
V.2 Cam Bien T:
Cam bien t dung e o dch chuyen hoac khoang cach nho.
a. Cau tao va hoat ong cua cam bien ien t:
Cam bien ien t co cau tao la mot khung day hn nh hnh 5.3






Muc tieu la mot phan cua oi tng can o dch chuyen hay khoang cach nho, khi
muc tieu di chuyen la cho khe h khong kh thay oi la cho t tr cua mach t thay oi lam
cho ien cam cua cuon day thay oi. Neu bo qua ien tr cua day dan va bo qua t tr cua
loi sat t th ien cam cua cuon day:
) 5 . 5 (
1
0
0
2
f
f
l
l
s W L

+
=
Trong (5.5): l
0
va l
f
la chieu dai trung bnh cua ng sc t trong loi sat t va trong
khong kh, l
0
= 2 = x,
0
la o t tham cua khong kh
7
0
10 4

= ,
f
la o t tham cua loi
sat t
4 3
10 10 =
f
, s la tiet dien cua khe h khong kh, W la so vong day,
- Mach o:
Mach o la mot cau xoay chieu nh hnh 5.4
Vcc
Vo
1
3
2
+
-
U2
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
R1 R2
Rx
Muc tieu

Loi sat t

Cuon day

Lx

x

Hnh 5.3 Cau tao cua cam bien t


87
V~
.
1
3
2
1
3
2
1 5
4 8
- +
1
4
3
2
Lx
Lo
Ti mach x ly

Hnh 5.4 Mach o dung cam bien t
- Mach x ly tn hieu o:
Mach x ly tn hieu o la mot khoi ri co c cau ch th va cho phep cai at dang tn
hieu ngo ra la tuyen tnh hay la tn hieu ieu khien nh hnh 5.5

Hnh 5.5 Cambien t va bo x ly tn hieu.
b. ng dung cua cam bien en t:
Cam bien ien t thng c dung e o dch chuyen nho khoang vai mm, o o lech
tam cua cac c cau cam, o o day mong cua kim loai. Sau ay la mot so v du ng dung
cua cam bien t.
V du 1: o o day mong cua kim loai.

Hnh 5.6 Dung cam bien t o o day cua tam thep
Bo x ly
tn hieu
Cam bien t

Bo x ly

Cam bien

Bang tai

Tam thep


88
V du 2: Dung cam bien t o o cao cua inh oc

Hnh 5.7 Dung cam bien t o o cao cua inh oc
V du 3: Dung cam bien t o o lech tam cua c cau cam


Hnh 5.8 Dung cam bien t o o lech tam cua c cau cam
V.2 Cam Bien Bien Ap Vi Sai:
a. Cau tao va nguyen ly cua bien ap vi sai:
Cam bien bien ap vi sai gom co mot cuon s cap va hai cuon th cap quan tren mot ong
hnh tru, trong ong co mot loi ferite di chuen t do. Hai cuon th cap c mac oi xng so
vi cuon s cap sao cho sc ien dong cam ng sinh ra tren hai cuon day nay ngc pha vi
nhau. Cuon day s cap c nuoi bang nguon xoay chieu V
i
.




Hnh 5.9 Cau tao cua bien ap vi sai
S o nguyen ly cua bien ap vi sai nh hnh 5.10




Hnh 5.10 S o nguyen ly cua bien ap vi sai.
C cau cam

Cam bien

Bo x ly

Cam bien

inh oc

Bo x ly

V
i
V
o
Loi sat t

x

x
V
o
= e
1
e
2
e
1
e
2
V
i

89
Loi ferite c lien ket c kh vi oi tng can o v tr. Khi loi ferite nam v tr
cach eu gia 2 cuon day th cap (x=0), sc ien e
1
= e
2
nen V
o
= 0. Khi oi tng di chuyen
lam loi ferite di chuyen va nam lech so vi 2 cuon day th cap, khi o sc ien ong sinh ea
tren 2 cuon th cap khong bang nhau lam xuat hien ien ap ra V
o
= e
1
e
2
= .x.V
i
ty le vi
dch chuyen x cua loi ferite.





Hnh 5.11 Cam bien bien ap vi sai

Hnh 5.12 Mach ien ngo ra va ac tuyen ngo ra cua cam bien bien ap vi sai

b. ng dung cua cam bien bien ap vi sai:
Cam bien bien ap vi sai c dung e o dch chuyen, o o day cua vat lieu, o
khoang cach, o o phang cua be mat Sau ay la mot so v du ng dung cua cam bien bien
ap vi sai.
V du 1: Dung bien ap vi sai o o nhan cua be mat chi tiet c kh.

Hnh 5.13 o o nhan cua be mat chi tiet c kh
Voi phun
dau boi trn

Cam bien

Chi tiet


90
V du 2: o o day mong dung bien ap vi sai.

Hnh 5.14 o o day mong dung bien ap vi sai
V.3 Encoder:
a. Cau tao va nguyen ly lam vien cua Encoder:
Encoder co cau tao gom mot a ma co khac vach sang toi, at gia nguon sang va
transistor quang (phototransistor). Encoder co 2 loai: Encoder tng oi va encoder tuyet oi.
- Encoder tng oi:
Encoder tng oi co cau tao gom mot a ma tren o co khac mot vong cac vach toi
sang nh hnh 5.15







Bo thu phat hong ngoai co cau tao gom ba cap thu phat hong ngoai bo tr nh hnh
5.16





Hnh 5.16 S o thu phat hong ngoai va bo tr cac cap thu phat trong encoder
Hai cap thu phat A, B c bo tr sao cho truc tia sang nam tren ng tron qua tam lo
trong nhng lech nhau, khi truc tia sang cua cap A i qua tam cua mot lo trong th truc tia
sang cap B se chieu qua bien cua lo trong. Cap Z c bo tr co truc tia sang i ch i qua lo
trong ln ma khong qua cac lo trong con lai.
Cam bien

Chi tiet

a ma

Lo trong

Truc tia sang
a ma

Bo thu phat
hong ngoai
O bi
Vo

Truc quay
Led hong ngoai

Phototransistor
Hnh 5.15 Cau tao cua encoder tng oi

Day dan
Led A

Led B

Led Z

Phototransistor A
Phototransistor B

Phototransistor Z

Vcc Vcc
Out
1
3

91
Khi a ma quay, lo trong se lan lt i qua cac truc tia sang cua cap A va cap B. Khi
truc tia sang cua cap nao xuyen qua lo trong th phototransistor se cho ra tn hieu mc 1,
ngc lai th phototransistor se cho ra tn hieu mc 0. So xung phat ra ngo ra cua moi
phototransistor A, B se bang so lo trong tren a ma. Khi a ma quay c mot vong th
phototransistor Z se phat ra mot xung. Gian o xung cua Encoder tng oi nh hnh 5.17.





Da vao th t xuat hien cua cac xung ta co the xac nh c chieu quay cua
encoder.





Hnh 5.18 hnh dang cua encoder tng oi
o phan giai cua encoder tuy thuoc vao so lo trong (vach sang toi) tren a ma.
Thng th a ma co so lo trong la: 100, 200, 500, 1000 lo. Neu goi so lo trong tren a ma
(so xung phat ra) la n th o phan giai cua encoder la s: ) 6 . 5 (
360
n
s
o
=
- Encoder tuyet oi (Absolute Encoder):
Encoder tuyet oi co cau tao gom mot a ma tren o co khac nhieu vong cac vach toi sang
nh hnh 5.15. So vong cac lo trong tren a ma chnh la so bit cua encoder.







A

B

Z

Quay ngc

A

B
Z

Quay thuan

Hnh 5.17 Gian o xung cua encoder tng oi

Truc tia
a ma

Bo thu phat
hong ngoai

O bi
Vo

Truc
Led hong ngoai

Phototransisto
Hnh 5.19 Cau tao cua encoder tuyet oi 3 bit

Day dan
000
001
a ma

Lo trong

010
011
100
101
110 111

92

Bo thu phat hong ngoai co cau tao gom ba cap thu phat hong ngoai bo tr nh hnh
5.16




Hnh 5.20 S o thu phat hong ngoai trong emcoder tuyet oi
Cac cap thu phat hong ngoai c bo tr thang hang sao cho truc tia sang cua moi cap
thu phat se i qua tam cua mot lo trong. Khi a ma quay th ngo ra se tao ra mot so nh
phan, ma BCD hoac ma Gray tuy vao cach uc lo tren a ma. Neu goi so bit ngo ra cua
encoder tuyet oi la n th khi encoder quay mot vong se cho ra 2
n
gia tr, goi o phan giai
cua encoder la s:
) 7 . 5 (
2
360
0
n
s =




Hnh 5.21 Hnh dang cua encoder tuyet oi
Mach ngo ra cua encoder:

Hnh 5.22 Mach ngo ra cua encoder
b. ng dung cua encoder:
Encoder c dung e o toc o, o chieu dai, o dch chuyen, o v tr, o goc quay
.


D0 (LSB)

D1

D2

93
V du 1: Dung encoder e o toc o bang tai trong may rot nc chai.

Hnh 5.23 Dung encoder o toc o bang tai
V du 2: Dung encoder e o chieu dai trong may cat kim loai.

Hnh 5.24 dung encoder o chieu dai
Mach o t 0 99 dung encoder tng oi:










Hnh 5.25 Mach o 2 digit dung IC em len/xuong Hex

Encoder

Encoder

Vcc
Vcc
D
CK
Q
QN





RS
CLK
D/U
QA
QB
QC
QD
1
2
3





RS
CLK
D/U
QA
QB
QC
QD
1
2
3
U5
7
1
2
6
3
4
5
13
12
11
10
9
15
14
A
B
C
D
LT
BI
LE
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
7
1
2
6
3
4
5
13
12
11
10
9
15
14
A
B
C
D
LT
BI
LE
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
R1
1 16
2 15
3 14
4 13
5 12
6 11
7 10
8 9
R2
1 16
2 15
3 14
4 13
5 12
6 11
7 10
8 9
A
B
A

94
VI. CAM BIEN LC, TRONG LNG:
VI.1 Cam Bien Bien Dang :
a. Cau tao cua cam bien bien dang:
Cam bien bien dang gom mot si day dan co ien tr suat (thng dung hp kim
cua Niken) co chieu dai la l va co tiet dien s, c co dnh tren mot phien cach ien nh
hnh 6.1





Khi o bien dang cua mot be mat dung strain gage, ngi ta dan chat strain gage len
tren be mat can o sao cho khi be mat b bien dang th strain gage cung b bien dang. ien
tr cua cam bien:
) 1 . 6 (
s
l
R =
Khi cam bien b bien dang, do kch thc cua day dan b thay oi nen ien tr cua
cam bien thay oi mot lng R:
) 2 . 6 (
s
s
l
l
R
R

Trong o: l la bien thien chieu dai cua day dan, la bien thien ien tr suat cua
day dan va s la bien thien tiet dien cua day dan, R la ien tr cua cam bien khi cha b
bien dang.
Bien dang doc cua day dan keo theo bien dang ngang cua day. Neu day dan hnh ch
nhat co cac canh a, b hoac day dan tron co ng knh d th quan he gia bien dang doc va
ngang cua day nh (6.3).
) 3 . 6 (
l
l
d
d
b
b
a
a
=

Trong o la he so Poisson. Trong vung an hoi, 0,3. Tiet dien s cua day
4
.
2
d
b a s

= = nen:
) 4 . 6 ( 2
l
l
s
s
=

S thay oi cua ien tr suat cua day dan tuan theo quan he:
( ) ) 5 . 6 ( 2 1
l
l
C
V
V
C

=

Trong o C la hang so Bridman. V = l.s, V la the tch va lng bien thien the tch
cua day dan.
Phien cach
ien
Day dan

Hnh 6.1 Cam bien bien dang

Rx=R+R

95
Thay (6.4), (6.5) vao (6.2) ta c: ( ) ) 6 . 6 ( 2 2 1
l
l
K
l
l
C C
R
R
=

+ + =

Vi ( ) C C K 2 2 1 + + = .






Hnh 6.2 Cam bien bien dang (Strain gage)
b. ng dung cua cam bien bien dang:
Strain gage c dung e o lc, o mo men xoan cua truc, o bien dang be mat cua
chi tiet c kh, dung e che tao cam bien trong lng (Loadcell), cam bien o ng suat
- o lc dung cam bien bien dang:
e o lc tac ong len mot vat the, ta dan strain gage vao mot vat ng lc (vat
chng) at gia iem tac dung lc va vat chu tac ong sao cho bien dang cua cam bien
bang vi bien dang cua vat chng, di tac dung cua lc tac ong, vat chng b bien dang se
lam cam bien bien dang la thay oi ien tr cua cam bien, o s thay doi ien tr cua cam
bien ta suy ra lc tac dung.







Khi vat chng b tac dung bi lc F no se b bien dang theo phng ng lc mot lng
:
) 7 . 6 (
1 1
S
F
Y Y l
l
= =

=
Trong o: la bien dang cua vat chng, la ng lc, Y la module Young, S la tiet
dien cua vat chng, F la lc tac dung. Tng ng vi cac vat lieu khac nhau th module
Young se khac nhau.
V du: o lc ep cho may ep coc be tong hnh 6.4:
Strain gage
Vat chng
Hnh 6.3 Cam bien bien dang
Rx=R+R
Lc tac ong F
Vat chu lc

96
- o mo men xoan dung cam bien bien dang:
e o mo men xoan cua truc quay, ta dan 2 strain gage len tren truc quay theo hng
cua ng suat (Nghieng 45
o
so vi truc) va 2 strain gage co truc vuong goc vi nhau nh hnh
6.5 va 2 strain gage c bo tr sao cho mot strain gage nen va mot strain gage gian.









Khi chu tac dung cua ngau lc, tren be mat cua truc quay se xuat hien mot bien dang

) 8 . 6 (
16
3
4
3
4
2
D
T
Y Y l
l

= =

=
Trong o: T la mo men tac ong len truc, Y la module Young, D la ban knh be mat
truc
V du: o mo men xoan tren truc cua he tuabin may phat:






Hnh 6.7 Cam bien o mo men xoan
- Mach o dung strain gage:
Trong trng hp dung 2 strain gage th Rx1 se la strain gage nen ( Rx1 = R - R),
Rx2 se la strain gage gian ( Rx1 = R + R).
Trong mach o hnh 6.8a th ien ap ngo ra Vo la:
Hnh 6.4 May ep coc be tong

Tai gi
gia ep
Gia ep

Tai gi
gia ep
Xy lanh thuy
Coc be tong
Vat chng
Hnh 6.5 Dan strain gage len
truc e o mo men xoan
45
0
45
0
A
B
Tua bin

May phat

Chan may

Truc quay

Hnh 6.6 He tua bin may phat


97







a. Mach o mot strain gage b. Mach o 2 strain gage
Hnh 6.8 Mach o dung Strain gage
) 9 . 6 (
) 2 ( 2 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
cc cc o
V
R R
R
R
R
V
R R
R R
R
R
V
+

=
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
=
Trong mach o hnh 6.8b, ien ap ngo ra Vo la:
) 10 . 6 (
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
cc cc o
V
R
R
R
R
V
R
R R
R
R
V

=
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
VI.2 Cam Bien Trong Lng (Loadcell) :
a. Cau tao cua Loadcell:
- Loadcell gom mot vat chng an hoi, la mot khoi nhom hoac thep khong r c x ly ac
biet, tren vat chng co dan 4 strain gage. Khi vat chng b bien dang di tac dung cua trong
lng tac ong vao loadcell th co the co 2 hoac 4 strain gage b tac ong. Tuy vao dang cua
vat chng ta co cac loai loadcell.










Hnh 6.9 Cau tao cua loadcell
VCC
Vo
R
R
R
Rx
+
-
OP-07
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
R1
R3
R2
R4
Vcc
Vo
R
R

Rx1
Rx2
+
-
U1
OP-07
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
R1
R2
R3
R4
Vat chng
Starin gage 1 Starin gage 2
Starin gage 4
Starin gage 3
Mang bao ve

98
- Mot so dang cua loadcell:


















- Cac strain gage trong loadcell c ket noi thanh mot mach cau Wheastone nh hnh
6.11. Cac strain gage trong mach cau co tac dung bu anh hng cua nhiet o.


Hnh 6.10 Mot so dang Loadcell


99





Hnh 6.11 Ket noi cac strain gage trong loadcell
- Khi khong b tac ong, ien tr cua cac strain gage bang nhau cau trang thai can bang.
Khi b tac ong, vat chng b bien dang, cac strain gage thay oi ien tr lam cau lech can
bang la xuat hien ngo ra mot ien ap V
o
.
+ Khi loadcell co 2 strain gage tch cc (R
2 ,
R
4
gian, R
1
= R
3
= R co nh):
) 11 . 6 (
2 2 2
4 3
3
2 1
2
cc cc o
V
R R
R
V
R R
R
R R
R R
Vcc
R R
R
R R
R
V
+

= |
.
|

\
|
+

+
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
=
Thng th gia tr cua R << R nen he thc (6.11) co the viet lai:
) 12 . 6 (
2
R K V
R
R
V
cc o
=

=
+ Khi loadcell co 4 strain gage tch cc (R
2
= R
4
= R + R, R
1
= R
3
= R -R). ien ap ra cua
cau V
o
:
) 13 . 6 (
2 2
R K V
R
R
V
R
R R
R
R R
V
cc cc o
=

= |
.
|

\
|

+
=
- T (6.11) va (6.12) ta thay ien ap ngo ra cua cau ty le vi lng thay oi ien tr cua
strain gage.
- Mach tng ng cua loadcell:
T s o ket noi cua loadcell (hnh 6.11), ta co s o tng ng Thevenin cua
loadcell nh hnh 6.13. Trong o R
t
la tong tr tng ng cua mach khi ngan mach nguon
cung cap, V
o
la ien ap ngo ra cua loadcell khi h mach.




Hnh 6.13 Mach tng ng thevenin cua loadcell
- Khi he thong s dung nhieu loadcell nh cac he thong can xe (Thng la 2, 4, 6 hoac 8
loadcell), viec ket noi nhieu loadcell vao mot c cau ch th phai am bao sao cho cung mot
A
B
V1
1
2
R4
R3
R1
R2
Vo
A
B
Vo
1
2
Rtd


100
Exc
Sig-
Loadcell
Loadcell
Loadcell
R
R R R R
V
R
Exc
Sig+
Loadcell
V
R
V
R
V
R
khoi lng tac ong vao cac loadcell th ch so tren c cau ch th phai nh nhau. e am
bao c yeu cau nay th cac loadcell phai c noi vao mach cong tn hieu trc khi a ve
au can e x ly. V moi loadcell co mot o nhay khac nhau cho du dung cung loai, nen
Junction box co bon bien tr ieu chnh e cac loadcell cung ra mot sai lech ien ap oi vi
cung mot tai trong. Cac bien tr nay c mac vao nguon cung cap cho loadcell v thay oi
ap nguon cung cap se lam thay oi tn hieu ien ap ra. Ngoai ra e co the cong cac tn hieu
lai vi nhau, ngi ta dung them mot ien tr mac ngo ra cua cac loadcell. S o nguyen
ly cua Junction Box nh hnh 6.15:
- Khi noi them bien tr chnh nguon va ien tr cong tn hieu vao loadcell, th ien ap ngo
ra cua moi loadcell:
) 14 . 6 ( .
2 2
cc cc
V
VR R
R
V
VR R
R
R
R R
R
R R
V
+

=
+
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
) 15 . 6 (
2
R VR
R
R R
td
+

=
S o tng ng thevenin nh hnh 6.14.










Hnh 6.14 S o ket noi 1 loadcell va mach tng ng thevenin











Hnh 6.15 S o junction Box 4 loadcell
Ta co s ong thay the cua mach Junction Box:
Sig+
Sig-
V1
R1 R2
R3 R4
VR
R
Sig+
Sig-
V
Rtd

101







Hnh 6.16 Mach tng ng cua Junction Box

Goi U = Sig+ - Sig- la ien ap ngo ra cua Junction Box, Rtd1, Rtd2, Rtd3, Rtd4 la
tong tr tng ng thevenin cua moi loadcell. Ta co:
) 16 . 6 ( 0
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
=

Rtd
V U
Rtd
V U
Rtd
V U
Rtd
V U


) 17 . 6 (
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
4 3 2 1 Rtd
V
Rtd
V
Rtd
V
Rtd
V
Rtd
U
Rtd
U
Rtd
U
Rtd
U
+ + + = + + +
) 18 . 6 (
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
4 3 2 1 Rtd
V
Rtd
V
Rtd
V
Rtd
V
Rtd
U
Rtd
U
Rtd
U
Rtd
U
+ + + = + + +
Neu tong tr tng g cua cac loadcell la giong nhau th t (6.18) ta co:
) 19 . 6 (
4
4 3 2 1 V V V V
U
+ + +
=
b. ng dung cua loadcell:
Loadcell nc s dung trong cac he thong can nh can oto, can nh lng trong cac
he thong tron phoi lieu nh: Be tong, thc an gia suc, phan bon, xi mang ; Cac he thong
can ong bao. Ngoai ra Loadcell con co the c dung e o lc, o momen










Hnh 6.17 He thong can xe oto tai trong ln
Sig-
Sig+
V1
Rtd1
V2
Rtd2 Rtd3
V3
Rtd4
V4
U

102









Hnh 6.17 Mot so ng dung cua loadcell
VII. CAM BIEN AP SUAT:
VII.1 Cau Tao Va Nguyen Ly Hoat ong Cua Cam Bien Ap Suat:
a. Cam bien ap suat kieu ien tr:
Cam bien ap suat kieu ien tr co cau tao gom 1 strain gauge c dan co nh tren
mang mong (phan cach phan ap suat cao va phan ap suat thap) bien dang nh hnh hnh 7.1.
Khi ap suat chat lu tac ong len cam bien phan ap suat cao, mang phan cach b bien dang
lam cho Strain gauge b bien dang theo. Khi strain gauge b bien dang, ien tr cua no se
thay oi nh (6.6).








Hnh 7.1 Cau tao va mot so dang cua cam bien ap suat kieu ien tr.





103
- Mach o cua cam bien ap suat kieu ien tr:






Hnh 7.2 Mach o dung cam bien ap suat.
b. Cam bien ap suat kieu ap ien:
Cam bien ap suat kieu ap ien co cau tao nh hnh 7.3
P




Q
Hnh 7.3 Cau tao va hnh dang cua cam bien ap suat ap ien.
Trong cau tao cua cam bien, phan t nhay cam chnh la cac chat ap ien nh: cac tinh
the thach anh, Titan, Bari . Khi ap suat cua chat lu tac ong len cam bien se lam cac tinh
the ap ien b bien dang (b nen) th tren be mat cua chat ap ien se xuat hien ien tch Q
phu thuoc vao ap suat nen.
Q = K.P (7.1)
Vi K la he so phu thuoc vao kch thc va ban chat cua chat ap ien.
VII.2 ng Dung Cua Cam Bien Ap Suat:
Cam bien ap suat c dung e o ap suat chat lu nh: o ap suat chat long trong
ng ong, o ap suat kh trong cac ng ong dan kh, o ap suat hi trong noi hi Ngoai
ra cam bien ap suat con co the c dung e o cao trnh cot chat long thong qua ap suat
thuy tnh.


VCC
Vo
R
R
R
Rx
+
- OP-07
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
R1
R3
R2
R4
Mang phan cach

Vo cam bien

Tinh the ap ien